1900-1929:The Crisis of the Imperial

Order

The 20th and 21st centuries:

The Age of Violence…? The Age of Progress (?)

(!)

The Chinese Dynasties (sung to the tune of "Frère Jacques”)

Shang, Zhou, Qin, HanShang, Zhou, Qin, Han

Sui, Tang, SongSui, Tang, Song

Yuan, Ming, Qing, RepublicYuan, Ming, Qing, Republic

Mao ZedongMao Zedong

China: 1900-1929

October 10, 1911

Sun Yat Sen: Father of the Republic of

China (ROC)

“New Nation” Problems

• Colonial heritage Problem identifying experienced political leadership

• Political Legitimacy: monarchy or republic? State boundaries?

• Economic hardship

Yuan Shikai: Military man…

emperor wannabe?

World War I: 1914-1919

• The ‘war to end all war’…or the ‘peace to end all peace’?

• Between 1914 and 1945, two World Wars were fought in which at least 60 million people died.

Causes of the War?

• Patterns of 19th century:• Environmental and economic

changes from Industrial Revolution

• New Imperialism • Old European competition• Alliances• Nationalism

THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE Germany, Austria-Hungary (Italy) THE TRIPLE ENTENTE France, Great Britain, Russia

Nationalism was causing tension in Europe• Irish in Britain wanted their own nation

(religion/language)• Poles in Russia wanted their own nation

(religion/language)• Slavic minorities in the Balkans and Austro-Hungarian

Empire wanted the same (SERBIA)

1914: Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand & His Wife by

Serbian Nationalist

Alliances are set off…

Early Optimism to Fight

“I felt restless, excited, eager to do something desperate for the cause of England. And then the impulse came, sending the blood tingling all over my body: why not join the Army now? A great and glorious suggestion. It might not be too late.

Girls smiled at me, men looked at me with respect, the bus drivers wished me luck and refused to take money for my fare, and everybody made way for me...” – British volunteer recruit, 1914

War Propaganda: Nationalism

War Propaganda: Women’s Roles

War Propaganda: Self-Sacrifice

A New Type of War: Airplanes

A New Type of War: Machine Guns

A New Type of War: Armored Cars

A New Type of War: Gas Attacks

A New Type of War: Trench Life

So why is it called a World War if we are talking about Europe?

So why is it called a World War if we are talking about Europe?

• Japan•United States

The Russian Revolution:

“Situation serious. Anarchy in the capital.

Government paralyzed.”-- Telegram to Russian Tsar Nicholas II, 1917

Russia: 1861-1917

The Rise of Soviets

Vladimir Lenin

Russia in World War I

Tsar Nicholas II with his family

“Peace, Land,

Bread”

“Worker Control of

Production”

“All Power to the

Soviets”

A poster of the Russian Civil War, 1918-1921“Long Live World October [revolution]! Workers conquered power in Russia. Workers will conquer power in the entire world.”

Paris Peace Conference

WWI: America’s Increasing Presence on the World Stage

President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points

The Horrors of War…and its Long Term Consequences

•Zeitgeist in Europe

Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,Till on the haunting flares we turned our backsAnd towards our distant rest began to trudge.Men marched asleep. Many had lost their bootsBut limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hootsOf tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind.

Gas! GAS! Quick, boys! -- An ecstasy of fumbling,Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;But someone still was yelling out and stumblingAnd flound'ring like a man in fire or lime . . .Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light,As under I green sea, I saw him drowning.

In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.

If in some smothering dreams you too could paceBehind the wagon that we flung him in,And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;If you could hear, at every jolt, the bloodCome gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cudOf vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues, --My friend, you would not tell with such high zestTo children ardent for some desperate glory,The old lie: Dulce et decorum estPro patria mori.

Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est

1. Creation of New Nations

Balfour Declaration & the Zionist Movement

November 2nd, 1917

Dear Lord Rothschild,

I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet.

"His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country."

I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.

Yours sincerely,

Arthur James Balfour

The Mandate System

2. Creation of League of Nations

3. Punishing Germany

• Had to pay winners lots of money• Forced to reduce its army• Its colonies and territories were

divided among winners

Was the Treaty of Versailles a success or a failure?

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

• Under Lenin– Civil war Crushing opponents• Secret police• Murder of Tsar Nicholas II and his family

– Central management

• After Lenin– In fighting at top level….Stalin emerges

by 1929

GOOD WIFE, WISE MOTHER

“All the sleeping women Are now awake and moving.“

- Feminist poet Yosano Akiko

Request for racial equality rejected by League of Nations

Turkey under Ataturk

Latin America