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Theoretical

Foundation inNursing

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Nursing

Is a profession.. Is an academic discipline..

Is a science..

Is an art.. Is caring..

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Is a helping..

Is client-centered..

Is holistic Is adaptive

Is concerned with health promotion,

health maintenance, and healthrestoration.

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Definitions:

A.Theory is a set ofconcepts,definitions, relationships andassumptions or propositions that

project a purposive, systematic viewof a phenomenon by designingspecific relationships among

concepts for the purposes ofdescribing, explaining, predicting,and/or prescribing.

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Composed of a group of conceptsthat describe a pattern of reality.

A statement that explains orcharacterizes a process, anoccurrence, or an event, and isbased on observed facts.

Theories can be tested, changed, orused to guide research or to providea base for evaluation.

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Characteristics

Can correlate concepts.

Must be logical in nature.

Should be simple but generally broadin nature.

Can be a source of hypothesis.

Contribute in enriching the generalbody of knowledge.

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Used by practitioners to direct andenhance their practice.

Consistent with other validatedtheories, laws, and principles.

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B. Nursing Theory

A conceptualization of some aspect of

nursing communicated for thepurpose ofdescribing, explaining,predicting, and/or prescribing nursing

care. (Meleis, 1997)

Nursing theories provide nurses with

a perspective to view client situations,a way to organize data, and a methodto analyze and interpret information.

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Attempts to describe or explain thephenomenon (process, occurrence,

or event) called nursing. (Barnum,1998)

Nursing is learned profession, ascience, and an art. (Rogers, 1990)

Nurses need a theoretical base toexemplify the science and art of theprofession when they promote healthand wellness for their clients.

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C. Nursing Paradigms

Paradigm

A pattern of shared understandingsand assumptions about reality andthe world.

Includes our notions of reality thatare largely unconscious or taken forgranted.

A particular viewpoint or perspective.

A worldview about the phenomenaof concern in a discipline (Kuhn,

1970)

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Metaparadigm

Greek origin: Meta meaning with,paradigm meaning pattern

The unifying force in discipline thatnames the phenomena of concern tothat discipline.

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Metaparadigms for Nursing

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Nursing identified its domain in aparadigm that includes four

linkages:Person The recipient of nursing care. It is important to know that a person is

multidimensional, thus care provided isindividualized according to the needs of the

patient.

Health The goal of nursing care. The degree of wellness or well-being that the

client experiences. Dynamic and continuously changing A dynamic state of being in which the

developmental and behavioral potential of theindividual is realized to the fullest extentpossible. (ANA, 1995)

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Environment (or situation)

Includes all possible conditions affecting theclient and the setting as to which health careneeds occur.

Internal and external surroundings that affectthe person.

There is a continuous interaction between theclient and the environment.

Nursing

The diagnosis and treatment of humanresponses to actual or potential healthproblems (ANA, 1995)

The attributes, characteristics, and actions of

the nurse providing care on behalf of, or inconjunction with the client.

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D. Philosophy

A type of knowledge which deals with

wisdom, fundamental knowledge, and theprocesses we use to develop andconstruct our perceptions of life.

Provides a viewpoint and implies asystem of values and beliefs.

As a nurse, the philosophy that one

attains as an individual (personalphilosophy) and those that were acquiredthrough the process ofeducation andpractice forms the basis for providing

nursing care.

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E. Conceptual Models

A set of highly abstract, related

constructs that broadly explains thephenomena of interest, expressesassumptions, and reflects philosophicalstance.

A group of concepts that follow anunderstandable pattern.

Concepts are thought ofas bricks andboards used to build a house, with the

conceptual framework/model as theblue rint.

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F. Science

Implies a body of knowledge.

It involves observing, identifying,describing, investigating, and explainingevents and occurrences that areperceived in this world.

G. Knowledge

Is an awareness of the reality oneacquires through learning or

investigation. Each individual builds up his/her own

knowledge base in relation to his/herown personality.

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H. Phenomenon An aspect of reality that can be consciously

sensed or experienced.

Within a specific discipline, phenomena are partof the domain of the discipline. In nursing, phenomena reflect the domain of

nursing practice. Domain: the view or perspective of a discipline

I. Concepts Mental formulations of an object or event that

comes from an individual perceptual experience An idea or complex mental image of a

phenomenon (could either be abstract orconcrete)

Building blocks of theories Like ideas, are abstract impressions organized

into symbols of realities.

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J. Definition

The general meaning of the conceptsin the manner that fits the theory

Describes the activity necessary tomeasure the constructs,relationships, or variables within atheory

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K. ASSUMPTIONS

Statements that describe concepts orconnect two concepts that arefactual and accepted truths.

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Theory

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Thank you for listening!!!