2.1s#1buti rash 2./Pile 2

4481114issiorm,/gatET ‘/

• •

• SECRETOYPIOIAL DISPATCH

Di&Arm so. vssA- 14 1,

IS

TO s„, Chief, PIN.

IApr . :L..,

SUMMOT: General • Letter of Tranemittal

Speoifie • Belie activities and •organisations in Sweden ,

' =Bs 9 Dioesber 1947

[

1ES

1; Attaohed 41, the original and..4/1pre • Tior isaato..ba-mmegl

2. This misorendum has been oompiled at'the rmtnest of theAmbassador and a copy Massada available to him.

S. It also serves however, as a'valuable !tad, when inter—

'

preting the ditficulties in conducting Baltic operationsin this area without the knowledge of the Swedes. Thentoo, the close—knit orgeniettion of the Salts makes anyfineable operatioe sore susceptible to penetration thanwould be the case if they were at all segregated. Thisdose not mean that there are no internal groups withinthe overall structure, but we assume but cannot prove,th at 0e primary allegiance of **chitin= group is to the

-Central Oommittee, at least as long as their interests..aro not too divergent.

DitLASSIF I ED AND RE LEASED BY

CENTRAL INTELLISENCEASENCY

-SOLIRCESMETHOOSEXEMPT ION MRNAZI WAR CR IMES DI SCLO'SLIRE ACTDATE 2007

I>

- 11S BALT6 IN blEDENSurvey.

Arrival and numberg.

j

1

According to official Swedish statistics the special group.of leltio displaced persons. in Sweden consists of the followingnumbers, • ' •

Of those inltockholm

'Antonia's' 22,405 . ab. 7,000• litanies Swedes 6,500

.Latvians 3,418 500Litbnanians 463 t •

•••••■■■*.

I

Total 32,786. Of the above the ostonian Swedes (roughly 6,500) were taken

to Sweden between 1941-1944 by the Swedish government, by agree-- sAst'wiib the soviet =S.' subsequently , the Gerson oacupants of

the Baltic States; Theselstonian Swedes were accorded speciallegal and 'commie facilities, have nostly already beano. Swedishcitisms andnerged with the Swedish community.

• The letonlans, Latvians and Lithuanians fled to Sweden by, •ivory isaginable kind of wateecraft in August and September, .

1 . 1944, when the Red Army for the second time entered their home- .• lands. The Swedish gowernment, privately, and the Swedish Oburob;'7.:

in particular, directly assisted in their escape across the' Baltic Sea.

• At the vino tiae ' roughly 250,003 halts gimped to Germany,where, owing to reasons of geography, the Lithuanian fegittres

: •constitute the overwhelming majority, whilst the Latvians andEstonians; in the said order, constitute the minorities. .

The Halts fled . not warfare, as scmetimecip asserted, butbolshavik rule and terror. A total of al: .leest 150.000 salts ofevery Social category having been in the short period of the •first Soviet occupation bf .1940-41 killed, imprisonednndfor

• • ported to Soviet Russiac;:and the Salts baring therefore - in the• first couple of nonthe - directly sele emed . Gorman occupation, •c •

•

tt& . . ..

•

I.

...

'... they knew whet to expect fron the ssoond Soviet 'Oeoupation. and• fled by every possible mans.

IseatisaiLsamaingstuiga. •• glance at the vocational classification of the.Betagtmis

- the largest group - tn .Sweden shows thert.thoes who bed the es-Siest mom to boats, naturally, ars nos* numerously represented:I

* while the group otherwise represents a fair miniature of its land...;i

Household works:et (wifes) &Dime 5,00Parner-fishermen • 4,300Children ' • . 5,500Professional fishermen • 3,000Demers -end aerie. • ..-1,aod

(incl. 55 agrentestbr.reDemonists, businsamen t 'oo'operstars 9 1,100/victory workers • SOOSemen. • 700Civil servants 9soidumters • sob

(wbsreof sehool-teschers 500, •

°loran= 40) •Bagineers, techniolonsvskilled workers .550Puhlie health workers • • . 470..

(physielans 100.1=1::,

artists, 30,.

• 40,▪ vet.surgeons 15)Students

•

400. . • .Artists, writers, musicians

•

1:: n5

Uniemrsity teachers • .11 110 •• workers

•

110Pelt= w 31 inspeotors)

•Sources "Dhe,Daltio Refugmes", Stockholm, 1946.

•. Among the above a special group is worth mentiohing. This

is' the group•of roughly 7,000 Estonians who, during the luso• • occupation of the Daltio Stetes, succeeded .1in escaping from D!...

-tonia to their near kinsmen - -.roughly 3,000 young.nen enlisteds tibfrbinish army and navY,. ie'they, by RInnish

: and Istonian own escaped offioers, were trollied to become con-.:

•

4.1f ••

. .

1;9

•

•

- 3 - ••

• miesionid and non-con. officers (Yinniii Inf.Rislawit200) in• the hope that the history of World War.I would be repeated, i.e. -

Ansel* and Germany collapse simultaneously and the independenceof Pinlend, the Baltic States and Poland fully restored. Infantry

, Regiment 200 in Augnat, 1944, in fact went from 'inland over to• Monis, 'bore it covered the pro:it:aeration of the national govern-

meat of Mr. Otto jag (an Agrarian and lawyer, present whereaboutsnot kaolin) and the eseapi of their compatriots to Sweden and Oar-many. A oonsiderable percentage of these men (and other trained.Baltic soldiers) is now, in their oivil vocations, in Sweden (and

• Dorman?). They are not partioulaft, organised but fora, by virtueof their past and training, a group of their own, meet a:sessional-,ly in small occasional groups, and may be celled up at a moments .notice.

: Owing a) to ' the very liberal policy and initial soonest° aid t

mendered .by the Swedish government and community to the Balticrefugees, b) to labor shortage in Sweden and o) last but not least;to Baltic own tenacity, the number of 'Etonian 'alp-earners inSweden, according to Swedish statistics, is at present .15Ag2, or'71 Illot the entire anther (the rest being professionally nosegay

-yinghousewifes, children, etc.). Their otablned yearly earnings .,• are estimated to 60 million kronas, in oonjunction with the Ist-via= - to 80 millions, whereof 7,5 - 10 zillions Soo* Paoli to.

• the Swedish government in taxes. Delft° social activity, economie • .. and oomparative economic strinIth is further well Must:

rated by a glance at their national and Oultural enterprises inSweden.

•11022111.• The Estonians - the largest group - in Sweden have for ele-

mentary education 2 elementary sithools (at Stockholm and Hillsinm..burg), 28 supplementaryeóhools in as many *miss (1,200 pupils,71 teachers), and for secondary education an Estonlin livening Ool..•:ledge and Jetoblan Ooriespondence Ilistitute (at Stockholm) with900 pupils. To their meintenanee, ezoludini fees, theistonien.

1 refugees themselves oontributsd'in the Eoholar year of .1946/47kr. 100,q21. . • 3

•■•••■

' . 6ontinuation of their tzel literary tradition totally suppressed

if

4-. .

..•. ....., .

:... ., &aids. ii

i Y... There ire in Sweden 28 Estonian and 17 Latvian Lutheranclergymen, some 10 Orthodox priests and (the Baltic States having

i

C always been countries of complete religious freedom) several.mi-

! asters of the Free Ohurohes. The Belts in Sweden have their own.•• *congregations benevolently patronised by the Swedish Oharoh and

• -: local Pres congregations. In 1947 the Lutheran Oburdas of EstoniaT • • and Latvia now in exile in Sweden and Germany participated in the

. ''.Lutheran World Assembly hold at Lund, Sweden, and the Estonian .

.Baptist Church in exile - in the Baptist World Congress held it• Oopenhague, in July-August, 1947. i

••. Whereas Soviet-occupied Estonia, besides' official Onemunidt•

propaganda, has produced only 2 novels and 2-3 books of versos,the Estonienritugeasuthors in Sweden harelip to 1947 or in be-rely. 3 years published 120 books on most various subjeots'witha total edition of 300,000 copies for a reading public of less

7 than 25,000. The oorresponding: Leftism figures are 30 books witha total of 100,000 copies. To this should be arrded 6 listonlan,

. 6 Latvian and 1 Lithuanian (occasional) periodicals with a to-.!al circulation of 450000, and 3 Estonian and 2 Latvian news-papers with a total, until Oot.1, 1947, of nearly 5 million co-

..: 1••

:•.•••, pies (Sources "The Baltic Review", Stockholm, 1947).

These, in the existing conditions, *noxious figures not•

; only represent a great cultural vitality, but also the belief ofBolts in Sweden that it is their national duty to ensure the• . .;

. 'In their occupied homelands.

Azia.isagamte_uszt „, • •• ••

. The artonlans have 2 and the Latvians 1 large chola in-iftookhols and numerous ones in other centers. These ars conducted:.

',II-known national musiolans and osmoses*. In 1947 two largo:Estonian singing festivals were held, in *lob, altogether 10,000 .

• people took part.The istoniassotors and &ottoman have organised a Refuges

- -Theatre produclagplays,Uomic operas end ovaaopera (Tomos).The opera troup is planning's tour to the large group 'of latunian

/7 •

- 4 -

•

• displaond;nrsons now in Great Britain: The leivien renown,. inSudan being considerably smaller, the Latvian Refuge. Mastro . .

y: has hitherto °outland itself to producing plays.. Baltic ad being also represented in Sweden by i nuMbsr of

distinguished names, the first letonian refuge's art exhibitiontook place in 1945 in tarlstad. In 1946 an Betoniim-latvian Art •Exhibillatimee arranged in one of the largest artigallerins of •Stockholm, and individual artists, though oompelled to earn theirlivelihood mostly by oiler means, often arrange single shows oftheir works in Turley' °enters.• •

According to the Swedish Labor Esohange Commission, BalticAndorkiwts hews in lava, 3 years alreadp published 117 moiler*.fla wog. A lenTn•l series, "Scholarship in Exile, planned .under ths auspices of the "Estonian learned floolety in'Ownden", .is held up only by technical and financial obstaoles. ._

In the field of mad Estonian female gymnasts and male rit-.!lemma hove particularly distinguished themsnlves. The Estonianriflemen - bolding onoetwice the Argentine Cup of World Oben*.onsbip in shooting - put up a teen for the World Championship •held in August, 1947, in Stockholm and were suboessful in all.the branches which were open to them.lidam..ausaattsaw •

Th* Estonians and letviammi (the Lithuanians no more) havein Sweden each a national Central Committon of thnir own, elected

• on a democratic basis by the satire adult membership of the roe-• origtr• pective group.* These Ocomittens are non-political organisations

recognised by the OWL& authorities as semi-official represen-tatives of the refugess.end working in close contact with the

• - proper Swedish authorities. The Oommittens, in general,'oarryout the norsal dating of a national consulate end attend, inaddition, to tho largo legal, eoonomio, imolai and cultural prob

• :•lems of the refugees. Thus, the Estonian Committee (represinting• , the largest Baltio.group in Bidden) has spent near 200,000 kronas

, on (social relief among; the Estonien.raugees in Sweden, and in1944, during the mere winter in Germany, the said Committee, in

• oollaborstion with other Estonian organisations in Swaim, col-looted in the °ours' of one month food and clothes to the value

4

:

_

• . • ...of 100,000 kronas to Estonian children in Germany. It should be . •added that the said Committees have practically no moneifundiat their disposal and exist Only on individual memberehip fees •and voluntary contributions paid by the refugees.

The Estonian Committee (Skrilddargrknd 2, Stockholm, tel.11-59-78), is headed by 21motheus grUntligl, a former Judo ofthe Estonian High Court of Justice, elected to his present postprecisely an account of his non-political aharaoter, and theavian Committee (111stmannagatan 13, Stockholm, tel. 11-92-83)by Janis radk, (pronounoed Brelksh). Owing to ths 00sPerstise-ly small number of the Lithuanians in Sweden, their °antral Com-mitten has by the by dissolved, the necessary oonsulst work being •

• carried out by M. /Um ex-Iithuanian Minister at Stockholm, end ;.'1 tartan Work main* by Dr. petrauskas, working at the /Caro- .

linaka Institute* at Stockholm.As for the other Bstonian'refugne organisatiOns in Sweden,

the following arm worth mentioning'1. the Baltic Hnmanitarian Association, Garvargaten U. Sthlm;2. The istoniaplational Pond, Garvargmtan 11, Othlm.3. lama Eatinian Sooietios (over 30, in duff. centers).4..2he Batman 2MCA (with 27 local ivisions embracing 1200

boys and girls).5. Estonian Boy-Scouts and Girl-Guides (700 boys 40G girls;

• delegation of theirs attended the World Jsacxes held •• • . in Prance in the sumaar of 1947).

6. 2he Estonian Scientific Society, Stockholm.7. The Estonian Students , Association, Stockholm.8: the isbnitni Seamen's Association, Stockholm.

- 9. The Estonian Medioal Association, Stockholm. .10. The Association of Estonian Academie Women, and various

organisations of lawyers, economist:, agronomists, Sri-tors,' artists, musts:dans and other:. .

:

(1,

be Baltic BUmanitarianSesooiation (BBL).Of the aforesaid organisations the BBL and the Bstonian

tiohal Fund axe worth special mentioning. The BIM is a common, organisation of all the three Baltic nationalities, whose loathe

cultural, religious and educational personalitlis'are represented.• an its Committee. It concentrates especially on the analysis of

tho social and legal status of the refugees and on relief work,maintains intercourse with numerous international organisations

• and publishes the lialitigelige, whose editorial staff consistsof a group of well-known names belonging to the older generationand which actually is edited by three younger ardent Bates Arvo

(for Betonia), Beams gum (for Latvia) and guomuLAWmaji.jfc LA0412110* t.‘f-4.- •4 Mackatallidual"4-11....... "7:

'.1 This is a oountry-wido somi-politioel organisation so faras ifs aim is to publish and spread reliable information an theRepublic of Estonia (and the Baltic States in generalltii. in- .gust Id, forardSpeaker of the 110i;liament,.President of theReiablii and last listaliister to Moscow, isatirchairmani gutits Rceoutive Committee consists of &stollens belonging to every .

• I.

- kind of national coups and circles. Its income from 15.5 -'. 1947 was but hr. 13,940.38 (of this hr.. 7,000.- from concerts

: given in. Swiden by the litonlan cellist ludvig ighl, Piofessorof . Masio at the Univ.of Boston, USA, and near hr. 2,000:- from, • • • Estonians outside Sweden), but with this oomparative small income:,

, a great deal of work has 'been done. Its mopt valuable publioation:the "fewsleptpr from Behind tOe_IrOn.Optain. lisuorts on Cm-

1401st Lotiii inaastern Anent" edited .(umCffioially) byAleksander la112, form. Bead of the Press Section of the Bet.Min.

• for ftr.Affairs and Ososelor to the form. Eit.Legation at Paris. . !The IMP also is financial* responsible for the publication of'Joolas:la Milites! ("The Fighting Churoh"), • serious religious

••- bulletin valued in the USA and Britain. A.44.14-46-46.-obbeas-90. .

•• ■

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Maui.

76:

T"'"'"—•

*si

•i•

The political aim of the Belts in Sweden is not assimilation,but restauration of the political independence and strvereignityof their own oountries (limited in the future in that respect sofar as is imperative for the maintenanoe of universal pesos ina free and democratic world): Working, severally and jointly,for the said basic purpose, the Salts Among themselves are agree&that their independence can be restored only through another majorwar. In an internal evolution in Russia towards greeter freedomand democracy they have no belief whatsoever. Yet it would be un-**filr to oonolude that they are either "fascists" or shar-mongers"..They simply are convinced that owing to the obvious imperialismof the Communist doctrine in general and histories/ Russian "Nes-

• stabiles" in partioular, World War III will be unavoidable quiteapart from the question whether they - the Salts - want it or not.They hold that post-war developments have in every importantpoint confirmed their forecasts oonoerning Russian and Communist • 1aspirations, and that a division of the world and BOrope in gene- .ral and of Germany in particular into two even terrotorially di-

:Tided camps ("two.Sermanies") will neverlast. they generally'think that a) only the great weaknessoand not strength, ofDin, b) the atomio bomb, and o) American firmness have been themain factors of post-war "pause": They are, however, of the opi-

*.nion that time is working not for the western Democracies, butfor Soviet Russia.

In this situation the Balt0 reTugees just try to point outthe dangers of Oommunism and Russia, and to see that the question •Of their oountrisivin no disappear, either openly or by twit ..agreement, from the order of the day.Internal iolitios.

In order realluto underatedn Baltic mentality, includingBaltic refugee mentality, twhi rather peculiar thinge should in ••most oases be considered.• 1. The introduction of semi-totalitarien dictatorships in'

,the Baltic States "in defence of democracy" - 1926 in Lithuania,.1934 in Rstonia end Latvia - split the public in the three oonnt-

■■•• •

. -

rice almost automatically into two large opposing sections: the

"democrats", and the "clique-men'. The "democrats" cane to cab-

race mainly the Socialists and the Liberals (the Communists play-i

jug until 1939, or the Soviet occupation, in the Baltic States

no politioal r61e whatever), while thi "clique or ruling oirolis

based themselves msinly on the Agrarians (Old Parsers, or oonser-

votive peasants). 'Constantin Dag in Estonia and girlie lama •

in Latvia were directly the acknowledged leaders of the Parsers*

Party. In addition, the "democratic" and opposition:My intone°,bale were found to belong. mostly to academia polities, whilethe "clique intellectuals belonged mainly to color-wearing aca-

demia fraternities or **roc:rations", existing in the Baltic Ou

the well-known %mum historical model. The former Baltic acads-'..

mic societies, on the one hand, and *corporations, an UM-9'0er,

being among the very first refugee organisations re-created in

exile also in Sweden, the above old 'academic" difference and 1

split oontinued also in exile and explain many things that other- 1• .•• 1'wise are difficult to understand.

12. The most conspicuous immediate resalt of Soviet intrusion,

in the fall Of 1939, in the Baltic States was a.92 destruc-

tion of mutual trust . an; oonfidence moue wool., or ofsable sentiments carefully created and nurished in the 20 years'

of national freedom and independence . It really may be said that

in 24 hours a friend °eased to trust a friend, a husband a wife,.

and vioe versa, preolie4 like in Soviet Russia. The subsequent

German occupation of 1941-1944 only node the situation Coular. •

worse. This fact explains the innumerable rumors, comploionsi

accusations and denommiations, found and spread among the refu-

gees themselves end too often also to local polio* and other am-

thorities. They are for the most part exaggerated, misrepresented,:

or simply groundless, and in meny oases deliberately spread by

paid or unpaid Soviet agenti. (Corresponding Soriet instructions

were recently by a chance 'discovered in a camp in GeresAY.)

In these oircumstanoes the following internal political

structure reached in the last three .years by :degrees by the Beltsin Sweden may be considered quit, an achievement.

-

•

"..

•

- 10 - •

The Zatwians.

Though the Latvians (and their klUdmen, the Lit)uanians)

.nre laid to be even still greater "individualists" than the Be-

. ..tonians (and the !inns, near kinanen to the Batonlans), Latvianpolitioal organisation in. exile would seem to have advanced far-

thest. The foundation to the present Latvian central organisation

in exile - the Litrie Central Council (rap) - was laid, like inSetonie and Lithuania, in 19G3/44 underground, in the country it-'

• self, during the GerMan 000upation. The so-called Presidency , ofthe old Latvian demooratio Parliament dissolved in 1934 by Ulm.

nis and General Balodis was made the nucleus of the underground

LOP, to which representatives of 4 major political parties mere

added. Professor Cheksts, • son of the late Latvian President

and brother to Senator (judge) .ntaut. Ohskste (la Sweden)

was made ohairmse , of the LOP. After the German collapse in th•east 4 members WthorlOP escaped to Germs*, and 4 to Sweden.Bishop Joseph asoa (pron. Rentsins), at present in Germany,

.10 President of the LOP in exile, and simultaneously, as the?trot Deputy Speaker of the Latvian Parliament, after the death

of Dr. Paulo Raining, the Speaker, also constitutional keeper ofthe office of the President of the Republic of Latvia. Thus the

Latvians in exile possess a men legally and personally able, if

need be, to appear and act as the highest exeoutive officer of

independent and democratic Latvia. .Bishop Rana= is personally

described as a well educated and well trained Catholic prieei,

and 'an extremely able and cautious type of a men. ' Tkijaimaggiofaus..4.will7 are Wu, representing the Old Perms,plodnieeks - Tenni Parsers,' Ikag - Democrats, and Natio' -

• !Waal Democrats. The five in Germany are working in close con-tact with the fgmlialtttle, who ores pruno Ealnini,"Obsirmenof the L071 in Sweden a son of the late Dr. Mauls TjI1 4ii mentio-eld before; aptants Chaste , (Liberal, dribed above), a fora.

Alairlartu Latvian High Court of Justice; Cielens, form. Poreignliaister of ratvia, and mailai ex-Latvian Minister at Stockholm.Those !marine regularly at the home of ex-linirter Salmis. As

for Bruno Ralnine, the chairman and leading eou1 of the LOP in

Sweden, he is Whig antagonists reproached for having been, af-.. .

0

•, •

•• '!:•••`" wo. c"1 1

••••10.7r1!"'""

•- 11 -'•

ter the first Soviet oompation of independent Latvia, the ChiefPolitical Adviser or "politruk" of the Latvian army; his friends(like Obakste), however, say that he acoeptul the paid poet at

.the direct request of people like General Melodis t the form. 0.-in-C. of the Latvian army, and in fulfilment of a direct add-

• on of the Istvian Social Demoratio .Party, to which Bruno Ealninibelonged and still belong*, and that he resigned his office atonoe, when Latvian independence was finally destroyed. In everycase his abovmentioned collaborators not only trust his comple-tely, but also, oonsider that he is at present the ablest and mactive man wag themselves. The lak in Sweden is working, as •stated, in close contact with the LOP in Germany, on the one band,and with Rarlis brigand Dr. Alfreds Masi& the Latvian Xi..niaters in London and Washington, respectively, on ths.other.

: lietvialinae is their mouthpiece in Sweden and is circulated •in about 3,000 copies ell over the world. As a curiosity it maybe mentioned that a young latvian agent of the Soviet Massa al

• gfookholn, W_Iallsm..922Olint, is said to be a subscriber to the,said paper in 4 copies for his employers, of which copies 1 is .kept in Stockholm, 1 is being sent to Moscow, 1 to the rulers inRiga, and 1 . to a State Library (for secret keeping) at Wila•The other Latvian paper in Sweden, Nyatviu Verdes", is said tobe of no importance nor influence.: • • •

1In spite of he feot.that the Estonians constitute the most

numerous and already therefore the "leading" group of the Ratio !.: refugees in Sweden, they do not men to have obtained the same• kind of 'comparatively pentralised political °radiation as the .jetvians. In 1943 and 1944, or she last years of the German oo-oupation of the Menlo, an underground Rational °cannon °moist-lug of representatives of all the major parties wal created alioin Estonia, ender the direction of Professorpri Oblate, the

Ilast oonstitutional Prise Minister of itilepublio. and therefore, President IpagIeptin Petehaving.been in 1940 Me-ported to Soviet Russia, the °constitutional holder also of thePresident's office. Before the final collapse of the Germans in*he Deltic, .Acting, President Innate, as stated before, appointed

:

' • •

• a•■••■•■•■■■■•..1....*

-

a national government of Otto fief , and escaped himself, by ag-reement, to Sweden, Otto fief and several members of his Cabinetbeing evidently caught in Estonia end President Uluote being hid- . •4

.self.mortally ill (liver osnoer), Uluots was requested by his •Matadi= oountryman in Sweden to appoint for all eventualities.formally a new Cabinet headed preferably by Elshop4olvin Moo, 1the most respected heed of the Estonian Lutheran Ohuroh,.tien as

• now also in Sweden, but Ulupts died at • hospital before moose- •ding to mike any appointment. In these oiroumstanoes . the stout-and hold that August the Speaker of the Estonian Constitu-ent Assembly of 1919-20, a former President of the Republic and

• the last Estonian.lidisterat Moscow, as the oldest sender of• .the oondtitutional Cabinet of Otto fief .6 in whioh Bet was. the.; Poreign Minister •• should, if and when thkoase arises, be eon- •

, .sidered the oonstitutionalAreeper of. the.offloe of the'Peosident •of the Republic of Estonia (like Bishop Ronanl in the wise of

, f Avert IhOiLaself, hi#eta for year. in Sweden hasbeen to create on the spot 'a demooratil front era]. Estonian re-:

—.tubes iniRwilden With the single pUt: of &iterating the rights .of their oountry . in the field of int tiodal polioies.qt way

2 be said that after inaterous failure* nuseleue . to such an arganii,; cation was indireftly laid by the tomtit-ion of the Estonian Ea- t

Pundiiihich was an idea of the younger generation miltingmainly In the Baltic Numaniterianlasociation.Y..Of this fund Mei 1

• was one of the three °batmen,* now the single *barman. PinaIiy,his endenvorstassisted mainly by Aleksander Yuma; ex-Estonian I

• Minister at Bilsinkiilled, in the fall of 1947, to . the establish-i• sent of a comparatively close ' oontect between all the .numerous

and small EstaiLawpolitioal groups in Sweden, a oonteot or pre-lirdnfiry fora oforgenisation.called iming the Bostonians themom&l

•ves "The Boor .. Els avowed aim of "The Boor is , to work firefly 1and foremost* for thivrestaurition of lectonien-freedna andpentienoe,:bnrying at legit for the tliettinartill pest or present

! differenois . of opinionr and leaving these to the more Or loss .1distant futureglar.Rei is . the . reoognieed leader, of the "Romete,....).

.124i durati1itian4 *Moloney, however.. remain to be see) .

" 11

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- 13 -*• •

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. iodention that 'the former offloials of the Bstonlanloreign **;4 ..Service now in Sweden have for the last two years regularly bien

...meeting to discuss the international situation and to consider,. '71• .,•• .what steps' perhaps should be taken on behalf of the Baltic States.

.7 This is a decidedly non-party group and consists of the following• ••. • persons: 1nat 1st. pros:died beforei. Hans Sibiu, a former Per,

slid Minister, ez-nnister at Riga and Helsinki, and ex4d.-in-..Obletto the eta:repaid *anima halm paper *Plevaleht"i Bishop

• . Jaen igna, alio a form. locatign Minister andurAelnister at .• Kaunas, Dithusnlay Heinrich Iret.i. ion-Minister at Btookisolmi

• Dr.Sur. Mikolal Eiggavform. Professor of International Law at. the University of Tarts, a Rockefeller stipenitate and the last •

.• .. • Assistant Porta/A Minister ofilstonial Aleksanderlirga,..mag.jur..ex-Minister at Helsinki; Aleksander billsbuditoruf the views-

• letterUfrom Behinethe Iron Curtain", also introduceibefores ! ,•:•• Hamar 'grater, u-lead of the Addirdxtration and Degel . Dept. of i•

the Botalin.forPoreigiAffiirei and Akeelof the Istalegation at Btockholanlund, as an "outsider", 4Tobannea...;laggiiia, form. a Oonselor at thclit.Ministry of hstioe, and

n. of Justice 'meths aforesaid Cabinet of Otto lief. Professor 16T,•

Mikolal toga would be thuleading soul of this group, which is • .maintaining rirsonil contsots withAuipetLondon, and Johannes Egli,. 110. 0OnAul-deneral at New To* Oity. i

* Parauelly;ith the above a denooratio federation of all the .aoademiU"societies" and "corporations" existing in Sweden and

.mentioned before is being negotiated. ,'bsti %anis" ("The Bstonlan Herald") is the leading Is-

tCcian paper in Sweden, edited by Oak= HU, a former editor• of thulirgest independent, i.e. non-lertyBstonian bourgeois

paper "PNevaleht" ("Daily News"). rfills-Basti" ("Poreigi Isto-.',nia") is the seoond tato:anion paper of lapOrtanoe in Sweden, edi-ted by pear Bake. The nil difference between' the two papers

• • is that while the first mainly is the mouthpiece of former aoa-&Nilo 'societies', the second is thumoutiplece of former color-.

. ..wearing end perhaps somewhat more oons.rative "oorporationso.

• •There really exists no other difference item the two papers 1 ', that personal and group competition. • •

f.. In addition to the 'preoseding it ip perhaps *Loh IMM4flapor-

•

•,:4

--

• • ! ;#••". • •

• • • .• •. .

. •• As for thilithnaniens, it would seem that owing to their:comparatively small numbers in Sweden, they have left the poli-cies of their Gauntry, on the one hand, to the large group ofLithuanian refugees In Germany, and to Lithuanian Merinos in •the VOL, an the other. Of their lestingputionalities in'Sweden

. .

ex-Minister glazi (consular work) 'end Dr .blcialpig (humanitarian,—. relief and assistanoe) have been mentioned in the preoeeding.

Ihe best, from many points of view, Lithuanian in Sweden, the •- -writer Ignas gich*Lpinal . the author of two popular unti,3oviet

books in Sweden, his become a Swedish . oitisen and is Mid, to'train, for some reason or another, lately frma votive politics.'In addition, it 'is paid 'that the Lithuanian hose'undergronsi,movement has in Sweden a young representative of its own. •

774 -,

•

. In oonelusion, a tow words should perhaps be said on mu,u- .' al contacts between the three Deltic nationalities in Sweden...110001slasaluagim seem to maintain Oaniaentively class. oon-, .., I• taot itw.en themselves; Yds hilalgialEdgaalilab on the .

other hand, seen to -alintiin the same kind of anneal:Swag the • • • Ioloalnistoio. Lad in the Patio Ihminittrien AseoSiation ratherclose °outset ' s* oo , operation is being maintlined among the .'moor gsnerationir.' is for the onstiot . with the Poles in erile,%

•oonsidered by :Os Bolts as Imports at . is. ocartsot between theasel•-•.vos this; owing to the oirolasteneeL (the :044be5 of L '..nraberUrPoieli:fronOveden),.iivbeindHlett . mainlbe.eifi;. . „ , . .•case • .9 1.O ••

Estonians 22405Rat. Swedes 6500Latvians - SASS

3418

(eppr. 7,000 in Stookholm

(appr. 600 in Stockholm)

Excerpts from BAiT8 in SWEDEN

. -wssA-lgo l_i`-) ■.) \-9 Ded1.47 -

Lithuanians 463

Totnl - 32,786 •

1

A Special Group .

• Among the above e special group is worth mentioning. This isthe group of roughly 7,000 Eatonians who, during the Gormanoccupation of the Baltic States, aupoeeded in escaping fromEstonia to their near kinsmen - Finland. There roughly 3,000young men enlisted the Finnish army and navy, whore they, by Finnish

jand- Estonian own escaped officers, were trained to beoome .oom. and non-cam officers (Finnish Inf. megimont 200) in the hopethat the history of World War 1 would be repeated, i.e.,.Russia and Germany oollopso simultaneously and the independence of :.Finland, the Beltio States and Poland fully restored. InfantryRegiment 200 in August 1944 in fact went from Finland over to .- .Estonia, whze it oovered the proolametion of the national govt.of Mr. Otto lef (an Agrarian andlawyer, Present whereaboutsnot"known) and the escape of their compatriots to Sweden and

- Germany. A considerable peroentgae of these men (end othertrained Baltic soldiers) is now, in their civil vocations, inSweden end Germany). They are not particularly organisedcbut formby virtue of their past and training, • group of their oin, Meetocoasionally in small 000ssiona groups,-and may be *ailed op . ., .

' -a axment's notion.'. •

* In Sweden - 28 Dstoniin Lutheran clergymen. 17 Latvian

•- " , . • - .:

. 10 Orthodox priests and several ministers of 1. iWee ohurohes"..

X

c‹...?*ruses Organisations

••.•.--:.ts Central oommittess democratically elected, osrry out, in general• , olormel duties of a ponsulate,and attend, in general, to the large

l' egal, eoonomio, sootsl end oultural problem, of refugees.t.C..a.....

r 6.----a).

-1tzt-41172.,Beronien choirs

1 Latvian

• . .•

, The Est......_,Committee (SkrAddarqrd._, cl'Stodkholm, tel.11-59-70), is headed by /imotheuskOrunthelia . formor judge •t

- the Estonian High Court if Justice, non-political.

The Latvian Committee (yeatmannagatan 13, Stockholm, tel.11-92-83) by JanizOreiki./

Owing to the oomparstively small number of the Lithuanians inSweden, their Coatral Committee has by the by cisso1yffd, the

• • necessary consular work being oerried out by M. QylysWex-Lithuanian• _Minister in,Stoekholm, and humanitarian work mainly by •

Netrauskasriarking at the Karolinska Instltutet at Stockholm.

As for the other Estonian refugee organizations in Sweden, thefollowing are worth mentioningi

1. The Baltic Humanitarian Association, Garvargatan 11, Stockholm2. The Estonian National Fund, Oarvargaton 11, Stookh.

• 3. Local Estonian Societies (over 30, in diff. centers°4. The Estonian YMCA (with 27 local divisions, embracing 1200• boys and girls).

• 5. Estonian Boy-Scouts and Girl-Scouts (700 boys, 400 girls; .• delegation of theirs attended World Jamboree held Primo*,summer 1947).

• 6. The Estonien Sciontifio Society, StockholmV. Tho Estonian Medical Association, Stockholm

• 8. The Estomien Students' Association, StockholmThe Estonian Seamen's Association, Stockholm

10. The Association of Estonaln Academic Women, and variousorganisations of lawyers, eoonomiste, agronomists, writers,artists, musicians and'others.

The Baltic Humanitarian Association (BHA)•

BHA is • common organization of 43. the thre• Baltic• nationalit-ies, whose leading oultural, religious and educational personalitiesare represented on its committee. It concentrates especially onthe analysts of the social and legal status of the refugees and omrelief wori, maintains intercourse with numerous international organ...izations end publishes the "Baltic Review; whose editorial staffconsists of a group of well-known names belonging to theoldor, generation and wh1ch actually is edited by three youngerardent BelttkArvrormi(for Estonia), Essm4Tinsj(for Latvia)and Amass ngis (fbr Lithuania).

' 5.■-/

; .

The Estonian National Fund (ENF)

. This is a country-wide semi-political organisation so far as its' aim is to publish and spread reliable information on the HepublVo

• of Estonia (and the Baltic States in general). Mr. Augustei,Vformer speokor of the Est. Parliament, President of the Hpub1io

and lost Est. Minister to Moscow, is its chairman, and its exec-utive Committee consists of Estonians bolOnging to every kind ofnotional groups and diroles. Its income from 15.5 - 15.10. 1947

• was but.kr. 13,940.38 (of this kr. 7,000 - fromoonoorts given in Sweden by Estonian cellist Ludviieuhte(Prof.of ofMusic at the U. of Boston, USA and near kr. 2,00 - from Estonian::outside Sweden), but with this comparatively small 'income a greet

• deal of work has been done. Its most valuable publication is the"Newsletter from Behind the Iron Curtain. Reports on Communist

_Activities in Eastern EUropo", edited (unofficially) by'Alekeender:Wallo, former need of the Press Section of the Eaton. Ministry for

Public Affairs and Counsellor of the former Est. Legation atParis. The ENT' also is financially responsible for the publication

. of "Eccles/2 Militans"IThe Fighting Church), a serious religious.bulletin valued in the USA and Britain.

Politics

. Premise of their activity: Baltic: states will probobly beliberated only by World War L11. Purpose of their present activities

.. to keep Ratio question alive.

. To ubderstand Baltic montality, inc. Baltic) refugee mentality,two rather peculiar things should in most oases be oonsidered.

. 1. The introduction of semi-totalitarian dictatorships in the- Haiti° States win &fence Of democracy" - 1926 in Lithuania, 1934

in Estonia and Latvia - split the public in the three countriesalmost automatically Into two large opposing sections: the"demoorsts" and the "clique-men". The "democrats" camo to embrace maim-mainly the socialists and the liberals (the Communists gluing until

1939, or the Soviet occupation, in the Baltic States no politioalrole whatever), while the "olique" or ruling oiroles based themselves,mainly

tantinon he Agrorions (Old Farmor:kl t:

weremanier sonsj

in Laorvetivetvia peaants).

Kons

,

ita stn Estonia and Korndirectly the acknowledged loaders of Farmers' Party. In addition,the "democratic" and oppositionary intellectuals were found to belongmostly to academic societies, while the "clique" intellectuals

belonged mainly to color wearing academic fraternities or "corpor.stions", existing in the Boltio on the well-known German historicalmodel. The formor Baltic soademie imotetios, on the one hand, andoorporations, on the other, being among the very first refugee ergsre.orested in'oxile also in Sweden, the above old "soodomio" differ-ence and split continued also in exile and explain mony,things thatotherwise are difrioult to underotand.

2..The most conspicuous immediate result of Soviet intrusion,in the fall of 1939, in the Baltic: States was a complete destructionof mutual trust and confidence among people, or of indispensable

.e

' sentiments oarefUlly crested and nourished in the 20 years of nat-ional freedom and independence. It really may be said that in 24hours a friend °eased to trust a friend, a husband a wife, endvice-versa, precisely like in SU. The subsequent German occupationof 1941-1944 only mode the situation doubly worse. This foot explains.

. the innumorablo rumors, suspicions, accusations end denunciations,found and spread among the refugees themselves and too often alsoto local police and other authorities. ihey are fbr the most partexaggerated, misrepresented, or simply groundless, and in manyoases spread by paid or unpaid Soviet agents. (Corresponding *wristinstructions were recently by a chance discovered in a camp in

Germany).In those ciroumatences the following internal political struc-

ture resehed in the last 3 years by the Halts in Sweden may be con-sidered quite an achievement.

The Latvians

Though the Latvians (and thoir kinomen, the Lithnanianel.are saidto be even still greater windividuallate" than the Estonians (end the!Finns, near kinsmen to the Estonians), Latvian political organisation;in oxilo would • soom to have advanced farthest. The foundation to the ipresont Latvian central organisation in exile . the Latvian Central -iCouncil (LCP) - wasloid, like in Estonia end Lithuania, in 1943-44underground, in the country itself, during the Getman occupation.The co-called Presidency of theld Latvinn demoqtptio Parliament

dCdissolved. in 1034 by Ulmania on GenerakDolodiefl was mnde thenuolous at the underground LCPt

to

to

Sena

whioh

tor (j

esproso

udge

nt

))

etives

Minteuts

ofJ 4 major

_'politioal.parties were added. rofiesoMheksteri son of the letsLatvian President and a broth r

slOhakste (in Sweden), was made chairmen of the LOP. After the German !collapse in, the cost 4 eters of the LOP "soaped to Germany and 4.to Sweden. pisho0Joseph noone (pron. Mentions), at present inGermany, is Prosidont of tho LCP in oxile, and simultaneously, as 1.. .the First Deputy Spositer of the Latvian Parliament, after the death I.of (Dr; Psule*.a.billjed the Speaker, else constitutional keeper of the ) .offlod -dr-the President of the Ropublio of Latvia. Thus the Latvian' !in exile poseosa a man legally and personally able, if need be, to 1appeat and act as the highest executive officer of independent end • '.domocratio Lotvia. Bishop Romans is personally described as a well .. 1.

eduxoted and kcal-trained Cetholio priosr, and on.extromp ly able I• and cautious typo of men. The 4 members of the L D in Germany are .1

lE1ivo41.roprosonting the Old FamersOnlodnieko i'Young Farmers, .1Kruko 4 Democrats, and.Bastjans !, Social--emoor ts. The five in Ger..men/ 'ere workipg in close contact with the four in Sweden, who eretBruno4olnins4.. Chti..c.tf the LOP in .elen,....o_agSy l..a....tha. lateDr.; Pilule XADirla , men-tai-. -DerorarliMiIitaiChakste (Libor,demortb ;-.1kbomo.4.-a form. Judge of the Latvian High Court of Justice i

rl'ICiolens eform. foreign Minister of Latvia: •ndvgalnaismr9k-LetvionMiniato at Stockholm. Those four meet regularly at the home of ex-Minister Salnais. As for .Druno Kalnins, the chairman and leading mi.;or the LCP in Sweden, he is by his antagonists reproaohed for .!

hAvingbein, after the first - Soviet occupation, the Chief PoliticalAlbieer or "politrukw of the Latvien . Armyj his friends (like i

Chakete), however, soy that he accepted the laid poet at the direct' !

( 1EILP"°,.-4

5:

request of people like General Balodis, the former C in C pf theLatvian Army, end in fulfilment of a direot decision of the LatvianSocial-Democratic Party, to which Bruno Kolnine belonged and stillbelongs, and that he reaigned his office at once, when Latvianindependence was finally destroyed. In every case his above-mentionedcollaborators not only truot him completely, but also consider

that ho is at present the ablest and most active man among them.The LOP in Sweden is working, as stated, in close contoqt with theLCP in Ggrmany, on the one hand, and with Karlin Urine/end Dr.iklfredsPilmaniadthe Lotvion • Ministers in London and Washingtonrespoctfully,on the other.

"Latvju Zinos" is their mouthpiece in Sweden and is circul-•ted in about 3,000 copies all over the world. As a curiosity it may:bo mentioned that .o ming LNtvian agent of tho Soviet Embassy stStockholm, Voldemaraffliolin, is said to be a subaoriber to the saidpaper in 4 copies for his employers, of which copies 1 is kept inStockholm, 1 is being sent to Moscow, 1 to the rulers Ln Riga, and 1to a State Library (for secret keeping) at Rice. The other Lotvionpaper in Sweden, "Lotvju Verdes", Is said to be of no importanoenor influence.

The Estonians

In 1043-44, or the lest years of the Gorman occupation orthe Baltic, an underground National Council consisting of repres-entatives of alle major parties wwe created also in Estonia, und9p.the direction of IProfl JariOluotse/the lest constitutional Prime

Minister of the Republicc of Estonia, and therefore President Nonstoptin Pits having been in 1940. deported to Soviet Russia, the constit-

utional holder also of the President's office, Before the finaloollapse or. the Germans in the Baltic, Acting Pr s. 'allots, As statedabove,' appointed a national government of Otto clot, and escaped •

himself, by agreement, to Sweden. Otto Tief rind evoral members ofhis cabinet being evidently caught in Estonia and ?resident Uluotebeing Mortally ill (liver cancer), Uluote was requested by hisEstonian countrymen in Sweden to appoint for pll evontualiSiesformally o new Cabinet headed preferably by kalshop)JohonAdpp,

the moat respected head of the Estonian Lutheran Chhrch, then asnow also in Sweden, but Uluots died at a hospital before succeedingto -make any appointments. In those oircumatances the Estomions holdthat August Rei,. the Speaker of the Estonian Constitutional Assemblyof 1919-1920, a former President of the Republic and the last Estonia-Minister at Moscow, as the oldest member of the constitutionalCabinet of Otto Tief - in which Rei was the "oreign Minister -mshould, if and when the ease arises, be considered the oonstitutionelkeeper of the office of the President of tho Republic of Estonia

(like Bishop Uncena in the case of Latvia).As for Augusr Rei kimmAXwx himself, his tam for years in

Sweden has been to create on the spot a democratic front of ellEstonian refugees in Sweden with the single purpose of defendingthe rights of their country in the field of international policies.1$ may be said that after numerous failures a nucleus to such an

;

, . • .. - 6.

orgonisatiorTwas indirectly laid by the foundation of the Estonian.National Fund (which was an idea of the younger generation .workingmainly in the Baltic Humanitarian Association). f this fund Hsiwoe on" of the threo chairman, now the single. eairman. Finally, hisendeavors, assisted mainly by Aloksondor Vermo ox-EstoninnNiniator ot Helsinki, led, in the fall of 1947, to tho estaelishment:of a comporativoly aloe° contact botwoon all the nnmorous and small.Estonian political groups in Svcdon, a contact or preliminary form e1organization collod among the Estenions them:Avos "The Roof".

The avowed aim of the "Roof" is to work firstly and foromostly .for the restoration of Estonian froedom and indopendenco, burying atleast for the time being all post or present differences of opinion,and leaving these to the mero or less distant future. Mr. Mei is therecognized loader of the "Hoof"; its durability end officionoy,'howevor, remain to be soon. In parallel with the above a domoorstio.federation of all the soademio "societies" and "oorporations"existing in Sweden and mentioned before is being ncgotieted.

"Eosti Teateja" ("The Estoninn Hereld") is the leading Estonian'paper in Sweden, odited by OskerWdnd)/a former editor of the largos.indopendont,. tee..,noWerty Estonian bourgooie per "Peevaleht" .("Deily Mews"). "Villa -Eestim ("Foreign Estonia") Is the second Estinion paper of importance in Sweden,. edited byitIdgark4roks. The reel 1differonco botwoen the two papers is that while the first mainly iir. 1the mouthpiece of former academic "sociotieo", the aocond is themouthpiece of former color-wearing and perhnps somewhat more oonser.!votive "corporations". There really exists no other di forencobetween the two pepora then personal and group come tition.

It is important to mention that the former officials of theEstonion foreign Service now in Sweden hove for the last two seers -

regularly been mooting to discuss the international situation and tto oonsiderm what stops perhaps should be taken on behalf of theBaltic States. This is e decidedly nom-porty group and consists ofthe following peroons: August Rei, presented above; Hans /Robsne, aformer ForeignCinistor, ex-Minister et Riga ebd lielainki and ox-Ed-,

f itor:4 -Chi of the aforesaid Eatonion home paper "Pdevaleht";Tishop Joe attik, oleo a formvForeigil Minister and ex-Ministerat Es as, Lithuqpia; Re;nrichSLareteiV ex-Unister at Stockholm;

(Dr. Jur.) NikolaikKaosiko/form Prof. of International Law at the U.of Tertd, a Rockefeller stipendiate and tho last . Ass o t Foroign iMinister of Estonia; Aleksander.Varma, nag. Jur., ex0Minister et IHelsinki; Aleksander Polio, edVtor of the "Newsletter from Bohind theIron Curtain"; Eimargaroter,tex-Heod of the Administration on4

Legal Dept. of the Eat. Ministryfor Foreign ffoirs; and Aksoli(Link-:_harok, ex-attache of the Esy..;ogetion at StOokbp1m; end, as on"outsider", Johanne4g1osmentrform. • Counsellor at the Est.Ministry of Justice and Min. of Justice of the aforesaid Cabinet ofOtto Tier., Prof. Hikolai Kessik would be the leading soul of this

• croup, which is maintaining personal oontoots with August Torma,Est, minister in London, and Johannes Hai le, Eat. Consul-general inNYg.

Lithuania.;

, As for the Lithuanians, it would seem that owing to their Qom.,''...,........................... . .

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