44941366 Chapter 6 Land and It Resources

7/30/2019 44941366 Chapter 6 Land and It Resources

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LAND AND ITS RESOURCES

CHAPTER 6

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Keywords

English Malay

Compound Sebatian

Element Unsur

Solubility Keterlarutan

Limestone Batu kapur

Quicklime Kapur tohor

Coal Arang batu

Fractional distillation Penyulingan berperingkat

Silicon compound Sebatian silikon


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Example of minerals


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MINERALS FOUND IN THE

EARTH'S CRUST

Mineral: naturally occurring solid element orcompound with a definite crystalline structureand chemical composition.

Natural elements: gold, silver and diamond (aform of carbon) are found as minerals in somerocks.

Natural compounds: oxides, carbonates,sulphides and silicates are also found asminerals in some rocks



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Examples of some natural compounds

and their elements

Natural

compound

Found in

mineral

Consists mostly of element

such as

Carbonate Calcite Calcium, carbon, oxygen

Oxide Quartz Silicon, oxygen

Oxide Haematite Iron, oxygen

Sulphide Galena Lead, sulphur

Sulphide Pyrite Iron, sulphur

Silicate Calcium

silicate

Calcium, silicon, oxygen

Silicate Kaolin

(day)

Aluminium, silicon, oxygen


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Properties of Minerals

Different minerals have different hardness

and solubility in water.

They also react differently when heated.


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Effect of Heat on Some Metal

Carbonates,Oxides and Sulphides

Heating mineral compounds may cause them

to break down into simpler substances.

Most oxides of metals do not break down

when heated.

However, the sulphides of some metals when

heated, break down into metal oxides- sulphur

dioxide gas.


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If sulphur dioxide gas is passed through a

solution ofacidified potassiummanganate(VII) solution, the solution

changes from purple to colourless

Carbonates of some metals, when heated,decompose into metal oxides, giving off

carbon dioxide gas.

If carbon dioxide gas is passed through clearlimewater, the limewater turns milky.



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The effect of heat on some metal oxide,

metal carbonate and sulphide



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The effect of heat on some metal oxide,

metal carbonate and sulphide


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REACTIONS BETWEEN METALS

AND NON-METALS

Reactions between Metals and Oxygen

Oxygen is the most abundant element found in

the Earth's crust.

Most metals, except mercury, silver and gold,

combine readily with oxygen to form metal

oxides when heated.

Example:

Magnesium + Oxygen heat Magnesium oxide


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Reactions between Metals

and Oxygen



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and Oxygen



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Iron + oxygen iron oxide

rust


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Reactions between Metals and Sulphur

Sulphur is an element that combines with

some metals to form sulphides.

Metal sulphides - contained in certain minerals

in the Earth's crust.

Some metals, such as iron, when heated withsulphur produce metal sulphides.

Example:

REACTIONS BETWEEN METALS

AND NON-METALS

Magnesium + Sulphur heat Magnesium sulphide


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and Sulphur


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and Sulphur



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Exercise

1. What is the function of the pottasiummanganate (VII) crystals?

.

2. What is the use of placing a piece of glasswool at the mouth of the test tube?

.

3. Name the product produced at the end of theexperiment.



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Silicon is a non-metal. It combines with other

elements to form mineral compounds.

SILICON COMPOUNDS


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SILICON COMPOUNDS

Silica

Silicon combines with oxygen to form a compound

called silicon dioxide or silica.

It occurs in various forms such as sand, sandstone,

flint and quartz.

Silicon + oxygen silicon dioxide (silica)



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Example of silica



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Silicates Silicon combines with oxygen and a metallic

element.

Sodium silicate is prepared by heating silica and

sodium carbonate.

Silicates occur in various forms such as clay,

asbestos, mica, feldspar, gneiss, jade, emerald,

slate and schists. Example:

SILICON COMPOUNDS

Silica + sodium carbonate heat silicate


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Example of silicate


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Silica and silicates are stable compounds

because:

insoluble in water

not broken down into simple substances

when heated

do not react with dilute hydrochloric acid.

SILICON COMPOUNDS


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Making of:

Electronic chip (semiconductor)

Glass (sodium silicate and calcium silicate)Optical fibres

Ceramics (made from clay or minerals )

Uses of Silicon and Its Compounds

in Our Daily Lives


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CALCIUM COMPOUNDS

Calcium carbonate is a compound which is

made up of calcium, carbon and oxygen.

It occurs naturally in various forms such as

limestone, marble, chalk, calcite, coral and

even in the hard shells of some marine

animals.



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Properties of calsium carbonate


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Calcium carbonate reacts with a dilute acid to

produce a salt, carbon dioxide and water.when heated produces carbon dioxide and

calcium oxide or quicklime.

Calcium oxide combines with water toproduce calcium hydroxide or slaked lime.

Calcium hydroxide dissolves in water to form

a solution of calcium hydroxide or limewaterwhich is an alkali.


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NATURAL FUEL RESOURCES

AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

Formation of Fossil Fuels

Petroleum, natural gas and coal are classified

as fossil fuels.

Fossils are the remains of dead plants and

animals that have been buried in the ground for

millions of years



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Formation of petroleum

Millions of years ago,

remains of dead marine

animals and plants sank

to the bottom of the sea

Over the years, the

remains were buried

deeper and deeper into the

earth under thick layers ofsand and mud

Pressure, heat and decay

caused by bacteria changed

the buried plant fossils into

petroleum


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Formation of coal

Millions of years ago,

remains of dead plants

were naturally buried

undeground

Over the years, the

remains were buried

deeper and deeper

into the earth underthick layers of rock Pressure, heat and decay

caused by bacteria changed

the buried plant fossils into

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Fractional Distillation of Petroleum

Petroleum is a mixture of different

hydrocarbons

Need to be separated from one another before

can be useful


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Fractional Distillation of Petroleum


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44941366 Chapter 6 Land and It Resources