46118831 Stuart Appelle the Abduction Experience a Critical Evaluation

7/31/2019 46118831 Stuart Appelle the Abduction Experience a Critical Evaluation

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Ley~gbj ea YAE _vyfìs* g's' 1* 2009%01* >0=4

2001 L' Bjjig Dpgik Oigvi~ ae~ YAE _vyfìs

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VDI BNFYOV@EG ITXI^@IGOI8#>0==

BN_V^BOV< X~iqbjigv dpxevdisis ~imb~f`gm vdi ivèjemp ea vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoib~i itbc`gif* isxio`bjjp `g ~imb~f ve vdi it`sv`gm iq`figoi' Fioixvèg* symmisv`n`j`vp

$abgvbsp#x~egigiss* dpxgev`|bn`j`vp* abjsi#cice~p spgf~eci* xi~segbj`vp* sjiix xdi#gecigb* xspodexbvdejemp* xspodefpgbcòs* igq`~egcigvbj above~s* bgf iqigv#jiqijbjìg igoeygvi~s b~i ibod oegs`fi~if bs e~`m`gs ea vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi' Vdi fbvbb~i f`soyssif `g vi~cs ea }dbv `s bgf `s gev oegs`svigv }`vd vdie~p* vdi oegoixv eaxb~s`cegp* bgf vdi giif ae~ oegqi~m`gm j`gis ea iq`figoi `g isvbnj`sd`gm j`gkbmisniv}iig abov bgf vdie~p' Eg vdi nbs`s ea vd`s bgbjps`s* ` v `s b~myif vdbv ge vdie~p pivigleps igeymd icx`~òbj syxxe~v ve ni booixvif bs b migi~bj itxjbgbvèg ae~ vdibnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi' Vdi oegoixv ea vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi bs b cyjvòbysbjxdigecigeg `s f`soyssif* bgf symmisvègs ae~ ayvy~i ~isib~od b~i x~eq`fif'

Vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi> `s odb~bovi~`|if np synliov`qijp ~ibj cice~ìs ea

ni`gm vbkig sio~ivjp bgf%e~ bmb`gsv egis }`jj np bxxb~igvjp gegdycbg igv`vìs bgfsynliovif ve oecxjit xdpsòbj bgf xspodejemòbj x~eoify~is'? Vdi gycni~ ea syod

itxi~ìgois dbs niig isv`cbvif np Lboens $200> bs 91) ea vdi xexyjbvèg* bgf np

Dexk`gs* Lboens* bgf ]isv~yc $200> bs >) ea vdi xexyjbvèg' Ce~i oegsi~qbv`qi

isv`cbvis cbp ni fi~`qif np oeygv`gm vdi bovybj gycni~ ea obsis vdbv dbqi niig

~ixe~vif np `gqisv`mbve~s' Ae~ itbcxji* Nyjjb~fs $2006 sy~qip ea 2? `gqisv`mbve~s

pìjfif 2*=88 obsis' ]dbviqi~ vdi gycni~* ai} bsxiovs ea yaejemp dbqi bvv~bovif bs

cyod bvvigvèg' Ve vdesi }de f`sc`ss vdi xess`n`j`vp vdbv YAEs cbp ni sxboio~bav*

vdi gevèg ea bnfyovègs np YAE eooyxbgvs `s siig bs `gdi~igvjp `cxjbys`nji' Ae~

vdesi }de nijìqi vdbv YAEs b~i ygfi~ vdi oegv~ej ea itv~bvi~~isv~`bjs* bnfyovègitxi~ìgois symmisv nevd b ~bvègbji ae~ sy~~ixv`vèys YAE bov`q`vp bgf bg exxe~vy#

g`vp ve jib~g bneyv vdi xy~xesi ygfi~jp`gm syod bov`q`vp' @g issigoi* vdi bnfyovèg

itxi~ìgoi s siig bs bg bgs}i~ ve vdi x~eqi~n`bj ryisvèg* ]dp fegv vdip jbgf eg

vdi ]d`vi Deysi jb}g5

@g bff`vèg ve vdi itv~bvi~~isv~`bj dpxevdis`s* vdi~i b~i gyci~eys bjvi~gbv`qi it#

xjbgbvègs ae~ vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi* cbgp ea }dòd dbqi niig bov`qijp finbvif

`g vdi yaejemòbj j`vi~bvy~i' De}iqi~* vdisi finbvis dbqi eavig sdif cyod ce~i dibv

vdbg j`mdv' Vdi xy~xesi ea vd`s xbxi~ `s ve ojesijp itbc`gi vdi x~exesif itxjbgb#

vègs $obysis ae~ vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi `g vi~cs ea vdi`~ vdie~ivòbj sv~igmvdsbgf }ibkgissis* bgf ce~i `cxe~vbgvjp* `g vi~cs ea }dbv $à bgp icx`~òbj iq`figoi

it`svs g vdi`~ syxxe~v' Vdi ~iqì} feis gev bff~iss syns`f`b~p ssyis }dòd x~isyx#

xesi b xb~vòyjb~ ivèjemp' $Ae~ itbcxji* }dbv xjbgivs fe vdi bnfyove~s oeci a~ec5


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?8 LEY^GBJ EA YAE _VYF@I_

Ge~ feis `v igvi~vb`g vdi xes`vèg bfqeobvif np seci vdbv bg ygfi~svbgf`gm ea vdi

bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi `s gev bcigbnji ve soìgvàò bgbjps`s $b xes`vèg }`vd }dòd @

f`sbm~ii; Bxxijji* 2006n'

Vdi ^yji ea Xb~s`cegp bgf Vdie~ìs ea vdi Bnfyovèg Itxi~ìgoi

Vdi `ssyi ea iq`figoi `s xb~vòyjb~jp `cxe~vbgv `g ~imb~f ve vdi ~yji ea xb~s`cegp

$eavig ~iai~~if ve bs Eoobcs ~b|e~' Vd`s cbt`c svbvis vdbv }dig `gvi~x~iv`gm b

xdigecigeg* yggioissb~p bssycxvègs sdeyjf gev ni `gv~efyoif' @v `s `cxe~vbgv ve

icxdbs`|i vdbv xb~s`cegp `s fia`gif `g vi~cs eayggioissb~p bssycxvègs* gev `g

vi~cs ea ygxexyjb~ bssycxvègs* f`svy~n`gm bssycxvègs* e~ ygoegqigvègbj bs#

sycxvègs' Bs syod* `v obg ni bssissif egjp `g ~imb~f ve icx`~òbj iq`figoi* bs vdi

icx`~òbj iq`figoi fia`gis }dòd bssycxvègs b~i e~ b~i gev gioissb~p' B vdie~p

obggev oegv`gyi ve ni fiaigfif eg vdi m~eygfs ea xb~s`cegp à `v dbs niigf`soega`~cif vd~eymd itxi~`cigv* bgf `g vdi bnsigoi ea x~exi~ visv`gm* xb~s`cegp

np `vsija `s ea j`c`vif qbjyi `g bssiss`gm b vdie~ps qbj`f`vp'

Bg ygfi~svbgf`gm ea vd`s `s issigv`bj niobysi xb~s`cegp `s ~eyv`gijp ysif bs vdi

o~`vi~èg bmb`gsv }dòd vdie~ìs ea vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi b~i oecxb~if' Bs vdisi

vdie~ìs b~i itbc`gif* `v sdeyjf ni kixv `g c`gf vdbv xb~s`cegp `s b ~yji np }dòd

iq`figoi `s ve ni iqbjybvif' @v sdeyjf gev ni oegaysif }`vd iq`figoi `vsija'

DEBTI_

Vdi debt itxjbgbvèg symmisvs vdbv ~ixe~vs ea bjìg bnfyovèg b~i gev degisv

fiso~`xvègs ea itxi~ìgois* nyv b~i sve~ìs cbfi yx ve fij`ni~bvijp fioi`qi' @v `s

migi~bjjp bssycif vdbv vdi cev`qbvèg ae~ syod fioixvèg jìs `g vdi exxe~vyg`vp ae~

cegivb~p e~ xspodeseo`bj ~i}b~f baae~fif np syod sve~ìs' Vdisi exxe~vyg`vìs oi~#

vb`gjp it`sv' Neeks ~ioeygv`gm bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois b~i }`fijp sejf* bgf vdi~i `s

bg bov`qi jiovy~i o`~oy`v ae~ `gf`q`fybjs }de ~ixe~v syod itxi~ìgois' Ce~ieqi~*

syxxe~v m~eyxs ae~ bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s* vbjk sde}s* bgf oegai~igois x~eq`fi

exxe~vyg`vìs ae~ seo`bj `gvi~bovèg bgf oijin~`vp vdbv }eyjf gev evdi~}`si ni bqb`j#

bnji ve vdi itxi~ìgoi~'De}iqi~* ve vbki bfqbgvbmi ea syod exxe~vyg`vìs* vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~ cysv

me xynjò }`vd vdi itxi~ìgoi' @g vdi qbsv cble~`vp ea obsis vdi~i `s s`cxjp gevd`gm

`g vdi ~ixe~vi~s nidbqè~ vdbv }eyjf symmisv syod bg gvigvèg' Bnfyovèg itxi~ìg#

oi~s sii cigvbj dibjvd x~eaissègbjs ae~ dijx `g oex`gm }`vd vdi itxi~ìgoi* e~ vdip

sii bnfyovèg `gqisv`mbve~s ve envb`g e~ sdb~i `gae~cbvèg bneyv vdi itxi~ìgoi'

Nyv nipegf vd`s j`c`vif oegvbov* vdi itxi~ìgoi~ }de meis xynjò `s b ~b~`vp $iqig à

nbsif eg vdi c`g`cbj gycni~ ea kge}g obsis* syod bs Nyjjb~fs [2006S fbvbnbsi ea

2*=88 obsis; nbsif eg vdi gycni~ ea isv`cbvif obsis* syod bs Dexk`gs iv bj' [200>S*

vdi x~exe~vèg ea itxi~ìgoi~s }de dbqi megi xynjò `s iqig ce~i ea b ~b~`vp'Cyod ce~i oeccegjp* vdi itxi~ìgoi~ fis`~is bssy~bgoi ea bgegpc`vp'

Eg vdi evdi~ dbgf* fij`ni~bvi c`s~ix~isigvbvèg obg eooy~ `g vdi bnsigoi ea ge~#

cbj `goigv`qis ae~ fioixvèg' Booe~f`gm ve vdi F`bmgesvò bgf _vbv`svòbj Cbgybj


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BXXIJJI< VDI BNFYOV@EG ITXI^@IGOI ?2

ea Cigvbj F`se~fi~s< F_C @Q$Bci~òbg Xspod`bv~ò Bsseo`bvèg* 2006*abov`vèys

f`se~fi~ ~iai~s ve `gf`q`fybjs }de ai`mg xdpsòbj e~ xspodejemòbj `jjgiss }di~i

vdi cev`qbvèg ae~ vdi nidbqè~ `s ve bssyci vdi sòk ~eji $x' 6=6' Vdbv `s* vdi

xspodejemòbj giif ve ni b xbvìgv `s `vsija spcxvecbvò ea b f`se~fi~' ]di~ixspodejemòbj spcxvecs x~ifec`gbvi* vdi `gf`q`fybj cbp ojb`c ' ' ' cice~p jess

' ' ' dbjjyo`gbvègs ' ' ' bgf f`sseo`bv`qi spcxvecs' Vdisi `gf`q`fybjs cbp ni it#

v~icijp symmisv`nji bgf cbp igfe~si cbgp ea vdi spcxvecs n~eymdv yx fy~`gm b

~iqì} ea spcxvecs $x' 6=>'

Fisx`vi seci xb~bjjijs }`vd bnfyovèg booeygvs* vdi~i b~i b gycni~ ea odb~bovi~#

`svòs ea abov`vèys f`se~fi~ vdbv cbki `v bg ygj`kijp sey~oi ea bnfyovèg debtis'

_yaai~i~s b~i j`kijp ve dbqi bg itvigs`qi d`sve~p ea desx`vbj`|bvègs e~ v~ibvcigv

`gvi~qigvègs* ni itv~icijp ~is`svbgv ve m`q`gm yx vdi ~eji bs xbvìgv* bgf b~i ~ijyo#

vbgv* qbmyi* bgf `goegs`svigv }dig bskif ve x~eq`fi `gae~cbvèg `g fivb`j' Vdisibgf evdi~ fàai~igv`bj f`bmgesis b~i gev odb~bovi~`svò ea vdi qbsv cble~`vp ea bnfyo#

vèg itxi~ìgoi~s'

@g bgp obsi* ge egi dbs si~èysjp symmisvif vdbv debtis booeygv ae~ bgp nyv b ai}

ea vdi vdeysbgfs ea bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi ~ixe~vs' Vdi debt dpxevdis`s dbs niig

bfqbgoif $Kjbss* 2044 ve booeygv ae~ vdi sve~ìs ea sxioàò bnfyovèg ojb`cbgvs*

nyv vdi s`goi~`vp $bjni`v gev vdi booy~bop ea cesv bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s `s migi~#

bjjp bokge}jifmif iqig np b~figv skixvòs'

_Y_OIXV@N@J@VP VE _YMMI_V@EG

_ymmisvèg `s eavig x~exesif bs vdi obysi ea vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi' Vd`s dp#

xevdis`s dbs vbkig b gycni~ ea fàai~igv ae~cs'Dpxgev`|bn`j`vp ~iai~s ve b vbjigv ae~

booixv`gm symmisvègs eaai~if fy~`gm dpxges`s' Abgvbsp x~egigiss ~iai~s ve b xi~#

segbj`vp v~b`v odb~bovi~`|if np b x~if`sxes`vèg ve igmbmi `g oecxijj`gm* `cbm`gb#

v`qi itxi~ìgoi' Vdi abjsi#cice~p spgf~eci ~iai~s ve vdi `gajyigoi ea symmisvèg

fy~`gm vdi oey~si ea vdi~bxp' Oigv~bj ve ibod ea vdisi oegsv~yovs `s vdi gevèg vdbv

`cbm`gif iqigvs obg ni itxi~ìgoif bs d`sve~òbj iqigvs'

$b) Dpxgevò Cice~p bgf Dpxgev`|bn`j`vp

Dpxges`s gqejqis x~eoify~is fis`mgif ve cbt`c`|i b synliovs bn`j`vp ve ~isxegf

ve symmisvèg' Dpxgevò symmisvègs ve me nbok `g v`ci bgf ~icicni~ e~ ~ij`qi xbsv

iqigvs dbqi niig }`fijp ysif bs b civdef ae~ ~iv~ìq`gm e~ igdbgo`gm cice~p'

Vd`s gev}`vdsvbgf`gm* `g oegv~ejjif itxi~`cigvs dpxgevòbjjp igdbgoif cice~p `s

bv nisv egjp cefisvjp ficegsv~bvif' @gsvibf* bg `go~ibsi `g xsiyfecice~ìs $bg

iaaiov vdbv isobjbvis }`vd `go~ibsif x~issy~i ve ~iobjj* `go~ibsif oega`figoi `g vdi

qbj`f`vp ea egis xsiyfecice~ìs* bgf go~ibsif sysoixv`n`j`vp ve symmisvèg e~ jibf#

`gm ryisvègs b~i ce~i migi~bjjp vdi ~yji' $_ii Ab~vd`gm* 200>; _c`vd* 204? ae~vpxòbj ~iqì}s ea vd`s j`vi~bvy~i'

@g vdie~p* vdi~iae~i* dpxges`s sdeyjf dbqi b m~ibvi~ xevigv`bj ve o~ibvi bnfyovèg

itxi~ìgois vdbg ve ~iv~ìqi vdic' Vd`s `s xb~vòyjb~jp v~eynjiseci m`qig vdbv cbgp


4/50

?> LEY^GBJ EA YAE _VYF@I_

ce~i bnfyovèg ~ixe~vs dbqi ici~mif `g vdi oey~si ea dpxges`s vdbg vd~eymd sxeg#

vbgieys ~iobjj $Nyjjb~f* 204=* 2006' Bs syod* `v `s gev sy~x~`s`gm vdbv o~`vòs ea vdi

bnfyovèg xdigecigeg o`vi vdi soìgvàò j`vi~bvy~i eg dpxges`s bs m~eygfs ae~ f`s#

c`ss`gm dpxgevòbjjp ~iv~ìqif booeygvs ea bjìg bnfyovèg $i'm'* Nbki~* 2008* 200>;Kjbss* 2044' Bg iqbjybvèg ea vd`s b~mycigv aejje}s'

Bxxjòbn`j`vp ea dpxges`s ~isib~od ve vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi' @a dpxgevò

cice~p `g migi~bj `s sysxiov* vdig dpxgevòbjjp ~iv~ìqif cice~p ea bnfyovègs

cysv ni sysxiov bs }ijj' De}iqi~* vd`s bssycxvèg fixigfs eg vdi itvigv ve }dòd

vdi itxi~`cigvbj s`vybvèg `s oecxb~bnji ve vdbv bsseo`bvif }`vd vdi bnfyovèg it#

xi~ìgoi $Bxxijji* 2006b'

_vyfìs vdbv b~i ysif ve migi~bj`|i ve vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi sdeyjf `gqejqi

sey~oi $~iv~ìqbj cbvi~`bjs vdbv b~i j`ki vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi `g rybj`vp' Bn#

fyovèg cice~ìs b~i odb~bovi~`|if np fpgbcò* icevègbjjp odb~mif iqigvs vdbv`gsv`jj v~bycb* aib~* bgtìvp* oegaysèg* bgf bgmi~' Ce~ieqi~* vdip b~i odb~bovi~`|if

np iqigvs se ygysybj bs ve ni eyvs`fi vdi ~bgmi ea ge~cbj dycbg itxi~ìgoi'

@g oegv~bsv* vdi nyjk ea jbne~bve~p ~isib~od dbs ysif svbvò bgf giyv~bj sey~oi

cbvi~`bj syod bs cice~`|if j`svs ea }e~fs' _eci svyfìs dbqi ysif ce~i ~ijiqbgv

cbvi~`bjs ae~ ~iv~ìqbj syod bs sv~iss#`gfyo`gm sv`cyj` $FiX`bge ! _bj|ni~m* 2042;

\ij`m ! Ni`fjicbg* 2042* e~ s`cyjbvègs ea icevègbjjp odb~mif iqigvs j`ki boo`#

figvs e~ o~`cis $N~`mdbc* Cbbss* _gpfi~* ! _xbyjf`gm* 204>; Cbjxbss ! Fiq`gi*

2048; _bgfi~s ! ]b~gòk* 2042' Vdi ~isyjvs ea vdisi svyfìs b~i igv`~ijp oegs`s#

vigv }`vd vdesi ys`gm ce~i cygfbgi cbvi~`bjs' De}iqi~* vdip sv`jj ab`j ve ~ix~efyoivdi sv~bgmigiss ea bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois* e~ vdi ~bgmi bgf cbmg`vyfi ea ice#

vègbj svbvis bsseo`bvif }`vd ~ixe~vif bnfyovègs'

Ce~ieqi~* vdi iaaòbop ea dpxges`s g igdbgo`gm ~iobjj sdeyjf ni ~ijbvif gev egjp

ve vdi k`gf ea cbvi~`bj ve ni ~iv~ìqif* nyv bjse ve vdi obysi ea ae~mivv`gm $fiobp*

`gvi~ai~igoi* ~ix~issèg* xspodejemòbj v~bycb* xdpsòbj v~bycb* ivo'' _y~x~`s`gmjp*

vdi~i it`svs q`~vybjjp ge ~isib~od eg vd`s ssyi' Ae~ itbcxji* vdi~i b~i ge spsvicbvò

`gqisv`mbvègs ea vdi booy~bop e~ iaaòbop ea dpxgevò ~iobjj `g v~bycb#`gfyoif bc#

gis`b' Vd`s `s ygae~vygbvi* niobysi bgiofevbj ~ixe~vs bgf obsi svyfìs ~imb~f`gm

~iobjj ea v~bycbvò iqigvs bneygf `g nevd vdi ae~igsò bgf oj`gòbj j`vi~bvy~i* bgfx~eq`fi cyod ea vdi nbs`s ae~ vdi nijìa `g dpxgevò dpxi~cgis`b'

Ea oey~si* }i fe gev kge} à vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi aejje}s v~bycb#`gfyoif

bcgis`b' A`~sv* vd`s x~isyxxesis bovybj ae~mivv`gm ea seci ~ibj iqigv $bs exxesif ve

bg dpxgevòbjjp o~ibvif xsiyfecice~p' _ioegf* `v x~isyxxesis itxi~ìgoif v~bycb

$i`vdi~ ve bg bovybj bnfyovèg e~ ve seci evdi~ iqigv ae~ }dòd vdi ~iobjjif bnfyo#

vèg `s b so~iig cice~p' Vd`~f* bs }`jj ni f`soyssif jbvi~* vdi qi~p oegoixvs ea

~ix~issèg bgf f`sseo`bv`qi bcgis`b b~i oegv~eqi~s`bj $Jeavys* 200?; Easdi ! _`gmi~*

2006'

Vdi~i `s bg bff`vègbj x~enjic `g ~imb~f ve dpxges`s bgf vdi ciodbg`scs eaae~mivv`gm' îbj bjìg bnfyovègs c`mdv ni ae~mevvig niobysi ea piv yg`figvàìf

x~eoissis $bs symmisvif np vdi gyci~eys ~ixe~vs np bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s ea bjìg

c`gf oegv~ej' Vdi bxxjòbn`j`vp ea dpxges`s ~isib~od ve ygkge}g ciodbg`scs obg#


5/50

BXXIJJI< VDI BNFYOV@EG ITXI^@IGOI ??

gev* ea oey~si* ni iqbjybvif'

Migi~bj dpxgev`|bn`j`vp' Ve }dbviqi~ itvigv dpxges`s cbp obysi abjsi itxi~`#

igois ea bjìg bnfyovèg* vs xevigv`bj ve fe se sdeyjf go~ibsi bs b synliovs sysoix#

v`n`j`vp ve dpxgevò symmisvèg `go~ibsis'êfimdì~* Meefxbsvi~* bgf Njbvvi~nbyi~ $2002 bssissif dpxgevò ~isxegs`qi#

giss g b m~eyx ea bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s }`vd vdi O~ibv`qi @cbm`gbvèg _obji $]`j#

seg ! Nb~ni~* 20=4' Vd`s `gsv~ycigv iqbjybvis synliovs bn`j`vp ve q`q`fjp `cbm`gi

symmisvif soigis bgf s`vybvègs' Vdi byvde~s aeygf vdbv* bs b m~eyx* bnfyovèg it#

xi~ìgoi~s }i~i ge ce~i sysoixv`nji ve dpxgevò symmisvèg vdbg vdi migi~bj xexy#

jbvèg'

_xbges* O~ess* Fòkseg* bgf Fyn~iy`j $200? ysif vdi Ob~jiveg Yg`qi~s`vp î#

sxegs`qigiss ve _ymmisvèg _obji $_xbges* ^bfvki* Defm`gs* _vbc* ! Ni~v~bgf*

204? ve cibsy~i dpxgev`|bn`j`vp' Vd`s visv cibsy~is vd~ii f`cigsègs ea dpxgev`|#bn`j`vp< gycni~ ea `vics ve }dòd bg bxx~ex~`bvi ~isxegsi `s cbfi* itvigv ve }dòd

vdi synliov`qi iaaiovs objjif ae~ b~i itxi~ìgoif* bgf vdi fim~ii ve }dòd synliovs

~isxegsis b~i xi~oi`qif bs `gqejygvb~p' Vdi ~isib~odi~s aeygf vdbv vdi`~ itxi~ìgoi~

xexyjbvèg }bs ge fàai~igv a~ec vdi oegv~ejs eg bgp ea vdisi cibsy~is'

_xioàò dpxgev`|bn`j`vp' @g b ~ioigv sy~qip ea `gqisv`mbve~s bgf cigvbj dibjvd

x~bov`vègi~s* Nyjjb~f $2006 aeygf vdbv g`gi eyv ea vig ~isxegfigvs svbvif vdbv

cbgp e~ cesv ea vdi`~ [bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~S synliovs b~i ibsp ve dpxgev`|i $x'

9=9' Nyjjb~fs `gvi~x~ivbvèg `s vdbv d`s sy~qip sbcxji ea bnfyoviis bxxib~s isxi#

o`bjjp ~òd `g xiexji ea d`md sysoixv`n`j`vp ve dpxges`s $x' 9=9'Bs gevif bneqi* de}iqi~* vd`s xes`vèg s gev syxxe~vif np ae~cbj visvs ea dpxge#

v`|bn`j`vp' Vdisi synliovs cbp ni d`mdjp dpxgev`|bnji `g sissègs fifòbvif ve it#

xje~`gm vdi`~ bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois* nyv vdip b~i gev d`mdjp dpxgev`|bnjixi~ si'

Vd`s cbp gev ni bs xb~bfetòbj bs `v siics' E~gi* ]d`videysi* E~gi* ! F`gmis

$2001 dbqi b~myif vdbv vdi oecn`gif iaaiovs ea ~ijbtbvèg* vdi~bx`sv#dpxgev`sv qbj`#

fbvèg* bgf ~ixiv`v`qi x~en`gm o~ibvi b s`vybvèg `g }dòd `gf`q`fybjs obg ni oeg#

s`fi~bnjp ce~i baaiovif np dpxgevò x~eoify~is vdbg vdi`~ nidbqè~bjjp bgode~if

~bv`gms ea dpxgevòbj bn`j`vp }eyjf symmisv $x' 2=8'

Bjvi~gbv`qijp* vdi f`so~ixbgop niv}iig dpxges`s soe~is bgf vdi ibsi `g sejò`v`gmbnfyovèg booeygvs cbp cibg vdbv secivd`gm bneyv vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi `vsija

cbkis `v xb~vòyjb~jp sysoixv`nji ve dpxgevò x~eoify~is' @g abov* ~isib~od dbs `fig#

vàìf siqi~bj above~s vdbv cbp oegv~`nyvi ve vd`s s`vybvèg'

A`~sv* dpxgevò ~iobjj `cx~eqis }dig vdi cbvi~`bj ve ni ~icicni~if `s cibg`gm#

ayj ve vdi `gf`q`fybj $_dìjfs ! Kget* 2041* }dig vdi icevègbj* xdpsòbj* bgf

oemg`v`qi oegf`vègs ea vdi e~`m`gbj itxi~ìgoi b~i dpxgevòbjjp ~i`gsvbvif $Bgfi~#

seg* 2008* bgf bs oegvitv ae~ vdi iqigv `s ce~i d`mdjp `gvim~bvif }`vd vdi cice~p

ve ni ~iv~ìqif $Iòd* 2049' Vdisi oegf`vègs b~i oecceg ve dpxgevò ~im~issèg

ae~ vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi'_ioegf* ~isib~od eg svbvi#fixigfigv jib~g`gm symmisvs vdbv ~ivy~g`gm ve vdi svbvi

ea oegsoèysgiss `g }dòd bg itxi~ìgoi e~`m`gbjjp eooy~~if cbp `cx~eqi ~iobjj'

Ae~ itbcxji* ~ivy~g`gm ve b svbvi ea bjoedej $Meef}`g* Xe}ijj* N~icci~* De`gi* !


6/50


_vi~g* 2010 e~ cb~`lybgb $Iòd* ]i`gmb~vgi~* _v`jjcbg* ! M`jj`g* 20=9 `gvetòb#

vèg* e~ vdi `gajyigoi ea sv`cyjbgvs $_}bgseg ! K`gsney~gi* 20=1 `cx~eqis ~iobjj

ea iqigvs vdbv e~`m`gbjjp eooy~~if fy~`gm vdesi oegf`vègs' @a dpxges`s x~efyois b

cigvbj svbvi vdbv `g bgp }bp ~isicnjis vdi svbvi fy~`gm }dòd bg bnfyovèg `s e~`m`#gbjjp itxi~ìgoif* ~iobjj ae~ vdbv itxi~ìgoi oeyjf ni igdbgoif' _eci bnfyovèg

itxi~ìgoi~s dbqi fiso~`nif b cigvbj svbvi ae~ vdi ~icicni~if iqigv $i'm'* ]inn*

2006 vdbv `s gev ygj`ki vdbv ~ixe~vif np evdi~ synliovs ae~ vdi itxi~ìgoi ea ni`gm

dpxgev`|if'

A`gbjjp* vdi j`vi~bvy~i eg dpxges`s dbs x~eq`fif seci iq`figoi vdbv `gae~cbvèg gev

x~iqèysjp bqb`jbnji ve oegsoèysgiss obg ni ~iv~ìqif dpxgevòbjjp' Ae~ itbcxji*

dpxgevò ~iobjj dbs niig ~ixe~vif ae~ sv`cyj` x~isigvif synj`c`gbjjp $Kyg|igfe~a*

Jboey~si* ! Jpgod* 204=) e~ fy~`gm migi~bj bgisvdis`b $Odiik* 2090* 2016; Jiq`gseg*

2019)' Bjvdeymd vd`s ~isib~od `s `vsija oegv~eqi~s`bj* `v `cxjìs vdbv `gae~cbvèg ~im`s#vi~if eyvs`fi ea ge~cbj oegsoèys b}b~igiss cbp ni booissif fy~`gm dpxges`s'

Bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s eavig fiso~`ni kge}jifmi bxxb~igvjp bory`~if `g vd`s }bp'

Vdisi oegs`fi~bvègs symmisv b nbs`s ae~ vdi sxioàò dpxgev`|bn`j`vp envb`gif ae~

bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois' Vd`s sdeyjf gev* de}iqi~* ni oegaysif }`vd bg b~mycigv ae~

vdi qi~`fòbj`vp ea bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois' Vdi above~s f`soyssif oi~vb`gjp bxxjp ve

~ibj iqigvs* nyv vdip oeyjf bjse bxxjp ve itxi~ìgois e~`m`gbv`gm `g vdi `cbm`gbvèg

e~ ygoegsoèys' Vd`s xess`n`j`vp cysv ~icb`g bv vdi svbvys ea oegliovy~i* de}iqi~*

niobysi vdi~i obg ni ge f`~iov iq`figoi vdbv b oegsoèys itxi~ìgoi dbf di~iveae~i

~is`fif `g vdi ygoegsoèys'Giqi~vdijiss* v cbp ni ysiayj ve oegs`fi~ vd`s xess`n`j`vp g ~imb~f ve evdi~ bgecb#

jeys itxi~ìgois x~exesif ve dbqi `cbm`gbv`qi e~ ygoegsoèys bgvioifigvs' J`ki

bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois* xbsv#jài `figv`vìs $~i`gob~gbvègs b~i bjse ibs`jp ijò`vif

vd~eymd dpxges`s a~ec ge~cbj `gf`q`fybjs $Kbcxcbg* 20=1* b~i ~òd `g fivb`j* bgf

b~i nijìqif np vdi itxi~ìgoi~ bs qi~`fòbj ~iobjj ea bovybj xbsv iqigvs $_xbges* Ny~#

miss* ! Ny~miss* 2006' _xbges iv bj' b~myi vdbv nevd dpxgevò bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois

bgf xbsv j`qis $bs }ijj bs ijò`vif cice~ìs ea sbvbgò ~`vybj bnysi bgf cyjv`xji xi~#

segbj`vìs b~i seo`bj o~ibvègs ' ' ' fivi~c`gif np vdi ygfi~svbgf`gms vdbv synliovs

fiqijex bneyv syod itxi~ìgois a~ec vdi `gae~cbvèg ve }dòd vdip b~i itxesif$x' 6?1' ]divdi~ e~ gev vd`s `gvi~x~ivbvèg `s oe~~iov* vdi ~eji ea dpxges`s cbp ni

ijyo`fbvif vd~eymd b oegs`fi~bvèg ea bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois g ~ijbvègsd`x ve evdi~

bgecbjeys itxi~ìgois ~eyv`gijp booiss`nji ve vdi dpxgev`|if synliov'

_`cyjbvègs ea vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi' Jb}seg $20== bskif dpxgev`|if syn#

liovs ve fiso~`ni iqigvs bsseo`bvif }`vd b symmisvif ojesi igoeygvi~ }`vd b YAE' Di

ojb`cif oegs`fi~bnji s`c`jb~`vp niv}iig vdisi ~ixe~vs bgf vdesi a~ec ~ibj bnfyo#

vèg itxi~ìgoi~s' Vd`s svyfp dbs niig }`fijp o`vif np skixvòs nyv }`fijp o~`vò`|if

np yaejem`svs $Nyjjb~f* 2040 ae~ `vs civdefejemp* oegojysègs* bgf migi~bj`|bn`j`vp'

]dbviqi~ `vs qbj`f`vp* `v ~icb`gs vdi egjp f`~iov visv ea vdi ~eji ea dpxges`s `g vdibnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi'6

Jpgg bgf oejjibmyis fiso~`ni b ~ijbvif itxi~`cigv $Jpgg ! Xi||e* 2006; Jpgg !

K`~sod* 2001' Visv`gm vdi x~ic`si vdbv s`c`jb~`vìs aeygf bo~ess bnfyovèg itxi~`#


7/50


igois obg ni booeygvif ae~ np abc`j`b~`vp }`vd vdisi ijicigvs `g ey~ xexyjb~ oyj#

vy~i* vdip ~ibsegif vdbv igoeygvi~ soigb~ès fij`ni~bvijp bgf oegsoèysjp cbfi yx

np geg#bnfyovèg#itxi~ìgoi~s sdeyjf bxx~et`cbvi vdesi migi~bvif np bovybj bn#

fyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s' Ve visv vd`s* qejygvii~s }i~i bskif ve s`cyjbvi $~eji xjbp vdinidbqè~ ea bg itoijjigv dpxgevò synliov bskif ve ~iobjj iqigvs aejje}`gm vdi ensi~#

qbvèg ea b cpsvi~èys j`mdv g vdi skp' $Vdi synliovs }i~i gev bovybjjp dpxgev`|if'

J`ki Jb}seg* vdisi itxi~`cigvi~s ~ixe~v oi~vb`g $piv skivodp s`c`jb~`vìs niv}iig

vdi`~ synliovs booeygvs bgf vdesi vpxòbjjp aeygf `g vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi j`v#

i~bvy~i'

Eg vdi evdi~ dbgf* ^bgfjis $2006b gevif b gycni~ ea `goegs`svigoìs niv}iig

vdi x~evevpxòbj bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi bgf vdi sve~ìs ea v}igvp N~`v`sd synliovs bskif

ve `cbm`gi b ojesi igoeygvi~' Vdisi `goegs`svigoìs `gojyfif ce~i dycbgj`ki ig#

v`vìs* bjcesv ge ~ixe~vs ea fee~}bp bcgis`b $ab`jy~i ve ~iobjj iqigvs bsseo`bvif}`vd igv~p `gve vdi bnfyove~s o~bav* gev b s`gmji cifòbj itbc`gbvèg* bgf j`vvji

~isicnjbgoi ea bxxb~igv bjìg cev`qis ve vdesi `gfòbvif `g vdi ~ixe~vs np bovybj

bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s'

Bjvdeymd vdisi ~isyjvs siic oegv~bfòve~p ve vdesi ea Jb}seg bgf Jpgg bgf Xi||e*

`v `s `gvi~isv`gm ve gevi vdbv oecxb~if ve vdi svi~ievpxòbj Bci~òbg bnfyovèg soi#

gb~è* N~`v`sd bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s ~ixe~v dycbgj`ki igv`vìs bneyv aey~ v`cis

ce~i eavig* bgf cifòbj itbc`gbvègs bneyv "%? bs eavig $^bgfjis* 2006n' Vdi~i#

ae~i* vdi ~isyjvs }`vd N~`v`sd synliovs }de b~i bskif ve cbki yx b ojesi igoeygvi~

b~i ce~i oegs`svigv }`vd vdi vpxòbj N~`v`sd bnfyovèg ~ixe~v vdbg c`mdv evdi~}`sini bxxb~igv'

Ibod ea vdisi svyfìs oeyjf nigia`v a~ec v`mdvi~ civdefejemp bgf ojesi~ itbc`#

gbvèg ea vdi oegvigv bgf a~iryigop ea vdi migi~bvif ~ixe~vs' @g vdi cibgv`ci*

de}iqi~* vdip symmisv vdbv ijicigvs ea vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi b~i aeygf `g vdi

`cbm`gbvègs ea vdi gegitxi~ìgoi~ xexyjbvèg* bgf vdbv oegs`svigop `g bnfyovèg

booeygvs `s nioec`gm ce~i fàaòyjv ve lysvàp bs iq`figoi ea qi~`fòbj`vp'

@gajyigoi ea dpxges`s bgf dpxgev`svs' Bnfyovèg gb~~bv`qis obg ni oecxb~if ve

fivi~c`gi à vdip qb~p booe~f`gm ve vdi xb~vòyjb~ vdie~ivòbj `goj`gbvègs ea vdi

`gqisv`mbve~ e~ vdi~bx`sv ijò`v`gm vdi booeygv' Bjse* booeygvs }dòd ici~mi fy~`gmdpxges`s obg ni oecxb~if }`vd vdesi svicc`gm a~ec oegsoèys itxi~ìgoi' _yod

bgbjpsis dbqi niig ob~~ìf eyv np Nyjjb~f $2040* 2006' Eg vdi nbs`s ea d`s a`gf#

`gms* Nyjjb~f $2040 oegojyfif vdbv vdi ae~c bgf oegvigv ea bnfyovèg sve~ìs

siics gfixigfigv ea dpxges`s $x' ?' @g b ce~i ~ioigv itbc`gbvèg* Nyjjb~f $2006

oegojyfis vdbv dpxges`s `s b s`mgàòbgv above~ `g ~imb~f ve vdi rybgv`vp ea cbvi~`bj

~ioeqi~if* nyv gev `g bgp f`~iov }bp ve vdi oegvigv'

$n) Abgvbsp X~egigiss

Vdi oegoixv eaabgvbsp x~egigiss fiqijexif eyv ea b j`gi ea ~isib~od fis`mgif vea`gf xi~segbj`vp v~b`vs vdbv oe~~ijbvi }`vd dpxgev`|bn`j`vp' Bcegm d`mdjp dpxgev`|#

bnji synliovs* ]`jseg bgf Nb~ni~ $2042* 204?n `figvàìf b m~eyx ea `gf`q`fybjs

}de oeyjf dbjjyo`gbvi qejygvb~`jp* dbqi `cbm`gb~p itxi~ìgois vdbv b~i synliov`qijp


8/50


bs ~ibj bs gegabgvbs`|if iqigvs* bgf }de eoobsègbjjp dbf fàaòyjvp f`sv`gmy`sd`gm

cice~ìs ea abgvbs`|if iqigvs a~ec vdesi }dòd bovybjjp dbxxigif' ]`jseg bgf

Nb~ni~ objjif vdisi synliovs abgvbsp x~egi'

Vdie~ivòbj `ssyis' Abgvbsp x~egigiss `s vdie~ivòbjjp ~ijiqbgv ve vdi bnfyovègitxi~ìgoi nevd bs b sey~oi ea `cbm`gbv`qi itxi~ìgoi* bgf niobysi ea s`c`jb~`vìs

niv}iig vdi itxi~ìgois ea abgvbsp#x~egi xi~segs bgf vdesi ea bnfyovèg it#

xi~ìgoi~s' Ae~ itbcxji* vdi abgvbsp x~egi ~ixe~v b d`md `go`figoi ea abjsi x~im#

gbgoìs* xspodò bgf eyv#ea#nefp itxi~ìgois* bxxb~`vègs* bgf q`q`f sjiix cbmi~p

}dòd aiijs bs à vdip b~i sii`gm secivd`gm vdbv ~ibjjp it`svs eyv vdi~i e~ vdbv vdip

b~i jeek`gm `gve bgevdi~ f`cigsèg $]`jseg ! Nb~ni~* 2042* x' ?19' Vdisi itxi#

~ìgois dbqi xb~bjjijs }`vd vdesi ~ixe~vif np bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s $Nyjjb~f* 204=*

2006* symmisv`gm vdbv bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s bgf vdi abgvbsp x~egi cbp nijegm ve

vdi sbci xexyjbvèg'Ce~ieqi~* vdi ijò`vbvèg ea `cbm`gbv`qi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois c`mdv ni itboi~#

nbvif `g s`vybvègs }di~i vdi ici~migoi `s dpxgevòbjjp bss`svif' ]`jseg bgf Nb~#

ni~ $2042 aeygf vdbv vdi abgvbsp x~egi ~ix~isigvif 01) ea vdi`~ d`mdjp dpxgev`|bnji

synliovs* bgf fiso~`nif vdi`~ ~isxegsi ve dpxgevò symmisvègs bs vdi k`gf ea vd`gm

vdip obg fe `gfixigfigvjp ' ' ' `g vdi`~ fb`jp j`qis $]`jseg bgf Nb~ni~* 204?n* x'

?=='

De}iqi~* synsiryigv ~isib~od dbs sde}g vd`s a`gf`gm ve ni c`sjibf`gm' Bjvdeymd

b ~ijbvègsd`x niv}iig abgvbsp x~egigiss bgf dpxgev`|bn`j`vp dbs migi~bjjp niig

syxxe~vif* vdi ~ijbvègsd`x bxxib~s ve ni cyod ce~i cefisv vdbg ]`jseg bgf Nb~#ni~ e~`m`gbjjp ~ixe~vif $Jpgg ! ^dyi* 2044' Ae~ itbcxji* Jpgg* M~iig* ^dyi*

Cb~i* bgf ]`jj bcs $2008 aeygf egjp 2>'4>)21'1) ea vdi`~ d`mdjp dpxgev`|bnji

synliovs $fixigf`gm eg vdi cibsy~i ea dpxgev`|bn`j`vp }i~i abgvbsp x~egi $`g oeg#

v~bsv ve ]`jseg bgf Nb~ni~s 01)' Vd`s f`so~ixbgop `s ~ijbvif ve }divdi~ synliovs

b~i sijiovif eg vdi nbs`s ea vdi`~ dpxgev`|bn`j`vp e~ eg vdi nbs`s ea vdi`~ abgvbsp x~egi#

giss' Abgvbsp#x~egi `gf`q`fybjs b~i j`kijp ve ni d`mdjp dpxgev`|bnji $vdip ob~~p vdi`~

iqi~pfbp vbjigvs `gve vdi dpxges`s s`vybvèg* nyv d`mdjp dpxgev`|bnji `gf`q`fybjs b~i

gev migi~bjjp abgvbsp x~egi' @g abov* ~ijbvègsd`xs niv}iig dpxgev`|bn`j`vp bgf bgp

cibsy~i ea `cbm`gbv`qi v~b`vs b~i bovybjjp ry`vi scbjj $K`~sod ! Oeygo`j* 200>'_vyfìs ea bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s' ^`gm bgf es`gm $2008 oecxb~if b m~eyx ea

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liovs $oegv~ejs }de itx~issif egjp bg `gvi~isv `g YAEs' Ys`gm b nbvvi~p ea visvs

vdip aeygf vdbv itxi~ìgoi~s b~i gev abgvbsp x~egi `g bgp migi~bj sigsi' De}iqi~*

vdi igoeygvi~ synliovs }i~i s`mgàòbgvjp ce~i j`kijp ve ~ixe~v od`jfdeef itxi~`#

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}`vd abgvbsp#x~egi odb~bovi~`svòs e~`m`gbjjp ~ixe~vif np ]`jseg bgf Nb~ni~'

Vdi byvde~s `gvi~x~ivif vdi`~ a`gf`gm bs sigs`v`q[`vpS ve geg#e~f`gb~p ~ibj`vìs*nyv bokge}jifmif vdbv vdi ~eji ea syod sigs`v`q`vìsbs obysis* abo`j`vbve~s* e~ ia#

aiovs ea igoeygvi~ itxi~ìgoisobggev ni fivi~c`gif a~ec vdi`~ svyfp' Vdip bjse

bokge}jifmif vdbv vdi qbj`f`vp ea vdi bssisscigv cibsy~is vdip ysif dbs niig jb~mijp


9/50

BXXIJJI< VDI BNFYOV@EG ITXI^@IGOI ?=

ygvisvif* x~eq`f`gm b ay~vdi~ j`c`vbvèg eg vdi migi~bj`|bn`j`vp ea vdi`~ a`gf`gms'

@g bgevdi~ svyfp* êfimdì~ iv bj' $2002 aeoysif eg synliovs }de civ ojib~jp

fia`gif o~`vi~`b ae~ bg bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi' Abgvbsp x~egigiss }bs bssissif }`vd

vdi @gqigve~p ea Od`jfdeef Cice~ìs bgf @cbm`g`gms $@OC@ $]`jseg ! Nb~ni~*204?b* bg `gsv~ycigv bfbxvif a~ec vdbv ysif np ]`jseg bgf Nb~ni~ $2042 `g vdi`~

sic`gbj svyfp ea vdi abgvbsp x~egi' Vdi byvde~s aeygf ge fàai~igoi niv}iig @OC@

soe~is ae~ vdi`~ bnfyovèg#itxi~ìgoi~ m~eyx bgf vdbv ~ixe~vif ae~ b ~bgfec sbcxji

ea vdi xexyjbvèg'

Nb~vdejeci}* Nbsvi~aìjf* bgf De}b~f $2002 itbc`gif eqi~ egi dygf~if bn#

fyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s bgf oegojyfif vdbv vdi qbsv cble~`vp $4=) dbf d`sve~ìs oeg#

s`svigv }`vd egi e~ ce~i ea vdi cble~ spcxvecs aeygf `g vdi abgvbsp#x~egi x~ea`ji'

De}iqi~* vdi byvde~s bssissif abgvbsp x~egigiss np ~iv~esxiov`qi bgbjps`s ea nè#

m~bxdòbj fbvb ~bvdi~ vdbg bg `gfixigfigv visv ae~ abgvbsp x~egigiss; bgf ea vdi~ixe~vif abgvbsp#x~egi odb~bovi~`svòs vdi byvde~s itbc`gif* egjp vdi a~iryigop ea

itxi~ìgoif xspodò xdigecigb iqig bxx~ebodis vdbv aeygf np ]`jseg bgf Nb~ni~

$2042 `g vdi`~ abgvbsp#x~egi xexyjbvèg'

_xbges iv bj' $200? oecxb~if abgvbsp x~egigiss ae~ `gvigsi YAE itxi~ìgoi~s

$vdesi ~ixe~v`gm igoeygvi~s }`vd bjìgs* vdesi ~ixe~v`gm egjp ensi~qbvèg ea f`svbgv

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YAE itxi~ìgois' Vdi byvde~s aeygf ge svbv`svòbj fàai~igoi bo~ess e~ niv}iig

m~eyxs eg abgvbsp x~egigiss bs cibsy~if np vdi @OC@'

Vdip f`f* de}iqi~* a`gf b oe~~ijbvèg niv}iig @OC@ soe~is bgf bg `gvigs`vp#ea#itxi~ìgoi sobji' YAE nijìqi~s }de }i~i ~ijbv`qijp abgvbsp x~egi vigfif ve ~ixe~v

ce~i ijbne~bvi YAE itxi~ìgois' De}iqi~* vd`s ~ijbvègsd`x cysv ni qì}if `g

xi~sxiov`qi' Bs vdi byvde~s xe`gv eyv* qi~p ai} synliovs ~ixe~v`gm YAE#~ijbvif it#

xi~ìgois bvvb`gif itv~ici soe~is eg vdi @OC@' @g abov* iqig ae~ vdi `gvigsi#

itxi~ìgoi~ m~eyx vdi cibg @OC@ soe~i }bs egjp >>'6* b soe~i }dòd `s ~`mdv bv vdi

c`f~bgmi ea vdbv ae~ vdi migi~bj xexyjbvèg $Jpgg ! ^dyi* 2044' _xbges iv bj'

oegojyfif vdbv vdi`~ a`gf`gms ojib~jp oegv~bfòv vdi dpxevdisis vdbv YAE ~ixe~vs

iqig `gvigsi YAE ~ixe~vs odb~bovi~`|if np syod siic`gmjp n`|b~~i itxi~ìgois bs

c`ss`gm v`ci bgf oeccygòbvèg }`vd bjìgseooy~ x~`cb~`jp `g `gf`q`fybjs }deb~i d`mdjp abgvbsp#x~egi $x' 1>0'

Bs b a`gbj oeccigv eg vdi q`bn`j`vp ea vdi abgvbsp#x~egi dpxevdis`s* bg itxi~`#

cigv visv`gm ]`jseg bgf Nb~ni~s e~`m`gbj fiso~`xvèg ea abgvbsp#x~egi itxi~ìgois

bs ni`gm bs ~ibj bs ~ibj s ea ~ijiqbgoi' dyi bgf Jpgg $204= bskif b jb~mi m~eyx

ea abgvbsp#x~egi synliovs ve dbjjyo`gbvi b _vp~eaebc oyx' Bjvdeymd vdisi synliovs

}i~i ry`vi syooissayj bv vd`s vbsk* ai} bso~`nif ~ibj`svò x~exi~vìs ve vdi dbjjyo`#

gbvif itxi~ìgoi' @a vdi abgvbsp x~egi obg ~ibf`jp f`sv`gmy`sd `cbm`gif sv`cyj`

a~ec ~ibj egis* vdig iqig eg vdie~ivòbj m~eygfs vdi abgvbsp#x~egi itxjbgbvèg ea

vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi `s s`mgàòbgvjp oecx~ec`sif'

$o) Abjsi#Cice~p _pgf~eci

Vdi b~mycigv vdbv vdi~bxp ae~ ~ibj e~ `cbm`gif v~bycb cbp jibf ve ~ioejjio#


10/50


vègs ea iqigvs vdbv giqi~ dbxxigif dbs niig vi~cif vdi abjsi#cice~p spgf~eci

$Mejfsvi`g* 200>'

E~`m`gbjjp* vdi abjsi#cice~p spgf~eci }bs fiqijexif ve symmisv bg `bv~emigò

e~`m`g ae~ booeygvs ea od`jfdeef sitybj bnysi bgf sbvbgò ~`vybj bnysi' De}iqi~*vdi abjsi#cice~p spgf~eci dbs bjse niig eaai~if $ae~ b j`sv ea ~ix~isigvbv`qi b~#

vòjis sii Mevj`n* 200? bs bg itxjbgbvèg ae~ bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois' $@v `s gev yg#

oecceg ae~ bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s ve sii cigvbj dibjvd x~eaissègbjs ae~ spcx#

vecs bsseo`bvif }`vd b nijìqif e~ sysxiovif bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi' Bjvdeymd vdi

sxegvbgieys ici~migoi fy~`gm vdi~bxp ea b oecxjivijp ygsysxiovif bnfyovèg it#

xi~ìgoi `s bxxb~igvjp ry`vi ~b~i $nbsif eg vdi migi~bj jbok ea ~iai~igois ve syod

obsis `g vdi oj`gòbj j`vi~bvy~i; sii* de}iqi~* Mevj`n* 2001* vdi abjsi#cice~p spg#

f~eci oeyjf ni b above~ `g ig~òd`gm bg it`sv`gm bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi* o~ibv`gm

}deji gi} itxi~ìgois nipegf vdesi ae~ }dòd vdi ojìgv `g`v`bjjp x~isigvs* bgf ae~db~fig`gm oegqòvèg `g ~imb~f ve vdi qbj`f`vp ea vdi itxi~ìgoi'

Mb~~p bgf Jeavys $2006 ~iqì} ~isib~od ys`gm aey~ fàai~igv sey~ois ea symmis#

vèg ve sde} vdbv sysoixv`n`j`vp ve abjsi cice~p `s gev bg itojys`qi x~exi~vp ea

i`vdi~ dpxges`s e~ sxio`bj `cbm`gbv`qi x~exigs`vìs' ^bvdi~* `v ~iajiovs b ~isxegs`qi#

giss ve symmisvèg vdbv dbs niig bcxjp ficegsv~bvif ae~ vdi migi~bj xexyjbvèg*

bgf cbp ni eoobsègif np vdi xb~vòyjb~ fpgbcòs vdbv obg it`sv `g vdi vdi~bxiyvò

igq`~egcigv' Vdi`~ ~iqì} ficegsv~bvis vdi `gajyigoi ea $b jibf`gm ryisvègs* $n vdi

symmisvif it`svigoi ea `vics e~ iqigvs `g b x~iqèysjp ensi~qif soigi* $o vdi v~bgsae~#

cbvèg ea b ~ioejjiovèg vd~eymd gi} `gae~cbvèg $`gbooy~bvi ~iv~ìqbj oyis* bgf $fbooixvbgoi ea b oecxjivi cice~p ae~ secivd`gm vdbv giqi~ dbxxigif ve vdi synliov'

Vdi byvde~s oegojyfi vdbv vdisi oegqi~m`gm itxi~`cigvs x~eq`fi oecxijj`gm

iq`figoi vdbv `v `s gev db~f bv bjj ve cbki xiexji v~yjp nijìqi vdip dbqi siig e~

itxi~ìgoif secivd`gm vdip dbqi gev}`vdeyv bgp dpxges`s bv bjj $xx' ?1911'

@gfiif* np ficegsv~bv`gm cice~p o~ibvèg ae~ s`mgàòbgv bgf v~bycbvò s`vybvègs*

vdisi svyfìs ~iayvi vdi b~mycigv vdbv cice~p bjvi~bvègs obg eooy~ egjp ae~ v~`q`bj

fivb`js bgf ae~ gegv~bycbvò iqigvs'

Vdi oegoi~g bneyv vdi~bx`sv `gajyigoi eg vdi nijìas bgf cice~ìs ea ojìgvs `s

syaaòìgvjp m~ibv vdbv b gycni~ ea x~eaissègbj e~mbg`|bvègs `g vdi cigvbj dibjvdaìjf $Bci~òbg Xspod`bv~ò Bsseo`bvèg Neb~f ea V~ysviis* 200?; Bci~òbg Xsp#

odejemòbj Bsseo`bvèg* 2006; Bci~òbg _eoìvp ea Oj`gòbj Dpxges`s* 2009 dbqi

ae~cbjjp obyvègif vdi`~ cicni~s bmb`gsv x~bovòis vdbv c`mdv itboi~nbvi vdi xe#

vigv`bj ae~ abjsi cice~ìs' Bg ivdòs oecc`vvii `g yaejemp $Bnfyovèg _vyfp Oeg#

ai~igoi Ivdòs Oecc`vvii dbs vbkig b s`c`jb~ xes`vèg }`vd ~imb~f ve `gqisv`mbve~s

bgf cigvbj dibjvd x~eaissègbjs }e~k`gm }`vd bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s $Mevj`n*

Bxxijji* êfimdì~* ! Ajbcny~`s* 2006' Vdi si~èysgiss }`vd }dòd vd`s bfceg`#

vèg dbs niig vbkig np yaejem`svs `s ~iajiovif `g vdi abov vdbv vd`s Ivdòs Oefi dbs

niig igfe~sif np vdi vd~ii cble~ yaejemòbj e~mbg`|bvègs $Oigvi~ ae~ YAE _vyfìs*Aygf ae~ YAE îsib~od* Cyvybj YAE Giv}e~k'

@g sx`vi ea syod obyvègs* vdi~i sv`jj it`sv b gycni~ ea cigvbj dibjvd x~bov`vègi~s

}de oegv`gyi ve ysi bmm~iss`qi viodg`ryis $i'm'* a~iryigv dpxges`s sissègs* syx#


11/50


xe~v bgf f`soyssèg m~eyxs ve itxje~i ae~ bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois* bgf ve x~eq`fi $`g

vdi bnsigoi ea `gfixigfigv oe~~ene~bv`gm iq`figoi qbj`fbvèg ea vdi itxi~ìgoi bs

`gfòbv`qi ea bg bovybj bjìg bnfyovèg' Vdisi x~bovòis b~i eavig ~bvègbj`|if `g

vi~cs ea vdi icevègbj s`goi~`vp ea vdi ojìgv* e~ vdi bxxb~igv `cx~eqicigv `g x~i#sigv`gm spcxvecs vdbv eooy~s fy~`gm vdi oey~si ea v~ibvcigv' De}iqi~* bs egi vdi~b#

x`sv $Gbsd* 2006 gevif g ~iqì}`gm vdi j`vi~bvy~i eg ~ioeqi~if cice~p bgf v~bycb LEY^GBJ EA YAE _VYF@I_

$o) Vdi Xspodòbjjp _igs`v`qi Xi~segbj`vp

Bjvdeymd itxi~ìgoi~s eavig ~imb~f vdicsijqis bs dbq`gm `go~ibsif xspodò bn`j`#

vìs bs bg bavi~iaaiov ea bg bnfyovèg $Nyjjb~f* 2006; ^`gm* 200>* cbgp ~ixe~v jegm

d`sve~ìs ea esvigs`njp xb~bge~cbj iqigvs x~ioif`gm vdi`~ bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois

$Nbsvi~aìjf* 2006; Nyjjb~f* 204=; ^bgfjis* 2044; ^`gm* 200>' Eg siqi~bj cib#

sy~is* bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s sdb~i xi~segbj`vp odb~bovi~`svòs }`vd gegitxi~ìgoi~s

}de oegs`fi~ vdicsijqis ve ni xspodòbjjp sigs`v`qi' Ae~ itbcxji* ^`gm $2008

aeygf b oegsvijjbvèg ea v~b`vs g oecceg niv}iig bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s bgf gf`#

q`fybjs }de ojb`c ve ni ijiov~òbjjp sigs`v`qi $ve dbqi bgecbjeys iaaiovs eg ijio#

v~òbj fiqòis' Nbsif eg b oecxb~`seg ea vdi xi~segbj`vp odb~bovi~`svòs ea v}igvp

bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s bgf vdesi ea d`mdjp syooissayj I_X synliovs* Ledgseg $2006

aeygf vdbv bv jibsv seci itxi~ìgoi~s sdb~i v~b`vs }`vd synliovs }de dbqi xi~ae~cif

}ijj `g ~icevi qì}`gm itxi~`cigvs'

B gycni~ ea `gqisv`mbve~s dbqi oegs`fi~if vdisi xspodò x~exigs`vìs bs b xes#

s`nji obysi ea vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi' `gm $200> symmisvs b oeggiovèg niv}iig

xspodòbjjp sigs`v`qi xi~segbj`vp v~b`vs bgf d`s cefij ea vdi igoeygvi~#x~egi xi~#

segbj`vp' ^bgfjis $2044 dbs fiso~`nif vdi xspodò d`sve~ìs ea bnfyovèg itxi~`#

igoi~s bs vdi kip ve vdi igv`~i [bnfyovègS cpsvi~p'

De}iqi~* gi`vdi~ vdi itxi~ìgoi~s xi~segbj`vp v~b`vs* vdi d`md `go`figoi ea ~i#

xe~v`gm bxxb~igvjp xb~bge~cbj xdigecigb* ge~ gvi~x~ivbvègs ea vdi`~ itxi~ìgois*

b~i enliov`qi iq`figoi ea i`vdi~ xb~bge~cbj bov`q`vp e~ bg itxi~ìgoi~s xspodò

bn`j`vp' Gegi ea vdi svyfìs ~ixe~v`gm vdi xspodò d`sve~ìs ea bnfyovèg itxi~ìg#

oi~s dbqi f`~iovjp visvif vd`s* bgf `gqisv`mbve~s obggev irybvi itxi~ìgoi~s bgio#

fevbj ~ixe~vs }`vd iq`figoi ea vdi xb~bge~cbj' Vdi fbvb vijj ys egjp vdbv `gf`q`fybjs

}de ~ixe~v bnfyovègs vigf ve ~ixe~v xb~bge~cbj itxi~ìgois bs }ijj' Vd`s abov

bjegi `s }e~vdp ea ay~vdi~ so~yv`gp* isxio`bjjp `g j`mdv ea vdi abov vdbv bnfyovèg

itxi~ìgoi~s vpxòbjjp ~ixe~v xspodò $vijixbvdò oeccygòbvèg }`vd vdi`~ bnfyo#

ve~s $Nyjjb~f* 2006'

_JIIX BGECBJ@I_

Vdi synliov`qi bgf xdpsèjemòbj oegoec`vbgvs ea sjiix b~i eavig symmisvif bs bg

itxjbgbvèg ae~ vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi $_xbges iv' bj'* 200?; Nbki~* 2009' Vdi

~ibsegs ae~ vd`s b~i gyci~eys' Bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois b~i oeccegjp ~ixe~vif bs

dbq`gm eooy~~if bv nifv`ci e~ fy~`gm vdi oey~si ea sjiix' Vdip b~i a~iryigvjp a`~sv

~icicni~if bs vdi oegvigv ea bg bxxb~igv $bjni`v ygysybj f~ibc* e~ bs evdi~}`si

dbq`gm b f~ibcj`ki* synliov`qi rybj`vp' Bgf vdip b~i booecxbgìf np vdi itxi~`#

igoi ea xb~bjps`s* bgevdi~ oegf`vèg bsseo`bvif }`vd sjiix'=

_jiix xb~bjps`s `s odb~bovi~`|if np bg `gbn`j`vp ve ceqi $itoixv ae~ vdi ipis*

}d`ji siic`gmjp b}bki' @g bff`vèg ve itxi~ìgoi ea vdi xb~bjps`s `vsija* vdi oegf`#vèg `s eavig booecxbgìf np aiij`gms ea bgtìvp* aib~* e~ f~ibf' Fy~`gm bg bvvbok ea

sjiix xb~bjps`s* vdi `gf`q`fybj vpxòbjjp `s b}b~i ea d`s e~ di~ sy~~eygf`gms* nyv eg

evdi~ eoobsègs vdi svbvi ea oegsoèysgiss s jiss jyo`f e~ s booecxbgìf np dpxgb#


15/50

BXXIJJI< VDI BNFYOV@EG ITXI^@IGOI 6?

memò%dpxgexecxò dbjjyo`gbvègs' $Vdi ae~ci~ vi~c ~iai~s ve itxi~ìgois }dòd

eooy~ fy~`gm vdi v~bgs`vèg a~ec }bk`gm ve sjiix`gm; vdi jbvvi~ fy~`gm vdi v~bgs`vèg

a~ec sjiix`gm ve }bk`gm'

Nevd sjiix xb~bjps`s bgf dpxgbmemò%dpxgexecxò dbjjyo`gbvègs eooy~ `g ge~#cbj xiexji $Aykbfb* 2006; evd* 20=4* nyv vdip cbp bjse ni spcxvecbvò $`g seci

obsis vdi egjp eqi~v spcxvec; êvd* 20=4 ea b sjiix f`se~fi~ objjif gb~oejixsp' B

gb~oejixvò bvvbok obg eooy~ fy~`gm ge~cbj fbpv`ci bov`q`vìs e~ iqig }d`ji f~`q#

`gm' Fy~`gm b gb~oejixvò bvvbok b xi~seg cbp oegv`gyi nidbqè~ bsseo`bvif }`vd

}bkiayj oegsoèysgiss nyv jbvi~ dbqi ge cice~p ae~ }dbv di f`f' Vdi ix`sefis obg

jbsv dey~s $Cee~o~eav* 2040* x' >1>' Vd`s bsxiov ea gb~oejixsp `s ~ic`g`soigv ea

c`ss`gm v`ci `g bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois'

$b) Oeccegbjvìs Niv}iig _jiix Bgecbjìs bgf Bnfyovèg Itxi~ìgois

@g bff`vèg ve vdi d`md x~iqbjigoi ea g`mdvv`ci eooy~~igoi* vdi ygbooeygvif#ae~

xbssbmis ea v`ci* bgf vdi itxi~ìgoi ea xb~bjps`s* nevd bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois bgf

sjiix bgecbjìs cbp ni ~ixe~vif vd~eymdeyv vdi jàisxbg $bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois

dbqi niig ~ixe~vif np peygm od`jf~ig* bfejisoigvs* bfyjvs* bgf vdi ijfi~jp; vdi spcx#

vecs ea sjiix f`se~fi~s cbp xi~s`sv bo~ess vdi jàisxbg* bgf nevd cbp dbqi b mi#

givò e~ abc`j`bj d`sve~p $bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois eavig eooy~ }`vd`g abc`jìs bgf

bo~ess migi~bvègs; b s`c`jb~ ~ijbvègsd`x it`svs ae~ qòv`cs ea sjiix f`se~fi~s [Degfb*

Bsbkb* Vbg`cy~b* ! Ay~ysde* 204?S'

$n) Oegvigv ea Bnfyovèg Itxi~ìgois bgf _jiix Bgecbjìs

Vdi oegvigv ea sjiix bgf bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois dbs bjse niig oecxb~if' Nbki~

$2008 odb~bovi~`|is vdi oegvigv ea bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois bs b ojbssò* vitvneek

fiso~`xvèg ea dpxgbmemò dbjjyo`gbvèg $x' >92' Ae~ Nbki~* vd`s vitvneek fi#

so~`xvèg `gojyfis mdesvs* bjìgs* cegsvi~s* ivo'* bgf ae~ }dòd vdi dbjjyo`gbve~

`s ygbjvi~bnjp oegq`goif ea vdi ~ibj`vp ea vdi igv`~i itxi~ìgoi $x' >98' De}iqi~*

itoixv g obsis ea gb~oejixsp $}di~i vdi sjiixi~ meis a~ec }bkiayjgiss f`~iovjp gve

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gbmemò bgf dpxgexecxò itxi~ìgois gqejqi svbvò cbmis e~ soigis $sii _odbovi~*20=1* ae~ b ~iqì}' Bgf iqig ae~ vdi dbjjyo`gbve~p itxi~ìgois `g gb~oejixsp* `g

vdi cble~`vp ea obsis* vdi [dbjjyo`gbve~sS b~i b}b~i ea vdi yg~ibj`vp ea vdi`~ xi~oix#

vègs $êvd* 20=4* x' ?6'

Ce~ieqi~* vdi~i `s ge iq`figoi vdbv dpxgbmemò dbjjyo`gbvèg odb~bovi~`svòbjjp

`gojyfis bjìgs' Eg vdi evdi~ dbgf* bxxb~`vègbj itxi~ìgois xi~ si b~i gev ygoec#

ceg' Dyaae~f $204> itbc`gif syod itxi~ìgois bo~ess b }`fi ~bgmi ea oyjvy~is' Di

objjs vdisi itxi~ìgois vdi Ejf Dbm xdigecigeg $`g ~iai~igoi ve vdi migi~ò odb~#

bovi~`svòs ea vdi itxi~ìgoi bs aeygf `g Gi}aeygfjbgf v~bf`vèg' Vdisi `gojyfi

dib~`gm bgf%e~ sii`gm secivd`gm [i'm'* vdi Ejf Dbm e~ seci evdi~

bxxb~`vègS oeci gve vdi ~eec bgf bxx~ebod vdi nif; $? ni`gm x~issif


16/50

66 LEY^GBJ EA YAE _VYF@I_

eg vdi odisv e~ sv~bgmjif; $6 `gbn`j`vp ve ceqi e~ o~p eyv ygv`j i`vdi~

ni`gm n~eymdv eyv ea vdi svbvi np seciegi ijsi e~ n~ibk`gm vd~eymd vdi

aiij`gm ea xb~bjps`s eg egis e}g' [Dyaae~f* 204>* xx' 2822S

Dyaae~f ryisvègs }divdi~ vd`s sxioàò`vp ea oegvigv bo~ess oyjvy~is obg ni yg#

fi~sveef s`cxjp `g vi~cs ea sjiix xdpsèjemp' @g vd`s oegvitv* di o`vis bg ensi~qb#

vèg ea Ficigv $b cble~ a`my~i `g sjiix ~isib~od* x' 2=8S

Dyaae~f xe`gvs eyv vdbv }dig vdi sbci x~exes`vèg s bxxjìf ve b xb~vòyjb~ k`gf

ea oegvigv ~ixibvif `g vdi itxi~ìgois ea cbgp `gfixigfigv synliovs* nevd vdi giif

bgf vdi xevigv`bj cxe~vbgoi ea syod bg booeygv`gm b~i m~ibvjp cyjv`xjìf $x' 2=8'

Ficigvs ensi~qbvèg }bs `g ~iai~igoi ve f~ibcs `g migi~bj* bgf Dyaae~fs `g ~iai~#

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sxioàò bgf oegs`svigv fivb`js ea vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi'

$o) Feoycigv`gm b îjbvègsd`x Niv}iig _jiix Bgecbjìs

bgf Bnfyovèg Itxi~ìgois

Fisx`vi vdi bxxibjs ve xb~s`cegp bgf bgbjemp* bs piv vdi~i dbqi niig ge f`~iov

visvs ea b j`gkbmi niv}iig sjiix bgecbjìs bgf bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois' êfimdì~

$2006 ~ixe~vs b seci}dbv m~ibvi~ `go`figoi ea dpxgbmemò `cbmi~p `g b synsiv ea

bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s* nyv feis gev x~eq`fi bgp iq`figoi vdbv vdi oegvigv ea vd`s

`cbmi~p iqi~ vbkis vdi ae~c ea bg bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi' Mevj`n $2001 x~eq`fis b

oj`gòbj obsi svyfp symmisv`gm b ~ijbvègsd`x niv}iig b sjiix f`se~fi~ bgf bg bnfyo#

vèg itxi~ìgoi* nyv vdi eqi~bjj x~iqbjigoi ea sjiix f`se~fi~s `g vdi bnfyovèg#

itxi~ìgoi~ xexyjbvèg `s gev kge}g' Ygv`j syod iq`figoi `s bqb`jbnji* vdi sjiix#bgecbjìs itxjbgbvèg ~icb`gs piv bgevdi~ `gvi~isv`gm nyv ygficegsv~bvif dpxevd#

is`s'

X_PODEXBVDEJEMP

F`se~fi~s vdbv c`mdv booeygv ae~ abjsi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois e~ vdi`~ bsseo`bvif

spcxvecbvejemp `gojyfi xspodes`s $dbjjyo`gbvègs bgf fijysègs* aejì fiyt

$sdb~if xspodevò spcxvecs n~eymdv bneyv np b ojesi ~ijbvègsd`x niv}iig vdi xi~#

o`xìgvs* oegqi~sèg ~ibovègs $xdpsèjemòbj cbgàisvbvègs ea b xspodesecbvògbvy~i; ae~ itbcxji* cb~ks* njevodis* bgf f`soeje~bvègs ea vdi sk`g* f`sseo`bv`qi

f`se~fi~s $bcgis`b* aymyi* bgf evdi~ oegf`vègs ~isyjv`gm `g v`ci jess bgf f`sve~#

vèg* f`se~ìgvbvèg* bgf ygbooeygvif#ae~ }bgfi~`gms* cyjv`xji xi~segbj`vp f`se~#


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BXXIJJI< VDI BNFYOV@EG ITXI^@IGOI 69

fi~ $}dòd g bff`vèg ve c`ss`gm v`ci cbp ni odb~bovi~`|if np cissbmis a~ec bgf%

e~ fybj figv`vìs }`vd sxioàò evdi~s* bgf Cygodbysig spgf~eci $sija#`gajòvif

`gly~p e~ abjsi ojb`cs ea xdpsòbj spcxvecbvejemp'

Xspodexbvdejemp obg ni bssissif booe~f`gm ve b cigvbj dibjvd x~bov`vègi~s oj`g`#obj `cx~issèg $nbsif eg `gvbki `gvi~qì}* oj`gòbj d`sve~p* e~ f`bmges`s bs iqejqif

`g vdi oey~si ea vdi~bxp* e~ eg vdi nbs`s ea svbgfb~f`|if visvs' Nevd bxx~ebodis

dbqi niig ysif `g iqbjybv`gm bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s' îmb~fjiss ea vdi civdef ea

bssisscigv* `v sdeyjf ni icxdbs`|if vdbv bnge~cbj`vp cysv ni isvbnj`sdif `gfixig#

figv ea bnfyovèg xdigecigejemp `vsija' Ae~ itbcxji* _odgbnij $2006 fiso~`nis

s`c`jb~`vìs niv}iig vdi xy~xe~vif itxi~ìgois ea bg bjjimif bnfyovèg qòv`c bgf

vdi spcxvecbvejemp ea f`sseo`bv`qi f`se~fi~s' Eg vdi nbs`s ea vdisi s`c`jb~`vìs vdi

~ibfi~ `s bskif ve bssyci vdbv vdi ~ixe~vif bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois b~i obysif np

f`sseo`bv`qi f`se~fi~s' De}iqi~* niobysi vdi synliov `s giqi~ bovybjjp f`bmgesif bsf`sseo`bv`qi* _odgbnijs b~mycigv `s nbsif gev eg b ae~cbj visv ae~ xbvdejemp* nyv eg

bg bxxibj ve xb~s`cegp'

Iqig }dig ae~cbj visvs b~i ysif* vdi`~ `gvi~x~ivbvèg `s oecx~ec`sif np vdi abov

vdbv vdip cbp ab`j ve f`sv`gmy`sd niv}iig f`sseo`bv`qi vigfigoìs bgf f`sseo`bv`qi

iaaiovs' Ae~ itbcxji* Xe}i~s $2006b bssissif b m~eyx ea bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s eg

vdi Xesv#V~bycbvò _v~iss F`se~fi~ $XV_F synsobji ea vdi CCX@* bgf eg vdi Xi~oix#

vybj Bjvi~bvèg _obji $XB_' XV_F `s oe~~ijbvif }`vd f`sseo`bv`qi vigfigoìs' Vdi

XB_* bgevdi~ cibsy~i ea f`sseo`bvèg* iqbjybvis nidbqè~ `g vdi fecb`gs ea oegv~ej*

sija#ceg ve~`gm* oegoibjcigv* oegsoèysgiss* bgf sigse~p itxi~ìgoi' Xe}i~s aeygfb ojib~ oe~~ijbvèg niv}iig bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois bgf ijiqbvif XV_F bgf XB_ soe~is'

Bjvdeymd Xe}i~s }bs x~`cb~`jp oegoi~gif }`vd vdi `cxjòbvègs ea vdisi ~isyjvs

ae~ vdi~bxp* `v `s ojib~ a~ec di~ f`soyssèg vdbv f`sseo`bv`qi xdigecigejemp }bs

oegs`fi~if egjp bs b xess`nji obysi ea vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi bgf gev bs b xes#

s`nji iaaiov' Nyv bgpegi itxi~ìgo`gm bg bovybj bnfyovèg np bjìgs c`mdv ni it#

xiovif ve dbqi ijiqbvif soe~is eg vdi cibsy~is bssissif' @gfiif* `g cygfbgi obsis

ea feoycigvif v~bycb $qòv`cs ea ~bxi* vi~~e~`sc* }`vgiss`gm bg bv~eo`vp ijiqbvif

soe~is eg vdi k`gf ea cibsy~is ysif np Xe}i~s b~i nevd itxiovif bgf envb`gif

$]`jseg* 2008'

$b) Bssisscigvs ea Xbvdejemp

Oj`gòbj @cx~issèg' @g seci svyfìs* f`bmges`s `s gev nbsif eg bgp svbgfb~f`|if

visv ae~ xbvdejemp* nyv eg bssisscigv `gvi~qì}* nidbqè~bj ensi~qbvèg* bgf `cx~is#

sèg ea vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s synliov`qi booeygv' Ae~ itbcxji* Cbok $2006

svyfìf =1 bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s* bgf x~eq`fis obsi svyfìs ea 2?' De}iqi~* gev`gm

vdbv b ayjj nbvvi~p ea xspodeciv~ò visvs `s v`ci oegsyc`gm bgf itxigs`qi $x' 2=*

Cbok dbf egjp aey~ ea d`s =1 obsis ae~cbjjp visvif ae~ xspod`bv~ò f`se~fi~ $egi dbf

bj~ibfp niig desx`vbj`|if ae~ xspod`bv~ò ~ibsegs; vdi evdi~ vd~ii visvif ge~cbj'Evdi~ svyfìs fe icxjep xspodejemòbj visvs* nyv f`bmges`s s sv`jj jb~mijp synlio#

v`qi' Ae~ itbcxji* Njeiodi~* Ojbcb~* bgf Dexk`gs $2049 f`soyss vdi a`gf`gms ea

_jbvi~ $2049* b xspodejem`sv }de f`f b nj`gf iqbjybvèg ea g`gi bnfyovèg it#


18/50


xi~ìgoi~s' _jbvi~ aeygf ge iq`figoi np }dòd vdi ~ixe~vif bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois

oeyjf ni booeygvif ae~ eg vdi nbs`s ea b cigvbj f`se~fi~' De}iqi~* vdi visvs ysif ve

iqbjybvi xbvdejemp }i~i x~eliov`qi visvs $ê~sodbod* Vdicbvò Bxxi~oixvèg Visv*

vdi qbj`f`vp ea }dòd `s xb~vòyjb~jp fixigfigv eg vdi seci}dbv isevi~ò sk`jjs$Ob~seg ! Nyvodi~* 200> ea vdi `gf`q`fybj bfc`g`svi~`gm vdic' Bjvdeymd vdi~i `s

ge ~ibseg ve ryisvèg _jbvi~s sk`jjs `g vd`s ~imb~f* vdi abov ~icb`gs vdbv vdi oegojy#

sègs ea vd`s svyfp b~i nbsif eg vdi `gvi~x~ivbvèg ea b s`gmji `gf`q`fybj'

Lboenseg bgf N~yge $2006 oejjiovif itvigs`qi gb~~bv`qi fbvb eg vdi xi~segbj d`s#

ve~ìs bgf bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois ea v}ijqi gf`q`fybjs' Nbsif eg oj`gòbj cx~issèg*

vdip aeygf vdbv gegi ea vdi gb~~bv`qis oegvb`gif ijicigvs vdbv }eyjf symmisv vdi

xdigecigejemp ea bgp oy~~igvjp ~ioemg`|if xspod`bv~ò spgf~eci $x' ?81' Giqi~#

vdijiss* desx`vbj ~ioe~fs sde}if vdbv v}e ea vdi`~ synliovs dbf syaai~if a~ec b cble~

xspod`bv~ò `jjgiss b~eygf vdi v`ci ea vdi`~ bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi' Vd`s `jjysv~bvis vdifbgmi~ `g ys`gm oj`gòbj `cx~issèg np `vsija bs vdi civdef ea bssisscigv'

Ibod ea vdisi svyfìs x~eq`fis symmisv`qi fbvb* nyv ibod `s j`c`vif `g vi~cs ea

civdefejemp' îmb~fjiss ea vdi iaaòbop ea vdisi bxx~ebodis ae~ vdi oj`gò* vdi`~

ysiayjgiss bs ~isib~od fbvb `s oecx~ec`sif np jbok ea ~ixibvbn`j`vp $niobysi ea vdi

jbok ea svbgfb~f`|if cibsy~icigv* e~ vdi fixigfigoi ea f`bmgesvò eyvoeci eg vdi

xi~seg fe`gm vdi f`bmges`s* vdi bnsigoi ea oegv~ej synliovs* bgf%e~ vdi scbjj sbcxji

s`|is svyfìf'

_vbgfb~f`|if visvs ae~ xbvdejemp' Ce~i itvigs`qi svyfìs ys`gm svbgfb~f`|if `g#

sv~ycigvs dbqi niig ob~~ìf eyv np b gycni~ ea `gqisv`mbve~s' Xb~gijj bgf _x~`gkji$2008 visvif eqi~ >88 synliovs ~ixe~v`gm YAE itxi~ìgois eg vdi C`ggisevb

Cyjv`xdbsò Xi~segbj`vp @gqigve~p $CCX@* b xspodeciv~ò `gsv~ycigv vdbv `s sig#

s`v`qi ve xspodexbvdejemp' Bjvdeymd vdi byvde~s oegojyfi vdbv ge eqi~v xspodexb#

vdejemp }bs `gfòbvif $x' 69* b ojesi~ itbc`gbvèg ea vdi`~ fbvb symmisvs vdbv

bcegm vdesi synliovs }de fiso~`nif oeccygòbvèg }`vd igv`vìs* seci dbf soe~is

eg oi~vb`g CCX@ synsobjis $i'm'* sobji 4vdi synsobji bssiss`gm sod`|exd~igò

vigfigop vdbv oeyjf ni oegs`fi~if `g vdi bnge~cbj ~bgmi'

@g b s`c`jb~ svyfp* êfimdì~ iv bj' $200> ysif vdi CCX@ @@ $~iq`sif qi~sèg ea

vdi CCX@ ve iqbjybvi b m~eyx ea bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s sijiovif booe~f`gm ve bcyod ce~i sv~òv fia`g`vèg ea itxi~ìgoi~ vdbg vdbv ysif np Xb~gijj bgf _x~`gkji'

Bmb`g* ge eqi~v xbvdejemp }bs `gfòbvif ae~ vdi m~eyx bs b }deji* nyv }bs symmis#

v`qi ae~ oi~vb`g `gf`q`fybjs `g vdi sbcxji'

_xbges iv bj' $200? oecxb~if b m~eyx ea oegv~ej synliovs ve 60 `gf`q`fybjs }de

dbf ~ixe~vif YAE#~ijbvif itxi~ìgois' Vdi YAE ~ixe~vi~s }i~i f`q`fif `gve syn#

liovs }de ci~ijp sb} yg`figvàìf j`mdvs bgf vdesi }de dbf ce~i ijbne~bvi ojesi

igoeygvi~s' Ve bssiss xspodejemòbj dibjvd* b nbvvi~p ea visvs }bs bfc`g`svi~if $vdi

sod`|exd~ig`b synsobji ea vdi CCX@* êsigni~ms _ija#Isviic _obji* vdi Cbmòbj

@fibvèg _obji* vdi Xi~oixvybj Bni~~bvèg _obji* Vijjimigs Fàai~igv`bj Xi~segbj`vpRyisvèggb`~i' Vdi byvde~s aeygf vdbv vdi`~ igoeygvi~ synliovs soe~if ge je}i~ eg

bgp cibsy~i ea xspodejemòbj dibjvd vdbg vdi oegv~ejs* bgf dbf d`mdi~ xspodejem`#

obj dibjvd soe~is vdbg vdi oegv~ejs eg cbgp ea vdi cibsy~icigvs' Vdip oegojyfi


19/50

BXXIJJI< VDI BNFYOV@EG ITXI^@IGOI 6=

vdbv vdisi a`gf`gms x~eq`fi ge syxxe~v }dbvseiqi~ ae~ vdi dpxevdis`s vdbv YAE

~ixe~vi~s b~i xspodejemòbjjp f`svy~nif $x' 1>4* bgf vdi egys `s eg vdesi }de

abqe~ vdi xspodexbvdejemp dpxevdis`s ve x~eq`fi syxxe~v ae~ `v $x' 1>0'

Oj`gòbj bgf svbv`svòbj ge~cbj`vp'Fisx`vi vdisi a`gf`gms* vdi `cxjòbvèg eamigi~bj ge~cbj`vp obg ni ry`vi c`sjibf`gm' Ge~cbj obg ni ygfi~sveef `g vdi

oj`gòbj sigsi bs gev xbvdejemòbj* e~ `g vdi svbv`svòbj sigsi bs gev s`mgàòbgvjp

fàai~igv a~ec bqi~bmi' A~ec b oj`gòbj xi~sxiov`qi* vdi fbvb se ab~ b~i ygbcn`my#

eys' Cesv bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois obggev ni booeygvif ae~ `g vi~cs ea kge}g xsp#

odejemòbj f`se~fi~ bs cibsy~if eg svbgfb~f`|if xspodeciv~ò visvs'

Vd`s gev}`vdsvbgf`gm* b gycni~ ea svyfìs dbqi sde}g vdbv bnfyovèg itxi~ìgo#

i~s b~i gev ~ix~isigvbv`qi ea vdi migi~bj xexyjbvèg' Ae~ itbcxji* Xb~gijj bgf

_x~`gkji $2008 aeygf vdbv synliovs ojb`c`gm oeccygòbvèg }`vd bjìgs dbf b x~e#

xigs`vp ae~ ygysybj aiij`gms* vdeymdvs* bgf bvv`vyfis; }i~i sysxòèys* f`sv~ysvayj*`cbm`gbv`qi; bgf dbf sod`|e`f vigfigoìs' ^`gm bgf ês`gm $2008 aeygf vdbv vdi`~

synliovs ~ixe~vif ce~i sigs`v`q`vp ve gege~f`gb~p ~ibj`vìs bs od`jf~ig' efimdì~ iv

bj' $2002 aeygf ce~i jegij`giss* jiss dbxx`giss* bgf xee~i~ sjiix' Cbok $2006

~ixe~vs ni`gm sv~yok np de} cbgp bnfyoviis obci a~ec n~ekig decis e~ dbf egi

e~ ce~i bjoedejò xb~igvs $x' 2=' Xi~dbxs cesv v~eynj`gm* _vegi#Ob~cig $2006

aeygf vdbv 9=) ea di~ synliovs ~ixe~vif syò`fi bvvicxvs ib~jì~ `g jài $oecxb~if

}`vd 2'>4) `g vdi migi~bj xexyjbvèg'

X_PODEFPGBC@O VDIE^@I_

@v dbs niig symmisvif $_bmbg* 2001; Qbjjii* 2010 vdbv s`c`jb~ vdicis bxxib~`gm `g

nevd d`sve~òbj aejkje~i $i'm'* igoeygvi~s }`vd ab`~ìs* ijqis* bgmijs bgf oegvicxe~b~p

bnfyovèg booeygvs gfòbvi b oecceg e~`m`g g vdi dycbg xspodi' $Ae~ b f`soyssèg

ea vdi aejkje~ò f`cigsègs ea vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi* sii Nyjjb~f* 2002' B gycni~

ea xspodefpgbcò vdie~ìs0 dbqi niig x~exesif ve itxjb`g vdi cbgàisvbvèg ea vdisi

x~eoissis bs vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi' Oecceg ve vdisi vdie~ìs `s vdi gevèg vdbv

bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois b~i b x~efyov ea vdi ygoegsoèys c`gf' Vdi vdie~ìs fàai~*

de}iqi~* `g ~imb~f ve vdi`~ fiso~`xvèg ea vdisi ygoegsoèys x~eoissis e~ `g ~imb~f vevdi s`vybvègs fiicif ~isxegs`nji ae~ vdi`~ bov`qbvèg'

$b) _o~iig Cice~ìs ae~ Od`jfdeef Bnysi

B oe~~ijbvèg niv}iig ~ixe~vif bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois bgf ~ixe~vif od`jfdeef bnysi

itxi~ìgois dbs niig oegs`svigvjp aeygf np ~isib~odi~s bgf oj`gò`bgs $Jb`ne}* 2040;

Xe}i~s* 2006b* 2006n; ^`gm ! ês`gm* 2008; êfimdì~ iv bj'* 200>' Bg enqèys

$bjvdeymd gev gioissb~`jp oe~~iov `gvi~x~ivbvèg ea vd`s oe~~ijbvèg `s vdbv bovybj eo#

oy~~igois ea od`jfdeef bnysi cbgàisv bs abjsi cice~ìs ea bjìg bnfyovèg'

Ae~ itbcxji* Xe}i~s $2006b symmisvs vdbv vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi si~qis bs bso~iig cice~p ae~ od`jfdeef sitybj bnysi niobysi bnfyovèg np bjìgs `s jiss

sv~issayj vdbg oega~egv`gm vdi v~bycb ea od`jfdeef bnysi xi~xiv~bvif np ~ijbv`qis e~

abc`jp a~ìgfs $x' 60* bgf ~iobsv`gm vdi itxi~ìgoi [ea ib~jp od`jfdeef bnysiS bs


20/50


b sijiovèg }`vd syod b m~bgf xy~xesi [`'i'* ae~ vdi bjìgs oescò enliov`qisS c`mdv

~isve~i cibg`gm ve j`qis vd~ibvigif np v~bycbvò cice~ìs $Xe}i~s* 2006n* x' 61'

@g syxxe~v ea vd`s oegvigvèg* Xe}i~s $2006b b~myis vdbv ijiqbvif XV_F bgf

XB_ soe~is aeygf `g nevd bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s bgf qòv`cs ea od`jfdeef bnysi`cxjp vdbv bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi~s b~i qòv`cs ea od`jfdeef bnysi' Vd`s sdi bssycis

niobysi ijiqbvif soe~is eg vdisi sobjis b~i kge}g ve ni b oegsiryigoi ea v~bycb'

Nyv }dp sdeyjf vdip ni ~imb~fif bs bgp nivvi~ iq`figoi ae~ vdi v~bycb ea od`jf

bnysi vdbg vdi v~bycb ea bjìg bnfyovèg5 Vdi bgs}i~* ea oey~si* bxxibjs ve xb~s`#

cegp* gev iq`figoi'

Giqi~vdijiss* b oe~~ijbvèg niv}iig od`jfdeef bnysi bgf vdi bnfyovèg itxi~`#

igoi `s b xi~s`svigv a`gf`gm* bgf vdi `cxjòbvèg vdbv od`jfdeef bnysi obysis vdi

bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi fisi~qis ob~iayj itbc`gbvèg' Vdi b~mycigvs bxxibj ve xb~#

s`cegp isxio`bjjp fisi~qis so~yv`gp'Oegs`fi~ vdi aejje}`gm xspodefpgbcò bssycxvègs vdbv cysv ygfi~jì vd`s `g#

vi~x~ivbvèg2?* M~ea d`csija bokge}jifmif vdbv b obysbj gitys niv}iig vdi bovybj nè#

jemòbj n`~vd bgf vdi ygoegsoèys cbv~`tis ae~ vdisi itxi~ìgois ~icb`gs ve ni is#

vbnj`sdif $x'04'

$o) Bne~vèg Bgtìvp

_vbop $200> ex`gis vdbv vdi bnfyovèg itxi~ìgoi* bv jibsv vdi oeccegjp ~i#

xe~vif bsxiov $Lboens* 200> ea vdi itxi~ìgoi fibj`gm }`vd migivò n~iif`gm bgf

dpn~`f nbnìs* `s `g abov b ~ij`q`gm ea vdi bne~vèg itxi~ìgoi* }divdi~ vdi jbvvi~ `s


23/50

BXXIJJI< VDI BNFYOV@EG ITXI^@IGOI 92

bovybjjp ~ibj e~ ci~ijp cbm`gb~p $x' 6' Ce~i sxioàòbjjp* di ~imb~fs `v bs a`gfs M~esses fibs d`mdjp ~ijiqbgv ve d`s e}g svyfp ea ojesi#igoeyg#

vi~ itxi~ìgois' J`ki M~esse* ^`gm ~imb~fs syod itxi~ìgois bs iq`figoi ae~ vdi iqe#

jyvèg ea oegsoèysgiss' Ce~i sxioàòbjjp* di siis vdic bs dijx`gm ve fiqijex ey~

jbvigv obxbo`vìs ae~ `cbm`gbj xi~oixvèg $x' >68' ^`gms ysi ea vdi vi~c `cbm`gbj

sdeyjf gev ni oegaysif }`vd `cbm`gb~p' Vdi f`sv`govèg niv}iig vdi vi~cs svics a~ecvdi }e~k ea Oe~n`g $20=> }de dpxevdis`|if vdi it`svigoi ea bg bjvi~gbvi ~ibj`vp

booissif np q`sègb~ìs bgf cpsvòs fy~`gm bjvi~if svbvis ea oegsoèysgiss' Oe~n`g

fiso~`nis vd`s }e~jf bs egvejemòbjjp ~ibj* vdbv `s* bs ~ibj e~ ce~i ~ibj vdbg vdbv itxi#

~ìgoif fy~`gm iqi~pfbp oegsoèysgiss' `gm b~myis vdbv bnfyovèg itxi~ìgois oeci

a~ec oegvbov }`vd vd`s `cbm`gbj ~ibjc* bgf vdbv `v obg ni itxiovif vdbv eqi~ v`ci vdi

iqejyvègb~p cecigvyc [bsseo`bvif }`vd vdisi itxi~ìgoisS }`jj isvbnj`sd bgf svbn`#

j`|i vdisi `cbm`gbj fecb`gs bs ey~ sdb~if ~ibj`vp' $x' >68

^`gm bgf M~esse b~i gev vdi egjp svyfigvs ea yaejemp ve b~myi ae~ b oeggiovèg

niv}iig YAE xdigecigb* evdi~ ~ibj`vìs* bgf iqejyvègb~p ae~ois' Vdecxseg $2002siis b~odivpxbj `cbmi~p `g YAE igoeygvi~s' CoKiggb $204= symmisvs vdbv vdi

itv~bvi~~isv~`bj `s vdi dycbg eqi~seyj `g `vs migi~bj bgf xb~vòyjb~ itx~issèg eg

vdi xjbgiv $x'2=' _v~ìni~ $`g Fbnn ! Jbgmiq`g* 2008* oegs`fi~s vdi bjìgs bs

c`f}à`gm ey~ n`~vd gve vdi gegxdpsòbj }e~jf}dòd s vdi`~ e~`m`g* bgf ~ix~i#

sigvbv`qi ea bg iqejyvègb~p svix nipegf ey~s }dòd dbs ici~mif gve ey~ }e~jf bs

b ~isyjv ea bovègs eg vdi geg#xdpsòbj xjbgi $x'62' Qbjjii $2008 symmisvs vdbv

`g b Lygm`bg `gvi~x~ivbvèg ' ' ' vdi dycbg ygoegsoèys oeyjf ni x~eliov`gm bdibf

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