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Index

AAAQ. See available, accessible,acceptable, and of good quality

AAUW. See American Association ofUniversity Women

AAVP. See African AIDS VaccineProgramme

Abram, D., 366accelerations, 232accountability, 213–214administrative, 130–131AI and, 435–436big data and, 435–436of BMGF, 424, 426under democracy, 421ECD and state, 153of global corporations, 144for global extractive order, 263in humanitarian medicine, 200–204judicial, 129–130in philanthrocapitalism, 417, 421political, 131for reasonableness, 200–204social, 131–132

Accra Agenda for Action, 214, 217accumulation, 363in political economy, 243primitive, 245–246, 251of wealth, 232

Achebe, Chinua, 341Acinetobacter baumannii, 57Action Programme on Essential Drugs,

WHO, 126–127Addison, T., 214ADHD. See attention deficit

hyperactivity disorderAfghanistan, 110, 218Africa, 11. See also specific countriesculture of, 340–341debt of, 174, 178decolonization of, 340land grabs in, 260–261neoliberalism impacting, 233oil industry in, 259right to health in, 124–125SAPs in, 175–176social services budgets in, 174

African AIDS Vaccine Programme(AAVP), 343

African Americans, U5MR for, 36

African Charter on Human andPeoples’ Rights, 124–125, 129–130

African Charter on the Rights andWelfare of the Child, 124–125

African philosophy, 339–340African thought, 339on culture, 340–341on HIV/AIDS, 342–343voicing, 340

African-Americans, 36life expectancy of, 17

Afro-pessimism, 207AfyaData, 432agency, 113–114cosmopolitan justice on, 111in global health duties, 111Griffin on, 115reparative justice on, 111

Agreement on Sanitary andPhytosanitary (SPS) Measures,161–162

agribusiness, 34, 249, 261, 320agricultureenvironmental health ethics in, 276in Mexico, 43subsidies, 160–161in United Kingdom, 260–261

Aguilera, Mariajose, 9AI. See artificial intelligenceair pollution, in environmental health

ethics, 274–275Alaska, 131Albrecht, G., 236–237Albritton, R., 475Alexander, Ashok, 425Alibaba, 416“All My Trials” (song), 16Alora, A. T., 328altruism, 421–423. See also

philanthropyAmazon (company), 21, 434–435American Association of University

Women (AAUW), 78American National Transgender

Discrimination Survey, 79Amnesty International, 114, 256AMR. See antimicrobial resistanceAmul, Gianna Gayle Herrera, 11–12Anan, Kofi, 226anarchy, 443

Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Nozick),115

Andes, 258anger, 317–318ecological, 466

Angola, 259animalsantibiotics in farms of, 88–89, 306duties toward, 304, 307–309global human health and interests of,304–306

infectious disease and, 305welfare of, in environmental healthethics, 272

Anishinaabe, 363–364Anomah Ngu, Victor, 342, 343antenatal care, 17anthrax, 57–58, 60, 188–189Anthropocene, 10, 14, 281, 293–294defining, 293, 459education about, 459–460health outcomes related to, 296migrants and migration in, 295–297moral obligations in, 299–301

anthropocentrism, 236–237, 270–271in bioethics, 352critiques of, 351–352morality and, 461–462as sustainability threat, 351–352

anthropologymorality in, 332–333pluralism in, 332

antitrade, 186antibioticsin animal farms, 88–89, 306discovery of, 88healthcare era of, 88–89

anticolonialism, 235antimicrobial resistance (AMR), 51, 52dangers of, 59, 232economic risks of, 59GDP reduction from, 59in LMICs, 59mortality rates from, 59priority pathogen list, 62scientific barriers to addressing, 61

antiretrovirals (ARV), 4, 15–16, 18–19,88, 117, 198

access to, 131, 222prices of, 131, 137

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in South Africa, 117in United States, 222

apartheid, South African, 36, 144, 170APCs. See article processing chargesAppiah, K., 334Apple, 256Archer Daniels Midland, 249Aristotle, 152, 154armed conflict, 183–184, 191AI and, 190defining, 183–184in Middle East, 184

arms control, 189–190Arms Trade Treaty, 185Armstrong, J., 365Arndt, C., 218Arthur, K., 418–419article processing charges (APCs),

370–371, 376artificial intelligence (AI), 13, 429accountability and, 435–436armed conflict and, 190bias from, 434ethics of, 430fair distribution in, 434–435global governance of, 435–436in health management, 432for health service delivery, 430–431in LMICs, 430–431, 434opacity of, 434public health and, 431–432United Nations on, 429–430

ARV. See antiretroviralsasbestos, 161–162Asia. See also specific countriesbioethics in, 327–328right to health in, 125

Asian flu, 52asylum states, 294asylum seekers, 294, 295climate migrants compared with,300

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), 331

Aum Shinrikyo, 57–58austerity, 233, 248in European Union, 242, 248after global financial crisis of 2008,242–243

in Greece, 247Australia, indigenous people in, 28authoritarianism, 234militarism linked to, 182

autonomy, 10, 351, 385of children, 146–147domination and, 360in environmental health ethics,271–272

in medical ethics, 108in social movements, 318

Avahan, 425available, accessible, acceptable, and of

good quality (AAAQ), SDOH,126–127

aviation industry, 288

Baez, Joan, 16–17Bakker, Isabella, 9, 14, 242, 334–335Bangladesh, malaria in, 410bankruptcy, 34banks, 177–178debt and role of, 172

Bardi, Ugo, 288Barry, Brian, 383Battiste, M., 365Beauchamp, Tom, 270, 328Bedjaoui, M., 154behavioral/lifestyle model, for SDOH,

29Beijing Declaration and Platform for

Action, 125–126Belgian Congo, 256belief systems, 231, 238challenges to dominance of,234–235, 350–351, 353

Benatar, David, 459–460Benatar, Solomon, 8, 11, 118, 210, 236,

375, 459on dichotomized worldviews, 329on moral imagination, 208, 322, 436on morality, 334–335

beneficence, 385in environmental health ethics,272

in global health ethics, 100–101imperfect duty of, 100–101

benevolence, 137, 138Bennett, B., 444Bensimon, C. M., 210Bergum, V., 350–351Berlin, Isaiah, 351Berry, Thomas, 359best interests, of children, 146–148beta-blockers, 89Beyond a Western Bioethics (Alora &

Lumitao), 328Bezos, Jeff, 21Bhutan, 364big data, 429, 431accountability and, 435–436bias from, 434consent in, 375ethics of, 430fair distribution in, 434–435global governance of, 435–436in health management, 432in LMICs, 433, 434privacy and, 433–434public health and, 431–432security in, 433–434

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation(BMGF), 13, 211, 214, 373, 412,436

accountability of, 424, 426assets of, 416critiques of, 216–217, 218ethical critiques of, 425–426food crisis addressed by, 250–251in India, 446influence of, 423, 446isolationism of, 424–426on MDGs, 424–425partnership working of, 424–426WHO contributions of, 424

biodiversity, 232inequalities of, 321loss of, 283–284, 318–319protection of, 318–319

bioethics, 10–11, 146, 148, 334, 335anthropocentrism in, 352Asian, 327–328in China, 327–328consensus in, 328in cross-cultural dialogue, 326democracy and, 323dichotomization in, 328dominant paradigm of, 345in the East, 327ECD and, 150on environmental degradation, 318environmental ethics tied to, 269,271

feminism in, 335focus of, 269globalization and, 323–324green, 318human rights synergizing with, 150imaginary processes in, 322–323,329

of Indigenous peoples, 334justice in, 318–319moral outrage in, 317–318neoliberalism endorsed by, 322–323neutrality of, 322–323pluralism approached by, 332, 333Potter, V. R., on, 269, 318, 351–352social justice in, 269transcultural, 326, 327, 329transglobal, 332, 333–335universal values in, 326of United States, 333–334virtues in, 352vulnerability in, 316–317in the West, 327

biological attacks, 60biomedical lens, for SDOH, 29biomedical research, LMIC role in, 61biometric identification, 430biophilia, 360–361biopiracy, 321–322

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biosecurity, 319bioterrorism, 136, 342Birdsall, Nancy, 8, 159, 213Birn, Anne-Emanuelle, 4, 9, 417, 424Bishop, M., 416, 417Black Plague, 360Black Report, 34Blair, Tony, 187Bloom, David, 4–5Bloomberg, Michael, 416, 426Bloomberg Philanthropies, 416BMGF. See Bill & Melinda Gates

FoundationBolsonaro, Jair, 258, 288Borgen, S. O., 162Boulding, Kenneth, 289bovine spongiform encephalopathy

(BSE), 58, 273, 305–306Braiding Sweetgrass (Kimmerer), 460Braidotti, R., 461Branson, Richard, 288Brazil, 20–21, 118, 128, 224–225HIV/AIDS in, 224land grabs in, 261–262social movements in, 250tuberculosis in, 224–225

breast-feeding, 117Bretton Woods system, 418Brexit, 32Bridge International Academies, 33Brock, G., 459Brookings Private Sector Global

Health R&D Project, 377Brundtland Report, 283, 287BSE. See bovine spongiform

encephalopathyBuchanan, Allen, 6, 309–310Buddhism, 154, 364buen vivir, 363Buffett, Warren, 416, 418, 424built environment, environmental

health ethics in, 276–277Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, 188Busan Declaration, 217Busan Partnership for Effective

Development Cooperation, 214Bush, George H. W., 289Bush, George W., 222bushmeat, 305–306Butler, Colin, 9–10Butterfly Health Network, 430

Cadarette, Daniel, 4–5Cameron, David, 59Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, 190Campylobacter, 57CanadaIndigenous people in, 28, 36–37right to health in, 131

Canadian First Nations, 154

cancertesticular, 90treatment of, 90, 164

Cancun framework, 298–299Candida auris, 57Caney, Simon, 310on equality of opportunity, 103, 107

capability paradigm, 152, 153–155capital controls, 418capitalism, 8–9, 230democracy and, 232financial crises and, 246–247financialization under global, 32–33historical development of, 251human rights attached to, 349social commons destroyed by, 251structural power of, 473

carbon budget, 282carbon taxes, 475CARB-X. See Combating Antibiotic-

Resistant BacteriaBiopharmaceutical Accelerator

cardiovascular disease, 100Cardoso, Fernando H., 224CARES. See Comprehensive AIDS

ResponseCargill, 249Carnegie, Andrew, 417on philanthropy, 420–421

Carson, Rachel, 282Carter, Jimmy, 289Carteret Integrated Relocation Project,

299CCHF. See Crimean-Congo

hemorrhagic feverCDC. See Centers for Disease Control

and PreventionCEDAW. See Convention on the

Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination Against Women

Center for Health EmergencyPreparedness and Response,61–62

Centers for Disease Control andPrevention (CDC), 62

central banks, 244CEPI. See Coalition for Epidemic

Preparedness InnovationCésaire, Aimé, on colonialism, 235CESCR. See Committee on Economic,

Social, and Cultural RightsCETA. See Comprehensive Economic

and Trade AgreementChalmers, I., 375–377Chamberlain, Wilt, 418Chan, Priscilla, 416Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, 416, 419charity, as imperfect duty, 104chemical regulations, in environmental

health ethics, 275–276

Chicago School economics, 246Chikukwa project, 366–367child development, 153–155UNCRC on, 152

Child Growth Monitor, 431child mortalityin developing world, 15–16in HICs, 15–16in India, 16–17infant, 3, 152, 316in LMICs, 146

child rights, 146–147development of, 147–148equity as, 150–152freedom as, 152–153global health ethics and, 149indivisibility of, 152–153solidarity in, 153–155

childrenautonomy of, 146–147best interests of, 146–148caregivers, 147developmental needs of, 152duties toward, 148–149health of, and equity, 150–151labor of, 256life expectancy of, 100normative foundations, 146–148obesity in, 247–248right to health for, 124–125status of, 6

Childress, James, 270, 328China, 178, 186, 233–234bioethics in, 327–328cultural plurality in, 331ethical traditions in, 330–331HIV/AIDS in, 225–226inequalities in, 21manufacturing in, 256minority group control in, 190SARS in, 225soft power in health of, 225–226

chlorofluorocarbons, 306cholera, 52Chomsky, Noam, 282chronic disease, 18. See also

noncommunicable diseasesadvances in treatment of, 89in LMICs, 19–20

CIOMS. See Council for theInternational Organisation ofMedical Sciences

Citigroup, 289–290citizenship, 238civic republicanism, 350civil rights, 128Civil Rights Act of 1964, 36civil war, 189civilization, Eurocentrism and, 360climate change, 180, 232, 283–284

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dangers of, 283–284, 287–288,351–352

deaths from, 296denialism, 236, 300economic development as cause of,277–278

energy consumption linked to, 306environmental health ethics in,277–279

geoengineering for, 278global health and, 284–285government duties in, 300heat and, 285human rights and, 263inequality linked to, 286, 290infectious disease spread linked to,60, 285–286

justice and, 278migrants and, 10, 293political implications of research on,282

population control and, 278–279research on, 287scientific reticence about, 288SDOH and, 296sea levels and, 306–307social responses to, 283, 300–301tipping points, 311–312Trump on, 288, 290World Bank research on, 180

climate migrantsadaptation of, 298–299asylum seekers compared with, 300coercion faced by, 300defining, 296environmental hazard exposure to,298

food security for, 298–299in Global South, 297health risks of, 297, 298infectious disease exposure of, 298planned relocation for, 298–299in urban slums, 297–298

clinical research. See global healthresearch

clinical trials, 384–385costs of, 397–398in LMICs, 387placebos in, 385

Clinton, Bill, 289–290close-to-client health systems, 391Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness

Innovation (CEPI), 62, 64, 374cobalt, 256Cochrane Collaboration, 90Codex Alimentarius Commission, 162cognitive bias, 231cognitive computer systems, 431Cohen, G. A., 418Cohen, Leonard, 466

Cold War, 128–129, 283–284, 394arms industry during, 187

Cole, Donald, 14Colombia, 118, 128colonialism, 12, 36, 459. See also

decolonizationanticolonialism, 235Césaire on, 235developing world, 111SDOH shaped by, 32

Combating Antibiotic-ResistantBacteria BiopharmaceuticalAccelerator (CARB-X), 62

Cometto, G., 218commercial determinants of health,

376–377, 444Commission on Macroeconomics and

Health, 93Commission on Social Determinants

of Health (CSDH), 92–93, 122,123, 174, 209

Committee on Economic, Social, andCultural Rights (CESCR), 126

on core duties, 127General Comment 14, 112–113, 116,126, 127, 128

on right to health, 126on underlying determinants ofhealth, 126

Committee on Technical Barriers toTrade, 161

Committee on the Rights of the Child,153

commodity chains, 21common culture, 106common sense, 14with alternative and progressivevalues, 475–476

defining, 475of market civilization, 475

commons. See also social commonsenclosure of, 251knowledge, 253–254tragedy of, 309

communitarianism, 350comparable moral importance,

100–101compensatory neoliberalism, 246complacency, 286–287Comprehensive AIDS Response

(CARES), 225Comprehensive and Progressive

Agreement for Trans-PacificPartnership (CPTPP), 159

Comprehensive Economic and TradeAgreement (CETA), 159, 163

Conference of the Parties (COP), 180Confucianism, 330–331universalism in, 331–332

consent

in big data, 375informed, 375parental, 147

consumer choice, 161, 234Convention on the Elimination of All

Forms of Discrimination AgainstWomen (CEDAW), on right tohealth, 124

Convention on the Rights of Personswith Disabilities (CRPD), on rightto health, 124

COP. See Conference of the Partiescopper, 173core and periphery, 170. See also

developing world; low- andmiddle-income countries

corruptiondebt and, 178–179in international arms industry, 187of World Bank, 180

cosmopolitan ethics, 334defining, 136moral obligations under, 138Singer on, 454

cosmopolitan justice, 111on agency, 111in global health ethics, 102–104

Council for the InternationalOrganisation of Medical Sciences(CIOMS), 345

Council of All Beings, 464counterfeiting, 164COVID-19, 5, 7, 11, 12, 14, 19, 20, 38,

54, 60–62, 65, 68, 69, 71, 75–85,254, 315, 321–323, 326, 328, 329,480, 491, 483

CPTPP. See Comprehensive andProgressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

Credit Suisse, 21Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 305–306Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

(CCHF), 52–57CRISPR, 317, 370critical political economy approach, to

SDOH, 30cross-border trade, 163cross-cultural health research, 375–376cross-cultural studies, 3, 11bioethics in, 326

CRPD. See Convention on the Rightsof Persons with Disabilities

CSDH. See Commission on SocialDeterminants of Health

Cuba, 174life expectancy in, 28

cultural incommensurability, 328–329culture. See also cross-cultural studies;

ethical transculturalismof Africa, 340–341

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culture (cont.)African thought on, 340–341China and plurality of, 331common, 106defining, 340–341dichotomizing, 327–328differences in, 327, 330–331in healthcare, 341of indigenous peoples, 360–361multiculturalism, 3as SDOH, 42–43

cyberwarfare, 188

Daar, A. S., 334–335DAH. See development assistance for

healthDaibes, Ibrahim, 11, 375Daly, Herman, 289DALYs. See Disability Adjusted Life

Yearsdams, 277Daneman, Denis, 6Daniels, N., 150–151, 200–201, 202,

203, 204Daoism, 330, 366Das Gupta, M., 216data. See big dataDawson, Angus, 5–6, 322–323DCP. See Disease Control PrioritiesDDT. See

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethaneDe Camp, Mathew, 6deadweight losses, 400DeAngelis, M., 251deaths of despair, 18Deaton, Angus, 22on economic growth, 19

debt, 171. See also StructuralAdjustment Programmes

etiology of, 171–176of Africa, 174, 178bank role in, 172conditional relief of, 174corruption and, 178–179disease, 172–173global health and, 7IMF role in, 178morbidity of, 171–176political control through, 178of postwar Germany, 177–178public, 171rights-based repudiation of, 179of South Africa, 170, 179–180Stiglitz on, 178of Sub-Saharan Africa, 171, 173World Bank role in, 178of Zambia, 173

Declaration of Alma Ata, 125, 224,423–424

Declaration of Helsinki, 386

decolonization, 289, 358, 365–366of Africa, 340steps in process of, 365trickster consciousness as tool for,362

deep ecology movement, 360deforestation, 307defuturing, 467dehumanization, 32democracy, 474–475accountability under, 421bioethics and, 323capitalism and, 232education linked to, 39legitimacy of, 421philanthropy and, 421power under radical, 235representative, 318SDOH and, 37

Democratic Republic of Congo, 61–62,129–130, 140, 211, 256

Denburg, Avram Ezra, 6dengue virus, 52, 285, 432Department of Digital Health, WHO,

429–430desertification, 307determinate duties, 138, 139developing world. See also low- and

middle-income countrieschild deaths in, 15–16colonialism legacy in, 111healthcare expenditure in, 92LEB in, 15malaria in, 15–16sanitation access in, 16

development aid, 110. See also OfficialDevelopment Aid

inequalities addressed by,208–210

solidarity as ordering principle for,154–155

development assistance for health(DAH), 8, 211, 213, 215

contributions to, 216trends in, 210–211

Dewey, John, 323diabetes, 89in Mexico, 43–44

diagnosis techniques, 90dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

(DDT), 270difference principle, 150digital divide, 432–433digital epidemiology, 432digital phenotype, 432digital sovereignty, 435Diller, Barry, 419Diogenes, 102DiRugiero, Erica, 13disability, 18

ethics, 335right to health and,124

Disability Adjusted Life Years(DALYs), 407–408, 409–410, 411,413–414

disciplinary neoliberalism, 243–244,245, 247–248, 470–471, 473

defining, 243dominance of, 244factors shaping, 243–244

discounting arguments, 309arbitrariness of, 310–311moderate, 311–312radical, 309–310social, 310, 311uncertainty and, 311

Discovery Laboratories, 384–385, 392discriminationgender, 79SDOH and, 34–37

Disease Control Priorities (DCP), 372disease diplomacy, 322diseases of despair, 93–94dispossession, 261global extraction industry initiating,258

violence linked to, 258World Bank role in, 258

distant needy, 104–105distributive justice, 139, 150diversityin corporate settings, 79–80gender, 80

division of labor, 388, 389division of powers, 103DNDI. See Drugs for Neglected

Diseases InitiativeDoctorMe, 432Doctrine of Discovery, 360Doctrine of Odious Debt, 170, 180Dodd, R., 216Dodd-Frank Act, 258–259Doha Declaration, 166, 408–409domination, 361autonomy and, 360ecocide caused by, 360

doomsayers, 313–314Dossetor, J., 350–351double burden of disease, 19–21Down syndrome, 333Dréze, J., 227drug development, 397–398drug regulation, 275Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative

(DNDI), 375, 399Dubos, René, 282Duhigg, Charles, 317–318duties. See also global health duties;

responsibilities

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toward animals, 304, 307–309to assist, 453–454CESCR on, 127toward children, 148–149climate change and government, 300to compatriots, 106–107determinate, 138, 139of global corporations, 144of global governance institutions,143

harm and, 142–143humanitarian medicine as, 198–199imperfect, 100–101, 104of nonstate actors, 142–144perfect, 104in philanthropy, 419–420, 422of public goal consistency, 143–144of rectification, 389–390of right to health, 127of the state, 127, 139–141

duty dumping, 136–139counterproductivity of, 137defining, 136–137global health and, 138by pharmaceutical industry, 137, 138responsibility evaded through, 137

Dworkin, Ronald, 103Dwyer, Jim, 13–14

early childhood development (ECD),146, 153–155

bioethics and, 150epigenetics and, 151global health ethics on, 149, 153health causally related to, 151human rights regimes focus on, 153inequality impacting, 151SDOH and, 150–152state accountability for, 153UNCRC rights-based approach to,153

Earth Charter, 364Earth Summit, 289Earth System sciences, 281–282the Eastbioethics in, 327the West and, as dichotomy,327–329

Easterley, W., 118Ebola, 51, 52–57, 59, 61, 62–63, 196,

319, 343in West Africa, 61–62, 211WHO approach to, 342

ECD. See early childhood developmentecocide, 11defining, 359domination as cause of, 360ethical challenge of, 358–359

ecological crisis, 283–284, 358defining, 359

oil industry and, 129–130Western thought and, 358

ecological determinants of healthdefining, 462education and, 462, 464–465

ecological economics, 288–289ecological ethics, 9–10ecological perspective, 236–237in education, 466–467

Economic Commission for LatinAmerica and the Caribbean,259–260

economic crises. See financial andeconomic crises

economic developmentas climate change cause, 277–278global extractive order and, 259–260libertarianism on, 105uneven, 170

economic gradients, 16–17economic growth, 1, 359Deaton on, 19global health ethics and, 17–19health outcomes and, 3–4health risks and, 19–20importance of, 3inequalities and, 21, 420–421power and, 22–23wealth and, 17–19

economic risksof AMR, 59of infectious disease, 58–59

economic theory, of neoliberalism, 230ecopsychology, 360ecosocial system, harm to, 283–284ecosocial theory, of SDOH, 30education, 14abroad studies, 456about Anthropocene, 459–460complexity in, 465–466democratic processes linked to, 39ecological determinants of healthand, 462, 464–465

ecological perspective in, 466–467about global health ethics, 450imagination in, 460intersectionality in, 465about justice, 451–452political ecology and, 460–461,463–464

posthumanism and, 461–462, 464privatization in, 254as SDOH, 39

Effective Altruismmovement, 203–204egalitarianism, 201–203, 208Ehrlich, Anne, 282, 358Ehrlich, Paul, 282, 358EHRs. See electronic health recordsEinstein, Albert, 281Eisenstein, C., 361, 362

electronic health records (EHRs), 429,431

in LMICs, 430in public hospitals, 432security of, 433

Elton, Sarah, 14embodiment, 30, 350–351as SDOH, 43

empowerment, 114, 354, 435, 462of women, 425

enclosureof English commons, 251intellectual property rights and,251–252

property rights and, 251–252of social commons, 251–252

Enclosure Acts, 251energy consumption, 234, 238, 263climate change linked to, 306sustainability of, 306

Engelhard, H. Tristram, 328Enhanced Structural Adjustment

Programmes (ESAPs), 172the Enlightenment, 8, 230Enterobacteriaceae, 57Enterococcus faecium, 57environmental conditionsglobal health and, 306–307health outcomes and, 269–270SDOH, 40

environmental considerations, 9–10environmental degradation, bioethics

on, 318environmental ethics, 318bioethics tied to, 269, 271

environmental hazards, climatemigrant exposure to, 298

environmental health ethics, 270–271in agricultural practices, 276air and water pollution in, 274–275animal welfare in, 272autonomy in, 271–272beneficence in, 272in built environment, 276–277chemical regulations in, 275–276in climate change, 277–279community engagement with, 274nonmaleficence in, 272precaution in, 273–274principles of, 271stewardship in, 272–273sustainability in, 273waste management in, 274

environmental justice, 320race and poverty in, 321–322

Environmental Protection Agency(EPA), 272, 275

EpiCore, 431–432epidemicseconomic costs of, 158

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epidemics (cont.)global health ethics in, 98prominent, 52

epidemiology, digital, 432epigenetics, 150ECD and, 151

epistemology, 470defining, 461dominant, 349, 350–351interphilosophies dialogue about,350–351

in research, 353equality of opportunityCaney on, 103, 107fair, 151Rawls on, 151

equity, 150, 201–203child health and, 150–151as child right, 150–152without community, 198inequality related to, 150

ESAPs. See Enhanced StructuralAdjustment Programmes

Escobar, Arturo, 362–363Eskom, 179–180essential universal health coverage

(EUHC), 372estate tax, 289–290Estonia, 86–87Eswatini, 110ethical transculturalism, 331, 335–336methodological features of, 329–330morality in, 329–332pluralities in, 330

ethics. See also bioethics; cosmopolitanethics; duties; environmentalhealth ethics; global health ethics

of AI, 430autonomy in medical, 108of big data, 430of BMGF, 425–426breaches of, 332–333in China, 330–331disability, 335ecocide as challenge of, 358–359ecological, 9–10environmental, 269, 271, 318ethical dilemmas, 355ethno-ethics, 333–334of Eurocentrism, 360–361in global health research, 377of good living, 363–364in healthcare services, 2of humanitarian medicine, 195in imagination of futurepossibilities, 237

neoliberalism and, 233–234of permaculture, 366philanthrocapitalism and problemsof, 420

public health and, 200, 463of sumak kawsay, 363trade liberalization and issues of, 160virtue, 333

Ethiopia, 21, 174ethnoethics, 333–334EU. See European UnionEUHC. See essential universal health

coverageEU-Mexico Free Trade Agreement,

166Eurocentrismcivilization and, 360ethics of, 360–361origin of, 360

European Commission, 78, 161European Convention on Human

Rights and FundamentalFreedoms, 125, 129–130

European Court of Human Rights, 125,129–130

European Social Charter, 125European Union (EU), 58austerity in, 242, 248financial crises in, 246–247Indigenous people’s relations with,349

life expectancy in, 94migrants in, 94, 294right to health in, 125

evolutionary biology, 151exploitation, 233, 343–344, 360, 361in global health research, 386

exploitative social reproduction, 243,245–246

extensively resistant tuberculosis(XDR-TB), 89

extinction, 359sixth mass, 232, 281–282

extraction. See global extractive orderextreme poverty, 16, 38–39

Facebook, 416, 434–435Faden, Ruth, 152–153failed states, 142fair distribution, 434–435fair equality of opportunity principle

(FEO), 151fairness principle, 150–151famine, Sen on, 388, 452“Famine, Affluence and Morality”

(Singer), 100Fanon, Franz, 178–179FAO. See Food and Agriculture

Organizationfascism, 234Fassin, Didier, 333FDA. See Food and Drug

AdministrationFederal Reserve, US, 246

Feinberg, Joel, 310Fejerskov, A. M., 425feminism. See also genderin bioethics, 335intersectional, 76

FEO. See fair equality of opportunityprinciple

Ferrante, A., 461–462Ferretti, Agata, 13fertility rates, poverty and, 394–395feudalism, 251Fidler, D. P., 444financial and economic crises. See also

global financial crisis of 2008capitalism and, 246–247in European Union, 246–247Global South impacted by, 247malnutrition and, 248

Financial Stability Board, 474financialization, 33, 34under global capitalism, 32–33

First Nations, 351–352fiscal discipline, 172of World Bank, 174

fiscal squeezeforces driving, 253of social commons, 253–255

Fiszbein, A., 215Fitzgerald, Ruth, 10–11food aid, 248Food and Agriculture Organization

(FAO), 162, 248on material deprivation, 16

Food and Drug Administration (FDA),273

food crisisBMGF prioritizing, 250–251extent of, 247–248in Mexico, 247–251origins of, 248–249

food industry, sustainabledevelopment and, 161

food justice, 320food riots, 250food security, 320for climate migrants, 298–299market efficiency and, 249trade impacting, 160trade liberalization and, 160–161

food sovereignty, 43, 249, 261in Global South, 250

foreign policy, 221Forman, Lisa, 6for-profit hospitals, in United States,

137Fourth World Conference, 125–126frames, 231France, redistribution in, 38freedom, 150, 351as child right, 152–153

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defining, 152, 230health deprivation and, 152

Freire, Paulo, 39French Revolution, 290Freudenberg, N., 376–377Fry, Tony, 467fun, 367Furstenberg, Diane von, 419

G7, 22G7+, 214G8, 250–251G20, 250–251, 470–471Gafton, Joseph, 7Gaines, A. D., 333Gandhi, Sonia, 226Gard, Charly, 317, 322–323GARDP. See Global Antibiotic

Research and DevelopmentPartnership

Gates, Bill, 416, 418, 419. See also Bill &Melinda Gates Foundation

on health systems, 424–425wealth of, 416

Gates, Melinda, 425GATHER. See Guidelines for Accurate

and Transparent Health EstimatesReporting

GATS. See General Agreement onTrade in Services

GAVI Alliance, 411–412, 423–424GBD. See Global Burden of DiseaseGBV. See gender-based violenceGDP. See Gross Domestic ProductGDPR. See General Data Protection

RegulationGEMS. See Gender Equitable Men

Scalegenderbiases, 79data, 76, 77–78defining, 35, 77discrimination, 79diversity, 80health outcomes and, 80human rights and, 77inequality and, 35life expectancy and, 451norms, 76–77occupational segregation and,78

in science, 76as shared determinant of health,76–77

social movements, 76societal views on, 76–77vulnerability and, 316–317water access and, 41

gender equality, 76, 77–78, 81in global health, 80–81

progress toward, 78–79, 80–81in science, 79, 80–81study selection criteria, 79in workforce, 78, 79

Gender Equitable Men Scale (GEMS),77–78

Gender in Science, Innovation,Technology and Engineering(GenderINSITE), 80–81

gender-based violence (GBV), 35,76–77

GenderINSITE. See Gender in Science,Innovation, Technology andEngineering

General Agreement on Trade inServices (GATS), 161–162, 163,165

member states of, 165multilateral negotiations of, 166public services exception in,166

General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR), 435–436

genetic testing, 333genetically modified organisms

(GMOs), 273, 276Geneva Conventions, 189, 294Geneva Protocol, 188–189geoengineering, for climate change,

278geopolitical power in health, 221,

227in Russia, 222–223in United States, 222–223

geopolitics, 187infectious diseases causinginstability in, 59

George, Susan, 176Germany, 177–178GFATM. See Global Fund Against,

AIDS, TB and MalariaG-FINDER. See Global Funding of

Innovation for Neglected DiseasesGhebreyesus, Tedros, 284–285, 424GHI. See Global Health Impact indexGHIF. See Global Health Investment

FundGHIT. See Global Health Innovative

Technology FundGHP. See global health partnershipsGHRI. See Global Health Research

InitiativeGHSA. See Global Health Security

Agendagilet jaunes movement, 476Gill, Stephen, 8, 9, 14, 236, 242,

334–335Giving Pledge, 416, 418, 419inequality widened by, 419

Glass-Steagall Act, 289–290

Glasziou, P., 375–377Glendon, Mary Ann, 350Global Alliance for Vaccines and

Immunization, 399Global Antibiotic Research and

Development Partnership(GARDP), 373, 375

Global Burden of Disease (GBD), 91,397, 412

Global Code of Conduct for Researchin Resource-Poor Settings,375–376

Global Code of Practice onInternational Recruitment ofHealth Personnel, 162–163

global corporationsaccountability of, 144diversity in, 79–80duties of, 144in global health research, 377transnational, 256

global enclosure movement, 243global extractive order, 9, 256accountability for, 263dispossession initiated by, 258economic development and,259–260

health outcomes linked to, 257–259health-equitable, 263in Latin America, 260power asymmetries in, 263reforms of, 263violence linked to, 258

global financial crisis of 2008, 34, 233,242, 289–290, 475

aftermath of, 242–243, 246austerity following, 242–243causes of, 246Global South impacted by, 252output following, 252recovery from, 246

global food market, 249Global Forum for Health Reform, 102Global Fund Against, AIDS, TB and

Malaria (GFATM), 211, 225, 399,423–424

criticisms of, 218Global Funding of Innovation for

Neglected Diseases (G-FINDER),375

global governance, 442–443actor dynamics in, 445–446of AI, 435–436of big data, 435–436defining, 143, 440, 443–444, 447–448duties of, 143GHI improving, 411–412globalization and, 444health policies and, 440–441impacts of, 165–166, 447

Index

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global governance (cont.)literature on, 443MDGs and, 447noncommunicable diseasesaddressed by, 444

partnerships for, 445–446philanthrocapitalism and patternsof, 423–424

power in, 446–447priorities in, 444–445research on, 376–377SDGs and, 441, 442, 447on trade, 164–165

global health. See also right to healthanimal interests and, 304–306central relationships in, 5climate change and, 284–285debt and, 7defining, 1, 5, 78–79, 136, 459duty dumping and, 136–139environmental conditions and,306–307

exacerbation of, 2financing, 252–253gender equality in, 80–81inequalities in, 3motivations for improvement of, 2under neoliberalism, 235–236philanthrocapitalism in, 423poverty and, 397–399prominence of issues related to, 136prospects, 450–451remedies for, 2research partnerships, 346violence and, 7WHO on, 182

global health duties, 110agency in, 111foundations of, 110–111human rights and, 111objections to, 111self-interest argument for, 110–111

Global Health Education Initiative,463–464

global health ethics, 5–6, 12, 13–14, 346beneficence in, 100–101child rights and, 149compatriot duties in, 106–107content account of, 99controversy in, 98–99core principles for, 6, 146cosmopolitan justice in, 102–104defining, 5–6, 98distant needy and, 104–105on ECD, 149, 153economic growth and, 17–19education about, 450in epidemics, 98geographic account of, 98–99imperfect duties in, 104

inequalities and, 100in infectious disease, 98justice and harm in, 101–102nationalism in, 106nonhuman animals and, 10normative account of, 99–100obligations in, 98, 107–108opposition to, 99, 100, 104–105property rights and, 105–106social justice in, 353solidarity in, 353substantive accounts of, 98, 107support for, 100, 107–108

Global Health Impact (GHI) index,12–13, 406

global governance improved by,411–412

health policy and, 406–409HIV/AIDS modeling, 408implementation of, 411–412innovation within, 411–412methodology, 411new conceptual models, 409–410, 411old models, 406public health and, 406–409right to health and, 406–409SDGs and, 406–409

Global Health Innovative TechnologyFund (GHIT)

Global Health Investment Fund(GHIF), 374

global health partnerships (GHP), 445global health research, 370–373accessibility of, 376advocacy and policy informed by,378

bargaining model of, 387benefit sharing in, 376capacity of, 374–375challenges in, 375corporate role in, 377on corporations and governance,376

cross-cultural, 375–376developments in, 373ethics in, 377exploitation in, 386fair benefits of, 386foci of concern in, 384–385funding, 102, 374growth phases of, 371, 384guidelines, 373health policies and, 373, 378host communities for, 386on implementation acceleration,378–379

in LMICs, 384outsourcing of, 12parachutic, 375–376on policy and systems, 373

predatory publishing in, 377promotion of local and national, 378reasonable availability requirement,386

return on investments data from,378

social systems of, 386waste in, 375–377

Global Health Research Initiative(GHRI), 346

global health risks, 136Global Health Security Agenda

(GHSA), 62Global Health Workforce Network

Gender Equity Hub, 78global justice, 110Global Observatory on Health R&D,

WHO, 371–372, 374–375global organic crisis, 9, 242, 243. See

also ecological crisisGlobal Outbreak Alert Response

Network (GOARN), 64–65Global Preparedness Monitoring

Board (GPMB), 62Global South. See also developing

world; low- and middle-incomecountries

climate migrants in, 297financial crises impacting, 247food sovereignty in, 250global financial crisis of 2008 impacton, 252

inequities addressed in, 208international arms industry in,185–186

malnutrition in, 248ODA and, 218OECD and, 217SAPs in, 242

Global Technical Council onInfectious Disease Threats, 4–5,51

activities of, 63, 64, 65collaboration with, 64funding, 64

global warming. See climate changeglobalization, 160, 161adverse effects of, 316bioethics and, 323–324defining, 21, 316global governance and, 444human rights and, 122inequalities and, 4, 21–22, 318intellectual property and, 398–399power asymmetries resulting from,316–317

trade liberalization and, 159trade policies and, 159World Bank on, 22

Glover, Jonathan, 307–308

Index

486


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GMOs. See genetically modifiedorganisms

GOARN. See Global Outbreak AlertResponse Network

Goldberg, T. L., 459–460Gomez, Eduardo, 8Gonzalez, T., 365good livingethics of, 363–364Indigenous peoples on, 363as spiritual mind-set, 363

good society, 154Google, 430, 432, 434–435“The Gospel of Wealth” (Carnegie),

420–421Gostin, L. O., 216governance. See global governanceGPMB. See Global Preparedness

Monitoring BoardGRADE-CERQual, 373gratification, immediate, 313–314Great Depression, 289Greece, austerity imposed upon, 247Green, M., 417green bioethics, 318Green New Deal, 476green revolution, 249, 288greenhouse gases, 249, 286, 287, 306grief, ecological, 466Griffin, James, 115on agency, 115on human rights, 115

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)AMR reducing, 59LEB correlated with, 17–18

Grunberg, I., 254Grundy, J., 214Guatemala, 32Guerrero, M., 335Guidelines for Accurate and

Transparent Health EstimatesReporting (GATHER), 373

H2 blockers, 89–90Habitat, UN, 16Hemophilus influenzae, 57Hague Conventions, 189happiness, 364HAQI. See Healthcare Access and

Quality Indexharm, 312defining, 312duty to not cause, 142–143to ecosocial system, 283–284in global health ethics, 101–102healthcare as cause of, 87justice and, 101–102

Hassoun, Nicole, 12–13Hathaway, Mark, 11Have, Henk ten, 10

Hayek, Friedrich von, 231Häyry, M., 333–334HDI. See Human Development Indexhealth, defining, 123, 141health and human rights impact

assessments (HHRIA)methodologies, 130objectives of, 130

healthcareantibiotic era of, 88–89bureaucracy of, 1–2costs of, 92culture in, 341disparities in, 1–2ethics in, 2harmful effects of, 87as human right, 118inequality and, 1–2under neoliberalism, 230–231nutrition and quality of, 87in United States, 18

healthcare expenditure, 3, 370in developing countries, 92government, 253increases in, 252in LMICs, 22in United States, 92, 137

health deprivation, freedom and, 152Health Emergencies Programme,

61–62, 64–65Health for All declaration, 289health impact assessment, 401health impact fund (HIF), 401–404advantages of, 403costs of, 401–402financing, 402–403medicines registered on, 402

health inequalities, SDOH and, 29–31health justice, 319–320health outcomesAnthropocene-related, 296economic growth and, 3–4environmental conditions and,269–270

gender and, 80global extractive order linked to,257–259

human rights and, 5–6inequalities and, 21–22land grabs and, 261–262mining linked to, 257, 260oil extraction linked to, 257under SAPs, 174–175wealth and, 92–93

health policiesGHI and, 406–409global governance and, 440–441global health research informing,373, 378

state roles in, 207–208

trade policies impacting, 158–159,161

Health Rights of Women AssessmentInstrument (HERWAI), 131

health risksof climate migrants, 297, 298distribution of, 19–21economic growth and, 19–20in LMICs, 19–20

health service delivery, AI for, 430–431health systems, 87close-to-client, 391costs of, 86Gates, B., on, 424–425health benefits of, 87–88, 91–92impact of, 91innovation in, 94purposes of, 86–87, 198SDGs and functioning of, 94for solidarity, 93–94wealth and, 92

health tourism, 163Healthcare Access and Quality Index

(HAQI), 91HealthMap, 431–432heat, climate change and, 285Heath, Joseph, 351Heavily Indebted Poor Countries

Initiative (HIPC), 172, 176,177–178

Helicobacter pylori, 57, 89–90Henderson, J. Y., 365HERWAI. See Health Rights of

Women Assessment Instrumentheteronormativity, 77–78HHRIA. See health and human rights

impact assessmentsHICs. See high-income countriesHIF. See health impact fundhigh-income countries (HICs), 15child deaths in, 15–16LEB in, 15LMICs and duties of, 389malaria in, 15–16mining in, 258patents of, 398–399poverty perpetuated by, 396remedial responsibilities of, 301socioeconomic status in, 34–35tuberculosis in, 15–16

High-Level Panel on Access toMedicines, 412

High-Level Panel on Post-2015Development Agenda, 412

El-Hinnawi, Essam, 296HIPC. See Heavily Indebted Poor

Countries InitiativeHIV/AIDS, 7–8, 11, 22–23, 52, 130,

198, 211, 221, 316–317. See alsoantiretrovirals

Index

487


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HIV/AIDS (cont.)advocacy for, 114African thought on, 342–343annual deaths from, 15–16in Brazil, 224in China, 225–226clinical trials for, in LMICs, 345denialism, 117–118funding for research on, 375GHI model for, 408immunization therapy for, 18–19in India, 226–227, 425life expectancy impacted by, 18–19in LMICs, 384, 388microbicides for, 392models of, 407–408moral obligations in response to, 137mortality from, 131mother-to-child transmission of,130

origin of, 305–306pregnancy and, 392programs, in humanitarianmedicine, 201–203

in Russia, 222–223in South Africa, 81, 117, 130, 187in sub-Saharan Africa, 15–16, 32–33,114, 175, 196, 388

survival period, 411treatment movement, 131, 132tuberculosis in, 410–411vaccine, 14, 342–343women with, 392

Hobbes, Thomas, 106, 387Hodgkin’s disease, 90Holgrem, David, 366Holloway, K. F. C., 333–334homelessnesscare for, 41in Unites States, 41

Hong Kong flu, 52hope, 466Hopgood, Stephen, on human rights,

128–129horse trading, 166host communitiesfor global health research, 386obligations within, 388–389

Hountondji, Paulin, 339housing, as SDOH, 40–41Howell, S., 332–333human development approach, 12defining, 390to LMICs, 390–392

Human Development Index (HDI),263

human flourishing, 152, 153, 363human rights, 106–107. See also right

to healthadvocacy, 114

bioethics synergizing with, 150capitalism and, 349case law regarding, 116climate change and, 263conventions, 111–113courts, 114criticisms of, 113, 118, 128–129defining, 141–142devaluation of, 128domestic standards of, 141gender and, 77global health duties and, 111globalization and, 122goals of, 116Griffin on, 115health as precondition for, 111, 142healthcare as, 118health outcomes and, 5–6Hopgood on, 128–129individual rights and, 114inflation of, 113, 128international law and, 6, 116, 122international regimes for, 124, 153justice and, 111Klein on, 128–129Mann on, 123minimal conceptions of, 142Moyn on, 128–129neoliberalism and emergence of,128–129

norms, 140–141philosophical foundations of,114–116

pitfalls and possibilities of, 6political sociology of, 114proliferation of, 113Raz on, 115–116of refugees, 113–114regional treaties, 125right to health and, 128, 141skepticism about, 113–116social determinants of health and, 122social enforcement of, 131–132solidarity complementing, 154the state as guarantor of, 140–141violations of, 140–141WHO on, 111

Human Rights Council, 164Human Rights Watch, 114humanitarian advocacy, 195–196humanitarian crises, 7–8humanitarian medicineaccountability in, 200–204adaptations for, 201, 202conflicting goals in, 199–200controversies surrounding, 197as duty, 198–199ethics of, 195fairness in, 197–198, 199, 201goals of, 195

HIV/AIDS programs in, 201–203legitimacy of, 198–199in natural disasters, 196in protracted crises, 196resources given to, 195, 199in war, 196

Hunter, David, 5–6Hurricane Irma, 288Hurricane Maria, 288Husserl, Edmund, 323hygiene, 123–124hypertension, 89

IAC-H. See international assistance forcooperation for health

ICAN. See International Campaign toAbolish Nuclear Weapons

ICERD. See International Conventionon the Elimination of All Forms ofRacial Discrimination

ICESCR. See International Covenanton Economic, Social, and CulturalRights

ICPD. See International Conference onPopulation and Development

ICPHC. See International Conferenceon Primary Health Care

ICRC. See International Committee ofthe Red Cross

ICTRP. See International ClinicalTrials Registry Platform

IDMC. See International DisplacementMonitoring Center

IGWG. See IntergovernmentalWorking Group

IHR. See International HealthRegulations

Illich, Ivan, 87–88ILO. See International Labour

Organizationimagination, 355–356in bioethics, 322–323in education, 460moral, 208, 322, 436stories and power of, 361–362

IMF. See International Monetary Fundimmoral acts, 317immunization programs, 214imperfect dutiesof beneficence, 100–101charity as, 104

incarceration rates, in United States,37

incentive compatibility, 421India, 33–34, 59BMGF relations with, 446child deaths in, 16–17HIV/AIDS in, 226–227, 425infectious disease control in,226–227

Index

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soft power in health in, 226–227Indigenous peoples, 321in Australia, 28bioethics of, 334in Canada, 28, 36–37cultures of, 360–361European relations with, 349on good living, 363life expectancy of, 28positionality of, 465poverty of, 37SDOH and, 36–37struggles of, 362

individual rights and individualism,230, 238, 350

human rights and, 114interphilosophies dialogue on,354–355

under neoliberalism, 231–232solidarity contrasted with, 154in Western systems, 154

indivisibility, 153, 155of child rights, 152–153

Indonesia, 178industrial revolution, 306inequalities, 22, 208. See also health

inequalitiesof biodiversity, 321in China, 21climate change linked to, 286, 290critiques of, 396dangers of, 287–288defenses of, 420development assistance foraddressing, 208–210

ECD impacted by, 151economic growth and, 21, 420–421equity related to, 150gender and, 35Giving Pledge widening, 419in global health, 3global health ethics and, 100globalization and, 4, 21–22, 318healthcare services and, 1–2health outcomes and, 21–22intellectual property andreinforcement of, 319–320

justice and, 418life expectancy and, 110lobbyist exacerbation of, 289–290neoliberalism as cause of, 129,232–233

philanthrocapitalism enabled by,418, 419–420

philanthropy and, 13productivity and, 93race and, 17Rawls on, 150right to health impacting, 128–129scale of, 418, 419

as SDOH, 122trade and, 158–159trends in, 21, 289, 290, 418UNCRC remediation of, 153wealth, 33, 418

infant mortality, 3, 316UNCRC on, 152

infectious disease, 4, 63–65animals and, 305challenges in management of, 59–63climate change and spread of, 60,285–286

climate migrant exposure to, 298economic risks of, 58–59geopolitical instability caused by, 59global burden of, 102global health ethics in, 98human-caused outbreaks of, 57–58in India, 226–227pervasiveness of, 52prominent outbreaks, 52social risks of, 58–59superbugs, 52trade spreading, 160urbanization and spread of, 59–60vectors, 60

influenza, 52informed consent, 375injustice, 321historic, 101–102of philanthrocapitalism, 419–420Pogge on, 101–102Rawls on, 106–107responsibility for, 455root causes of, 452social structures causing, 452state as accomplice in, 140wealth as, 419–420

insignificant difference argument,307–309

Institut für Qualität undWirtschaflichkeit imGesundheitswesen (IQWiG), 90

Institute for Economics and Peace,182

Institute for Health Metrics andEvaluation, 281–282, 409–410,426

Institute for One World Health, 399Institute of Medicine, US, 87integral planetary health, 364–367intellectual property, 161, 164as commodity, 253–254conceptual expansion of, 253in enclosure movements, 251–252globalization and, 398–399inequality reinforced by, 319–320patents and, 398pharmaceutical industry and rulesof, 138

protection of, 164in trade agreements, 160WTO involvement with regimes of,244–245, 253–254, 398

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR),319–320

intercultural competence, 352interdependencies, 471–472interdisciplinary competence, 352interest rates, in United States, 171intergenerational inequity, climate

change and, 286Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC), 282–283, 288,296

Intergovernmental Working Group(IGWG), 164

international arms industry, 184–187during cold war, 186–187corruption in, 187in Global South, 185–186governmental revolving door with,186–187

growth of, 185–186illicit, 185, 186–187manufacturing in, 186–187repressive regime involvement with,186

international assistance forcooperation for health (IAC-H),149, 148, 154–155

International Campaign to AbolishNuclear Weapons (ICAN), 182

International Clinical Trials RegistryPlatform (ICTRP), 371–372

International Committee of the RedCross (ICRC), 182

International Conference onPopulation and Development(ICPD), 125–126

International Conference on PrimaryHealth Care (ICPHC), 125

International Convention on theElimination of All Forms of RacialDiscrimination (ICERD), on rightto health, 124

International Court of Justice, 102–103International Court of the

Environment, 262–263International Covenant on Economic,

Social, and Cultural Rights(ICESCR), 112, 149, 262–263. Seealso Committee on Economic,Social, and Cultural Rights

article 2, 123article 5, 112article 12, 126progressive realization under,112–113, 123

on right to health, 123, 126

Index

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International Covenant (cont.)SDOH views of interpretations by,126

International DisplacementMonitoring Center (IDMC),297

international health conferences, onright to health, 125–126

International Health Regulations(IHR), 62, 159, 160, 165

international human rights treaties,right to health and, 124

international justice, 451–452International Labour Organization

(ILO), 143–144, 162–163international lawhuman rights and, 6, 116,122

Rawls on, 106–107right to health in, 122SDOH and, 123solidarity in, 154–155UN establishment of, 189–190

International Monetary Fund (IMF),22, 209, 233–234, 243–244

debt and role of, 178loan packages from, 252–253

International Organization forStandardization (ISO), 162

International Physicians for thePrevention of Nuclear War(IPPNW), 182

international research. See globalhealth research

interphilosophies dialogue, 329, 347,352–355

defining, 354in epistemology, 350–351on individualism, 354–355on metaphysics, 350–351moral language of, 350–351,354

power relations addressed by,354

on the West, 353–354intersectionalityin education, 465in feminism, 76

intrastate conflict, 184UN resolving, 189

investment protectioncriticism of, 163–164trade liberalization and, 163–164

IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change

iPhone, 256IPPNW. See International Physicians

for the Prevention of Nuclear WarIPR. See Intellectual Property

Rights

IQWiG. See Institut für Qualität undWirtschaflichkeit imGesundheitswesen

Iran-Iraq War, 187Iraq invasion, 114ISO. See International Organization

for StandardizationItaly, 247

Jack Ma Foundation, 416Japan, 110demilitarization of, 182life expectancy in, 112

Jennings, Bruce, 350Jha, Prabhat, 391Jiankui He, 317Jim Crow laws, 36Joint Programming Initiative on

Antimicrobial Resistance, 374Jones, S., 218Judeo-Christian thought, 154Juengst, E. T., 333Juncker, Jean Claude, 160junk food, 42just war, 330justice, 155, 455. See also injusticein bioethics, 318–319for climate change, 278cosmopolitan, 102–104, 111defining, 272distributive, 139, 150education about, 451–452environmental, 320, 321–322food, 320global, 110in global health ethics, 101–102harm and, 101–102as healing, 154health, 319–320human rights and, 111inequality and, 418institutions in provision of, 139international, 451–452LMICs and discourse of, 347malnutrition as issue of, 452as mutual advantage, 383, 385–388,392

overlapping consensus on, 139Pogge on, 150Rawls on, 150, 451–454relational, 150sharing and, 321social, 122, 152–153, 269societal, 453the state and, 138, 139–140theories of, 452–454transnational, 454water, 320

justice regimes, property rights and,138–139

Kaldor, M., 184Kamm, F. M., 104, 105Kamradt Scott, A., 442–444Kant, Immanuel, 104, 271on morality, 360

Kapczynski, Amy, on right to health, 129Kasaeva, Tereza, 222–223Kennedy, Bobby, 289Kennedy, Jonathan, 7Kentikelenis, A., 247Keynesianism, 231–232, 246, 475Kimmerer, R. W., 460Kingori, P., 376Kingsbury, D., 212Kipling, Rudyard, 327Klein, Naomi, 128–129knowledge commons, 253–254Koenig, B., 333Kohler, Horst, 176–177Koivusalo, Meri, 6–7Korten, D. C., 361Kotte, Detief, 172Krieger, Nancy, 257Kuby, C. R., 461Kumar, Ramya, 4Kyoto Protocol, 277

Labonte, Ronald, 3–4land grabsin Africa, 260–261in Brazil, 261–262health outcomes linked to, 261–262by mining industry, 261water access and, 261

land reform, 33–34land tenure, as SDOH, 33–34Landless Workers’ Movement, 34, 250language matters, 111Lassa fever, 52–57Latin America, 89, 128–129, 132global extractive order in, 260

The Law of Peoples (Rawls), 453Least Developed Countries (LDCs), 21.

See also low- and middle-incomecountries

LEB. See life expectancy at birthLee, K., 442–444legal responsibilities, 455Lesage, D., 473Lethal but Legal (Freudenberg),

376–377LGBT, 79–80liberalism, 154, 350. See also

neoliberalismcritiques of, 350

Liberia, 59libertarianism, 105, 208on economic development, 105

liberty, Pettit on, 103Libya, 294

Index

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life expectancy, 3–4, 313of African-Americans, 17of children, 100in Cuba, 28defining, 450in European Union, 94gender and, 451global increases in, 52HIV/AIDS impacting, 18–19of Indigenous people, 28inequalities and, 110in Japan, 112nutrition and, 87poverty and, 397

life expectancy at birth (LEB)in developing world, 15GDP correlated with, 17–18in HICs, 15worldwide average, 15

life-support mechanisms, 282–283Lim, C.-M., 423liver donation, 451LMICs. See low- and middle-income

countriesthe localrecasting, 332–335the universal and, as dichotomy,327–329

Locke, John, on property rights, 105London, Alex, 12London Agreement, 177–178low- and middle-income countries

(LMICs), 383, 384, 429–430AI in, 430–431, 434AMR in, 59basic interests of, 390big data in, 433, 434biomedical research and, 61child mortality in, 146chronic disease in, 19–20clinical trial access in, 387cost-efficiency planning in, 432digital divide in, 432–433disease burden in, 384duties of rectification toward,389–390

EHRs in, 430healthcare expenditure in, 22health needs of, 387, 391health risks in, 19–20HIC duties to, 389HIV/AIDS clinical trials in, 345HIV/AIDS in, 384, 388human development approach to,390–392

justice discourse around, 347mining in, 258mortality in, 391natural resources of, 259, 389obesity in, 20–21

pharmaceutical costs in, 389–390poverty in, 384social structures of, 391stakeholders influencing, 391undernutrition in, 20–21women in, 392

Luanda, 21luck egalitarianism, 103, 151Lula. See Silva, Luiz “Lula” daLumitao, J. M., 328

Ma, Jack, 416Macer, D., 334machine learning (ML), 429Macklin, Ruth, 355Macron, Emmanuel, 475mad cow disease. See bovine

spongiform encephalopathymaintenance drugs, 400, 403malaria, 52, 285in Bangladesh, 410in developing world, 15–16in HICs, 15–16

Malawi, 216malnutrition, 42, 124, 161, 247, 452financial crisis and, 248in Global South, 248as justice issue, 452in Mexico, 43–44prevalence of, 250

Mandela, Nelson, 170Manilaq Social Medicine Program, 131Mann, Jonathan, 129on human rights, 123

Mann, Michael, 282Mannell, Jenevieve, 5Manuel, G., 365Manuel, Trevor, 173Māori, 36Marburg virus disease, 52–57MARC. See Men Advocating Real

ChangeMaritain, Jacques, 115market civilization, 242, 243common sense of, 475

market-based finance, 474Marshall, P., 333Marshall Plan, 170–171Martin, Paul, 176Marx, Karl, 34, 245–246, 251, 474Marxism, 21–22Mashford-Pringle, Angela, 11material deprivation, 16–17FAO on, 16

materialism, 347maternal mortality, 3Matibabu, 431Mato Grosso do Sul, 37Matsuoka, E., 333–334Mbeki, Thabo, 117–118, 187

McCoy, David, 7, 210–211, 213,216

McGrath, P., 334McKee, Martin, 5McKeown, Thomas, 87–88McLean, R. K. D., 378McMichael, Tony, 282–283McNamara, Robert, 176MDGs. See Millennium Development

GoalsMDRI. See Multilateral Debt Relief

InitiativeMDR-TB. See multidrug-resistant

tuberculosismeasles, 22–23, 52meat consumption, 307–308Médecins Sans Frontières, 182, 197medical errors, 87Medical Ethics in China (Nie), 329Medical Nemesis (Illich), 87medical students, 456medicine development process, 397–398medieval England, commons enclosure

in, 251MedMee, 431Meek, D., 461Meltzer Commission, 176Men Advocating Real Change

(MARC), 79Mengzi, 331–332, 333–334mental health, 87mental illness, 331defining, 87

MERS. See Middle East respiratorysyndrome

metaphors, 231, 322stories revealing of, 361

metaphysicsalternative systems of, 350–351dominant beliefs on, 350–351interphilosophies dialogue on,350–351

methicillin, 88–89methodological monism, 351me-too drugs, 400, 403Mexico, 171–172agriculture in, 43diabetes in, 43–44food crisis in, 247–251malnutrition in, 43–44in NAFTA, 43, 249–250new constitutionalism in, 247–249

mHealth. See mobile healthmicrobicides, 392Microsoft, 416, 418–419middle class, 233Middle East, 171armed conflict in, 184

Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS), 51, 52–57

Index

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Midgley, Mary, 322migrants and migration, 284, 293. See

also climate migrantsin Anthropocene, 295–297climate change and, 10, 293in European Union, 94, 294internal, 298SDOH and, 38

Milankovitch, Milutin, 281Milanovic, B., 290militarism, 32authoritarianism linked to, 182

military expenditure, 210global, 185of United States, 190

Millennium Development Goals(MDGs), 13, 207, 211, 247, 370,441

achievements of, 207BMGF on, 424–425critiques of, 207global governance and, 447

Miller, Johnny, 21Mills, C. Wright, 463mineral resources, war and, 32Minimum Set of Gender Indicators, 77mining industryhealth outcomes linked to, 257, 260in HICs, 258land grabs by, 261in LMICs, 258poverty linked to, 259–260

minobimaadiziwin, 363–364ML. See machine learningmobile health (mHealth), 431, 432–433moderate discounting, 311–312Mohawk, John, 360, 365Mollison, Bill, 366Le Monde Diplomatique, 21monopolies, 398, 402Monsanto, 34Montreal Protocol, 306moral hazard, in SAPs, 176–177moral imagination, Benatar, S., on,

208, 322, 436moral obligations. See also dutiesin Anthropocene, 299–301under cosmopolitan ethics, 138HIV/AIDS response and, 137

moral outrage, 317–318in bioethics, 317–318

moralityanthropocentrism and, 461–462in anthropology, 332–333Benatar, S., on, 334–335comparable moral importance,100–101

dominant beliefs on, 350–351in ethical transculturalism, 329–332etic, 333

in genetic testing, 333imagination and, 436immoral acts, 317interphilosophies dialogue on,350–351, 354

Kant on, 360moral hazard, in SAPs, 176–177of philanthropy, 419poverty as challenge for, 396relational, 364

morbidity, 451, 470of debt, 171–176

Morito, Bruce, 347–349, 350–351mortality data, social class and, 34mosquito, 60Moyn, Samuel, 128–129Mozambique, 100multiculturalism, 3multidrug-resistant tuberculosis

(MDR-TB), 89Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative

(MDRI), 172multiple therapy, 88–89Murray, Chris, 451mutual dependence, 237mutually assured destruction, 188Myanmar, 182

NACO. See National AIDS ControlOrganization

Naess, Arne, 360, 366NAFTA. See North American Free

Trade AgreementNagoya Protocol, 61nation-state, development of, 106National AIDS Control Organization

(NACO), 226, 425National Health Service, UK, 34funding, 92

National Housing Strategy, 131National Institute for Health and

Clinical Evidence (NICE), 90nationalism, 329in global health ethics, 106SDOH shaped by, 32

natural capital, 287–288natural disasters, humanitarian

medicine in, 196natural language processing (NLP),

429natural resources, 187, 396of LMICs, 259, 389renewability of, 236the state utilizing, 140unequal consumption of, 318–319

natural science, 281–282nature, value of, 351–352nature deficit disorder, 359negative duties, 101neighborhoods, as SDOH, 40–41

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 57neoclassical economics, 475Neo-Confucianism, 154neoliberalism, 8–9, 230–231, 321. See

also disciplinary neoliberalismAfrica impacted by, 233alternatives to, 236bioethics endorsing, 322–323challenges to dominance of,234–235, 236, 244, 473, 476

compensatory, 246consequences of, 231–232, 252defining, 230, 472–473economic theory of, 230ethics and, 233–234failures of, 237global health under, 235–236healthcare under, 230–231human rights and, 128–129ideological strategies of, 234individual rights under, 231–232inequalities linked to, 129, 232–233power relations under, 233–234pure, 246right to health combating, 128–129self-help under, 472–473trade liberalization under, 230

Nevirapine, 117new constitutionalism, 243, 244–245,

473defining, 244goals of, 244–245in Mexico, 247–249

New Deal, 290New Zealand, 36New Zealand Organization for Rare

Disorders (NZORD), 333NGOs. See nongovernmental

organizationsNICE. SeeNational Institute for Health

and Clinical EvidenceNickel, James, 350Nie, Jing-Bao, 10–11Nietzsche, Friedrich, 335–336Nigeria, 129–130, 259, 463–464Nipah virus, 52–57NLP. See natural language processingnoncommunicable diseases, 226–227burden of, 370, 444global governance addressing, 444socioeconomic gradients of, 20typology for, 20

nondiscrimination, 123nongovernmentalgovernmental

organizations (NGOs), 114nonhuman animals. See animalsnonhuman animals, global health

ethics and, 10nonidentity argument, 312–313nonmaleficence, 385

Index

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in environmental health ethics, 272nonstate actors, 6duties of, 142–144

Nordhaus, William, 288–289Norgaard, K. M., 460, 461North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA), 244Mexico in, 43, 249–250

North Korea, 182Novartis Institute for Tropical

Diseases, 399Nozick, Robert, 115, 418on property rights, 105

nuclear war, 188mutually assured destruction and,188

nuclear weapons, 187–189world stockpile of, 188

nuclear winter, 188Nussbaum, Martha, 350nutrition. See also malnutrition;

undernourishmenthealthcare quality and, 87life expectancy and, 87as SDOH, 42transition, 20–21

NZORD. See New ZealandOrganization for Rare Disorders

obesitychildhood, 247–248in LMICs, 20–21

objectivism, 141obligations. See dutiesOccidentalism, 327occupational exposure, 39–40ODA. See Official Development AidOECD. SeeOrganisation for Economic

Co-Operation and DevelopmentOfficial Development Aid (ODA), 7–8,

171, 208–209contributions to, 216critique of, 211–213declines in, 210–211donors, 212expenditures in, 210failures of, 213–214, 215Global South and, 218institution building through,213–214

political economy analyses of, 212public goods underfunded by,216–217

offshoring, 383, 473Ogoni people, 129–130oil industryin Africa, 259ecological degradation and, 129–130health outcomes linked to, 257poverty linked to, 259–260

One Health Initiative, 236–237O’Neill, Jim, 59O’Neill, Onora, 138Oneryildiz v. Turkey, 129–130ontology, 470Ooms, Gorik, 119Orbinski, James, 111organ trafficking, 159Organisation for Economic Co-

Operation and Development(OECD), 77, 207, 216, 217–218,254–255

Global South involvement with, 217Organisation for Women in Science

for the Developing World, 80–81Orientalism, 327Oslo Commission, 235–236Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion,

125–126outsourcing, 383of clinical research, 12

overlapping consensuson justice, 139UDHR as, 115

Oxfam International, 21, 208, 243, 418Oxford Research Group, 186ozone layer, 306

Pachamama, 365–366Pakistan, 190Palestinians, 186palm oil, 256Pandemic Emergency Financing

Facility, 64Pandemic Influenza Preparedness

Framework, 52pandemicseconomic costs of, 52prominent, 52World Bank on costs of, 59

Pang, Tikki, 11–12Papua New Guinea, 299parasitism, 360–361parens patriae, 146–147parental consent, 147Parfit, Derek, 307–308, 312–313Paris Agreement, 277, 474Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness,

214, 217Paris Principles, 411–412Parker, M., 376participatory disease surveillance, 432Partnership for Research on Ebola

Vaccinations (PREVAC),378–379

Paschim BangaKhet Mazdoor Samityand others v. State of West Bengal,117

patents, pharmaceutical, 138counterfeiting, 400, 404

diseases neglected under, 399–400drug biases under, 400of HICs, 398–399intellectual property rules and, 398last-mile problem of, 400–401, 404life of, 398limiting, 398, 401marketing, 400monopolies and, 398pharmaceutical, 398–399poor countries negatively impactedby, 399–401

prices under, 399, 403profitability of, 401wastefulness of, 400, 403–404

patriarchy, 35Patterson, Dudley, 364–365Patz, J. A., 459–460Pauwelyn, J., 165Pearson, Lester, 289Pedersen, H., 461–462penicillin, 88Pentagon, 190PEPFAR. See President’s Emergency

Plan for AIDS Reliefperfect duties, 104permaculture, 366ethics of, 366

pesticides, 275Peter, Fabienne, 150–151Pettit, Phillip, on liberty, 103pharmaceutical industryduty dumping by, 137, 138influence of, 136intellectual property rules and, 138LMICs and, 389–390

phenomenology, 323philanthrocapitalism, 13accountability in, 417, 421defining, 416, 417efficiency of, 421ethical problems with, 420global governance patterns and,423–424

in global health, 423goals of, 417, 419–420, 421–423ideal theory and, 420–421inequality as enabler of, 418,419–420

injustice of, 419–420philanthropy compared with, 417public resources leveraged by, 417transformative effects of, 417

philanthropy, 416Carnegie on, 420–421democracy and, 421duties in, 419–420, 422effectiveness in, 422–423inequalities and, 13moral framing of, 419

Index

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philanthropy (cont.)philanthrocapitalism comparedwith, 417

redistribution through, 420the state and, 420, 421supererogation in, 419–420,422–423

Philip Morris, 164Phillips, T., 334philosophyAfrican, 339–340alternative paradigms in, 348defining, 339dominant paradigms in, 348,353–354

Pier 55, 419Piketty, T., 208PISA. See Programme for International

Student AssessmentPiva, P., 216placebos, in clinical trials, 385plague, 52, 59Plato, 154pluralismin anthropology, 332bioethical approach to, 332, 333in Chinese culture, 331in ethical transculturalism, 330methodological, 351

pneumonia, 384Pogge, Thomas, 12, 22, 23, 103, 105,

208, 350on injustice, 101–102on justice, 150on poverty, 140on Rawls, 107on TRIPs, 102

poisonous gases, 188–189Poland, Blake, 11poliovirus, 57–58, 424political ecologydefining, 460–461education and, 460–461, 463–464

political economyaccumulation patterns in, 243key concepts in, 243ODA analyzed with, 212SDOH operationalizing, 30–31

political struggles, 474, 476of Indigenous peoples, 362

population control, climate changeand, 278–279

population growth, 306, 359poverty and, 395in Sub-Saharan Africa, 59–60

positive duties, 101Posluns, M., 365posthumanismdefining, 461education and, 461–462, 464

social theories under, 461postmodernismPrince, 476on solidarity, 154

Potowatomi, 365–366Potter, Lisa, 352Potter, Van Rensselaer, 269on bioethics, 269, 318, 351–352

poverty, 3–4defining, 16, 38–39in environmental justice, 321–322extreme, 16, 38–39, 394–395fertility rates and, 394–395global health and, 397–399governmental attitudes toward, 128HIC perpetuation of, 396of Indigenous peoples, 37life expectancy and, 397in LMICs, 384mining industry linked to, 259–260as moral challenge, 396obligations to populations in,395–397

oil and gas industry linked to,259–260

patent regime negatively impacting,399–401

Pogge on, 140power structures and, 39prevention of, 394–395, 396–397redistribution and, 38reduction of, 394–395SDOH and, 38–39United Nations on, 247World Bank on, 16, 247

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers(PRSP), 172

Power, Production, and SocialReproduction (Bakker & Gill),242

power and power relations. See alsoempowerment

cooperative conceptions of, 235, 238decentralization of, 235, 354division of, 103economic growth and, 22–23in global extractive order, 263in global health governance,446–447

globalization and asymmetries of,316–317

imbalances in, 353interphilosophies dialogueaddressing, 354

under neoliberalism, 233–234poverty and, 39under radical democracy, 235reforming, 470–471relationships, 102SDOH and, 29, 34–37

Powers, Madison, 152–153PPP. See purchasing power parityPratitya-samutpada, 154precaution, 275–276, 288in environmental health ethics,273–274

predatory lending, 34predatory publishing, in global health

research, 377pregnancy, 42HIV/AIDS and, 392mortality, 15

President’s Emergency Plan for AIDSRelief (PEPFAR), 211, 399, 412

Preston curve, 17–18PREVAC. See Partnership for Research

on Ebola Vaccinationsprimitive accumulation, 245, 251defining, 245–246

principle of divisibility, 307–308principle of effectivity, 140Principles of Biomedical Ethics

(Beauchamp and Childress), 270,328

Prinz, J., 334–335prioritarianism, 139, 201–203privatization, 172, 173, 233, 245in education, 254reversal of, 253of water access, 320

privilege, 234, 354problem of concrete responsibilities,

136–137, 139, 141Programme for International Student

Assessment (PISA), 78Project Maven, 190ProMED-mail, 431–432property ownershipin cities, 34as SDOH, 33–34

property rights, 141enclosure and, 251–252global health ethics and, 105–106justice regimes and, 138–139Lockean, 105Nozick on, 105

protectionism, 161–162Protocol of San Salvador, on right to

health, 125PRSP. See Poverty Reduction Strategy

PapersPseudomonas aeruginosa, 57psychosocial theory, of SDOH, 29, 30public debt, 171public financing, 254–255public funding, for global health

research, 374public goals, duty of consistency to,

143–144public goods, 408

Index

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defining, 107global, 107health as, 125ODA underfunding of, 216–217

public health, 98AI and, 431–432big data and, 431–432ethics and, 200, 463GHI and, 406–409as SDOH, 40

Public Health Service, US, 32public opinion, 475–476public policies, 167public regulation, 161public servicesbudgeting, 174exception, 166

public transportation, 42publicity condition, 200–201, 202public–private partnerships, 33, 217,

399, 445, 446purchasing power parity (PPP), 16pure neoliberalism, 246Putin, Vladimir, 222

quality of life, 234declines in, 248

race, 35in environmental justice, 321–322inequalities and, 17right to health and, 124as SDOH, 35–36

racismdefining, 35institutionalized, 35–36SDOH and, 35–36

radical discounting, 309–310Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana

(RSBY), 227Raspail, Jean, 293Rawls, John, 103, 106, 115, 388, 453on burden of judgment, 421on equality of opportunity, 151fairness principle of, 150–151on inequality, 150on injustice, 106–107on international law, 106–107on justice, 150, 451–454Pogge on, 107

Raz, Joseph, 390on human rights, 115–116

RDS. See respiratory distress syndromeRead, R., 282Reagan, Ronald, 171, 172Realizing Rawls (Pogge), 103reasonableness, accountability for,

200–204reciprocity view, 309–310redistribution, 105, 236

in France, 38through philanthropy, 420poverty and, 38SDOH and, 37–38trade policies impacted by, 158–159in United States, 38

reflexivity, 234refugees, 295. See also migrants and

migrationdefining, 294human rights of, 113–114

regeneration, 366regional human rights treaties, right to

health in, 125regressive taxes, 254regulative condition, 202regulatory chill, 163–164reindigenization, 365steps in process of, 365

relational ethics, 350relational justice, 150relativism, 326, 351relevance condition, 200–203religion, 42–43remedial responsibilities, 300, 301of HICs, 301

remittance, 208–209reparative justice, on agency, 111republicanism, civic, 350research. See global health researchResearch Investments in Global Health

(ResIn), 374Resnik, David, 9resource curse, 259–260resource depletion, 283–284resource privilege, 262respiratory distress syndrome (RDS),

384responsibilities, 350, 354. See also

dutiesconceptions of, 454–456duty dumping and evasion of,137

gaps, 138for injustice, 455juridicial, 456legal, 455problem of concrete responsibilities,136–137, 139, 141

remedial, 300, 301social structures related to, 455Young on, 455–456

responsiveness, 456–457retirement, 93Reubi, D., 426revision and appeals condition,

200–201, 202Richter, J., 417, 424Ridde, V., 260Rift Valley fever, 52–57

right to health, 124–125, 141–142,198–199

administrative accountabilitymechanisms, 130–131

in Africa, 124–125in Canada, 131CEDAW on, 124CESCR on, 126for children, 124as community-oriented, 154–155CRC on, 124criticisms of, 128–129CRPD on, 124defining, 124, 141for disabled people, 124duties related to, 127in European Union, 125GHI and, 406–409human rights and, 128, 141ICERD on, 124ICESCR on, 123, 126inequality unaddressed by, 128–129international health conferences on,125–126

international human rights treatiesand, 124

in international law, 122judicial accountability for, 129–130Kapczynski on, 129negative, 142neoliberalism combated by, 128–129political accountability mechanisms,131

positive, 142Protocol of San Salvador on, 125race and, 124realization of, 129, 406in regional human rights treaties,125

SDG on, 125–126SDOH linked to, 127social accountability mechanisms,131–132

for specific groups, 124UDHR on, 123UNCESCR on, 125UNCRC on, 153WHO on, 123for women, 124

rights-based debt repudiation, 179Riley, J. C., 18–19Rio Declaration on Social

Determinants of Health, 122Rio Summit, 287risk socialization, 472–475Rivera, Valladolid, 365–366road traffic accidents, 20, 42Rockefeller, Nelson, 176Rockefeller Foundation, 91, 223, 417Roosevelt, Franklin, 289–290

Index

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Rorty, Richard, 154Rotary International, 424Rousseff, Dilma, 225RSBY. See Rashtriya Swasthya Bima

YojanaRudin, Jeff, 7Ruger, Jennifer Prah, 152, 218rule of rescue, 195Rural Health Commission,

227Russia, 186, 187, 189–190geopolitical power in health in,222–223

HIV/AIDS in, 222–223Rutstein, D. D., 91

Sabin, J., 200–201, 202, 203,204

Sachs, Jeffrey, 4SADC. See Southern African

Development CommunitySalmonella, 57Salud Boricua, 432SALWs. See small arms and light

weaponsSanders, David, 7sanitation, 4developing world access to, 16as SDOH, 41

SAPs. See Structural AdjustmentProgrammes

Sargent, Frederick, 282–283sarin, 57–58SARS. See severe acute respiratory

syndromeSartori, D., 461–462Sassen, Saskia, 9, 256Saving Downs, 333Sawadogo, Yacouba, 366–367Scanlon, T. M., 418Schmitz, P., 445–446Schrecker, Ted, 3–4, 9Schumacher, E. F., 289Schuppert, F., 262–263Schweitzer, Albert, 283Scott, Ed, 422Scully, J. L., 335SDGs. See Sustainable Development

GoalsSDI. See Social Development IndexSDOH. See social determinants of

health; societal determinants ofhealth

sea levels, 306–307self-defense, 106–107self-determination, 10self-help society, 472–473Selgelid, M., 208Sen, Amartya, 152, 227on famine, 388, 452

Senegal, 388separative consciousness, 360, 361severe acute respiratory syndrome

(SARS), 51, 52–57, 305in China, 225

sexuality, 35shadow banking, 474Shannon, Geordan, 5shared determinants of health, gender

as, 76–77Shell Petroleum, 129–130Shiffman, J., 445–446Shigella, 57Shklar, Judith, 321Shue, Henry, 350Silva, Luiz “Lula” da, 224Singer, Peter, 100, 104, 111, 334–335,

395, 396, 421–422on comparable moral importance,100–101

on cosmopolitan ethics, 454SIPRI. See Stockholm International

Peace Research InstituteSix, C., 214–215slavery, 12legacy of, 35–36trade, 256

slums, 41climate migrants in, 297–298

small arms and light weapons(SALWs), 185, 186

Small Arms Survey, 184, 186smallpox, 52, 423–424Smith, Adam, 232Smith, E., 376, 446smoking, 41deaths related to, 20

social class, 34–35defining, 34middle, 233mortality data and, 34struggle, 474

social commons, 9capitalism and destruction of, 251enclosure of, 251–252enhancement of, 471, 472–475fiscal squeeze of, 253–255

social constructivism, 141social contract theory, 106social control, medicine as form of, 87social determinants of health (SDOH),

28–29, 123, 131–132AAAQ, 126–127climate change and, 296defining, 28–29of ECD, 150–152General Comment 14 viewed by, 126human rights and, 122inequality as, 122international law and, 123

judicial accountability for, 129–130right to health linked to, 127WHO on, 28–29

Social Development Index (SDI), 91social disruption, 285–286social distancing, 58social growth, 18–19social inclusion, SDOH and, 37social justice, 152–153in bioethics, 269defining, 152in global health ethics, 353WHO on, 122

social media, 10, 316social movements and, 317, 318

social movementsautonomy in, 318in Brazil, 250gender, 76social media and, 317, 318

social reality, 231social relations, 34–37social reproduction, 242, 470components of, 245defining, 245exploitative, 243, 245–246

social rights, 128social security, 130social services, budgeting, 174societal determinants of health

(SDOH), 28–29, 44, 459behavioral/lifestyle model for, 29biomedical lens for, 29colonialism shaping, 32culture as, 42–43defining, 28–29democratic processes and, 37discrimination and, 34–37ecosocial theory of, 30education as, 39embodiment as, 43employment as, 39–40environmental conditions and, 40health inequalities and, 29–31housing as, 40–41Indigenous peoples and, 36–37land tenure as, 33–34migrants and, 38nationalism shaping, 32neighborhoods as, 40–41nutrition as, 42political economy and, 30–31poverty and, 38–39power mechanisms and, 29, 34–37property ownership as, 33–34psychosocial theory of, 29, 30public health as, 40race and racism in, 35–36redistribution and, 37–38religion as, 42–43

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sanitation as, 41social relations and, 34–37transportation as, 42violence shaping, 32water access as, 41wealth distribution and, 33welfare state and, 37–38work conditions as, 39–40

societal justice, 453socioeconomic gradients, 16of noncommunicable diseases, 20

socioeconomic status, 34–35in HICs, 34–35

soft power in health, 221, 223–224, 227of China, 225–226in India, 226–227

solidarity, 150, 198, 350in child rights, 153–155cultural notions of, 154defining, 153–154development aid and, 154–155in global health ethics, 353health systems for, 93–94human rights paradigmscomplemented by, 154

individual rights contrasted with,154

international, 154in international law, 154–155postmodern understandings of,154

Tandon on, 218Somalia, 112Somerville, Margaret, 351Soobramoney v. Minister of Health,

116–118South Africa, 116, 144antiretrovirals in, 117apartheid in, 36, 144, 170debt of, 170, 179–180domestic litigation in, 130HIV/AIDS in, 81, 117, 130, 187

South African Constitution, Article 27,116–117

Southern African DevelopmentCommunity (SADC), 80–81

Sovacool, B. K., 256sovereignty, 140Soviet Union, 22, 89, 178, 230, 244Spanish flu, 51, 52spirit level argument, 21–22SPS Measures. See Agreement on

Sanitary and PhytosanitaryMeasures

Staphylococcus aureus, 57, 88–89the stateduties of, 127, 139–141ECD and accountability of, 153failure of, 142health policy set by, 207–208

human rights guaranteed by,140–141

injustice and involvement of, 140justice and, 138, 139–140legitimacy of, 139–140membership in system of, 139–140natural resources utilized by, 140philanthropy and, 420, 421war and involvement of, 140

Stein, Edith, 323stewardship, 287in environmental health ethics,272–273

Stiglitz, Joseph, 22on debt, 178

Stockholm International PeaceResearch Institute (SIPRI), 185,186–187

Stockholm Summit, 287Stone, A., 440stories, 361–362business as usual, 362future possibilities oriented through,362

Great Turning, 362, 364–365Great Unraveling, 362metaphors revealed by, 361

Straehle, Christine, 10, 459–460Strategic Advisory Group of Experts

on Immunization, 64–65Streptoccocus pneumoniae, 57streptomycin, 88structural adjustment programs

(SAPs), 32–33, 172–174, 242in Africa, 175–176as business opportunity, 177in Global South, 242health outcomes under, 174–175moral hazard in, 176–177psychopathy and, 179in Tanzania, 175UNCTAD on, 176WHO on, 175–176WTO synergizing with, 177in Zimbabwe, 175

Stubbs, T., 247Stuurman, Siep, 323–324subprime housing market, 246Sub-Saharan Africadebt of, 171, 173HIV/AIDS in, 15–16, 32–33, 114,175, 196, 388

population growth in, 59–60suffering, 314prevention of, 100–101

Suharto, Gen, 178sumak kawsay, 363ethics of, 363

Sumner, A., 212superbugs, 52

supererogation, 419–420, 422in philanthropy, 419–420, 422–423

surfactants, 384Surfaxin, 384–385, 391, 392surgery, advances in, 89–90sustainability, 236, 366anthropocentrism as threat to,351–352

development of, 236, 238of energy consumption, 306in environmental health ethics, 273

sustainable development, 236food industry and, 161

Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs), 12–13, 22, 86, 122,208–209, 211, 370, 412

advancement of, 406critiques of, 441–442GHI and, 406–409global governance and, 441, 442, 447health system functioning and, 94on right to health, 125–126UHC in, 86

Sustainable Security Index, 186Sweden, 38swine flu, 52Symbiocene, 236–237Syntropic Agroforestry Project,

366–367Syrian civil war, 184, 189–190, 284Szasz, T. S., 87

TAC. See Treatment Action CampaignTaguchi, Lenz, 461Tallinn, 86–87, 93–94Tallinn Charter, 93Tandon, Y., 212, 218on solidarity, 218

Tangwa, Godfrey, 11Tan-Mullins, M., 217Tanzania, SAPs in, 175targeted interventions, 424–425tariffs, 396Tarnas, Richard, 234, 350–351Tarp, F., 214, 218taxes, 4, 474under Bretton Woods system, 418carbon, 475estate, 289–290evasion of, 254–255, 473–474global progressive, 474regressive, 254

Taylor, Charles, 350TBT Agreement. See Technical

Barriers to Trade AgreementTCPS. See Tri-Council Policy

StatementTeasdale-Corti Grant Program, 346Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)

Agreement, 161–162

Index

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technology, 8war and, 190

Temer, Michael, 225témoignage, 199, 203Temple, Robert, 385terminal illness, 330–331terrorism, 136bioterrorism, 342

testicular cancer, 90Thailand, 162Thatcher, Margaret, 172A Theory of Justice (Rawls), 103, 453thiazides, 89think tanks, 288Thinking Ecologically (Morito), 347350.org, 466–467Thunberg, Greta, 286thyroid hormones, 89TiSA. See Trade in Services AgreementTNCs. See transnational corporationsTobacco Framework Agreement, 159,

165Tomsons, Sandra, 11, 375toxic waste dumping, 321–322TPP. See Trans-Pacific Partnershiptrade, 33creep in, 158, 165–166cross-border, 163food security impacted by, 160global governance institutions on,164–165

globalization and policies of, 159health policy impacted by, 158–159,161

inequalities and, 158–159infectious diseases spread by, 160magnitude of flows in, 158, 160–161negotiations, 158processes, 159–160redistribution impacting policies of,158–159

slave, 256trade agreements, 33, 164intellectual property in, 160

Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA),159, 163

trade liberalization, 6–7, 43, 259critiques of, 160ethical concerns regarding, 160food security and, 160–161globalization and, 159investment protection and, 163–164under neoliberalism, 230WTO pursuit of, 143–144

Trade-Related aspects of IntellectualProperty Rights (TRIPs), 143, 161,164, 389–390, 399, 408–409

establishment of, 319–320Pogge on, 102

tragedy of the commons, 309

trans people, 76, 79Transatlantic Trade and Investment

Partnership (TTIP), 159transcultural bioethics, 326, 327. See

also ethical transculturalismtransglobal bioethics, 332, 333–335transition movement, 367transnational corporations (TNCs),

256transnational justice, 454Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 159transplant tourism, 159Treatment Action Campaign (TAC),

81, 117–118Tribe, M., 212trickster consciousness, 362Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS),

349TRIPs. See Trade-Related aspects of

Intellectual Property RightsTrump, Donald, 32, 86, 93–94, 160,

244, 282, 289–290on climate change, 288, 290impeachment of, 212

Truth and ReconciliationCommission, 36–37

TTIP. See Transatlantic Trade andInvestment Partnership

tuberculosis, 4, 52in Brazil, 224–225in developing world, 15–16drug-resistant, 15, 52, 89in HICs, 15–16in HIV/AIDS, 410–411mortality rates from, 88multidrug-resistant, 89treatment of, 89

Turkey, 2942030 Development Agenda, 442, 446

U5MR. See under-five mortality rateUamuzi Bora, 431ubuntu, 154, 364UCDP. See Uppsala Conflict Data

ProgramUDHR. See Universal Declaration of

Human RightsUganda, 432UHC. See universal health coverageUighers, 190UK. See United Kingdomukama, 364UN. See United NationsUN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 436UN Committee on Economic, Social

and Cultural Rights (UNCESCR),123

on right to health, 125UN Conference on Trade &

Development (UNCTAD), 172

on SAPs, 176UN Convention on the Rights of the

Child (UNCRC), 147–148article 4, 148–149article, 23.4, 148–149article, 24.4, 148–149article 24(1), 112article, 28.3, 148–149on child development, 152on duties toward children, 148–149ECD and approach of, 153General Comment 7, 153inequalities remediated by, 153on infant mortality, 152policy enforcement, 153preamble to, 148–149progressive realization of, 152ratification of, 147, 148on right to health, 124, 153scope of, 148

UN Declaration on Human Rights(UNDHR), 296

article 25(1), 299UN Development Programme

(UNDP), 436UN Environment Programme

(UNEP), 257UN General Assembly, 233–234UN Global Compact on Refugees, 293UN Millennium Project, 209UN Population Division, 281–282UN Security Council, 143, 189UN Special Rapporteurs, 131UNCRC. See UN Convention on the

Rights of the ChildUNCTAD. See UN Conference on

Trade and Developmentunder-five mortality rate (U5MR),

16–17, 450for African-Americans, 36

underlying determinants of health,CESCR on, 126

undernourishment, 16, 42in LMICs, 20–21mortality from, 394

UNDHR. See UN Declaration onHuman Rights

UNDP. See UN DevelopmentProgramme

UNEP. See UN EnvironmentProgramme

UNHCR, 294, 297UNICEF. See UN Children’s FundUnited Kingdom (UK), 34agriculture in, 260–261

United Nations (UN), 159. See alsospecific topics

on AI, 429–430establishment of, 189General Comment No. 7, 147–148

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international law established by,189–190

intrastate conflict and involvementof, 189

on poverty, 247United States (US), 17ARV access in, 222bioethics of, 333–334for-profit hospitals in, 137geopolitical power in health in,222–223

healthcare expenditure in, 92, 137healthcare in, 18homelessness in, 41incarceration rates in, 37interest rates in, 171military expenditure of, 190redistribution in, 38water access in, 261–262

United States–Mexico–CanadaAgreement (USMCA), 244

the universalin Confucianism, 331–332the local and, as dichotomy, 327–329recasting, 332–335

universal credit system, 248Universal Declaration of Human

Rights (UDHR), 114–115,290–291, 354–355

article 25(1), 111–112drafting of, 115as overlapping consensus, 115on right to health, 123

universal health coverage (UHC), 22,33, 208–209, 259, 372, 377–378

essential, 372in SDGs, 86

Uppsala Conflict Data Programme(UCDP), 183–184

Upshur, Ross, 8urbanization, infectious disease spread

linked to, 59–60Uruguay Rounds, 143US. See United StatesUS Agency for International

Development (USAID), 436Ushahidi, 431–432USMCA. See United States–Mexico–

Canada Agreementutilitarianism, 201–203, 208

vaccines and vaccination, 4development of, 61, 62HIV/AIDS, 14, 342–343social value of, 61

VANHIVAX, 342–343Vayena, Effy, 13vegetarianism, 305Veggeland, F., 162veil of ignorance, 103

La Via Campesina, 34, 250, 320violencedispossession linked to, 258gender-based, 35, 76–77in global extraction industries, 258global health and, 7outside of war, 184recent trends in, 183–184SDOH shaped by, 32

virtue ethics, 333VulaMobile, 431vulnerabilityin bioethics, 316–317gender and, 316–317

Vulture Funds, 179

Wagamese, Richard, 235Waldron, Jeremy, 101–102Wall Street, 233Wallace, K. A., 334–335Wallace-Wells, D., 282Wallander, Celeste, 222Wamsley, Dillon, 9, 14Wanless Report, 92warhumanitarian medicine in, 196just, 330mineral resources and, 32new, 184old, 184prevention of, 189–190the state involvement with, 140technology and, 190violence outside of, 184

Washington Consensus, 243–244waste management, 269in environmental health ethics, 274

water access, 463gender and, 41land grabs and, 261privatization of, 320as SDOH, 41in United States, 261–262

water justice, 320water pollution, in environmental

health ethics, 274–275wealthaccumulation of, 232concentration of, 243economic growth and, 17–19of Gates, B., 416health outcomes and, 92–93health systems and, 92inequality, 33, 418as injustice, 419–420

wealth distribution, SDOH and, 33weapons of mass destruction, 187–189welfare state. See also redistributionSDOH and, 37–38success of, 38

well-being, 152the Westthe East and, as dichotomy, 327–329ecological crisis and thought of, 358individual rights in, 154interphilosophies dialogue on,353–354

mainstream bioethics in, 327West Africa, Ebola in, 61–62, 211wet markets, 305–306wetlands, 277WHO. SeeWorld Health OrganizationWilson, James, 13, 360–361women. See also genderempowerment of, 425with HIV/AIDS, 392in LMICs, 392right to health for, 124

work conditions, as SDOH, 39–40Working Group of the Global

Coordination Mechanism onNCDs, 377

World Bank, 94, 139, 140, 173,233–234, 243–244

climate change research of, 180corruption of, 180debt and role of, 178dispossession and role of, 258fiscal discipline of, 174Gender Data Portal, 77on globalization, 22loans of, 179–180on pandemic costs, 59on poverty, 16, 247

World Economic Forum, 261World Economic Summit, 286World Federation of Cultures, 341World Food Program, 248World Health Assembly, 7, 182, 424World Health Organization (WHO),

16, 52, 61–62, 64–65, 86–87, 94,117, 158, 174, 223, 440

Action Programme on EssentialDrugs, 126–127

Blueprint list, 52–57BMGF contributing to, 424budget of, 424constitution of, 111, 123, 159Department of Digital Health,429–430

Ebola handled by, 342on global health, 182Global Observatory on Health R&D,371–372, 374–375

goals of, 86, 143on human rights, 111influence of, 423–424International Clinical Trials RegistryPlatform, 371–372

priority pathogens identified by, 57

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World Health Organization (cont.)R&D Blueprint for Action, 371–372on right to health, 123on SAPs, 175–176on social determinants of health,28–29

on social justice, 122Working Group of the GlobalCoordination Mechanism onNCDs, 377

World Health Report, 372, 377–378World Social Forum, 235World Trade Organization (WTO), 6,

12, 33, 139, 143establishment of,319–320

on intellectual property, 244–245,253–254, 398

SAP synergies with, 177trade liberalization pursued by,143–144

World War I, 51, 177–178, 188–189World War II, 170–171, 182, 183–184,

188–189, 231–232, 249, 289WTO. See World Trade Organisationwu-wei, 366

XDR-TB. See extensively-resistanttuberculosis

Xhosa, 364x-rays, 90Xu, K., 216

Al-Yamamah arms, 187Young, Iris Marion, 455on responsibilities, 455–456

Zambia, 16, 173,179

debt of, 173Zapatista rebellion, 250Zika, 52–57, 319, 430Zimbabwe, SAP in, 175Zoelick, Robert, 178zoonoses, 60, 305–306,

313Zuckerberg, Mark, 416Zulu, 154, 364Zwi, Anthony, 8

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Documents

478 - Assets - Cambridge University Press