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Unit 5: World War I and the Treaty of Versailles

M.A.I.N Causes of the Great WaroNovember 13th – 16th

The Great War, Life in the Trenches oNovember 26th – November 30th

USA on Our Way!oDecember 3rd – December 5th

The Treaty of VersaillesoDecember 6th - December 12th

What are the four M.A.I.N Causes of the First World War?

For the following chart, indicate the title causes in the upper, smaller boxes and detail the document letter and explain the cause in the lower, larger boxes.

Cause 1: Cause 2:

Cause 3: Cause 4:

War as Celebration: The Mood in Europe

Paris: “That Fabulous Day” By Roland Doregeles

THE FIRST DAY OFMOBILIZATION WILL BE

SUNDAY, AUGUST 2

Only three lines, written hastily by a hand that trembled. It was an announcement to a million and a half Frenchmen.

The people who had read it moved away, stunned, while others crowded in, but this silent numbness did not last. Suddenly a heroic wind lifted their heads. What? War, was it? Well, then, let’s go! Without any signal, the "Marseillaise" (French National Anthem) poured from thousands of throats, sheafs of flags appeared at windows, and howling processions rolled out on the boulevards…They hailed one another above the bravos of the crowd, and this human torrent, swelling at every corner, moved on to circle around the Place de la Concorde…then flowed toward the Place de la Republique…from Belleville and the Faubourg St. Antoine yelled themselves hoarse on the refrain from the great days, "Aux armes, citoyens!" (To arms, citizens!) But this time it was better than a song.

…at the Rue La Fayette footsoldiers in battle garb with women throwing flowers and kisses to them. …. Young and old, civilians and military men burned with the same excitement. It was like Brotherhood Day.

1. Describe the feeling that as overcome the French citizens in the passage above. What actions are described above that match this feeling?

Vienna: “The Rushing Feeling of Fraternity” Stefan Zweig (written in 1941)

The next morning I was in Austria. In every station placards had been put up announcing general mobilization…. There were parades in the street, flags, ribbons, and music burst forth everywhere, young recruits were marching triumphantly, their faces lighting up at the cheering . .

And to be truthful, I must acknowledge that there was a majestic, rapturous, and even seductive something in this first outbreak of the people from which one could escape only with difficulty…As never before, thousands and hundreds of thousands felt what they should have felt in peace time, that they belonged together. A city of two million, a country of nearly 50 million, in that hour felt that they were participating in world history, in a moment which would never recur, and that each one was called upon to cast his infinitesimal self into the glowing mass, there to be purified of all selfishness. All differences of class, rank, and language were flooded over at that moment by the rushing feeling of fraternity.

What did the [people] know of war in 1914, after nearly half a century of peace? They didn't know war, they had hardly given it a thought. It had become legendary, and distance had made it seem romantic and heroic. They still saw it in the perspective of their school readers and of paintings in museums; brilliant cavalry attacks in glittering uniforms, the fatal shot always straight through the heart, the entire campaign a resounding march of victory - “We’ll be home at Christmas,” the recruits shouted laughingly to their mothers in August of 1914. . . . A rapid excursion into the romantic, a wild, manly adventure -

that is how the war of 1914 was painted in the imagination of the simple man, and the younger people were honestly afraid that they might miss this most wonderful and exciting experience of their lives; that is why they hurried and thronged to the colors, and that is why they shouted and sang in the trains that carried them to the slaughter; wildly and feverishly the red-wave of blood coursed through the veins of the entire nation.

1. According to Zweig, what did the mass majority of people “know” about war? What was their view of war?

London: “Average Men and Women Were Delighted at the Prospect of War” by Bertrand Russell

I spent the evening walking round the streets, especially in the neighborhood of Trafalgar Square, noticing cheering crowds, and making myself sensitive to the emotions of passers-by. During this and the following days I discovered to my amazement that average men and women were delighted at the prospect of war.

Although I did not foresee anything like the full disaster of the War, I foresaw a great deal more than most people did. The prospect filled me with horror, but what filled me with even more horror was the fact that the anticipation of carnage was delightful to something like ninety per cent of the population. I had to revise my views on human nature…I arrived at this view in an endeavor to understand popular feeling about the War. I had [believed] until that time that it was quite common for parents to love their children, but the War persuaded me that it is a rare exception. I had [believed] that most people liked money better than almost anything else, but I discovered that they liked destruction even better. I had [believed] that intellectuals frequently loved truth, but I found here again that not ten per cent of them prefer truth to popularity.

Those who saw the London crowds, during the nights leading up to the Declaration of War, saw a whole population, hitherto peaceable and humane, letting loose, in a moment, instincts of hatred and blood lust ... [Clouded thoughts] of unimaginable wickedness conceal the fact that the enemy are men like ourselves, neither better nor worse – men who love their homes and the sunshine, and all the simple pleasures of common lives.

1. According to Russell, what has happened to the majority of Britain people in the moments leading up to war?

2. Why did the events of July and August 1914 cause Bertrand Russell to change his views of human nature? Do you agree with this assessment?

3. In the last paragraph, Russell state that “wickedness” conceals what fact?

World War I Poetry: Life in the Trenches

The term war poet came into use during and after the First World War. A number of poets served as soldiers and wrote about their experiences of war. Whether they died or survived the war, the intent of their anti-nationalistic, scornful poetry, was to remind us of the ‘true’ perspectives/views of war.

Siegfried Sassoon Suicide In The Trenches

I knew a simple soldier boy Who grinned at life in empty joy, Slept soundly through the lonesome dark, And whistled early with the lark.

In winter trenches, cowed and glum, With crumps and lice and lack of rum, He put a bullet through his brain. No one spoke of him again.

You smug-faced crowds with kindling eye Who cheer when soldier lads march by, Sneak home and pray you'll never know The hell where youth and laughter go

Wilfred Owen The Last Laugh

'Oh! Jesus Christ! I'm hit,' he said; and died.Whether he vainly cursed or prayed indeed,The Bullets chirped-In vain, vain, vain!Machine-guns chuckled,-Tut-tut! Tut-tut!And the Big Gun guffawed.

Another sighed,-'O Mother, -Mother, - Dad!'Then smiled at nothing, childlike, being dead.And the lofty Shrapnel-cloudLeisurely gestured,-Fool!And the splinters spat, and tittered.

'My Love!' one moaned. Love-languid seemed his mood,Till slowly lowered, his whole faced kissed the mud.And the Bayonets' long teeth grinned;Rabbles of Shells hooted and groaned;And the Gas hissed.

Wilfred OwenDulce et Decorum Est

Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,Till on the haunting flares we turned our backsAnd towards our distant rest began to trudge.Men marched asleep. Many had lost their bootsBut limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hootsOf tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind.

Gas! GAS! Quick, boys! -- An ecstasy of fumbling,Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;But someone still was yelling out and stumblingAnd flound'ring like a man in fire or lime . . .Dim, through the misty panes and thick green light,As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.

In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning.

If in some smothering dreams you too could paceBehind the wagon that we flung him in,And watch the white eyes writhing in his face,His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;If you could hear, at every jolt, the bloodCome gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cudOf vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues, --My friend, you would not tell with such high zestTo children ardent for some desperate glory,The old lie: Dulce et decorum estPro patria mori.(How sweet and right it is to die for your country)

WORLD WAR I POETRY

1. In the poem, The Last Laugh, what is Owen attempting to do by personifying the weapons of war?

2. In the poem The Last Laugh, who or what ironically had the last laugh?

3. Who is the intended audience of the second poem Suicide in the Trenches. What is the message for this audience?

4. Do poems like these encourage war or discourage war? Explain.

5. In the third poem, name three phrases that Owen uses to describe the terror soldiers encounter on the battle field.

6. Why does Owen state that the phrase Dulce st decorum est Pro patria mori is a lie?

7. Which M.A.I.N “ism” do these poems attack? Explain.

World War I Bio-Poem: Soldier

Directions: Writing a bio-poem is an effective way to describe the deeper levels of a character’s personality. It is also good means of self-discovery. Below you will find specific guidelines on how to write an 8 line bio-poem. After familiarizing yourself with the structure, write a bio-poem about a World War I soldier’s experience on the battlefield.

Follow directions for each line of the poem. Make sure to copy any word that does not appear in parentheses. (ex. Solder, Who feels…, Who fears…)

Line 1. Soldier

Line 2. (List three specific adjectives that describe a soldier)

Line 3. (Identify a soldier’s relations to another person or state: examples: enemy, family, nation)

Line 4. Who feels… (List three things a soldier feels)

Line 5. Who fears… (List three things a soldier fears)

Line 6. Who would like… (List three things)

Line 7. Resident of… (Identify where a soldier resides)

Line 8. Soldier

1. Soldier

2. ___________________________________________

3. ___________________________________________

4. Who feels___________________________________

5. Who fears__________________________________

6. Who would like _____________________________

7. Resident of _________________________________

8. Soldier

World War I Poetry

February 15, 1917

From: United States GovernmentTo: United States National Code Breakers

British Intelligence Officials, operating out of Room 40, in cooperation with the Bureau of Investigation, intercepted the following German sent telegram. Due to the dramatic change of global events of the past year, it is imperative that the U.S. Government decodes this document as quickly as possible. Of course if this document or any other documents or tools fall into the wrong hands, the U.S. Government will disavow any and all knowledge of your existence. Good Luck!

KF KYV ERKZFE FW DVOZTF

KYV ERKZFE FW XVIDREP TRCCJ LGFE DVOZTF KF RKKRTB

REU WZXYK RXRZEJK KYV LEZKVU JKRKVJ, ZW KYV LEZKVU

JKRKVJ VEKVIJ KYV NRI FE KYV RCCZVJ JZUV. KYV XVIDRE

XFMVIEDVEK IVTFXEZQVJ KYV DVOZTRE CFJJ FW KVIIZKFIP

KF KYV LEZKVU JKRKVJ ULIZEX KYV DVOZTRE-RDVIZTRE

NRI. ZW DVOZTF UVTZUVJ KF AFZE KYV NRI NZKY

XVIDREP, XVIDREP NZCC YVCG KYV XFMVIEDVEK FW

DVOZTF IVKIZVMV RCC CFJK EFIKYVIE KVIIZKFIP. NV RNRZK

PFLI IVJGFEJV.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I

The decoded letters

Reasons/Events for the U.S. entry into World War I

Event Description1.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

2.

3.Zimmermann Telegram

4.

Predicting: If the Zimmerman Telegram was never sent from Germany to Mexico, do you believe that the United States would have joined World War I? Why or Why Not?

Treaty of Versailles Review

According to the presentations…

1. Which nations sought to punish Germany for starting World War I?

2. Which nation changed sides in 1915? What was this nation promised for changing sides?

3. Which nation did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles and never became a member of the League of Nations?

4. Which nations felt betrayed or outraged by the results of the Versailles Treaty?

5. Which nation was forced to pay for the start of the war? What was the total cost of the war?

6. Which nation did not received the oil rich lands of Papa New Guinea?

7. Which nation lost over 70% of their home territories and also became a land locked?

8. Which nations had “hidden agendas” at the Paris Peace Conference?

9. Which nation had limited hidden agendas at the Paris Peace Conference?

10. Which nation increased their territories at the expense of Italy, despite their partial responsibility for the start of World War I?

HW #1 Causes of the Great War (407-409)

1. What are the four MAIN causes of World War One?M IA N

2. Explain Bismarck’s steps in “maintaining peace” in Europe.

3. By 1890, Bismarck had created peace in Europe. Which German leader destroyed that peace?

4. How did ‘he’ destroy peace?

HW #2 Crisis in the Balkans (409-410)

1. Why was the Balkans referred to as the “powder keg” of Europe?

2. Which leader and wife were assassinated on June 28th 1914? Who was the assassin?

3. Describe Austria’s reaction to the assassination.

HW #3 The Great War Begins (pg. 411-413)

1. By 1915, Which nations make up the Allies? Which of these countries switched sides in the war?

2. Which nations make up the Central Powers?

3. Describe the Schlieffen Plan. Why was the plan not successful?

4. By 1915, what style of warfare is being fought in Western Font of Europe?

HW #4 Trench Warfare (413-415)

1. Describe life for a soldier in the trenches.

2. What were some of the challenges that soldiers dealt with on a daily basis?

3. Which two battles on the Western Front saw more than 1 million soldiers?

4. List three reasons why Russia struggled in the early years of the war.1. 2. 3.

HW #5 A Global Conflict (417-419)

1. What did the Gallipoli Campaign hope to accomplish? Was the campaign successful?

2. What was the name of the British Passenger Ship that German submarines sunk in 1915?

3. Why was the Zimmermann Telegraph seen as a threat to US security if Mexico never even attacked?

HW #6 The Home Front (419-420) 1. Define: Total War

2. How was propaganda used during the war?

3. What role did women play during the war?

HW #7 The Allies Win the War (420-421)

1. What events took place in Russia on the following dates?March 1917:November 1917:March 1918:

2. The arrival of what nation signaled the end of the war for the Central Powers?

3. Define: Armistice

HW #8 The Legacy of the War (421-422)

1. View the Char on page 422 and Answer the following questions:a. How many soldiers did the US lose in the war?

b. Which Allied nation lost the largest number of soldiers?

c. Which Central Power nation lost the largest number of soldiers?

2. Explain what the text means where is read that “the Great War left a deep mark on Western society”.

HW #9 A Flawed Peace (424-427)

1. Which four nations/leaders were known as the Big Four?

2. Define: Self-Determination

3. Name three restrictions that were placed on Germany as a result of the Treaty of Versailles.1.

2.

3.

4. Which two victorious nations left the Paris Peace Conference feeling cheated and betrayed?