(4)(Histo)Endocrine System

8/19/2019 (4)(Histo)Endocrine System

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM


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HYPOPHYSIS

= Pituitary GlandTerminology of the pituitary glandAdenohypophysis - pars distalis!Anterior lobe" - pars tuberalis

- pars intermedia

#eurohypophysis - $nfundibular proc.!Posterior %obe" - $nfundibular stal&

media eminance


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HISTOGENESIS HYPOPHYSE

The pituitary gland li&e the adrenal, is an as-'ociation of two different tissues. The adeno(ypophysis is derived from an invagination)f the roof of the stomodeum !oral ectoderm"*hich migrates dorsally as rath&e+s pouch to'urround partially the neurohypophysis!nervous part". The latter is a ventral evagi-#ation from the floor of the third ventricle of The brain


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The part tuberalis is anupward e tension of the partdistalis which partiallysurrounds the stal&.


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The pars intermedia develops from thatportion of rath&e+s pouch whichcomes in contact with theinfundibular process.$t is well definedin some vertebrates, but poorlydeveloped or absent in others.Theresidual cleft which represent the

remnant of the cavity of rath&e+spouch separates the pars distalis andintermedia.


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ANTERIOR LOBE

Three primary cell types have been described. They arethe only types which can be recognized readly with( .

Acidophils :-appro imately /- 0 micro-discrete granules of uniform size.-granules stained by eosin, phlo ine,azocarmin, and

acid fuchin.- 1 2 acidophilic granules 2 relatively uniform size and density 2 diameter 34/ m5 2 distribution the pars distalis.


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ANTERIOR LOBE

Basophils :- Are larger-

4 -0/ micro- 6ytoplasmic granules- Granules are much finer, their

ma imal diameters 7/-0// m5- 8asophilic granules stain with

hemato ylin, aniline blue, light green.

9


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ANTERIOR LOBE

Chromophobes :-relatively little non granular cytoplasm

-recognized as a clump of nuclei with little or no cytoplasm.


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ANTERIOR LOBE

Anterior pituitary cell Acidophil alpha cell %T(

epsilon cell 'T(8asophil 8eta cell T'( :elta cell ;'(,%(,$6'(

6hromophobe gamma cell #one


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- The infundibular process <neurohpophsis are composed ofmasses of nerve fibers, sweepingdownward from the hypothalamus <numerous cells called pituicytes

POSTERIOR LOBE


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THYROID GLAND

$n early embryonic life, the thyroid glandis derived from the cephalic portion of

the alimentary canal endoderm. $ts fun-ction is to the synthesize the hormonthyro ine !T7" and triiodothyronine !T3"

which stimulate the rate of metabolismin the body.


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THYROID GLAND

(istology structure- Thyroid tissue is composed of thousands of follicles

that consist of spheres formed by simple epithelium

whose lumen contains a ge- latinous substance called colloid- ;ollicular cells range from s umous to columnar.- 1orphologic appearance of thyroid follicles varies

acording to the

region of the gland and its functional activity.


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THYROID GLAND

PA>A;)%$?@% > 6 %% = 6 6 %%- ;ound as part of the follicular epithelium- %arger than thyroid follicular cells

- 'tain less intensely *ith 1 - %arge golgi comple- 'mall amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum- %ong mitochondria- These cell is their numerous small ! // B/ nm"- 'ynthesis and secretion calcitonin- AP@: cell


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PARATYROID GLAND

$t is safe to recognize twomain types . 6hief cell = principal cells

0. ) yphil cell = 6olloid cellsCHIEF CELL :- 'mall polygonal cells- 'lightly acidophilic-

1 2irregularly shaped granules 2secretory granules containing

parathyroid hormone


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PARATYROID GLAND

OXYPHIL CELL :- %arger polygonal cells

- 6ytoplasm contains many acidophilicmitochondria- ;unction cells is not &nown


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ADRENAL GLAND = SUPRARENAL

The adrenal corte and medulla from differentgerm %ayers. The corte arises from the coelemicintermediate mesoderm, the medulla consists of

cells derived ;rom the neural crest, from whichsympathetic gang%ion cells. (istologic appearanceof the adrenal gland is typical of an endocrinegland in which cells of both corte and medulla

are grouped in cords along capillaries.


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1$6>)'6)P$'1). CAPSULE

The collagenous connective tissue capsule that covers theadrenal gland sends thin septa to the interior of the glandas trabeculae.The stroma consists mainly of a richnetwor& of reticular fibers that support the secretory cells.

2). Korteks adrenal Adrenal corte can be subdevided into 3 concentric layers

whose limits isp usually not sharply defined in humans . C. Glomerulosa

0. C. ;asi&ulata3. C. >eti&ularis


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ZONA GLOMERULOSA- 4D of the total volume of the adrenal glands- 6olumnar or pyramidal cells- Are arranged in closely pac&ed- >ounded, or arched cords surrounded by capillaries- Glomeruli

ZONA AS!CULA"A- 1iddle zone

- E4D of the total volume of the adrenal glans- The cells are polyhedral- Great number of the lipid droplets in their cytoplasm- 6alled spogyocytes.


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ZONA RE"!#ULAR!S - $nnermost layer of the corte , lies between z. fasciculata and the

medulla- /D of the total volume of the adrenal glands- 6ontains cells disposed in irregular cords

- 6ells are smaller- %ipofuscin pigment granules in the cells are large and uitenumerous.

- $rregularly shaped cells with py&notic nucleiA !E"AL #E ULLA-6omposed of polyhedral parenchymal cells arranged in cords or clumps and supported by reticular fiber networ&

-membrane limited electron dense secretory granules- 4/-34/ nm in diameter-These granules contain catecholamine,epinephrine,norepinepherine-The secretory granules contain ATP,dopamine < opiateli&e peptides.


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ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

The islets of langerhans are multihormonalendocrine microorgans of the pan&reas .$n'ections, each islet consists of lightly stained

Polygonal or rounded cells. The islet cell form6ords separated by blood capillaries, hereseen as white spaces.>outine stains or trichrome stains allow the

>ecognition of acidophils !alpha",< 8asophils!beta".@sing immunocytochemical methods;our types of cells A,8,: and ;.


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ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

6ell Types in hums islets of langerhans 6ell type Fuantity Posisition (. Produced A 0/D periphery Glucagon

8 E/D 6entral insulin

: 4D Hariable 'omatostatin ; rare variable PP


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PINEAL BODY

$s also &nown as the epiphysis cerebri.Along with capillaries, they surround the cellular cords andfolicles,forming irregular lobules.several types of cells 1. P$nealo%&tes

- A slightly basophilic cytoplasm

- %arger irregular or lobate nuclei < sharply definednuclei.

- $mpregnated with silver appear to have long andtortuous branches reaching out to the vascular.

2. Astr%&tes- longated nuclei that stain more heavily than do those ofparenchymal cells.- between the cords of pinealocytes and in perivascular areas.- %ong cytoplasmic processes that contain a large number ofintermediate filaments / nm in diameter.


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(4)(Histo)Endocrine System