Halil Inalcrk

The Ottoman Empire:

Conquest, Orga nLzation and Economy

Collected Studies

VARIORUM REPRINTSLondon 1978

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1. &zt'trh librcy CIp dota lnalcik, HalilThe Ottoman Empire. - (Collected studiesserics; CS87).l. Turkey - History - Ottoman Empire, l2gg.l9lg _Collected worksI. Title949.6',009 DR440

ISBN 0-86078.032-5

fublished in Grat Britain by variorum Reprints2la Pembridje Mews [.ondon Wl l 3Ee

hinted in Great Britoin by Kingprint LtdRichmond Surey TW9 4pD

VARIORT,JM REPRINT CS87

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CONTENTS

Preface

CoNQUEST AND ORGANTZATTON

l-u

,/'Ottoman Methods of Conquest

Studia Islomica II. Paris 1954

t04-t29

II The Problem of the Relationship BetweenByzantine and Ottoman Taxation 237 -24?Akten des XI. Internationalen Byzantinisten-Kongresses 1958. Munich 1960

III The Conquest of Edirne (1361) 185-210

Archivum Ottomanicam III. The Hague 1971

ry Land Problems in Turkish History 221-228The Muslim lilorld 45. Hartford 1955

,,/V The Turkish Impact on the Development,/ of Modern Europe 5l -58

1 The Ottoman State and its Place in World History,ed. Kemal H. Karpat. E. J. BriU, Leiden 1974

VI The Policy of Mehmed II Toward theGreek Population of Istanbul and theByzantine Buildings of the City 231-249Dtmbnton Oaks Papers 23124.lilashington D. C I 969 I I 970

/-vn Suleiman the Lawgiver and ottoman Law 105-l3gArchiyum Ottomanicum I. The Hague 1969

\/llI Ottoman Policy and Administration inC,u"prus after the Conquest S_23A.r,1:176t. tr{atbaas. Ankara Ig69

... ix Lepanto in the ottoman Documents lgs-192II lfedftenattect nella seconda meth del ,500

allo luce di Lepanto. Firenze Ig74

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X The Ottoman Economic Mind andAspecrs of the Ottoman Economy 207 _2lgStudies in the Economic Historv of the.,lliddle Easr. ed. M. A. Cook.Oxford L'nir.*ersitl' hess, London 1970

,- K Bursa and the commerce of the Levant l3l-147Jounul of Economic and Social Historv of theOrienr IIIl2. Leiden 1960

.7XIl Capital Formation in the ottoman Empire g'l -l4o" TVe Journal of Economic History XIX.

New York University hess, New york I969

OTTOMAN DECLINE AND REFORM

XIII The Ottoman Decline and Its EffectsUpon the Reaya 338-354Aspects of the Balkans, Continuiry and Change.Conrributions to the International Balkan&nference held at UCLA, October 23-28 1969,ed. Henrik Birnbaum & Speros Vryonis Jr.,Mouton, The Hague 1972

XIV The Socio-Political Effects of the Diffusionof Fire-Arms in the Middle East 195-211lilar, Technology and Society in the Middle East,ed. V. J. Porry and M. E. Yapp.Oxford University hess, London 1975

'>'- XV The Nature of Traditional Society; Turkey 42-63/ Politicat tlfod.ernization in Japan and Turkey

(Studtes in Political Development 3 ), ed.Robert E. l|ard and Dank,vart .4. Rostoyv.hinceton University Press, hinceton, N.J. 1961

XVI Application of the Tanzimat and itsSocial Effects 3-33The Peter de Ridder Press, Lisse 1976.(= Archivum Ottomanicum V. (1973), pp.97-128)

Index r- 19

This volume contains a total of 362 pages

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PREFACE

Whether one is dealing with Byzantine and Balkan history in thelate Middle Ages, or with the fundamental changes in the Islamicworld in modern times, or with the resurgence of the Mediterraneanas the center of world history in the sixteenth century, or evenwith such crucial developments as the rise of nation-states and ofcapitalism in Europe, one is inevitably confronted with thatcolossus called the Ottoman Empire. In one way or another forsix centuries down to the first world war, the Ottoman Empireremained a major problem for Europe, symbolizing the challengeof Islam first in the face of crusade and then of coloniaiism. ir wascommonly envisaged in the West as the Antichrist, a threat toevery value of Western culture, an anachronism that stood in theway of the "normal course" of history and had to be eliminated.These images were embedded in the western mind and becamepart of its cultural tradition. They also became, understandably,an integral part of the set of unquestioned assumptions thatdetermined the outlook of European historians, despite theinsights given by a few dissident historians, such as Nicola Jorga,Paul Wittek and Fernand Braudel. It is indeed difficult to explainhow some distinguished historians in the fields of European orByzantine history can have been so simplistic in their inter-pretations when it came to the Ottomans.

However, thanks to the rediscovery and opening to study of theottoman archives, an unusually rich source for the political, socio-economic and demographic history of the whole Middle East andthe Balkans in modern times, studies on the ottoman Empire, that"zone of formidable uncertainty" as Braudel put it, have madetremendous progress in past decades. one can now say that we arebeginning to discern more clearly the real place of the Ottoman

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Empire in world history, and to understand the whole historicalprocess in this central region. Born out of Islam's reaction toan expanding Europe in the Eastern Mediterranean during thefourteenth and fifteenth centuries. the Ottoman Empire, despitethe borrowing of many western techniques. represents thestrongest and most successful resistance to Europe by any non-western culture; this challenge, in turn, seems to have contributedsignificantly to the moulding of u'hat we consider modern Europe.Thus. the story of the Ottomans also becomes of interest to thoseconcerned u'itir the most sigrrificant iristorical process of moderntimes in one of its crucial stages: that is tlie development of thetechnological supremacy of Western Europe over the othercultures of the world.

The papers selected here are designed to present in one volumethe resuits of research in the Ottoman archives on such questionsas hbu' the Ottomans made and organized their conquests to buildup one of the longest living empires in world history; what werethe characteristics of its socio-economic structure: and how. as a

result of the militar-v and ecorronric inrpact of its unyielding rival.Christian Europe. this basicalll' medieval Islamic structure beganto disintegrate.

The papers collected here \\/ere published betu'een 1954 and1974. The transliteration of names of Arabic. Persian and Slavicorigin is not consistent. We have tried to remed)' this b_v cross-referencing in the index. and to correct some errors or misprintsof importance.

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