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4th State of Water -- articles & patents

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Ted SURATT / Robinson GOURLEY

SG Gas

" The 4th State of Water " : Electromagnetic treatment of H2O shifts hydrogen, to form " SGGas " -- stable, non-explosive, & compressible, withany applications for health, agriculture,industry, &c.

http://notbrownsgas.com/

The Differences Between Brown's Gas and SG Gas

Water Ion Technologies causes fundamental molecular changes in water that allow the creationof new or improved products with properties and characteristics not ever seen before in today'sworld. These products and services affect the most basic needs of mankind toward better health,more efficient energy and a cleaner environment. The core of Water Ion Technologies is theproprietary process, owned by WIT International, L.L.C. or "WIT", for generating the Fourth Stateof Water which is named SG Gas. The resulting gas flame has a uniform blue color appearancewithout yellow sparks indicative of water (H2O) vapor or red sparks indicative of either H2 or O2gas contamination that are evident in other water-generated gases.

In our process of creating SG Gas, electrolysis does not take place! Other gases developed byRhodes and Brown are "dirty cocktails" with mixtures of gases including H2 or O2 gases that aregenerated from heat-producing electrolysis processes and can be explosive.

It must be clear in our process of creating SG Gas, electrolysis does not take place. "Electrolysis"is defined as a "method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing anelectric current through them." Electrolysis does not take place and no splitting of the watermolecular bonds to the basic components of oxygen and hydrogen occurs, as is demonstrated bythe fact that no increase in hydrogen or oxygen gas can be measured in the reaction zone duringthe production of SG Gas. This is a key differentiator from the processes that have resulted inother gases that were and are produced by electrolysis of water. The gases produced by

electrolysis exhibit far different properties from that of SG Gas. Gases produced by electrolysis areexplosive, cannot be pressurized and are heat-producing gases on ignition. Rather, our discoveryinvolves a shift of one hydrogen within a water molecule (H2O) to create a diatomic bond of twohydrogens with the oxygen. The combination of the electric and magnetic forces associated withour discovery, restructures the water molecule and creates the resulting O--HH molecule such thatSG Gas can be pressurized and is not explosive upon ignition.

Our process for creating the more stable, safer SG Gas is neither heat producing (no electrolysis)nor involves any splitting of hydrogen and oxygen bonds from the water molecule that could createan explosive situation.

Unique Properties of SG Gas Compared to Other Gases including Browns Gas

For more information of our proprietary Blue Technology please visit: Wateriontechnologies.com

http://wateriontechnologies.comWIT InternationalPost Office Box 20563Sarasota, FL 34276(888) 936-2782

Robinson B. Gourley, Jr. -- CEOTed Suratt -- Chief Science Officer

SG Gas

Our Discovery is the Fourth State of Water.Our Mission is to Advance Knowledge of Our DiscoveryOur Goal is to Work with Others on Global Solutions.

In Discovering the Fourth State of Water, Our Mission is to be part of the global solution workingwith others to apply our Discovery, to enhance the efficiency of energy alternatives without anyadditional pollutant emissions, thereby meeting the current challenges of financial, environmentaland social wellbeing and advancing our mutual energy independence and security.

US2008257719Apparatus And Method For Making Flammable Gas

An electrolyzer includes a first electrode in the form of an inner tank formed of a material capableof being magnetized and a second electrode in the form of an outer tank formed of a materialcapable of being magnetized. The inner tank is nested within the outer tank. A spacer basketformed of a plastic material is disposed between the inner tank and the outer tank. The inner tankincludes a positive terminal in electrical communication with a DC power source and the outertank includes a negative terminal in electrical communication with the DC power source. A magnet

for magnetizing the outer tank has a field sufficient to affect the inner tank. Electrolysis within thetank produces a flammable gas having a first hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom and asecond hydrogen atom bonded to the first hydrogen atom.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] This invention relates, generally, to the generation of gas from electrolysis. Moreparticularly, it relates to the generation of a flammable gas having unusual properties and aheretofore unknown molecular structure.

[0003] 2. Description of the Prior Art

[0004] It has long been known that water can be separated into hydrogen and oxygen with the useof an electrolyzer. However, the cost of the process is greater than the benefits received.

[0005] What is needed, then, is an improved electrolysis method and apparatus that produces anovel flammable gas from an electrolyte and water solution that provides benefits without the priorart high cost of separation.

[0006] However, in view of the prior art considered as a whole at the time the present inventionwas made, it was not obvious to those of ordinary skill in the pertinent art how the identified needscould be fulfilled.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The long-standing but heretofore unfulfilled need for a novel flammable gas and for anelectrolyzer capable of generating such novel gas is now provided in the form of a new, useful, andnonobvious invention.

[0008] Because molecules such as hydrogen and oxygen have magnetic qualities, they existnormally in a diatomic state O2 and H2. They also have electronegative values that affect thestrength of the bond. In the case of a water molecule (H2O), this invention discloses thatintroducing a current through an electrolyte solution, preferably a potassium hydroxide solution, inthe presence of a magnetic field reconfigures the molecule into a heretofore unknown gas referredto hereinafter as hydroxyhydrogen or hydrogas. This heretofore unknown gas is a diatomichydrogen molecule that is single bonded to atomic oxygen.

[0009] This is accomplished by spacing an anode and a cathode about a quarter of an inch apartand introducing a DC voltage of approximately 1.5 to 2.0 volts with current equal to approximatelyone-quarter of an amp (0.25 amp) per square inch of cathode surface area. This weakens theelectronegative strength of the oxygen atom and allows a hydrogen atom to dislodge andmagnetically bond to the other hydrogen atom that is strengthened by the magnetic field.

[0010] The resulting product is a flammable non-toxic gas that implodes when lit, and is anoxidizer that liberates atomic hydrogen when it bonds with another molecule.

[0011] More particularly, the novel electrolyzer includes a first electrode in the form of an inner tankhaving a first diameter formed of a material capable of being magnetized and a second electrodein the form of an outer tank having a second diameter formed of a material capable of beingmagnetized. The second diameter is greater than the first diameter and the inner tank is nestedwithin the outer tank.

[0012] A cylindrical open space is created between the inner and outer tanks by the difference intank diameters. Drain holes are formed in the sidewalls of the inner tank, near the bottom endthereof, so that when the inner tank is filled water and an electrolyte such as potassium hydroxide

to form an electrolytic fluid, the electrolytic liquid fluid flows through the drain holes and is disposedin the open space between the inner tank and said outer tank. The inner tank is also full of saidelectrolytic fluid when said open space is full.

[0013] A spacer basket formed of a plastic material is disposed in the open space between theinner tank and the outer tank.

[0014] The positive side of a DC power source is in electrical communication with a positiveterminal secured to the inner tank and the negative side of the DC power source is in electricalcommunication with a negative terminal secured to the outer tank. The DC power source providesa voltage of about 1.5 to 2.0 volts and a current of about 0.25 amps per square inch of cathodesurface area.

[0015] A magnet having a strength of about twenty (20) Gauss units magnetizes the outer tank,and the strength of the magnetic field of the magnet is sufficient to affect the inner tank.

[0016] The outer tank has a gas outlet and a flammable gas is generated by electrolysis within theelectrolyzer and is collected as it exits through said gas outlet. The flammable gas burns at atemperature of about two hundred seventy degrees Fahrenheit (270[deg.] F.) when ignited. Theflammable gas has a first hydrogen atom bonded with an oxygen atom and a second hydrogenatom bonded with the first hydrogen atom.

[0017] A purified, polarized water is made by passing the flammable gas through distilled water.

[0018] An important object of this invention is to provide a method and apparatus for making thenovel gas.

[0019] These and other important objects, advantages, and features of the invention will becomeclear as this description proceeds.

[0020] The invention accordingly comprises the features of construction, combination of elements,and arrangement of parts that will be exemplified in the description set forth hereinafter and thescope of the invention will be indicated in the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] For a fuller understanding of the nature and objects of the invention, referenceshould be made to the following detailed description, taken in connection with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

[0022] FIG. 1 is a prior art diagram of a water molecule;

[0023] FIG. 2 is a diagram of the novel molecule;

[0024] FIG. 3 is a diagram of the novel electrolyzer;

[0025] FIG. 4 is a is a diagram of the novel spacer basket; and

[0026] FIG. 5 is a diagram of the magnetized outer tank of the novel electrolyzer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0027] The novel electrolyzer is surrounded by a magnetic field that may be generated by anelectromagnet or a permanent magnet. Carefully controlled voltage and amperage reconfigures awater molecule into a magnecule, referred to hereinafter as hydroxyhydrogen.

[0028] More particularly, a current is passed through a conductive water solution. The currentweakens the bonding strength of the water and thus allows the magnetic force provided by themagnetic field to reconfigure the water molecule into a highly polar magnacule containing atomicoxygen bonded to a diatomic molecule of hydrogen. The resulting product is a flammable gas.When lit by an ignition source, the hydroxyhydrogen gas implodes and produces a very lowtemperature flame of approximately two hundred seventy degrees Fahrenheit (270[deg.] F.).

[0029] The total heat energy is approximately equal to the power required to create the gas.

[0030] Due to its low temperature, the gas has limited utility as a stand alone fuel. However, whenthe flame is applied to a substrate such as iron, the flame temperature increases almostimmediately to the melting temperature of iron. The same phenomena holds true for metals otherthan iron and substances other than metals; the flame temperature rises quickly to the meltingtemperature of the metal or other substance.

[0031] The electronegative value of iron is lower than the electronegative value of hydrogen. Thiscauses the highly energized hydroxyl molecule to attach itself to the iron and release hydrogen.The released hydrogen bonds with atmospheric oxygen and thereby creates large amounts ofheat. This quality makes the gas highly useful in the metal-cutting industry and reduces theamount of hydrocarbons used and thus reduces the amount of byproducts of hydrocarbons thatare released into the atmosphere.

[0032] Although the novel gas is not a fuel, when added to the air intake of a combustion engine,the novel gas dramatically reduces harmful exhaust emissions and increases fuel efficiency. Thisreduces oil consumption. It is a safe, non-toxic oxidizer that bonds easily with water.

[0033] Referring now to FIG. 1, it will there be seen that a water molecule is denoted 10 as awhole. As is well-known, it includes two (2) hydrogen atoms, collectively denoted 12, and one (1)oxygen atom, denoted 14.

[0034] A hydroxyhydrogen magnecule 16 is disclosed in FIG. 2. It also includes two (2) hydrogenatoms 12 and one (1) oxygen atom 14. However, a first hydrogen atom has been released from itsbond with oxygen atom 14 and has bonded with a second hydrogen atom as depicted.

[0035] Conventional science maintains that hydrogen can have but one (1) bond, as depicted inFIG. 1. It follows that the hydrogen atom 12 in FIG. 2 that seems to have two (2) bonds (one withoxygen atom 14 and one with another hydrogen atom) cannot exist in nature. However, theproperties and behavior of the novel gas may be explained if the structure depicted in FIG. 2 iscorrect.

[0036] Ionic and covalent bonding could better be described as electrostatic and magneticbonding, respectively. The Lewis dot theory of bonding which is taught in all universities is flawedin many ways. Lewis himself recognized that nitrogen, which can have a valence of 3, 4, or 5, wasan exception to the rule. Diatomic molecules such as hydrogen are also exceptions. Based on theLewis dot theory, hydrogen can have only one bond. This contradicts Gauss's Law which statesthat there are no monopoles in magnetism, i.e., there are only dipoles. Water is proof that Gauss iscorrect since it is well known that liquid water forms hydrogen bonds with other water molecules inorder to remain in a liquid solution. Individual H2O molecules from evaporation or transpiration area gas. Based on the atomic weight of the molecule, water is a gas. By applying a small amount ofenergy in an electrolyzer, we can separate the water molecules into a gaseous form and with thepresence of a magnetic field re-establish the diatomic hydrogen bond. The magnetic strengthshould be approximately twenty (20) Gauss units.

[0037] The electrolyzer that causes this reconfiguration of a water molecule is depicted in FIGS. 3-5. Electrolyzer 20 includes inner tank 22 that serves as an electrode and magnetized outer tank 24that serves as an electrode. Spacer basket 26 is positioned between said inner and outer tanks.The distance between the inner and outer tanks controls the voltage and the volume of gas outputis determined by the amperage.

[0038] Multiple drain holes, collectively denoted 28, are formed in the cylindrical sidewalls 30 ofinner tank 24, near imperforate bottom wall 32 thereof. Drain holes 28 allow electrolyte in innertank 22 to flow into the open space between the inner and outer tanks.

[0039] Inner tank 22 includes water and electrolyte fill spout 34 which is insulated from but sealedto outer tank 24 by spacer basket 26.

[0040] Positive terminal 36 is in electrical communication with the positive side of a DC powersource 21. Positive terminal 36 is attached to inner tank 22 and insulated from outer tank 24.

[0041] Gas outlet 38 is attached to outer tank 24. The open end thereof may be attached to a filter,dryer, or storage tank, depending upon the application.

[0042] Negative terminal 40 is attached to outer tank 24 and the negative side of said DC powersource.

[0043] Spacer basket 26 is made of a plastic or other material suitable as an electrical insulatorand sufficiently resistant to withstand strong electrolytic solutions such as potassium hydroxide. Ithas open flow through areas as depicted in FIG. 4.

[0044] Inner tank 22 and outer tank 24 are made of material capable of being magnetized.

[0045] Outer tank 24 is magnetized by a permanent magnet or an electromagnet with sufficientGauss units to affect inner tank 22. In a commercial embodiment, the strength of the magnetic fieldis about twenty (20) Gauss units.

[0046] The properties of the novel polarized gas are not limited to increase in flame temperatureproperty mentioned above. Bubbling the novel polarized flammable gas through distilled waterresults in bonding with many organic and inorganic substances and rendering them harmless.Even distilled water, filtered water, and reverse osmosis water still contain free radicals and tracesof bacteria. Lab tests have shown that the water produced by bubbling the novel polarized gasthrough it is more conductive, non-toxic, and bacteria free. Controlled studies on plants haveshown that it makes them healthier and faster-growing. Wounds heal faster on mammals cleaneddaily with the novel water. People who have imbibed the water anecdotally recount the stopping ofmigraine headaches, clearer vision, improved concentration, and other improvements such asdissolving vitamins, minerals and nutrients faster.

[0047] Without regard to what is eaten or what kind of medicine, vitamins, or supplements aretaken, if the body does not metabolize it, it doesn't provide any benefits. Metabolism is the sum ofall chemical changes that take place in the body. These changes are responsible for maintaininghealth and providing energy, but energy is also required to bring about these changes. Sincewater is the liquid the body uses to dissolve and transport foods, vitamins, nutrients, andmedicines, it is essential to energize this vital fluid in order for the body to function properly and toheal itself.

[0048] When water evaporates from the earth, it rises through a powerful magnetic field thatinduces a charge. Lightning is the discharge of this stored energy. As rain drops fall back to earth,a small amount of energy is also induced which cleans the air, neutralizes pollution, and hasenough energy left over to make lawns greener, healthier, and grow three (3) times faster thanthey would grow with ordinary water. Even the slightest polarization of water, as evidenced by rain,is extremely beneficial in nature. In order to control the degree of polarization, the polarized gas ismade from water as disclosed above and then bubbled through a quantity of distilled water asaforesaid.

[0049] The novel gas produced by the novel electrolyzer thus enables the production of a novelwater having numerous therapeutic effects. The novel gas has many other applications as well,such as the enabling of more efficient combustion of fuels, and so on, all of which are inherent andthus within the scope of this invention.

[0050] It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, and those made apparent from the

foregoing description, are efficiently attained. Since certain changes may be made in the aboveconstruction without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matterscontained in the foregoing description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpretedas illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

[0051] It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the genericand specific features of the invention herein described, and all statements of the scope of theinvention that, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.

Method for Making a Gas from an Aqueous Fluid, Product of the Method,and Apparatus ThereforUS2010209360 US2013323322

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] This invention relates to the generation of a purified stable gas from an aqueous fluid,wherein said gas may be stored under pressure and uses for the gas.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Electrolysis of water is known to produce hydrogen gas (H2) at the cathode and oxygen gas(O2) at the anode. Due to the high heat of the chambers, water vapor also resulted from thisprocess. If the hydrogen gas and oxygen gas were not effectively separated, such methodsresulted in an impure gaseous product that could not be effectively compressed or stored underpressure for industrial applications in a single container and was deemed explosive anddangerous. Thus, it remained desirable to develop a method by which a useful, stable, purified,compressible single gas could be formed from water or an aqueous fluid.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0005] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic of a preferred reaction chamber for the invention.

[0006] FIGS. 2-3 illustrate the inventor's conception of the nature of the gas as formed fromthe process disclosed herein.

[0007] FIG. 4 illustrates graphs showing the absorption of Vitamin C by cells treated withSG Gas-infused Water and control. FIG. 4A shows the effect on basolateral cells and FIG.4B on apical cells.

[0008] FIG. 5 illustrates properties of SG Gas-infused Water.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0009] A method for generating a gas having desirable properties is herein disclosed. In addition,methodology for purifying said gas is disclosed. Applicants refer to this gas as SG Gas.

[0010] Applicant hereby incorporates U.S. Ser. No. 11/738,476 filed on Apr. 21, 2007; U.S. Ser. No.12/596,077 filed Mar. 17, 2010 by reference as if fully set forth herein.

[0011] In a first step of the method, an aqueous fluid is provided to a reaction zone. While varousaqueous fluids, such as distilled water, tap water, or water taken from a river, stream, lake or thelike may be used to generate electrical current at satisfactory levels, it is preferred to use anelectrolyte solution for the aqueous fluid of standardized composition so that the conditions of themethod can be better standardized for maximum yield of gas.

[0012] The aqueous fluid is provided to a reaction zone which is preferably closed off so to allowthe reaction to occur under pressure. An alkali salt is preferably used as an electrolyte dissolved indistilled water. Preferred alkali salts are potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and sodiumhydroxide. The specific gravity of the alkali salt in the solution is above 1.0. Most preferably,potassium hydroxide is employed at a specific gravity from at least above 1.0 up to about 1.2. Ifanother electrolyte is chosen other than potassium hydroxide a mole ratio must be calculated forthat substance so that the maximum mole ratio represented by the specific gravity of 1.2 providedfor potassium hydroxide will not be exceeded. These specific gravity values are as determined bya refractometer which provides readings that are temperature compensated. Most preferably, theelectrolyte employed is potassium hydroxide (powder form) dissolved in distilled water at aconcentration sufficient to form a solution having up to 1.2 specific gravity. A suitable refractometeris the Westover Model RHA-100, portable refractometer.

[0013] Aqueous fluid is contained in a receptacle which can be made out of a variety of materialsincluding sheet steel, stainless steel, CV-PVC and epoxy resin fiberglass. The apparatus andinternal devices need to be heat resistant and waterproof. The reaction zone is comprised of saidaqueous fluid.

[0014] The aqueous fluid is placed in a reaction zone in the method of the invention. Overall, themethod employs creation of a magnetic field in the aqueous fluid and periodic collapse of themagnetic field under conditions which do not provoke electrolysis of the aqueous fluid. Underthese conditions, a single gas is generated and collected. This gas has desirable properties and isuseful for applications.

[0015] In a first step of the method, a magnetic field is applied to the reaction zone. Preferably, themagnetic field is applied by providing a source of electric power to said reaction zone. An electriccurrent in said reaction zone provides a magnetic field.

[0016] In a preferred embodiment, two metallic end plates having an inside surface and an outsidesurface, and having the capacity to conduct an electrical current are used in the reaction zone inopposing configuration. The inside of each end plate is partially submerged in the electrolytesolution. The metallic plates are preferably comprised of nickel alloy or stainless steel, but anymetal can be used as long as such metal has the capacity to conduct an electric current and ispreferably resistant to erosion by alkali solutions. One of said metallic plates serves as a cathodeand the other as an anode. The cathode and anode should be separated a sufficient distance sothat a magnetic field forms when current is applied to the reaction zone. The distance between theplates must be greater than one inch (2.5 cm) in the method of the invention and is preferably eightto sixteen inches apart. This distance is independent of the volume of the aqueous fluid employedor size of the reaction zone.

[0017] There is a relationship between the concentration of electrolyte solution and the amperagewhich will exist in the aqueous fluid upon application of current thereto. The higher the specificgravity, the greater the amperage will result. This will also affect the strength of the magnetic field,and increase the temperature of the solution. Electrolysis (used industrially to produce hydrogengas via the reaction 2H2O(l)?2H2(g)+O2(g)) which is not desired in the method of the invention,could occur if the current is too high. The current may be too high if the specific gravity of theelectrolyte exceeds the equivalent of 1.2 for potassium hydroxide.

[0018] In order for the magnetic field to be applied to the reaction zone, a power source (e.g., 110volts DC) is applied respectively to the anode and to the cathode.

[0019] An appropriate power source that may be used in the method of the invention is 110 voltalternating current which has been converted to direct current using a rectifying process (e.g., adiode bridge device). Any standard power or voltage source may be used as long as it is rectifiedto direct current. When an electric current is applied to the reaction zone, a magnetic field iscreated in the reaction zone, which periodically collapses and causes the conversion of the waterin the aqueous fluid into gas. Cyclic pulsation will be present in current even after alternatingcurrent is converted to direct current (for example a 60 cycle pulsation from household current)unless a smoothing circuit has been incorporated. This resulting cyclic pulsation is employable inthe invention to periodically collapse the magnetic field, however using an auxiliary pulsing unit ispreferably used in the method of the invention so that better regulation of pulsing may beemployed. Any means for causing the electric current provided to the reaction zone to pulse at afrequency of 15 to 20 kilohertz decreases the wattage needed to create gas by approximately afactor of 10. The amount of energy needed to generate one (1) liter of gas is 0.0028 kilowatt-hourand with a pulsing device associated with the reaction zone, the amount drops to 0.00028 kilowatt-hour or less to generate one (1) liter of gas.

[0020] As the pulsing occurs, the stationary magnetic field alternatively collapses and is reinstated.

It has been found that a reaction occurs in the electrolyte solution between the two end platesupon collapse of the magnetic field, which results in a release of a generated gas. Some of thesame gas will be pulled toward the individual plates and released as part of the generated gas.

[0021] In a pilot plant apparatus for determining optimal conditions, a clear Plexiglas receptaclecan be used for the reaction zone, so that one can visibly monitor the reaction with ultraviolet lightand observe the generation of gas. This pilot plant preferably provides adjustment means for thecathode and anode so that they can be moved to optimize the reaction for a given aqueous fluidcomposition and changes in pulsing duration and frequency.

[0022] Gas is generated not only at the electrodes but also appears as bubbles in the body ofwater between the electrodes. It has been found that use of minimal electric currents between twoelectrodes results from the electrodes being spread a sufficient distance apart of at least one inch(2.5 cm) and preferably eight to sixteen inches apart, thereby creating the aforesaid magnetic fieldenveloping the reaction chamber. A pure gas is produced in the body of aqueous fluid between theelectrodes, without the production of a high levels of heat that would cause the water to vaporize(212 F.). Rather, the reaction zone remains at a temperature not exceeding 120 F. dependent onambient temperature. Normally, there is a 30 F. temperature rise above ambient temperatureassuming room temperature 90 F. The collection chambers contain no increase in oxygen gas, noincrease in hydrogen gas, and no noticeable water vapor. Thus, costs are lowered, productionspeed increases, and the resulting gas is uniform in its properties. Also important, the resultinghomogeneous gas can be pumped into a stainless steel cylinder and has been found to be stableand not explosive under pressures of over 1000 lb.

[0023] The important functionalities in the process are imposition of a magnetic field on theaqueous fluid and the ability to periodically collapse the magnetic field to generate the desired gas,under conditions short of those that will induce electrolysis. Other means which provide for thesefunctionalities can be used. For example, in an alternative embodiment, wires could be insertedinstead of plates in the reaction zone and when current passes from one wire through the aqueousfluid to the other wire, a magnetic field would be produced. In another exemplary alternative, a wirecoil outside the reaction zone could be used to which a source of DC power can be supplied tocreate a primary magnetic field in the reaction zone. A wire coil placed in the middle of the solutioncan serve as a secondary magnetic field and when powered in the opposite direction of the currentflow in pulses would collapse the primary field and create the necessary reaction to form the gas.Such a coil would be similar in concept to an automobile coil.

[0024] When water is converted into gas, the natural conversion from liquid to gas creates anincrease in volume and thus an increase in pressure within the reaction zone. While standardatmospheric pressure is about 14.7 psi at sea level, the pressure in the closed reaction zone ismaintained between 30 and 100 psi by using a check valve at the outlet of the reaction chamber tocontrol it, since maximum gas production occurs in this pressure range.

[0025] Now referring to FIG. 1, a schematic of a reaction chamber is illustrated. Cathode (1) andanode (2) are in opposing configuration, preferably more than one inch apart and most preferablyeight to sixteen inches apart. In the process of the invention, a current is passed through anaqueous fluid (3) and the current flow through the electrolyte creates a magnetic field. Theelectricity is pulsed, which collapses the magnetic field with each pulse of electricity. This producesthe gas at a very efficient rate in the area of the solution between the electrodes, as denoted by (4)in FIG. 1. The gas produced may be collected from the reaction zone through gas outlet (5) andsubjected to further purification as taught herein.

[0026] The generated gas is then preferably exposed to a second magnetic field by providing asecond reaction zone comprising of rare earth magnets. The strength of the rare earth magnetsshould be greater than fifty (50) Gauss units. Gas flows through a chamber exposed to rare earthmagnets for purification. Rare earth magnets, dense metal magnets typically made from a

composite of neodymium, iron and boron with or without a nickel coating or plating, are attached tothe exterior of the chamber. Since SG Gas is paramagnetic and water vapor is diamagnetic themagnetic chamber strengthens the molecular bond of the gas and repels the water vapor back intothe solution.

[0027] The purified SG Gas may be used immediately or compressed and stored in a gas storagetank. Purified SG Gas may be allowed to flow out of said second reaction zone directly to a torchattachment, to a compressor for storage in a pressurized vessel, or gas outflow valve for infusioninto water or other substances.

[0028] In a method for making a compressible, stable gas with desirable properties, SG Gas ismade according to the method of the invention. SG Gas can then be safely compressed andstored. SG Gas can be compressed above 1,000 psi. SG Gas also can be stored in a pressurizedvessel.

[0029] In an exemplary procedure for compression, SG Gas is discharged from the apparatus intoa hose with a compressor attached. We use a Whirlwind Compressor, Model 2200-2 HPE,manufactured by High Pressure Eng. Co., Inc. A canister with pressure gauges is used to fill thechamber with SG Gas, using a hose to transport the SG Gas from the apparatus and compressorinto the canister. We use an empty oxygen tank that has been vacuumed to remove any residualoxygen and water. The empty and vacuumed oxygen tank with pressure valve has a manufacturername of White Martins, ABRE with dimensions of 23? diameter and 19? height. SG Gas is placedunder pressure in the compression chamber up to and beyond 1,000 psi. for storage of SG Gas.

[0030] SG Gas remains stable and under pressure for one month and longer. To test its stability,wood chips were placed in a stainless steel tank and the tank filled with SG Gas. The wood chipsabsorbed SG Gas and additional SG Gas was used to refill the chamber and maintain a 30 psi.Once the wood chips were saturated with SG Gas, the tank was decompressed and pressurereduced to 0 psi. For a period of over 30 days, no pressure was generated assuming that no outgassing of SG Gas occurred. The wood chips displayed different burn properties after 60 dayswhen compared to that of the non-treated wood chips. The treated wood chips with absorbed SGGas burned more efficiently when compared to that of non-treated wood chips therebydemonstrating the stability of the SG Gas bond with the treated wood chips.

[0031] Analytical Testing and Observations of SG Gas Under Pressure Maximum Pressure: SGGas imploded when pressures exceeded 1,600 psi. Safe Pressurization: SG Gas remains safeand stable at pressures around 1,000 psi for over 30 days. SG Gas should remain stable underpressure indefinitely, at least for a sufficient period of time to allow said gas to be utilized at time30-60 days after generation.

[0032] The purified SG Gas was tested and exhibited properties of a pure, homogeneous gas thatwas found to be compressible as stated above, safe, also able to oxidize any non-oxidizedsubstrate its flame contacts and able to reduce any completely oxidized substrate its flamecontacts. The following characteristics were observed.

[0033] Ultra-violet Light Test : Exhibits a blue gray color appearance compared to untreateddistilled water which exhibits no color, when exposed to an ultra-violet light, manufactured by ZelcoIndustries Model 10015.

[0034] Balloon: Is lighter than air and causes balloons filled therewith to rise.

[0035] Cooling: The Balloon Filled with Purified Gas: Balloon remains inflated at or below -10 F.

[0036] Ignition: The purified SG Gas produced according to the above method was tested forignition properties. The temperature of the flame produced upon ignition was estimated to be about270 F. using an infrared temperature device (Raynger ST2L infrared temperature device). The

purified gas, when lit with an ignition source such as a spark, causes an implosion. Whenmaterials are exposed to the flame, which creates a chemical reaction with the material, basemetals will rapidly rise to melt temperature points, releasing heat and converting the gas back intowater (H2O).

[0037] Purified SG Gas was discharged from the reaction zone through a hose with a torchattached. On the gas output of the apparatus, a flash-back arrestor is recommended. The gas maybe exposed to an ignition source (e.g., spark or electrical arc) thus combustion of the gas occurs.The heat of the resulting flame on the subject torch has a temperature of approximately 270 F.

[0038] When an air/propane torch is burning, a small amount of SG Gas is introduced into the airmixing chamber of a lit propane torch, a single uniform flame cone becomes visible demonstratinga more efficient conversion of hydrocarbon and more heat from combustion of hydrocarbon,meaning it has a use as a fuel extender. One use is injection of SG Gas into an air intake of acombustion engine thereby reducing harmful exhaust emissions and increasing fuel efficiency. Aby-product of this process is the creation of water during the combustion cycle that generatessteam. The steam causes an increase in the torque generated by the engine resulting in greaterpower output. Depending upon the type of fuel, SG Gas extends fuel efficiency by a factorbetween 2 and 10.

[0039] When ignited purified gas contacts another substance, melting occurs within a short periodof time, usually less than one minute. The results of some examples of substances exposed toignited purified SG Gas may be found in Table 1.

[0000]

TABLE 1Effect of Ignited Purified Gas on Various Substances Effect on Exposure to Ignited Purified SG Gas (one minute or less).Substance Melting PointStainless Steel 2,600 F. Melting.Steel 1,330 F. Melting.Copper 1,984 F. Melting.Ceramic 10,000 and 12,000 F. Melting.Tar Sands Sand converted to glass and metals were separated out of the sand matrix.Concrete Creates a glassy molten surface which can adhere to metal when cooled.Glass Melts. Flame and true colors are achieved with no carbon flakes or residue embedded inside the glass.

[0040] In lieu of melting a substrate, ignited purified gas may be applied to a substrate with a viewtoward capturing the generated heat as a useful product. The heat generated can be transferred toa fluid such as air or water, thereby producing hot air or steam that can then be used industrially,such as for example to drive a turbine or piston-type engine for production of mechanical energy.In a preferred method, the flame of the SG gas can be applied to a substrate in conduit formhaving an inside surface and an outside surface. A fluid such as air or water can flow thorough theconduit adjacent the inside surface of the conduit. The flame of the SG gas can be applied to theoutside surface of the conduit which causes the heat-generating reaction to occur. The heat isthen transferred to the fluid flowing through the conduit, preventing melting of the surface butcreating a useful heated fluid that can be used in further applications. An exemplary conduit is ametal tube or pipe, such as copper tubing. It has been further determined that SG Gas can beinfused into other substances, rendering a useful product.

[0041] Candles: SG Gas infused into melted paraffin wax and poured into a mold with a wick willcreate candles that burn with lower carbon emission as observed using a Pace 400 Four GasAnalyzer.

[0042] Fluids: The gas had an affinity for water and other liquids including fuels but bubbled fromthe liquids after reaching a saturation point. One novel use of the gas is infusing it back into waterto create ionized or polarized water. The resulting gas-infused water creates smaller waterclusters that are believed to permit faster cellular absorption and hydration.

[0043] In an exemplary method for infusing SG Gas into water, SG Gas is discharged from thereaction zone into a hose with a ceramic diffuser attached. For treating large volumes of water, aceramic block diffuser may be used. The diffusers are used to reduce the size of the SG Gasbubbles to improve efficiency of water absorption. SG Gas may also be stored under pressure,then infused into water.

[0044] It is preferred to infuse water that has gone through a distillation process prior to infusion ofSG Gas into treated water with less than 1 ppm TDS (Total Dissolved Solids). One may use anabsorption graph to determine time required for achieving desired absorption of SG Gas into water.The typical rate of 30% absorption is approximately one hour to treat 100 gallons of water. A highersaturation of SG Gas up to 100% of total absorption occurs with more infusion of SG Gas intowater over time. The actual time and percentage of absorption of SG Gas are affected by thepurity of water, volume of water, size of gas bubbles, temperature and other factors.

[0045] The resulting ionized or polarized water (SG Gas-infused Water) clings longer to amagnet when compared to that of regular water. Absorption over time or saturation graphs tomonitor changes in the water properties infused with SG Gas including capacitance levels may beprepared. FIG. 7 shows a typical absorption over time graph for infusion of SG Gas into water.Subsequently, one may measure capacitance levels in the treated water over a time periodexceeding 30 days to demonstrate that the gas in water is stable. Other measurement: TotalDissolved Solids (TDS) dropped from a start of 0.33 ppm in untreated distilled water to a finish of0.17 ppm after infusion of SG Gas into distilled water for a period of approximately 11 minutes. AFluke 189 True RMS Multimeter was used to measure drop in capacitance

[0046] Storage of SG Gas in Water: The resulting polarized water with SG Gas treatment remainsstable and can be stored for 2 years or more. The actual maximum storage time has yet to beobserved but in theory, SG Gas should remain permanently stable in the water.

[0047] Absorption: During infusion of SG Gas into purified water, we used a Fluke 189 True RMSMultimeter to measure drop in capacitance. The absorption over time graph is plotted to monitorthe drop in capacitance. The first capacitance drop during initial infusion of SG Gas into a gallon ofpurified water occurs within the first three minutes of infusion. After that time, the capacitancegradually drops until the point of maximum saturation of SG Gas is typically reached between eightand 20 minutes depending on variables including initial purity of water, size of gas bubbles, andvolume of water to be treated. The resulting treated or infused water is referred herein as SGGas-infused Water herein.

[0048] Other Parameters Monitored: During infusion of SG Gas into purified water, a drop in TDS(Total Dissolved Solids) concentration, conductivity and resistively can be measured. Anappropriate measuring device is a Control Company Traceable #4063CC meter.

[0049] pH Test: Lab tests show that distilled water had a pH of 6.8 and when infused with SG Gashad a pH change to 7.6.

[0050] Ice Cubes: SG Gas remains in SG Gas-infused Water or polarized water until freezingtemperatures when the SG Gas forms a gas bubble within the ice cube itself, sometimesproducing on the surface of the ice cubes, capillary tubes where the SG Gas escapes.

[0051] Ultraviolet Light Exposure: SG Gas-infused Water was tested for the effects of ultravioletlight exposure. A clear spray bottle containing SG Gas-infused Water or polarized water placed inthe Florida sun for over two years remained clear in appearance and without algae growth which

had been observed in water not infused with SG Gas under similar conditions.

[0052] Magnets: A drop of SG Gas-infused Waterclings to the surface of a magnet longer whencompared to that of untreated water.

[0053] Many uses have been found for SG Gas-infused Water. Table 2 lists some of these uses.

[0000]

TABLE 2USES FOR SG GAS INFUSED WATERUse / Advantages Provided Over Untreated Water

Drinking water for human and animal Efficient cellular absorption andconsumption and hydration removal of toxins.Water for food and health supplement Pure form of water that improvesmanufacturing, preparation, and product quality, shelf life, nutrientcooking benefits, absorption, and taste.Water for cleaning and enhancing Reduced need for emulsifiers andeffectiveness of cleansers surfactants.Water for plants and crops including Greater size of plants, improvedhydroponics, floral arrangements and plant quality, longer viability,turf (golf courses) and reduced scale buildup including in hydroponic water containers.Fertilizer solution for application on Higher yield and more vigorousplants and crops growth.Water for aquariums and fish farming Greater size of fish.Water systems including long-term Less algae growth resulting fromwater storage, municipal supplies and antibacterial properties.in-home treatment systemsSteam, air heating and air Less algae or mold growth forconditioning systems cleaner air circulation systems.Refrigeration systems Less mold accumulation.Industrial scrubbers Less algae growth and scale buildup to maintain scrubbing efficiency.Industrial products and processes Reduce or eliminate need to useincluding oil, gas and tar sand petroleum-based solvents. extractionPharmaceutical and medicine Efficient carrier of medicines andmanufacturing removal of by-products from medicines and solvent carriers.Skin treatment products Hydration of skin cells, improved absorption of moisturizers, and reduction in pigment changes due to sun damage.Wound treatment products Faster healing and pain relief.Respiratory relief used in humidifier Improved breathing with lesssystems snoring.Eye relief products Relief for irritated eyes and hydration.Dental care products Removal or inhibit plaque and stains on teeth.Cosmetics and beauty supplies in cosmetics. Less need for chemical binders and more resistantto contamination buildup ; improved hair growth. Water features including swimming pools, spas,hot tubs, waterfalls, fountains, water amusement parks. Cleaner water with less or no chlorineand chemical additives.

[0054] Use in Process of Tar Sands Extraction: Conventional water with petroleum solvents usedin the separation of tar from sand was replaced with SG Gas-infused Water. SG Gas-infusedWater was heated (no petroleum solvent added) with a sample of tar sands in a pan to

approximately 160 F. Tar was observed separating from the sand, providing a cleaner and moreefficient process with less by-products and emissions released from tar extraction.

[0055] Use for Improved Cleaning: For laundry, one may add a quantity (1/3 of a gallon in astandard washing machine tub of 12 gallons for medium load and 16 gallons for large load) of SGGas-infused Water to the soap cycle of a top loading washing machine and the remaining water(approximately 2/3 of a gallon) is added to the rinse cycle. The polarized characteristic and smallermolecular size of SG Gas-infused Water enable the detergent and water solution to morethoroughly penetrate the cloth fabric and remove the dirt and grime. The addition of SG Gas-infused Water to the rinse assists in completely removing the soap residue that may containresidual dirt from the fabric. This process results in cleaner and stain-free laundry with less bodyoil and bacteria buildup. Laundry without these SG Gas-infused Water additives display lessbrilliant whites and retain a pungent odor caused by residual bacteria living in the fabric of thewashed clothes.

[0056] Reduced Use of Emulsifiers and Surfactants: One may dilute cleaning solutions with SGGas-infused Water for effective cleaning of surfaces to remove grime, oil and grease and removalof bacteria. SG Gas-infused Water is a natural disinfectant without harsh chemical additives.Typically, one uses at least 1 part cleaning solution with 20 parts SG Gas-infused Water tomaintain cleaning properties.

Biological Properties

[0057] Transport, Delivery and Absorption of Nutrients: In a controlled experiment, a standarddrug metabolism test in vitro was conducted over a period of 21 days. This comparative test wasperformed on cell membrane permeability for Vitamin C solution (L-ascorbic acid) using (1) Hank'sBuffered Saline Solution (HBSS) and (2) SG Gas-infused Water. Caco-2 cells were used andpermeability of the apical side (similar to intestine surface) and basolateral side (similar tounderneath intestinal surface) for the separate solutions were determined. Vitamin C quantitiationwas conducted on HPLC (HP1100 equipped with PDA detector) and Zorbax C18 reverse phasecolumn (4.6250 mm, 5 micro) at 30 C. Test results demonstrated Vitamin C permeability of SGGas-infused Water was about 4 times higher than the control counterpart. (Hu, 2008 (unpublishedcommunication).

[0058] Plant Growth: In a controlled greenhouse setting, four groups of ivy plants were wateredusing (1) 100% well water, (2) mix of 1/3 mix SG Gas-infused Water and 2/3 well water, (3) mix of2/3 SG Gas-infused Water and 1/3 well water, and (4) 100% SG Gas-infused Water. The ivy plantswere harvested and dehydrated to allow measurement of dry plant mass. The fourth group of100% SG Gas-infused Water had over 16 percent increase in mass when compared to that thefirst group of well water. (Reiser, 2006 (private communication).

[0059] Fish Growth: Two home aquariums were used to hold two respective groups of goldfish.SG Gas was bubbled into one aquarium and the second with air for a period of thirty days. It wasobserved that the goldfish in the former aquarium aerated by SG Gas grew at least 15 percentmore and the aquarium tank remained cleaner with less algae growth.

[0060] Wound Treatment and Healing: The polarization of the SG Gas-infused Water providesnatural anti-bacterial and non-toxic anti-infective properties that promote healing of superficial andmulti-layer wounds and a reduction in pain perception. A fifty-year old woman burned herself byaccidentally spilling scalding-hot coffee onto her hand. Upon seeking medical attention, aphysician advised the patient that she may have to undergo abridement or dead skin removal andpossible skin graft surgery. The patient washed the affected area with SG Gas-infused, purifiedwater and applied a medicinal ointment. The wound was wrapped with a sterile gauze and thegauze was moistened to keep the wound hydrated with SG Gas-infused Water. The patientreported an immediate and on-going lessening of pain with the application of SG Gas-infused

Water. Over the period of ten days with repeating these treatment steps involving changing of themoistened sterile gauze on at least a daily basis, the site of the wound developed new skin withminimal evidence of scaring.

[0061] Upon cessation of the treatment regime when the upper skin layer appeared to be healed,blisters appeared on the surface of the skin. The treatment with SG Gas-infused Water wasreinitiated and the blisters healed as well as the remaining layers of skin. The patient experiencedhealing and thereby avoided debridement of dead skin, and skin grafts. Skin Treatment: Topicalapplications twice a day on each side of a male volunteer's face in vicinity of his eyes were made.Two types of topical solutions were prepared with 1% magnesium ascorbyl phosphate (MAP), oneusing SG Gas-infused Water and the other using tap water. After 21 days, the volunteer observedon the side where SG Gas-infused Water solution was applied, a slight reduction in the depth offine lines around the eye and a lighting of darker skin pigment when compared to that of the otherarea where the tap water solution was applied. (Puleo of Otima Specialty Chemical, 2008 (privatecommunication).

[0062] Eye Relief: SG Gas-infused Water may be sprayed into the eyes for immediate relief andlessening of redness that is comparable to use of over-the-counter eye drops. This naturaltreatment without any chemical additives, assists in hydrating eyes and removing irritants such asdust and pollen.

[0063] Dental Care: A 50:50 solution of commercial mouth wash was mixed with SG Gas-infusedWater and a capful of this solution was used twice a day after brushing teeth. Less plaque buildupand stains were noted by professional dental hygienists as compared to previous observations sixmonths earlier when this solution had not been used.

Molecular Structure Based on Gas Properties

[0064] It is believed by the inventors from observing the properties of SG Gas that the processdisclosed herein results in a product not achieved by heretofore-reported processes for theelectrolysis of water into gas.

[0065] Given the low energy reaction that created the gas and the use of no catalysts, it is believedunlikely that any OH bonds of water could possibly be broken in the process used. It is knownthat breaking OH bonds requires two faradays per mole and the process of the invention onlyemploys 2.8 watt hours per liter, which is about a maximum of 1.6 faradays per mole. Further, theSG Gas resulting from the process disclosed herein is flammable but the flame temperature of thegas is only about 270 F. (132.2 C.), as compared to diatomic hydrogen gas which is highlycombustable and autoignites at 560 C. A hydrogen/oxygen torch flame is reportedly 3200C.=5792 F. However, the SG Gas flame easily melts metals, which likely indicates that an oxygenis active. The gas flame also reduces ceramics, which indicates that the hydrogen is in an ionizedstate.

[0066] SG Gas has an affinity for water and other liquids including fuels but bubbles from theliquids after reaching a saturation point. One use of the gas disclosed herein is infusing it back intowater to create ionized or polarized water.

[0067] SG Gas is always a gas at room temperature while normal water vapor requires energy toevaporate in great quantities. When combusted, the gas always returns to liquid water. Whenplaced in a balloon, the gas initially floats the balloon but it seeps from the balloon rather quicklyindicating that the gas has a small molecular structure.

[0068] One theory consistent with the properties heretofore observed on SG Gas is that no bondsof H2O are broken when the process of the invention is used, but that the combination of theelectric and magnetic forces restructure the water molecule. Gauss' Law that states there are nomonopoles in magnetism, only dipoles. It is well known that liquid water forms hydrogen bonds

with other water molecules in order to remain in a liquid solution.

[0069] Applying Gauss' Law to hydrogen, it has polar properties that opens up a new configuration,one in which a hydrogen can be bound to another hydrogen and an oxygen. Upon exposure to anelectric current, the electronegative strength of the oxygen atom is weakened, allowing a hydrogenatom to dislodge and magnetically bond to the other hydrogen atom that is strengthened by themagnetic field. Hence, the electric and magnetic forces made possible a shift of a hydrogen fromHOH to OHH creating a diatomic hydrogen molecule that is single bonded to atomicoxygen. As the exposed oxygen is a reactive site on the gas molecule an appropriate name ishydroxyhydrogen. This structure predicts that the oxygen is now active and can oxidize metals. Itpredicts that in the unburned gaseous state, the increased negative charge causes greaterspacing among the gas molecules causing stability, a lower boiling point, a lower freezing point,and a higher vapor pressure.

[0070] The inventors have conceived of a new isomer of waterit contains the same atoms, onlyin a different configuration and thus exhibits different properties from normal water vapor. The gasdoes not cluster to create liquid water at regular atmospheric temperatures and pressures as doesthe molecules of normal water vapor. The gas exists in a higher energy state, burns by itself at alow temperature, and melts any substrates when exposed to the gas flame. The gas flame has auniform blue color appearance without yellow sparks indicative of water (H2O) vapor or red sparksindicative of either H2 or O2 gas contamination. Hence, we call the resulting gas (SG Gas) anionized gas or a plasma gas.

[0071] Now referring to FIGS. 2-5, atoms shown are shown in their polar orientation for betterunderstanding N meaning North Pole and S meaning South Pole. This dictates the orbital spin ormagnetic flux. FIG. 2 illustrates water prior to undergoing the process of the invention. FIG. 3illustrates the process and the believed effect on the aqueous fluid used. FIG. 4 illustrates theorientation of the molecule after the process which is consistent with the observations. FIG. 5illustrates the water clusters as they would exist after the process of the invention.

[0072] While the magnetic field orients the atoms within the water molecule, the collapsing fieldinduces a charge in the opposite direction that dislodges the opposing hydrogen bond and allowsit to bond to the other hydrogen atom in the ortho position as depicted in FIG. 5. Ortho-hydrogen ismore reactive than para-hydrogen and produces much more energy.

[0073] This reaction changes water from a liquid cluster to an ionized gas or plasma gas that will,when ignited, and the flame applied to a solid substrate, melt nearly any substance. Further, whenthe gas is infused into a water cluster it will bond to the water molecules and create a muchsmaller cluster of a different shape and properties allowing it to penetrate cells and hydrateanimals and plants at a substantially faster rate.

[0074] It must be clear that due to the process used herein, electrolysis does not take place.Electrolysis is defined as a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compoundsby passing an electric current through them. Electrolysis does not take place and no splitting ofthe water molecular bonds occurs, as is demonstrated by the fact that no increase in hydrogen oroxygen gas can be measured in the reaction zone. This is a key differentiator from the processesthat have resulted in a gas being produced by electrolysis of water. The gases produced byelectrolysis exhibit far different properties from SG Gas. Gases produced by electrolysis areexplosive, cannot be pressurized and are heat-producing gases on ignition.

[0075] SG Gas is herein disclosed to be an ionized gas with the potential to oxidize or reduce anysubstance. On a non:oxidized substrate, such as steel, the active oxygen within the molecule willchemically bond to the steel bringing it immediately to its melting temperature and releasinghydrogen, which bonds with atmospheric oxygen to produce heat. On an oxidized substrate, suchas ceramic, the hydrogen reduces the substrate by chemically bonding with the oxygen present

within the substrate, melting the material and releasing atomic oxygen, which then bonds with thematerial. This double reaction is responsible for producing much more heat than an ordinaryoxidation reduction reaction.

[0076] These reactions are proven on rusty steel and concrete. When ordinary gas, such as:methane, ethane, propane, butane, or acetylene are applied to rusty steel popping and spitting ofmaterial occurs due to the explosive reaction of the ferrous oxide being separated from the non-oxidized metal due to different expansion rates. With SG Gas, this does not occur, since oxidationand reduction are occurring at the same time and the expansion rates are equal. On concretewhen heat from an ordinary gas is applied, the portion the flame touches will expand and breakloose from the rest of the concrete with an explosive force and spit pieces of hot concrete outwardand leave holes in the concrete. Again, this does not occur with SG Gas because it is beingreduced to a liquid form before the pressure of uneven expansion occurs.

[0077] Simply stated SG Gas is an ionized gas capable of oxidizing or reducing almost anymaterial without the adverse reactions created by heat producing flames. Heat is the byproduct offriction, in chemistry two atoms colliding together in a reaction known as oxidation and reductioncause this friction. A gas, referred to as a fuel, is usually a hydrocarbon that is easily oxidized,however, the carbon is what is being oxidized and the oxygen is being reduced meaning this iswhere friction occurs and these are the items being heated. Heat given off by these substances isrefractive heat and the substances being heated are absorbing heat or, better stated, are beingbombarded by fast moving hot gases. SG Gas may change the definition of melting point due tothe lack of heat producing flames.

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4th State of Water -- articles & patents