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Video Game Development by ian kabeary, franky cheung, stephen dixon, jamie bertram, marco farrier
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: requirements elicitation
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topics (some) requirements developers have to deal withhow they deal with themhow requirements have changed over the years
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must be fun have surround sound can’t be boringhave good graphics be fun 4 years from now have plot t w i s t s a d d c h a r a c t e r development have long, detailed levels
the process of requirements e l i c i t a t i o n f o r g a m e development is unlike that of any other type of software.
http://www.wallpaperspictures.net/image/lost-in-a-dense-fog-wallpaper-for-1920x1440-545-4.jpg4
these are vague, yet very important to the end users of the system, and cannot be discarded by developers. [1]
must be fun haves u r r o u n d s o u n dc a n ’ t b eboring have goodgraphics be fun 4years from nowhave plot twists addcharacter developmenthave long, detailed levels
so what can be done?
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developers can attempt to create new gameplay experienceshttp://cdn.digitaltrends.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/portal_mirror-2.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SzkHfVP1Lig/TyMgyWmbBHI/AAAAAAAAD3M/ItQVnEJjw_E/s1600/PokemonRed_Nintendo_GameBoy_005a.jpg6
or, refine existing (successful) concepts into a new game.http://cdn3.digitaltrends.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/portal-2-review.jpg
http://www.easybizchina.com/picture/product/200911/04-54a30540-67b0-49f3-8af3-38f0f95b2e78.jpg7
• Pokémon Red, Blue, Green sold 20.08 million, worldwide
• Pokémon FireRed, LeafGreen sold 11.18 million, worldwide
• Other derivatives, (like Gold, Silver, Ruby, Sapphire, Crystal, Emerald, Diamond, Pearl)sold a total of approximately 48.6 million, worldwide.
some statistics
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-VrKGuN_pMOY/TjPql78UI9I/AAAAAAAAATg/rcI3edZvYr8/s1600/iStock_money+tree.jpghttp://vgsales.wikia.com/wiki/Pokemon
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what made mario popular?http://gamesdbase.com/Media/SYSTEM/Nintendo_NES/Snap/big/Super_Mario_Bros._-_1985_-_Nintendo.jpg
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over the years, consumer expectations have changed.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_QXybMfeXlHw/TRyEWQdkW2I/AAAAAAAABNk/W5w6LQNmSpY/s1600/New%2BSuper%2BMario%2BBros.%2B2.png10
http://www.gamesdbase.com/game/nintendo-nes/donkey-kong.aspx
http://static.gamesradar.com/images/mb/GamesRadar/us/Features/2010/10/Top%207%20secret%20rooms/MarioBros--article_image.jpg
classic games seemed to be difficult to master
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while newer games focus more on realism.http://cdn2.gamefront.com/wp-content/uploads/gallery/crysis/931665_20070706_screen001.jpg12
: game design
referenced in this sectionErnest Adams, Fundamentals of Game Design, 2nd ed., Karyn Johnson et al., Eds. Berkeley, CA, United
States of America: New Riders, 2009. [Online]. http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/book/
programming/game-programming/9780321685377/copyright/copyrightp1g
Bob Bates, Game Design, 2nd ed., Mark Garvey, Mitzi Koontz, and Sean Medlock, Eds. Boston, MA,
United States of America: Thomson Course Technology PTR, 2004. [Online]. http://www.scribd.com/
doc/53700545/Game-Design-Second-Edition
Francois Dominic Laramee. (1999, Nov) gamedev.net. [Online]. http://www.gamedev.net/page/
resources/_/creative/game-design/the-game-design-process-r273
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similarities to software design
• requirements analysis
• documents/planning
• risk analysis
http://www.usmansheikh.com/Images/canvas.jpg
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stages of design
• proposal• pitch document
• concept stage• concept doc
• preproduction• game document
• prototype
• elaboration stage / development• alpha
• beta
• tuning stage / maintenancehttp://warisan-megajuta.com/images/Blueprint.jpg
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pitch doc(ument)
• document
• short, (1-5 pages)
• high level of game design
• acceptance needed to start project
http://www.marketinghomeproducts.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/elevator-pitch2.jpg
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concept stage
• concept document• detailed pitch document
• similar to requirements document
• contains:
• genre
• gameplay
• features
• setting
• story
• etc.
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pre-production
• acts as a proof of concept
• contains:
• game document
• art / graphics bible
• game prototype
• etc..
http://10dollarwp.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/3dmodelling.jpg
development / elaboration
• development
• testing
http://www.competence.co.in/images/software-testing.jpg
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tuning stage
• upgrades
• patches
• bug fixes
• new features
http://patyrykin.ru/wp-uploads/2011/08/update.png
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: testing
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is this a good bug report?
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testing phases
• pre-production
• alpha
• beta
• gold
• post-release
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pre-production
• might not be called “testers”
• what happens here, sets the tone for the rest of the project
• what if I don’t do this?
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planning tasks
• scope
• GDD (game design document)
• TDD (technical design document)
• lead tester
• appoints vice
• phase acceptance
• game design reviews
• bug database
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test kickoff
• why?
• better process definition
• better problem solving
• schedule reduction
• two phases
• tester prep
• kickoff meeting
http://pmtips.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/kickoff.jpg
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benefits of kickoff
• prepares the tester
• familiarizes the tester
• resolves conflicts in test instructions
• provides a forum for test improvement
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6oApBCwNjcU/TyACwKYIZWI/AAAAAAAAEZo/z6BMpSDiIuo/s1600/happy+computer.jpg
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alpha testing
• design is fine tuned
• you get more assets
• it’s exciting
• lots of bugs
• establish base lines
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alpha phase entry criteria
• all major game features exist
• a tester can navigate the game
• code passes 50% of TRC
• interface is complete
• QA has documentation
• game is compatible with most configs
• level scripting
• first party controllers
• art
• multiplayer
• audio
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beta testing
• after alpha testing
• time to perfect it
http://www.gamepur.com/files/images/2011/bf3-open-beta-stats.jpg
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• all features implemented
• passes TRC
• navigation
• GUI
• compatibility
• logic and AI
• controllers
• art
• audio
• online
• localization
beta entry criteria
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design lock
• do we implement a feature?
• cut a level?
http://www.psdgraphics.com/file/padlock-security-icon.jpg
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letting a bug go
http://www.yellowdartstudios.com/Winter%20Mourning.jpg
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gold testing
• code lock
• game appears to be a commercial release
• last versions are gold master candidates
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gold testing entry criteria
• severity 1 Bugs are fixed
• > 90% of severity 2
• > 85% of severity 3
• workarounds have been communicated to technical support
• performance is good
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: the creative interaction design process
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interfaces have to accomplish two goals:
1. feedback (receiving information from the game)
2. control (providing information to the game)
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feedback has two purposes in game design
1. indicate current progress
2. suggest ways of progressing further
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• strategies: which should they use?
• duration: how long will it take?
• success: am I winning?
example: health bar
in terms of progress, players like to know
http://www.yellowdartstudios.com/Winter%20Mourning.jpg
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control
• players must have some method of overcoming challenges in the game
• control mechanisms often work in tandem with feedback
• this allows players to confirm that actions they initiated were in fact executed
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interfaces have several secondary goals as well
• immersion: does the player “forget” it’s a game?
• atmosphere: does it “fit in” with the mood?
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considerations in game interfaces
• functionality: does the interface achieve its goals?
• usability: does the interface force users to take unnecessary steps?
• aesthetics: does the interface detract from in game art? is it attractive?
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: commonly used frameworks
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use of frameworks
� how do you make a game?
� rarely built from the ground upward.
� game engines are
� often reused
� new ones built off of existing technology
http://www.matrix-explained.com/photopost/data/509/2906architects_room_1280x960.jpg
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hierarchy of a game engine
the main areas
� collisions and physics
� online multiplayer
� audio
� rendering
� animation
� AI
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nVidia PhysX, havok, bullet (open source)
collisions and physicshttp://playstationlifestyle.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/uncharted-2-image-001.jpg
http://images.psxextreme.com/wallpapers/ps3/collision_1155.jpg
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abyssal engine, bigworld technology, multiverse network, RedDwarf server (open source)
online multiplayerhttp://evepics.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/kkarmageddonatposbattle.png
http://mmohuts.com/wp-content/gallery/maplestory-bigbang/maplestory_higher-resolution.pnghyperlink47
BASS, fmod, miles audio
audio ) ) ) http://www.k2audio.com/images/sitemap_background.jpg
http://www.deshow.net/d/file/cartoon/2009-04/audio-jungle-cg-illustrator-497-12.jpg48
ogre3D, granny 3D, crystal space, based on DirectX, CUDA, OpenCL
rendering...http://phoebeola.webs.com/halo-cutout-render.png
http://lcc.gatech.edu/~cpearce3/lcc4725/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/lightning-final-fantasy-13-ffxiii-high-def-render.jpg49
havok, ogre3D, UbiArt (Ubisoft proprietary), unreal, CryEngine
animationhttp://xn--80aqafcrtq.cc/img/1/6/4/164907.jpg50
AI Implant, DI-guy, Direct AI, kynapse, AI Live
artificial intelligencehttp://www.dan-dare.org/FreeFun/Games/CartoonsMoviesTV/WALL-E7/images/fullscale/eve_2.png
http://www.zastavki.com/pictures/1600x1200/2010/Photoshop_Artificial_Intelligence_021071_.jpg51
examples of game engines (that are better than Game Maker)
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Unity 3dhttp://www.indiegamemag.com/media/unity3d1.jpg
http://www.mono-project.com/files/6/68/Editorshot.jpg
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Unreal Engine (Unreal Development Kit)http://www.freebestwallpapers.info/bulkupload//20082010//Games/Unreal-Tournament-3-face2face.jpg
http://www.thegnomonworkshop.com/store/img/products/dvds/WBR02/stills/01.jpg
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CryEnginehttp://cache.kotaku.com/assets/images/9/2011/04/crysis2modkit.jpg
http://blog.operationreality.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/CryENGINE-3-Free-SDK05.jpg
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Blender Game Enginehttp://www.yofrankie.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/screen_nut.png
http://solarlune.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/printhi.png
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thankyou. (questions?)http://www.wiinintendo.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/wallpaper_super_mario_galaxy_2_01_1680x1050.jpg
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