COAL

1. General Aspects2. Exploration3. Exploitation4. Facilities5. Reserves6. Supply7. Advantages and disadvantages8. Information

Content

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COAL1. General Aspects

Coal Energy Systems: “ Coal is a rock, a sediment, a biological fossil, in short, coal is a chemically and physically heterogeneous fuel ”

Coal is a sedimentary rock used as a fossil fuel, black and rich in carbon.

World Coal Association: “Coal is a combustible, sedimentary, organic rock, which is composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ”

1.1. Definition

“Organically, coal consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with fewer amounts of sulfur and nitrogen. ”

“Inorganically, coal consists of a diverse range of ash-forming compounds distributed throughout the coal.”

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Deep

High temperature and pressure

COAL1. General Aspects

1.2. Origin

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COAL1. General Aspects

1.2. Origin

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COAL1. General Aspects1.3. Coalification

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Accumulation of plant remains under waterDiagenesis

Metamorphosis

Aerobic bacterial decomposition

Anaerobic bacterial decomposition

Detachment of humic acids to pH 4

Detachmentgases and oils

ANTHRACITE

COALBITUMINOUS

CAOLSUB-BITUMINOUS

LIGNITe

PEAT

500m 100oC

1000m 125oC

2000m 170oC

3000m 210oC

5000m 300oC

Burial under layerssediment

Increased temperature andbeginning the

coalification of 100oC

Increased pressure andtemperature continues

the coalification

Swamp Area

COAL1. General Aspects1.3. Coalification

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COAL1. General Aspects

Criteria:

Content of impurities or Volatile Matter.Content Fixed CarbonHumiditycalorific value.

1.4. Coal Types

Coalification degree or evolution of plant material

Peat ► Lignite ► SubBituminous ► Bituminous ► AnthraciteRank of Coal

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COAL1. General Aspects

Anthracitic

1.4. Coal Types

Class / Group

Meta-anthracite

Fixed Carbon(%)

Volatile Matter(%)

Calorific Value(BTU/lb)

>98 <2 -

Anthracite 92 - 98 2 - 8 -

Semi-anthracite 86 - 92 8 - 14 -

Bituminous Low-volatile 78 - 86 14 - 22 -

Medium-volatile 69 - 78 22 - 31

High-volatile A <69 >31 > 14,000

High-volatile B - - 13,000 – 14,000

High-volatile C - - 10,500 – 13,000

Subituminous Subituminous A - - 10,500 – 11,500

Subituminous B - - 9,500 – 10,500

Subituminous C - - 8,300 – 9,500

Lignitic Lignite A - - 6,300 – 8,300

Lignite B - - < 6,300

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COAL2. Exploration

Exploration:

Designates the search for deposits of useful minerals or fossil fuels.

Data collection

Search process and investigation on the geology of a deposit, size of reserves and mineral quality.

Compilation and interpretation of data.Evaluation of the economic viability and production.

Process:

Create a geological map of the area.Carry out geochemical and geophysical studies.Drilling of Exploration.

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COAL3. Exploitation

Economic

The factors that determine the profitability of the extraction of a given type are:

Land Physical ConditionsEnergy sources

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COAL4. Facilities

MineIt is an area of surface or underground minerals are extracted.Types

Open cycle mines or surface.

Subsurface layers covering the coal are removed.Large excavators are extracting coal.Is safer and more efficient.They have the disadvantage that they produce a significant modification of

the environment.Most are brown coal, but can also be peat.

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COAL4. Facilities

Open cycle or surface mines

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COAL4. Facilities

Shallow regular deposits.Are 200 to 300 m below the surface.

Deep depositsThey are more than 300 m below the

surface and consists of galleries from 100 to 250 m in length parallel to the mass of coal.

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COAL

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Proved or measures

Amount of coal that has been determined with a high degree of geological assurance.

Probable

Amount of coal that has been given to a moderate degree of geological assurance.

Possibles

Amount of coal that has been determined with a low degree of geological assurance.

Classified as proved or measures, probable and possibles, depending on the level of exploration

of coal field and the probability of extraction.

Coal reserves can be economically recovered from the technology available now or in the near

future.

5. Reserves

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5. Reserves

5.1. Reserve participation of Latin America & Caribbean 2009

Source: SIEE - OLADE

Proven Reserves Coal Latin America & Caribbean 2009

10 (6) t

PERU0%MEXICO

8%

BRAZIL33%

COSTA RICA0%

PANAMA1%

ECUADOR0% COLOMBIA

45%

CHILE1%

VENEZUELA9%

ARGENTINA3%

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COAL

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5. Reserves

5.2. World Reserves 2009

Source: SIEE - OLADE

Proven Reserves CoalWorld 2009

10 (6) t

AFRICA4%

LATIN AMERICAN

2%MIDD.EAST

0%

USSR-EAST. EUROPE

27%

NORTH AMERICA

30%

ASIA & AUSTRALASIA

31%

WEST EUROPE6%

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COAL

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Sum of production of coal mines in the country.

6. Supply

6.1. Production

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6.1. Production

6.1.1. Countries share in the Production in Latin America & the the Caribbean 2009

Source: SIEE - OLADE

Latin America & CaribbeanProduction - Coal - 10(3) t

2009

COLOMBIA75%

CHILE1%

BRAZIL4%

MEXICO11%

PERU0% VENEZUELA

9%

ARGENTINA0%

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6. Supply

Amount of coal originating outside the borders and entering the country to be part of the total

energy supply.

6.2. Imports

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6.2. Imports

6.2.1. Countries share on Imports in Latin America & the the Caribbean 2009

Source: SIEE - OLADE

Latin America & CaribbeanImportation - Coal - 10(3) t

2009

COSTA RICA0%

CHILE15%

BRAZIL57%

CUBA0%

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC2%

GUATEMALA1% ARGENTINA

5%

JAMAICA0%

PARAGUAY0% URUGUAY

0%

HONDURAS0%

MEXICO17%

PERU3%

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COAL

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6. Supply

Amount of coal leaving the territorial limits of a country, therefore not intended to supply domestic

demand

6.3. Exports

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6.3. Exports

6.3.1. Countries share on exports in Latin America & the the Caribbean 2009

Source: SIEE - OLADE

Latin America & Caribbea Exportation - Coal - 10(3) t

2009

VENEZUELA11%

MEXICO0%

COLOMBIA89%

ARGENTINA0%

c

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6. Supply

Is the difference between initial and final stocks for the balance period , in the storage facilities for

different products.

6.4. Stock Changes

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COAL

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6. Supply

6.5. Unused

Is the amount of energy resources accounted for production, but not possible to be consumed

sold or processed, it is discharged.

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COAL

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6. Supply

Is the amount of coal available for domestic use, whether for input to be processed for

consumption of the energy sector or for final consumption.

Total domestic supply is calculated using the following formula:

ST = PP + IM – EX + SC – UU

6.6. Total Supply

0.00

2,000.00

4,000.00

6,000.00

8,000.00

10,000.00

12,000.00

14,000.00

16,000.00

18,000.00

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Reserves in Latin America & CaribbeanCoal - 10(6)t - (1970 - 2009)

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6. Supply

6.7. Extent of Reserves in Latin America & the Caribbean 1970 - 2009

Source: SIEE - OLADE

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Production in Latin America & CaribbeanCoal - 10(6)t - (1970 - 2009)

Average growth rate1970 - 1990

6.76%

average growth rate1991 - 2009

5.70 %

0.00

100.00

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Extent of Reserves in Latin America & CaribbeanCoal - (1970 - 2009)

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6.Total Supply

6.8. Share of Electricity Generation in Latin America & Caribbean 1970 - 2009

Source: SIEE - OLADE

0.00

10,000.00

20,000.00

30,000.00

40,000.00

50,000.00

60,000.00

70,000.00

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Latin America & CaribbeanSupply - Coal - 10(3) t

1970 - 2009

OTROSELECTRIC GEN.

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Abundant

Clean

7. Advantages and disadvantages

7.1. Advantages

Safe

Economic

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COAL

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Transport

Preparation

7. Advantages and disadvantages

7.2. Disadvantages

Unhealthy

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Quantity of Reserve (If no value especified NA – Unavaible UN)

Size of the field (If Applicable)

8. Information

8.1. Reserves

Coal Type

Depth (If Applicable)

Caloric Value

Composition

Type of Reserve

Comments

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COAL

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Quantity of Production (If no value especified NA or UN)

8. Information

8.2. Production

Coal Composition

Caloric Value

Coal Type

Comments

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Quantity of Imports / Exports (If no value especified NA or UN)

Caloric value

8. Information

8.3. Imports / Exports

Coal Type

Coal Composition

Comments

Origin country / Destiny country

Port of entry/ Output port

Value of Imports / Exports (If no value especified NA or UN)

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COAL

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Quantity of Stock Changes (If no value especified NA or UN)

8. INFORMATION

8.4. CHANGES IN INVENTORIES

Coal composition

Caloric value

Coal Type

Comments

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Quantity of unused (If no value especified NA or UN)

8. Information

8.5. Unused

Coal composition

Caloric value

Coal Type

Comments