&

UNHCR &

, 1998

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& , . . -

-.

2

BACKGROUND PAPER ON REFUGEES & ASYLUM SEEKERS FROM THE INDIA, Ge-neva October 1998

, 1999Copyright .

23, 115 25 . 67 26 462/3 67 26 417

3

., -

.

, . -

, .

, .

- .

4

1. 1.1 _______________________________________________________1.2 _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________1.3 ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Punjab ____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________1.4 ____________________________________ _______________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _________________________________ ___________________________________

2. 2.1 _____________________________________________________2.2 ______________________________________ 1980 _______________________________________ 1984 _______________________________________

1987___________________________________________________________________ ____________________2.3 _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ _______________________________________________________2.4 ______________________________________________ _____________ ________________________________________________________2.5 ________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________2.6 _________________________________________________2.7 __________________________________________________

3. /

5678899910111213131416161718181819

1919202020202121232324242525272728283031

32

5

1.1.1

( Bharat VarshaBharatavarsha) 3.287.263 . -

Jammu Kashmir1. , -, ,

. -

Lakshadweep 2. :,

, , ,

, 3.

. 1991 o Sikkim Jammu Kashmir,

846.302.688 , 257 , 4. 1996

945.000.000 5. 40% , : Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab Haryana. -

Kerala6. 5.635 635 , 200 . 1991,

31.547.314 , 8.142.624 « » 2.161.161 «»7. ,

8.,

: 92 100 Kerala, 9.

.10 - « -

, »11. 1995, -

62% 35%12..

. , 15.000.000 -

1 Regional Surveys of the World 1997, 322.2 Ibid., Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1993, 285.3 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 807 – Family Atlas of the World 1988, 29-20.4 Regional Surveys of the World 1997, 323;5 The World Bank, World Development Indicators, 1998, 43.6 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 807.7 The Indigenous World 1997-1998, 1998.8 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 556.9 OFFICE FEDERAL DES REFUGIES, 10/1997 - Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1998, 10.10 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 809.11 Ibid.12 The World Bank, 1998, 17.

6

« … , -»13. 1652

, 15 91% - : Sindhi, Urdu, Punjabi, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kashmiri, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Ra-

jasthani Kannada (Kanarese), Tamil, Malayalam,Telugu (Dravidian)14. 18

( 344 . 1 351 8 ) : Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati,Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telgu & Urdu.

« , - …[ ]… »15.

, , Jain-ism, Sikhism,

, , 16. Minority Rights Group:

« - … . -

, -.

. -,

»17.-

. -

. , Varnas Brahmin ( ),Kshatriyas ( ), Vaisyas ( ) Sudras ( -

)18. , ,

- -

, -19. ,

« » « » 20.

1.2 1950 , -

, . 26 -

13 Ibid.14 Ibid., Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1998, 10.15 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 811.16 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1998, 12.17 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 554.18 Britannica Book of the Year, 1998, 15 – Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 811.19 Ibid.20 Quid 1996,1993, Ed. ROBERT LAFFONT, FRANCE.

7

21. , -

, 22. , 23. -

, , , , -,

, , -24. , -

( . ) : 25.

356 26.

.

: . Raryja Sabha

-, , ,

( 1/3 ) 27. Lok Sabha 20

530 28. 245 . 1 « -

, »29. 245

.2 «»30. -

: 31., , Andhra

Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu & Uttar Pradesh -: -

(Vidhan Parishad) (VidhanSabha)32.

,

21 Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile 1997-1998, 6 / Regional Surveys, 1997, 325 / Encyclopaedia of theThird World, 1992, 808.

22 Ibid.23 EIU Country Profiles 1997-1998, 6.24 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 808.25 Ibid.26 Ibid. – , 1994.27 , 1994 - Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 818 - EIU Country

Profiles 1997-1998, 6.28 Ibid.29 , 1994, 115.30 Ibid.31 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 818.32 Ibid.

8

33. 1988

18 34.

: , , ( ) -

. .

( ) .

. -35. ( )

, -. ,

Kocheril Raman Narayanan - Atal Bihari Vajpayee36.

: -. :

, 37.

25 ’ -

. ,

-. -

.38

-. -

39

’ . -

40. 20.000.000 : 200.000 , 3.077.162

( 1.068.246 5 376.922 10 )41.

33 Ibid.34 EIU Country Profiles 1997-1998, 6.35 EIU Country Profile 1997-1998, 6 – Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1992, 22.36 EIU Country Report, 2nd Quarter, 1998.37 EIU Country Profile 1997-1998, 6 – Regional Surveys, 1997, 356-7 / Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 831.38 Ibid.39 Courts of Session :

. : .The Concise Dictionary of Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford New York, 1988.

40 Ibid.41 South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre, 7/1997.

9

: 1996 1.145.000 -. 980.000 , 55.000 ( -

) 110.000 . - 185.000 42.

« -, »43. ,

, 44. , ,

45..

1974 199846. -, -

47. Atal Bihari Vajpayee 24 1998

, « - 1999»48.

, « , , , -

, , , , -, , »49.

: -’ . -

- ( ),

, -, , Sardar

Ballabhbhai, Abu Rajasthan 50.-

« , -»51.

1.3 1997 50

42 Regional Surveys 1997, 384.43 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1992, Vol.21, 23.44 Regional Surveys 1997, 384.45 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, Vol. 21, 1992, 23.46 Regional Surveys, 1998, 327 – EIU Report, 2nd Quarter 1998, 7 – Keesing’s, 5/1997, 42268 – Malik, J. Mohan,

8/1998.47 The Economist, 16.5.1998.48 BBC Online Network, 24.9.1998.49 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 830.50 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1988, 20.51 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 832 - Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1992, 23.

10

52. 1998 Kocheril Raman Narayanan «

-»53.

, , - « »

198054. , --

, « »55.

1996 : 1997 (Congress) (United Front)

H.D. Deve Gowda --

56. (Bharatiya Janata Party) 13 -

57. -, , Inder

Kumar Gujral, 1997

Dravida Munnetra Kazakham58. Nadu 1991 Jain -

59. (Bharatiya Janata Party)

K.R. Narayana 199860. 14

(Bharatiya Janata Party) 181 545 Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

« »61. (Bharatiya Janata Party) -, -

, 62.

: 1990 ,

. , -,

52 Britannica, Book of the Year, 1998, 435.53 Reuters, 15.8.1998.54 Adhikari, Gautan Current History, 12/1997, 409.55 Ibid.56 Asian Survey, 2/1998 – Britannica Book of the Year, 1998.57 Ibid. – Freedom of the World, 1997-1998, 279.58 Ibid.59 Ibid.60 Freedom in the World, 1997-1998, 279.61 EIU Country Report, 2nd Quarter 1998, 13.62 Thackur, Ramesh :Asian Survey, 6/1998.

11

63. , , -

64. - 70% 28.000.000 65.

-, 90 66. -

5% 1996 6,2%67. , 1/3

. 70% . 33%

. , , , . -

1990 2% . - 8-10% 1960 5-8% -

197068. , -69. 1.13 . -

, 40% 70. « » : -

, -, , , -

, , ,71.

: « -72» .

– 73. « », -

-74,

1947 : , 1965 -75 1971 -

76.

77.

63 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.64 EIU Country Profile, 1997-1998, 14.65 Ibid.66 EIU Country Profile, 1997-1998, 12.67 Ibid.68 Regional Surveys, 1998, 338.69 Ibid.70 EIU Country Profiles, 1997-1998, 20.71 Ibid. – Regional Surveys, 1998, 339.72 Regional Surveys, 1998, 334.73 Asian Review, 2/1998.74 Keesing’s Record of World Events, 6/1998, 42344 – The Economist, 30.5.1998.75 The Economist, 3.10.1998.76 Regional Surveys, 1998, 326.77 The Economist, 13.6.1998.

12

1998 - ( ) -

78. « » : ’

»79.

80. 1962 81. -

, 82. 1998

, , -

83. , :

90% 84. (1988-1998) -

85. Jiang Zemin 1996,

1997. , 86.

: -, -

«»87.

( ) : -88. , Punjab

, « -, -

»89.-

-90. , «

»

78 The Economist, 30.5.1998.79 Keesing’s, 6/1998, 42344.80 LE MONDE DIPLOMATIQUE, 6/1998.81 The Economist, 9.5.1998.82 Malik, M.j. 8/1998, 193.83 Ibid. – LE MONDE DIPLOMATIQUE, 6/1998.84 Malik. M.J., 8/1998, 195.85 Ibid.86 Asian Survey, 2/1998.87 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 555.88 Ibid.89 Bajpai, K. 1997, 63.90 Ibid.

13

, 91.

: : (1947 1964)

, (1965 1981), (1982 1989)

--

(1990 1996) « »92. 200.000 250.000 ,

Jammu 93. 1989 1990 -94

95. «Kashminyat», -

, Jammu Hizbul Mujahidden96. ’

, , .

Punjab : ,-

97. 98. -

« » 99. « »

100. , . , « -

». ,

. -

: 1984,

91 Ibid.92 Bajpai, K. 1997, 69.93 World Refugee Survey, 1998, 128.94 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.95 Internally Displaces People : A Global Survey, 15.1.1998.96 Ibid. – Ganguly, Sumit :Current History, 12/1997.97 Bajpai, K. 1997, 70.98 Banerjee, S., 1996, 87.99 Ibid.100 Nathan, Dev. 1996, 27.

14

101. , , , « »

« », 102. Punjab : (1947 1966)

-, (1967 1979) « »

, . : , -

, 1992 . ,

« …[ ]… 103

»104.

: Arunachal Pr desh,Meghalaya, Assam, Manipur, Tripura, Bihar, Mizoram

. 105. -

: , -, -

106. Assam -

. - Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland

Assam , :

. Bodos, arbis & Mishings. Bodos

- »107.

1996 Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon & Dhubri 150.000 Adivasis Santals 108.

, . Bodos -

Bodos Assam, 1993, 109.

Assam Bodos ,

101 Ibid.102 Ibid.103 Ibid.104 Ibid.105 Bejpai, K. 1997, 74.106 Ibid.107 Ibid.108 IDP Global Survey, 15.1.1998.109 Ibid.

15

, Bodo Liberation Front All Bodo Students Un-ions110.

Manipur, « » Tangkhul Nagas Kukus111. 1992

1000 -112.

Senapati, Chandel, Churachandpur & Ukhrul113. Kukis Nagas Kukis Mizoran

Churachandpur114. Ma-nipur Paites Kukis -

Nagas Meiteis - « Nagaland»115.

Tripura 116.

« » Na-tional Liberation Front of Tripura All Tripura Tiger Force -

« [ ] » ,

117. -

118. 36 200 1997,

Khowai. 12 15 1997, « 37 -

, 66 Khowai Jharul Bachal119. 1997 , , -

All Tripura Tiger Force 22 120.

, 40 AllTripura Tiger Force 121. , 1997, Gouranga Tilla, : 32

122. 30.000 -

Khowai.

110 Ibid.111 IDP Global Survey, 15.1.1998.112 Ibid., World Refugee Survey, 1998, 128.113 IDP Global Survey, 15.1.1998114 Ibid.115 Ibid.116 Reuters, 25.9.1998.117 IDP Global Survey, 15.1.1998118 Keesing’s 2/1997, 41499.119 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.120 Ibid.121 Ibid.122 IDP Global Survey, 15.1.1998.

16

Bihar , « » Naxalites «

[ ] -»123. 1997 Naxalites 100 -

, 192 124. , «

»125. , 1997 Hawaspur -

. Naxalites 20 1997 Ranghopur

1, Ranvir Sena 63 75

Lakshampur Bathe126. 127.

Mizoram 15.000 Reang -

Mizos128. - Reang,

Reang 129.

1.4:

40 , RashtriyaJanata Dal Bihar Telegu Desam Party Andrah Predesh.

130. -’

. , Indian National Congress131. -

, . , -

– 1998, , Congress

Party United Front132. -.

(Bharatiya Janata Party/ Indian People’s Party): 1980, , Atal Behari Vajpayee,

123 IDP Global Survey, 15.1.1998.124 Ibid.125 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.126 Ibid.127 Ibid.128 IDP Global Survey, 15.1.1998.129 Ibid.130 OFFICE FEDERAL DES REFUGIES ( ) 10/1997.131 EIU Country Report, 2nd Quarter 1998, 12.132 Ibid.

17

Shri Murli Manohar Joshi, LalKrishna Aadvani, Yasavat Sinha -

Shshma Swaraj133. .

. ( ), 134.

, 1996 « -, , » «

»135. « »

Visha Hindu Parishad , 1992 Babri Ayodhya136.

, 137 ,

138.

(India National Congress) : 1885 .

, . 1947,

Jawaharlal Nehru , , -

139. 1969 : -

, 1978 (1975-1977) . 1981 -

. - 1984 ,

, «,

»140. 1987 1990141.

1991, V.P. Narashima Rao -. 1996.

, , -, 142.

, , -

133 EIU Country Report, 2nd Quarter 1998, 17.134 Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific, 1992.135 Dutt, Sagarika, Third World Quarterly, No. 3, 1998, 413.136 OFFICE FEDERAL DES REFUGIES ( ) 10/1997.137 Indian Today, 28.9.1998138 EIU Country Report, 2nd Quarter 1998, 17 – Malik, J.M., 8/1998.139 OFFICE FEDERAL DES REFUGIES ( ) 10/1997.140 Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific, 1992, 105.141 EIU Report, 2nd Quarter, 1998, 18.142 Ibid.

18

143. Sharad Pawar Mahonman Singh.

(Janata Dal/People’s Party) : 1988 -, V.P. Singh .

1989 141 , - V.P. Singh,

. -,

, « » .

-144.

1990 . , Chandra Shakar Janata Dal Shakar.

, Singh , Chandra Shakar .

1992 1996. 1996

, Gowda (Kamur Gujral). Rashtriya Janata Dal

Laloo Prasad Yadev. - « » 1998145.

(Communist Party of India) : 1920, - Indrajit Gupta. . ’

: 1977 , ,

1980 1987. . 1989

, . 1994 1988 146.

(Communist Party of India-Marxist) : 1964 . 1967, -

/ . 1968 .

, -, »147.

, Kerala Tripura. 37 1998 -

143 Ibid.144 OFFICE FEDERAL DES REFUGIES ( ), 10/1997 - Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific, 1992, 105.145 EIU Report, 2nd Quarter, 1998, 12.146 OFFICE FEDERAL DES REFUGIES ( ), 10/1997 – EIU Country Report, 2nd Quarter 1998, 18.147 Polital Parties of Asia and the Pacific, 1992, 104.

19

148. Jyoti Basu Harkishen Singh Surjeet.

(Rashtrija Swayamsewak Sangh/National Union ofSelfless Servers) : 1925 « … Hinduva». -

1992 1992 Ayodhya149.

18 1993 Allahabad 4 1993

150.

151. , -,

152. « -, ’ -

»153.

2.2.1

. - 1965 (3.12.1968),

1948 (27.8.1959), 1952 (1.11.1961),

1979 (9.7.1993). 1966

(10.4.1979), , 1966 (10.4.1979), 1973 -

Apartheid (22.9.1977) 1989(11.12.1992). 1984

, (14.10.1997). - 1951 154.

2.2 1950 -

, 395 , 11 () 155.

« », « -» ( ,

) -

148 EIU Country Report, 2nd Quarter 1998, 14.149 , 1993, 154.150 Keesing’s, 5/1993, 39467 – 6/1993, 39512.151 India Today, 28.9.1998.152 Ibid.153 Ibid.154 UNHCR, Refworld, 1/1998.155 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, Vol. 21, 1992, 20.

20

« » 156.

, « » « »157.-

. - 356

19 , -, ,

, , --

, 158.

: , 12

. « » 159.

1980 : . (

Jammu Kashmir) , -

, « -»160.

1980 :, , -

, , -

-161.

: --

, , 162.

1984 : « » ,

163.

1987: « »

156 Ibid.157 Ibid.158 , 1994 - Dutt, 1998, 420159 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 831.160 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.161 1980.162 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.163 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 831.

21

» 164. 1995, -

«»165. «

»166.

: 1993. [ ] ,

. ,

: 167.

, , -168. -

, , -

, -169. 1997

, Himachal Pradesh, Assam & Madhya Pradesh : Tamil

Nadu, Uttar Pradesh & Andhra Pradesh. Jammu Kashmir 30 1997

« -

»170.

2.3

. « -

, , »171. -

: , -, , ,

164 Amnesty International, 11/1994.165 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1998, 1997.166 South Asia Human Rights Documentation Center, 7/1997.167 National Human Rights Commission, 9/1993.168 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.169 Ibid.170 Ibid.171 Country Reports for 1997, 1998.

22

, , -, , -

, ,172. :

, , , -173,

-174.

« ,, , , , , , , »175. -

, Param Cumaraswamy -

, Jasved Singh, Thokchom Ibohal Singh, Kaidem Mani Singh & Ravi Nair,

176 ’ . -, 1998 -

« ,-

»177. Bihar -

, : -

178. Jammu Kashmir, - 1996,

. , --

179. Punjab, -, « » -

. -,

1997 Ajit Singh Sandhu, -180.

Assam, Tripura & Manipur, -, ,

, ’ -

172 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1998, 1997 – US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998 – -, , 1998.

173 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.174 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1998, 1997.175 , 1997.176 UN Commission for Human Rights, E/CN.4/1998/39/ 12.2.1998.177 UN Commission for Human Rights, E/CN.4/1998/43/ 12.1.1998.178 , , 1998.179 Ibid.180 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1998, 1997.

23

, , , , -181.

: 1997 , , Bacre Waly Ndiaye

« , »182. -

: Jammu & Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh .

Assam Bodo Santal . 3.5.1998 12 Santal ,

Kokrajhar Bodos. Santal 9.5.1998 Bodos -

Borbi Kokrajhar, . - 10.000 Bodos Santal -

183. Jammu Kashmir 19.6.1998 25 Champnari, -

Jammu184. Maharashtra, GopinathMunde « »

: 1997, --

185. Punjab, -, 8.6.1997 , -

38 186.

: 1997, 20, 21 22 ,

, -suo moto 187.

, --

. 188. 1996

1997, 888 , 188 -

, 1997189 300 -. -

, ,

181 , 1998.182 UN Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/1998/68/Add.1. 19.12.1997.183 Keesing’s, 5/1998, 42271.184 Keesing’s, 6/1998, 42344.185 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1998, 1997.186 Ibid.187 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.188 Ibid.189 .

24

. 1997 -

Gujarat. Tiger balm () 190.

: -

. Tamil Nadu 2000

12 191. Assam, - 4 1997 -

. -

-192. , Punjab -

«, »193.

-194. -

-, , ,

, 195.

: 19 ( )

Express Newspaper (P) Ltd v. UOI (AIR 1958 SC 578) 196. 1980 -

, , . -

197. -,

198., , -

: 7 1998, Matthhew Marak, - Achic Mnikasal

Achik, « -» . Maqbook Fida Hussain -

-

190 , 14.2.1997.191 , 1998.192 Ibid.193 UN Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/1998/NGO/121, 24.4.1998.194 Ibid.195 , 1998.196 Regional Surveys, 1997, 358.197 Ibid.198 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1998, 20.

25

. 199. R. Murdoch -

« » , «»200.

: 12.7.1998 Manipur - Puyan Theiba, Panthungfam -

. 17 1998, Assam, Arup Kamar Sarma, Chitran-jalee 201. 18 1998 -

Maharashtra , -

« »202.

2.4 :

Adivasis 3% 7,5% 200 - 100 203.

, 204. -

205 -: , ,

-206.

- « »:

( : Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, Assam & ArunachalPradesh), ( : Madhya Pradesh & Orissa)

Deccan ( : Kerala & Tamil Nadu)207. . , -

, Arunachal Pradesh, Khasi United Khasi Jaintic, Lushai ( Mizo : Chutiya, Ladung &Moran), Garo Kuki, Meithei « »

Naga208. Arunachal Pradesh ( -) , Buddist Wancho, Singpho, Khampti,

Tangsa, Mishmi, Adi, Gallong, Bori, Dafla, Apa Tamni, Miri, Ramo, Pailibo, Aka, Sherdukpan,

199 Ibid.200 Ibid.201 Ibid.202 Ibid.203 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 559.204 Mallick, R. 1998, 233.205 , « », -

, . dalit -

’ . ( -, 1997).

206 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 559.207 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 810.208 Ibid.

26

Monpa, Menba, Khamba & Sulung. « », Negrito Proto-Australoid : Koyas Andha Pradesh, Kadars

Kerala, Todas Nilgiris Irulas Karnataka209. 15 , , ,

. 29 , 46 -

, -

, 244 -210. ,

-, 211. ,

212.,

- « » -

213. - (22% ), -

(22% ), - (119 543 )214. ,

, « -, -

, , 70%»215.

,

10.000 15.000 216. 1980,

, Mandal, « 22,5%, -

- 27% -

»217. - 50%

70% 218.

209 Ibid.210 , 1994.211 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 559.212 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1998, 1997 – US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998 – ,

, 1998.213 Bajpai, K. 1997, 53.214 Ibid.215 Bajpai, K. 1997, 53.216 Ibid.217 Vohra, Ranbir, 1997, 273 – Bajpai, K. 1997, 55.218 Bajpai, K. 1997, 53.

27

70%219. Mandal 3.743 , 53% , « » (

)220. Mandal 1980, « »

« »221. V.P. Singh (1989-1990), -

, -222.

223 : - « » , 17

, 224. Dalits hari-jans -

225. 2,56% - 15% 226. , , -

, »227. Dalits -

. 90% ,

228. -229.

, , -,

, »230.

2.5 25 -

, 26

-

219 Ibid.220 Vohra, R. 1997, 273.221 Bajpai, K., 55.222 Vohra, R., 1997, 273.223 (Untouchables)

. ( Touchables), ,, -

. ( « » -, – 1997).

224 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 1988, 18.225 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 556.226 Ibid.227 Mallick, R., 1998, 191.228 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 556.229 Ibid.230 UN Commission on Human Rights, E/CN.4/1998/79, 14.1.1998.

28

231. , -,

Babri Majdi, -

, -, Adivasis232.

: , Abdelfattah Amor

. - «

»233.,

, , Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, -

234. - 1998 Uttar Pradesh & Madhya Pradesh

: 235. 1 - 1998 Vishwa Hindu Parishad , Giri-

jaj Kishore , -

Nagaland236. - , -

«, , »237.

: 1997 :

Jammu Kashmir -.

, ».

11,4% ( -)238. ,

-. , ,

231 , 1994, 16.232 1997.233 UN General Assembly, A/52/477, 16.10.1997.234 EGLISES D’ ASIE, 1.10.1998.235 Ibid. – The Times of India, 1.10.1998 – The Hindustan Times, 1.10.1998.236 The Times of India, 1.10.1998237 Reuters, 30.9.1998.238 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 557.

29

, . -

, 239. Kashmir, -

, , 240.

1980 1990, -

, 1947241. 1992, -

Babri Masjid » 242.

2000 5000243. « , ,

…[ ]… -

»244. , -

Uttar Pradesh Hindu Vishwa Parishad, -

« , ,

» 245.

()

-, -

246. --

, Matura, -

Krishna247.

239 Dutt, S., 1998, 418.240 World Directory of Minorities, 1997,565.241 Ibid.242 Keesing’s , 9/1997, 41820.243 Ibid.244 UN Commission on Human Rights, E/Cn.4/1997/91 Add., 14.2.1997.245 Ibid.246 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.247 UN Commission on Human Rights, E/Cn.4/1997/91 Add., 14.2.1997.

30

2.6.

, -248.

, , , -

(Sati) . , ,

249. « -», -

. , -250.

Orissa, 1997 710 -251. -

1989 -,-

, , 252. , , ,

, . sati

1829, ,

253.,

, -

, 254. 1998

33% : 255.

(Dalit) , « , , -

»256.

248 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 809.249 Country Reports for 1997, 1998.250 Encyclopaedia of the Third World, 1992, 809.251 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.252 Ibid.253 International Herald Tribune, 30.3.1998254 OFFICE FEDERAL DES REFUGIES, 10/1997.255 Reuters, 15.8.1998.256 World Directory of Minorities, 1997, 556.

31

, .257

Minority Rights Group :, , , , -

, , , Dalit -

.

Dalit , - « » -

258.

2.7.

1994, « -

’ -»259.

10.000 , -»260.

60 115 , 261. -

16 , 262.

, « -, [ ] -

»263. 10 1996 -

-.

264. , -

265

, »266. 15.000.000 -

« [ ] -», , -

257 Nathan, Dev, 1996, 30.258 Ibid.259 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.260 Ibid.261 Human Rights Watch – Asia, 9/1996 – , , 1998.262 Human Rights Watch – Asia, 9/1996.263 Ibid.264 , , 1998.265 US DOS Country Reports for 1997, 1998.266 Human Rights Watch – Asia, 9/1996.

32

, 267. « », «

»268., 18.000.000 ,

,, ,

, , 269.

, -, , -

270. , , --

. , , , , -, -

, 271. .

Naxalites Andhra Pradesh 15 , -

, Jammu Kashmir 272.

3. - /

: 1990 1997 71.000 19 .

: 1991 12.000 1997 6.000.

(34.000, 50%). (21%), (11%), (8%). 1995

, 5%. : 1990 1997 19 -

1951 220 . 2/3 -

. : 1990 1997 52.000

. 5.000 1997. : 1990 1997 1100 -

. 980 .

: 1990 1997 --

267 Ibid.268 Ibid.269 Human Rights Watch – Asia, 9/1996.270 Ibid.271 Ibid.272 Amnesty International, 22.4.1998.

33

1%.

2%. : -

1990 1997 2% .