Read, analyze chart and answer the questions

In 1790, the first U.S. census was taken, as required by the Constitution…The count was necessary in order to

determine taxation and representation in Congress. All free people were counted, as well as “three-fifths of all

other Persons.” Indians were excluded.

City 1790 1800 1810

Boston 18,038 24,937 33,250

New York 33,131 60,489 96,373

Philadelphia 45,529 69,403 91,874

Baltimore 13,503 26,114 35,583

Charleston 16,359 20,473 24,711

1. What is a Census check, why was it needed and when does it occur?

2. What does it mean when it states 3/5’s of all other persons?

3. Which city grew the most during the 20 years shown?

4. Which city grew the least during the 20 years shown?

Bell RINGERS

Wash inaugural

•New Constitution

and Government

take effect on April

30, 1789.

•Washington

begins his

presidency in New

York City and

alternates between

there and

Philadelphia.

•John Adams

becomes 1st Vice

President

•Known as the

beginning of the

FEDERALIST

period

Precedents are models,

examples or influences other

Presidents would follow

What to call the President? Mr. President

President sets their own personal style

Cabinet appointed by President and advises him

precedents

VP has no official duties

President acts independent from Congress

Congress relies on the advice of the President

Served 2 terms and stepped aside for someone else

John Jay first

Chief Justice

of the Supreme

Court

•Judiciary Act of 1789

•Congress created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.

•President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Court

•3 from North and 3 from South

Department of State-----Foreign affairs

•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State

cabinet

Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government

Department of Treasury---Financial affairs

•Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury

Department of War---------Military affairs

•Henry Knox----Secretary of War

•Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a valuable role in the beginning of our nation.

•Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and socially.

•President Washington was stuck in the middle of these two men as they argued over our country’s beginnings.

Foreign Debt

$11,710,000

Federal Domestic Debt

$42,414,000

State Debt

$21,500,000

CustomDuties

(Tariffs)

ExciseTax

on Whiskey

Misc.Revenue

Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt

problems:

•Pay off $80 million debt

•Excise tax: Taxes placed on manufactured products

•Tariff: a tax on imports

•Establish good credit with foreign nations

•Create a national bank with a national currency

•Raise money for govt backed by gold silver

debt

Federalist Beliefs(former Anti-Federalists)

Democratic-Republicans

Leader

Appealed

to

Alexander Hamilton

John Adams

Thomas Jefferson

James Madison

Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated….Favored seaboard cities

Farmers and Planterscommon manFavored the South and West

Ideas of

Government

Strong government over statesLoose Construction of Constitution

•Implied powers

Wealthy and educated involved

Limit freedoms of speech & press

Preferred govt. similar to a king

State’s rights over National Govt.

Strict construction of Constitution•Expressed/Enumerated powers

Common man but educated

Bill of Rights is sacred

Lesser government the better

Domestic

Policy

Supported National Bank—BUSSupported excise taxNational debt good for countryNational govt. assume state debtsTariffs should be high

Against National Bank—BUSAgainst excise tax Against National debtStates pay their own debtsTariffs should be low

Foreign

Policy

Opposed French Revolution

Wanted war with French

Favored the British

Supported French Revolution

Opposed war with French

Favored the French

political

•1791

•Farmer’s revolt in Pennsylvania due to Hamilton’ s excise

tax

•Were called the

“Whiskey Rebels”

•Showed the power of the national

government and Constitution of 1787

President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of Army assembled to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.

Jay’s Treaty and its Effects…Jay Treaty

(1) The British would pay for damages to Americans ships seized;

(2) The British agreed to withdraw from the Northwest posts.

(3) Opened up American trade with Britain as a “most favored nation”

• Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL…. Which would be known as….

John Jay is burnt in effigy because

Americans believed he sold out to the British.

Picnkneys

Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River for 5 yrs. and the boundary was set at 31st parallel between

Spanish Florida and US……

Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi River and deposit their crops in

New Orleans.

farewell

Washington stressed that the US should stay neutral in all foreign

affairs.

That way the US would never be pulled into a war when it was not

involved.

“conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers.”

-Washington

•Washington warned of the

dangers of political parties and

permanent alliances with other

nations.

•Washington’s warning against

“entangling alliances” became a

principle of U.S. foreign policy.

farewell

Sets precedent for …..Isolationism & 2 term limit

Washington refuses a third term—sets principle until 1940s

John Adams Becomes President

1796 Election• Adams was supported by New England

and Federalists– Defeated Jefferson 71-68 in Electoral

College– Jefferson becomes VP

• Displays flaw of Electoral College that will be fixed by 12th Amendment

• France and US close to war.– France Upset with Jay’s Treaty with

England. (afraid Brit/US alliance) – French Warships impressed over 300 US

Merchant Ships by 1797

Impressment: an act of kidnapping a ship, its

contents, men and forcing them into your navy----

the British and French were doing this to us.

impressment

To avoid war with France, President Adams sent 3 US representatives

(John Marshall, Charles Pinckney and John Jay) to negotiate a peace

agreement…..

US representatives were snubbed by the French government……

Eventually, 3 French representatives (known as X, Y and Z

because they refused to give their names) approach the American Govt

XYZ demanded a bribe of $250,000 to merely talk with Head of French

negotiator (Tallyrand)

Insulted, we refused the demands and left France…

US & French begin to fight an undeclared naval war.

President Adams on the XYZ Affair….”I will never send another

minister to France without assurances that he will be

received, respected, and honored as the representative of a great, free, powerful and independent

nation.”

xyz

Adams Tallyrand

• “That if any person shall write, print, utter, or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published, or shall

knowingly and willingly assist in any false,

• Scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of Congress or the President of

the United States,

• Then such person, being thereof convicted before any court of the United States, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two

thousand dollars and by imprisonment not exceeding two years……”

• WHICH FREEDOM GUAREENTEED IN THE BILL OF RIGHTS DID THE ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS

VIOLATE?

DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION: Since the States created the National Government, they have the right to nullify, cancel or decide not to obey a law they

believed was unconstitutional ….

Kty/va resolutions

•Jefferson’s and Madison’s response to the Sedition Act…..

•Believed Sedition Act violated freedom of speech and press.

•They tried to convince the other states not to support the Sedition Act….

•It failed and the Sedition Act remained the law until 1801.

1. Election of 1800: The rise of political parties caused flaws in the electoral college

Parties chose their candidates and electors would vote for them

2. Led to a tie between Jefferson and Burr----House of Representatives chose Jefferson.

3. To eliminate future problems12th Amendment: Requires electors to specify which person they want for President and VP on separate ballots so their would never be a tie. electoral

college

Federalists Democratic Republicans

Adams--Pres---65 Jefferson---Pres.---73

Hamilton---VP Burr---VP----73

•Many historians look at this time period as the beginning of the true democracy.

•Champion for the common man

•Believed education would prepare them for participation in government…..

•For now, educated should rule… but one day hopes for ALL PEOPLE to be educated

enough to participate in govt

•Believed National Government became too powerful during Adam’s Presidency (ANTI-

FED/Strict constitutionalist)

•Ideal govt was one run by well-informed, self-respecting farmer

paradise.

•Prior to this case, the Supreme Court had been the weakest of the three branches of government.

•Earlier, the belief was the states could nullify a law

•1803, the Supreme Court established its role as the final arbitrator (authority) of the meaning of the

Constitution and its position of equality.

•By setting a precedent for judicial review or the Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional not

the states or Congress.

•It also “sent the message” that the National Government is the last authority thus reinforcing

Marshall’s belief in a strong central government over the states.

Louisiana

purchase

•Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered entire

Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million

•Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3

cents an acre

•Doubled the size of the US

•Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment

•Sent out Lewis & Clark to explore/map which lead to laying

claim to Pacific Northwest/Oregon Territory

NEXT

War breaks out again between the United States and

Britain in 1812.

UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL

• Author of the

“Federalist Papers”

• Democratic Republican

• Father of Constitution

of 1787

• Known for War of

1812

madwar

President James Madison

War Hawks

New members of Congress, John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay want war why Great Britain….Why?

•U.S. must defend its neutrality•Stop impressment•British forts on US soil•Desire for Canada and Florida•Called 2nd War of Independence

madwar

Henry Clay

Kentucky

John C. CalhounSouth Carolina

Hartford Convention (1814)• protest convention meant

to state grievances. • called for: 2/3 vote for

declarations of war, embargoes, and the admission of new states, no counting of slaves for representation, and no successive presidents from the same state.

Treaty of Ghent • Ended War of 1812• signed in December 1814

w/ no territorial changes or other concessions

• Increased the American spirit of nationalism and overcame disruptive forces of sectionalism.

• Trade interruptions before and during the war forces a significant growth of American manufacturing.

Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814

highlights

Dolly Madison escaped from White House and

took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the

British destroyed it.

U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star

Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

highlights

UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL

•Democratic Republican

•Born in Virginia in 1758,

•Elected United States Senator

•Helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase.

•Era of “Good Feelings”

•1st president to visit all states

madwar

President James Monroe

Nationalism: powerful feeling of patriotism

and NATIONAL unity! (developed after

War of 1812)

Economic Nationalism: Protective tariffs•Foreign producers taxed to protect American

manufacturers

Judicial Nationalism: McCulloch v. Maryland•The court stuck down a Maryland law that taxed the

National Bank.

This showed that States did not have the right to

boss around (tax) the NATIONAL Government.

• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.

• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and

isolationist policies.

• YOU STAY OUT OF MY BUSINESS… I’ll stay out of

yours.

US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere

No European Colonization in the Americas

US will stay out of European

affairs

Monroe

Doctrine

US recognized existing

European Colonies