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5.1. Early Renaissance: Humanism & Classicism
5.2. Art and Patronage Perspectives
5.3. The Ottoman Empire Challenges Europe
5.4 Machiavelli: Political Norms, Government
5.5. Christian Humanism in Northern Europe
5.6. Consolidation of National Monarchies: England, France, Iberia
5.7. Reform of Christian Practice: Luther & Calvin
5.8. The Religious Reorganization of Europe
5.9. The English Change of Religious Models
5.10. Roman Catholicism and Council of Trent
• Individualism and Secularism
• Humanism: Use of Ancient Greek & Latin
• Close Scholarship of Classic Texts
• Civic Education & Service to the State
• Artistic Focus: Nature & Humanity
• Anatomy, Movement, Math, Perspective, Patrons
• Architecture, Sculpture • Classical & Religious
Themes Dominated
• Niccolo Machiavelli (died 1527)
• Concepts of Political Power/Use: The Prince
• Florence’s Political Situation: Statecraft
• Desiderius Erasmus
• Christian Humanism: Philosophy of Life
• Inner Piety Over External Forms: In Praise of Folly
• Classical Scholar: Edited Vulgate Bible
• England: Wars of Roses to 1485, Tudor Family, Henry VIII & Parliament
• France: Taxation Power of King Louis XI
• Jan Hus & John Wyclif: Vernacular, Papal Power, Conciliarism
• Martin Luther: “Am I
saved?” Indulgences
• 95 Theses: “Abuses” Challenged
• John Calvin
• Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536
• Predestination, “Omni”
• Theocracy of Geneva: Ordinances, Control
• King Henry IV of France, Ended French Wars of Religion by 1594
• Religious Diversity of the Netherlands, Revolt 1566
• United Provinces, 1609
• Henry VIII Replaced Pope Mary Attempted Changes
• Queen Elizabeth I: Faith Moderation/Toleration
• Continuation of Extreme Feelings, Puritans, RCC
• Council of Trent 1545–63
• Reaffirmed The Seven Sacraments, Works, Tradition, Clerical Power, Transubstantiation