5. Vocab Add On

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ffiffiCHAPTER

ThemeGrouping:;LivingThings

twinkleglisten shimmer .

r SIIID€

IntroductionAnotherway of buildingyour vocabularys by_looking t wordswith similarmeantngsnhemes'For example, f we tatce tre theme Types;

of Light,"we find there are severalords that mean'itoshine"u"i'"".tt is slightlydifrrerentn intensityanduse.Thewordglisten"means to shine,"but is oii*n associated ,rrithhings hat arewet,whereas heord "twinkle' implles he light is unsteadyand is oftenassociatedwith the stars or aerson'seye.

In this section lterearedifferrenthemeswith exerciseshat accompanyhem.Sincenly a certainnumbr:r f themes anbe coveredn this book, t is suggestedhatyou 6tarto makeyour own tltemeswith the useof-"

dili"d in orde, tu .l-ntinueto build yourocabulary.

glimmer

30



differ,ent. To qparlde"means o t{ivesmall flashesof light, whereas"to glow" means o give asolt l ight or heat Llseassociationso rernember he ditference n meaning. or example,

"sparlde" diamonds, lass,wal.er

"glow'- soft,warm lightof a fire

Attaclxnew worcls o one basic rvord thartyou alread'y' now.Create

yourown themes. Herr:are some sugge:;tions:Seeingand Look;ing,Rough and Not Rough, oood and Not coo,c,

Damageand Destroy,

A. Typesof Inhabitants

inhabltant

pioneer

colonist

dwel ler

settler

innmigrant

resident

native

l. lnhabltant = a Per$onor animal hirt ives n one place,usuallya country or a region or a verylong ime.

f,x. The only human nhabitantsof th e Gobidesert tresomenomadic ribes.

2. dweller = a person{}r animal that lives in a named lace such as a cave, ree, or a city.

fx. Most city rfl1ys11srset used o the high levelsof noise.

3. residenrt a persol)or animal hai tives n a place,usuallya house,but is not a visitor. t is alsoused or a person vl,o ivespermanentlyn a particular :ountryor state.

6x. Most of the residents f this neighborhoodpark their cars on the street.

4. ploneer = a person'r'ho s one of ttre irst to cometo an rrnknown and,amd hen s followedbyothers'A personwho is the irst to discoversomething rhichopens he rvay o others.

fx. The Wright rrotherswerepioneers n aviation.

5. natlve " us€dof a Jlerson, lant,oranimalwhenyo u re{et'to he placeof its origin.

fx. The Koalabear s a nativeof Australia,

6- s€ttler == personvvho s oneof the first of a group to pul. heir roots down in a newcountry.

Ex . The first settlers n Americawere he Pilgrimsvrhocame rom England.

7. colonistt a personu'ho s oneof a groupoiisettlers rom the samecountryor under he controlof the samecountr.y.

fx. Th e earlycolonists aced nanyhardships n a n,lw and.

8' immigrant = a persollwh o comes o a country to makea new home there.The first immigrantsare calledsettlers,

Ex. AlexanderCrahamBell, the inventor of the telephone,was an innmigrantwho carne oAmerica from Scotland.

33



B. The Lifeof Plants

seedling sprclut shoot bud to bloorn to wilt to droop to wither

to blossom

L a seedlln,S= a tiny yoling plant whic,hhas ust grown from a seed.

trr. Ten days after the seedswere planted,the seedlingsappeared.

2. a cpnout= a new growtl:l rom a plant, especiallya vegetablle.

fx. These onions lnust be old, ttrey have sprouts'on trirem,

3. a shoot = a new growth lrom a plant or a new branch of a t[ee.

Ex. After the rose bushwas cut back,new shoots star,:ed o grow.

4, a bud = a flower which has not yet oprened, r the beginningsof a leaf.

Ex. When you buy roses heyarr: usuullt OuOr.

5. to blossom = to flower, usuallyused or lruit trees.

fx. ln the spring, Ihe cherry tree:sblossom.

6. to bloom or to be in bloom = to have flowers or to be in fk:,wer.

Ex. T'hepark s beautifulwith the roses n bloom.

7. to wllt = to become esri resh or weak,or to lose strength.

Er. In hot weather most flowers start to wilt because hev need water.

8. to droop = to hangdou'nwards.

Ex. lt was sad to see he sunflou'ersdrooping towards the ground.

9. to wither = to start to clry up and/or becomesmaller n size.

fk Eecause here had been no rain for a vear. the fruit on the trees started to wilt.

seedling sprout shoot bu d

J 5



c. Parts of a Fmirb r Nut

pee

slkitthus;krinrl

seed/stone/Pitkernelpip

flesh

2.

3.

4 ,

5.

she:l l

I . the seed/stone/pit = tfuesmall hard part of a fruit that canigrow into a small plant'

fx. Cherrieshale hard seeds/stones/pits

th e pip = the small seerd f fruit, usu,ally f apples,oranges;,emons,etc' It is sometimes sed

lnsteado, f pit," "se€,d,t'r "stone."

Cx. Vfhenyou malie orange uice be sure to take the Srips ut '

the kernel = the insidr:part of a fruil:stone,a nut, or wheat. [t also means he important or

central part of somett,ing.

fx. I'he plstachio nut has a delir:iousgreenkernel.

the peel = the outer c,)veringof a frr-rit uch as on orangers r apples.

Er. lfou cannot eirta bananawith its peelon.

the rlnd - the outer coveringOfcertain fruits like orange:i, emons,or melons'

Ex. Orangerind and lemon rind are often candiedor rrsed n marmalade'

6. the skin=

thegeneral

word for thg,ruter coveringof a frr- t such as the peel, he rind, the husk'

fx. If you put tonratoes n boilirrgwater, the skin will comeoff more easily'

?. the hush = the dry outer coveringof a fruit, nut, or grain'

Ex. 't'ou remove the husk from r:orn bef{)reeating t'

8. the flesh = the soft sttbstanceof a ftruit.

f,x. The peachhas a soft yellow sh f esh.

9. the shell = the haril c'utercoveringof a fruit, nut, or egg'

Ex. Most comllon nuts ike hazelnuts, lmonds,and walnutshaveshells'



ffiffiififffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

sometinl€s

occasionally

frequently

CHAPTER

T*remeGroupingl:Tflmeand $pace

A. Adverbsof Tinre

formerlypreviousiy

prior to

eventuallyhenceforth

simultaneouslY

rneanwhile

l .

2.

3.

4,

5.

6.

sometlmes=not alwaysr owand hern.

Ex. \,\/e ometimes oto the movieson weekends'

occaslonglly=fromtinre o time but not regularlyor frequently'

Ex. I eiccasionallyeea famous arce t the opera.

frequently =rePeatedmany imes,especially t short ntervals'

Ex. I rnustbe getting ld; lrequentlyorgetwhere arn'

formerly = n earlier itnes.

Ex. Themuseumvas ormerly he houseof themayol'

prevlously =comlngbefore in time or order)'

k. FIad ou previously aken he test beforeyou carne o the united states?

prlor to =' formaladv.phrase)before.

Ex. No nformationwasavailabl'erior tr: thatdate.

7. eventually = at la$t,ultimately,after a long time.

fu. l{e eventually passedhis drivers test after taking it eight times'8. henceforth = lrom thi:i time forward.

Ex. The committee has decidedthat hencefortha spe:cialest will have to be taken by new

students.

9. slmultaneously = happenlngat the s,ameime.

Ex..the

two everrts that were of interest to me vrere being shown simultaneously on

television.

10. meanwh'lle = at the strme ime.

Ex. i5omepeople are dying of hunger; meanwhile' others are throwing away food the:y

don't eat.



B. Dry and Not Dr;g

L--r ,ct:)1:t1^^.,^, )-r'Rarched '?!,'i'!,!r!,!d,esiccated_', i Uat<eO

" \ ,/w d;rmP moisthumid soakedsi:turated immersed

l. arid = having ittle or no moisture,usually used for areasof land.

Ex. Many areasof ttre southwesternUnited Statesare arid and desertJike.

2. parched = excessivelyd:y and crackecl hrough heat or drought.

Ex . After fiveyears vithno rainfall, he farmlandwa sparched.'

3. deslccated = completelydry; without ainymoisture. It is usually said ol animal and vegetableproducts that are drieci md preserved,

Ex. Sometimesusinll desiccatedh,erbswhen cooking s ,nore convenient.

4. baked = when heat and rlrynesscausesomething o cook and become hard.

Ex. Threhsusgr werr:built of bakerlmud bricks.

5. damp = not dry, but havinga slight amount of moisture.

Ex . Fahrics ike inenare usually ronedwlri le damp,

6. molst - a littl€ wet; it ir ;often used for food.

Ex. Th,e oast turke5,was tasty and moist.

7. humid = havingmoisturr:,usually n warm air; it is often unpleasant.

Ex. Humid air may tregood for plants but is very disagrr:eable or humans.

I' saturated =comPletel5rret or filled to the point it cannot talle any more.

Ex. His clothes we:r(l ompletely strturatedwith rain.

9. coaked= eft n a liquid rio hat the molsture s absorbed.

Er. Soak he beans n water beforer ou cook them.

l0' immersed * completely covered n liquid or to be compietel'yoccupied in sornething.

Ex. He was immersed n his work and did not even seenre.



c. Hot and Not Hot

ni ld

/swelteringt chilly

scorching freezing

sizzling frigid

hot cold

l. scorching = so hot that it burns the surfacemaking t change ts color.

fu. The scor,ctiing eat had turned the grassbrowi:t'

2. sizzltng = extremel:fhot. Sizzlingalso refers to the sound of food frying over a fire.

k. There seenls o be a spell of sizzlingweather e'rerysummer in the southern states'

3. swelterlng = very hot and uncomfortablecausingone to sweat'

Ex. It is difficul.t o exercise r: the swelteringheat r>f he ir.lngle.

4. cuttry = a hot and rnoist ype of ureatherwith no breezt:.

Ex, In the sultry daysof August,everyone urns orr a fan or air conditioning ior relief.

5. etuffy = havlng air',rrhich s not fresh.

Ex. Crowdedv/ith studentsa.ndwith no windows 0pen, the classroomfelt very stuffy.

6. balmy o a soft, plleircant,efreshirngype of air often wilh aromatic smells from trees.Ex. We had br,eakfastn the gardenon that balmy springmorning'

7. mtld * neither too hot nor too cold.

Ex. Winters are usuallymild on the island becauser f the oceancurrent.

8. chilly = cold enoul;h o makeoner hiver a little.

Ex. The earlv rnorningswere:quitechilly in the mr:runtains'

9. frlgid = intensecold with continuous ow temperaturer;below 32'F.

fu. The North and Southpoleshavea frigid climale.

10. freezfing= very cold, icy weather.

Ex. The freeeirrgemperatures n spring clamagedhe orange trees'

stuffy balmy



{d l i i ' I , ,

CHAPTEIR

Rootls incredible cret:d

Th,e oot of a u,ordcontains he basic meaning. )refixesand suffixescan be added o aroclt.For examltle, he root credmeans believe,'' o the Englishword "credible"melans"believable," earninghe roc,tsof wordswill helpyou work out th,emeaning f wordsyoudo not knowan,lwill consequrentlyelpyou wittr o'ttpartsof theTOEFLoest.

Since here are a greatnumberof roots from whlch words stem n English, he nrostcommonones lre given or you to work with in l:hissection.Wewill start by lookingatfoutrof these ror)ts(cre4 spec,duc,ced;and work rvith some of the wonds hey create.

A. Root:'Credincredul,rusdiscredltablecredible

creecl

accr€rdited

cn:dit

crr:denceinrlredulity

CREDI

Ibelieve,pu t trust in

f . increduloua = showing disbelief.

Ex . Th e peopk: istening o hi;s trangestory were inr:redulous.2. dlscreditable = disgracefulor shanreful behavior.

f,x. Becauseof the banker's discredita,blebehavlor, ,r lo t of customers changed to anotherbank.

3. creed * o s€t of beliefsor principles,usuallyreligious.

Ex . Peopleo{ rrllcreedsgathered n union to help ttrt:cause

4. accredlted = certilir:d as being of a certain good standard.

Er. He went tc an accredited high school.

5. credible = believrrbt , trustworthy.

Er. A credible explanationwa s given for the changesmade.

6. credlt = belief, rusl, honor and recognitiongiven o eff ort or work.

E.r. With her outstandinggrades n her studiesan d outstandingabil i ty in sports, sh ewas a

cnedit o her sc;rool.

7. credence = belief;acceptanceas breing rue,

E.x. The rumol got widespreadcredence hroughout the counrry.

8. incredulity = the act of not believi ng.

Ex . He lookedat me with incredulity n his eyeswhen I told hi m he haclwo n the lottery.

incredulity

believe



B. Rcrots: 9pect.,Spec

[)erspectlveretrospectr;pectrum;tspect

spectator

SPECT,PIICI

look, rl,atch

L perspectlve= a way ln which sornethrings lookedat or judged.

Es:, A tribesmarr n Alrica lool:s at time lrom a dilfen:nt perspectivethan an Americanbusinessman.

2. retrospect = a look back at the past,

Ex. As we takeotr responslbilities n llfe,our teenageyears n retrospectseemcarefree,3. spectrum = o raflg€of colors in the onCerof their wavelengths

Ex. ultra-violetr;lysare beyondrlhe angeof the visibre$pectrum.4. aspect a look at sc,methingrom one side.

Ex. There is a televisionserieso::t he differentaspectso:' ife in the UnitedSitates.5, epectacle= I sc€r€ or showwhich attractsthe eye by its size,color,

Ex. The IndepenrlenceDay irew:rk show wasqulte a spectacle.6. cpeclmenEa sampl3;r single yptcalLhing o be shown or test.ed,

k. The speclnrerr f rock from the moon rvent hrough n::ultiple ests.7. rerpected =worthy to be iooked up to and admired,

k. The teacher vashlghtyrespectedby trisstudents.8. rpectator = a person u'ho watchesan oventor a, port.

Ex. The spectatorscheeredas the farnousplayerappeart:don the field,

C, Roots:Duc,Duct

to ind rce viaductconrCucive

to conductductllr: \

"d;;' \ ,/"

to deduct

\ /

lrAl/,t ./\

A>D" ^l-(n}.DUC*+1e

1uu,y..-DUCT

l. to conduct = to lead.

Ex.The nspectorwasconductedaround the factory.2. condudve = helpful; hat contributes o.

&. A dark roonr ii more conducive o sleep han a bright one.t'

:,::"= a tube or canal hat carrles luids,or one rhat carrteselectric power, elephonecables,

Ex' Most grands rr humanbodieshaveducts to carry thei..secre.ons,4. to dedur:t = to subtract or take away.

Ex. Income ax is rleducted rom the paycheckof a wageearner.5. ductlle =, asily ead; pliable,

&, Copper s a ductile metal.

6. to lnduc,e = to causean effect.

Ex' Polttical repressionand poverty induced many peo;:,le o leave their hometandandemigrate.

vladuct " a long high bridgewhich carr,ies roadior rarlroad,Ex. Someof the olrl viaductsare not hlgh enough or todal/s tall trucks to go under.

aqueduct = a system of canalsand bridges which carry water.Ex' Someof the aqueductsbullt by the Rornans tlll bring rvater o modern cities.

t .



L0

D. Roots: (7ed,Cess

procedureprecedent

antecedentrecede

CED,CESS

Ito ge, movealong

procedure = ,al)articularwa y or methodof doings,)mething.Ex. To tak:e class n thjiscollegr3 ou have to follow the registrationprocedure.

precedent= a rrastactionor (:ase hat setsan exanrple r rule fo r cases n the future.Ex' In his defense the lawyer referred to a similar case in 1952 that established aprecedent n favorof his r:l ient.

antecedent = thdt which has goneon ,atan earlier t,me.Ex. The arrtecedents f r{a[oween go back to r)agan estivars.

successive (artj) ollowingor:eafter th e other.Ex. Shewtrsabsent rom school for four successivedays.

to recede = to nlove backor tr r shrink in size.Ex . When {ums ecede, t is wise o see he dentist.

to secede= to officiallywithdlaw from a group, union, or organization hat is usually poliiticalorreligious.

Ex - when il state n a nationsecedes, ivirwa. may breakout.

to process= to lreat in a partir:ularorganizedway.Ex . Photog;raphicir mhas o be processed ef,:rewe get the pictures.

to concede= to givevictoryor .posses.siono somer:,nelse.fx' The challenger onceded ictory to the president n the erection ace.

l .

2.

3.

4.

) .

6.

8.



ffiJ W#$$$mffiffiftiffiffiwffitr,

CHAPTER

Theme(irouping:

Communical;ionThought: nd

oo

A. ThinkingarrdRememrbering

.@DO

^rv-\--Y->-r

t, contemPlat"3

1t-_<_*-PO

1 .

2.

3.

4 .

J .

6.

? .

8.

9.

O

to assume= to take as fact with no proof; to suppose,

tix. I assumeyou will be hc,meabout seven onight.

to reminlsce = to rememberor talk about the past in a pleasantway.

fr. Old peopleoften reminisceabout the days ol i heir youth'

to haunt = to be n your thoughts,usually n an unple,asant ay .

Ex . The horrors he saw during he war hauntedhim.

to reflect (on; = to think over very carefully.

Ex. He reflected or a momentbeforeanswering he question'

to contemplate = to think about deeply for a long time.

k. He ool<ed t the view from his window and,i:ontemplatedis nextmove.

to rneditate = to'lhink deeply,concentratingon one rnatter. t is especiallyused n religion'

Fx. The priest wanted to be aloneand meditate Seforegivinga decision.

to predict = tell trelorehand.

Ex. Weatherreporters usually ry to predict the weather as accuratelyas possible.

to conslder= to thinkol carefullyor in a certainway.Ex. Mozart vasconsidered o be a greatcompo'r;ern his time'

to conceive (oD = hink of; to irnagine.

.Ex. It's hard to conceiven'hatan earthquake roater ha n 8. 0on the Richterscaleca n do.

to speculate= tc think about something n a wa y that is not seriousbecause f a lackof f;rr:ts.

.Ex, With corrstant hanges n the government,l was only possible o speculatewhat'wouldhapperr.

10.



B. lmportant ndNot mportant

lundament,ll vital l)etty

indispensable essential lrrivial

signif icant crucia l Inere

drast ic

I ,

fundamental ,= re baseupon whir:l'r system s built and suprported.

Ex. The constitution s the fundamental aw of the Uniter:i tates.

ese€ntial=somethingbelongs o the nature oi somethingan,rl hereforecannot be removedwithout destroying t.

Ex . Without he bareessent ia ls f i fea personwil l not srt rvive,

vltal = somethinlq ecessary or the existencr: i a thing.

Ex . lt is vital that the witness estifies n court,

lndispensable something hat s too importantor necessar:/o be without.

Ex. Nurses;,rendispensablen a hospital.

crucia l somethng very mportarttwhich helps o decide he future. t is used n a cr is issituation.

Ex Whatwe cleciden the ne>:tew minutes s crucla lber:auset wi l l alfectou r ives.

drastlc = rapid,harslr,and extremeaction,

fx. Drast ic neasures er e al lenby the governmento c)ntrol the rateof nflation.

,glgniflcant= sonrething mportant that has a meaning o the l)ersonwho says t and those whohear t.

Ex. Hisspeech n this sadoc(:asion asvery signi{ icanto us a l l .

pet$r : sqrnglhingol the least mpcrtanceby comparison o c'ther hings.

Ex . I am tjreCof your petty excuses or being ate. '

trivlal = somethlngnot important and very common and therefore not worth considering,

Ex. He oc,cut ied imsetfwith tr iv ia l h ingsbecause l h i i . ea rof deatingwith importantmatters,

mere Eno moLrehan;emphaslzesow limiteda thing s.

Ex. What do you expect?He'sa mere child.

0sualandUnusual

famll iarcunenlcon,monplaceprerralentwid spread

unlque

singularoddpeculiar

scarce

I 2

l .

8.

9.

10.

c.

I

2.

4.

famlllar = similtrr o what oneknows;known or seenby everyone'

Ex . Whenhe talkedabout the problems n his country, they werequite familiaf to us '

cutrent . existitrgwidely. t is usuallyusedwith fashlon, anlluage, racticesand thingswhlch

are constantly<hlnging: It alson,eansnew,or recent f no o':her ime is mentioned.

Ex, Ther,e is an arflcle on American slang in the (lurrent lssue of English Language

Magozine.

commonplace , ound everywhereand usually mplies hat it is not very interestingor speclal'

Ex . Car hefts are commonplacen this city.

unlque = belng he only one of itri kind.

Ex . Each nan's lngerprint s unique.

5. singular = dlile rent rom any oth,3rof its kind and suggests .omekind of strangeness '

Ex. Upon catching the snake experienced a singular feeling I cannot describe.

6. prevalent = sornethlnghat existsmost of the time tn some 2lace'

Ex. Malariir ls prevalent ln h,rt, swamplf areas'

?. wldespread - lound in manYPla':es,

Ex . The dtsease hat attacked the leaves of the tree$ could not be controlled and soon

becamevridesPread.

odd = that whi:h is not usualor normal.

Ex . I don't know what kind of iob he does but he leaveshis houseat odd hours.

p€culiar = havinga specialdlstinctivenessn quality or character hat is not pleaslng'

Ex . This flower has a peculiarsmell,

rcarce - hard t.oget or find.

k, Because | intensive arming,cert.ainwild birds ha'.''e ecomescarce.

8,

r0,



CHAPTER

ThemeGrouping:FeelingsanclSensietions

A. Kindneris nd Unlkindness

f.-\ benisnbenevolent ) ,

"\ ^/ numane

consi,Jerate /\7'

generous

1 ,

mean

ruthless

selfish

spiteful

merciless

2.

3.

4 .

5.

6.

7 .

8.

9 .

benevolent= kind an d wan,iing o do good an{ hr:lpothers.

Ex. Shr: vasa benevolent ady who gavemor;t of what she had to help orphans.

henlgn = kinciand friendly.When usedabout a disease, t means t is not dangerous.

Ex . Her raspleased o find that the tumor or rhis headwa s benign.

humane : shi)wingkindnessand compassion.t is usuallyusedabout the waysothers; re

treated.

Ex . On their return, he hostages aid hey had been reated n a humaneway.

considerate ., thoughtful of others, concernedwith others' feelin6ls.

Ex . lt wirsvery considerate f he r to come€rnd ake careof me when I was sick.

generou$= k nd and ready o givernoney,help, ime, etc,

Ex ^ We ,:ouldnot forg,et is generous fferof assistance.

selfish= wantingeverything or oneself.

Ex . My sister s so selfish.Shenever lets anyonewatch what the y want on television. t's

alwayswhat sh ewants,

mean - no t generous r kinid. t is alsoused or someonewho likes o hurt.

Ex . He alwaysplays he part of the ba d gu:f n the movies becausehe has a meanJooking

face.spiteful = wartitrg o do evil, usually n a smallw,ly.Also,wanting o ge t evenwith sorteone ora realor unrt:al eason.

Ex . Jusl to be spiteful, he littte girl destroyedher sister'sdoll.

mercilers =' reingable o be cruelwithout worry'ingabout t; having no kind nessof heart.

Ex . The enemywa s merciless nd killed a village uil of wornenand children.

ruthless= havingno pity oi rkindness.

Ex . Erreryone new tfre commanderwas a ruthlesspersonwho would do anything o gain

power.

r0.



l 4

2.

3.

4,

5.

o.

B. FearandCourage

scared

t imid

apprehensivecowardlypetr l l ied

daring

\ bold

intrepid/ courageous

audaclous

6cary makingorreafraid.

Ex . With al l lhr)sestfongenolseli, hi s house s scary at nlgtrt.tlmld ' finy1ng ear, not having coura1le.

Ex . He'sa very timld personanc.will neitherspeakout nor lake a risk.

apprehenslve n st rte o{ mind that Is fearful,bu t the fear may h,;rve omereason,

Ex . With the tensesituationbetrveenhe nvo countries,pe,crpleereapprehensive f war.

cowardly - unable o lace dangerbecaose he person s afrald ard lackscourage.

Ex . Hlscow;rrc y behaviorrnadeeveryoneavoid hlm,petrtfled = n a stirteof greatshockor fear, ike turning nto stono,

Ex . I was pelrilied when I saw he man stariding here with .r gun n his hand,bold - hsyln* courage.

Ex' He was a bold man to cross that dangerous errltory with only a knife to defendhlmself.

7. courageous , showi -rgbravery.

Ex . He was giv.)na medat or his courageousact that saved he llves of five men.8. darilng= takingrlsks n challenging ituations,

b. His idea for a new type of rtelevision ornmercia!seernsvery daring, and may evenshockpeople.

9. intrepld = ready o neet dangeragairrand agair..

EJc. The couple, ntrepid explorers,went into the Amazon.

10. audacloug= daringor brave o a poinl:which is excesslve,

Ex' Hewas audaciousenough o tell the committee hat thev were fools.

C. Typesof Tarite

t. bland = without rnuch aste.

Ex . Boiledpotatoeswith nothingon them nnayeembland o many people.Inrlpld = lackinga strong taste;havingl weakand warerytaste.

Ex . I remembereating ood that rvas nsipid at that hospital.flavrorcd= havinga substance hat gives aste.

Ex , The childre;renioy chocolate_flavoredrlecream.oavory - havlnga pl(asant aste hat i$ not sweet,,

Ex , For those vrho don't lrke sweets rike cakesand cookrr:s here are savory thrngssaltycrackersand cheese.

s'our'=havrnga taste hat is not sweetsuchas n milk that has go'e bad./ft. These grarpt:s re very sour.

bltter - havlnga shat,p aste that is not: weetas jn coffeewithoul:sugar.lix, Thls medicetionhasa very bitter taste.

spicy =4sn161tingaturaladditivesusually n thr: form of powder which havea strong taste.

Ex ' There'sa spicy frurt drink madewith cinnamonand croves.pundent = havinga stuong, harp tasteor smell that olten silngs.

Ik , Indiancurry oftenhasa pung{jnt aste.ho t ='.containingnaturaladditiveswhich are very strongand give n burnlngsensation o themouth.

Ik,. Many Mexlc n dishescontainhot chili peppers.

like

3.

6.

T ,

8.

9.

ho t



t5

iffiffiififfiffiffiifrifiCHAPTER

IdiotmsandConfusingWor,ds

Thereare hr)usandsf icliomsn English. tre100 dioms n this sectionare$omeof theostcommondioms ou are ikely o encountern the shortdialogues ndconversationsn theListening omprehension".tion oiirr,, oilri6i"r,.In this s€r:tion ewill also ookat someconfusingoro, in Engtish.ome :f heseare

xpressionsvithMAKE ndDo,andothersarewordi whichsoundsimilaror havesimilareanings.

A. Idiorns1. above arll,-most importantly2. as a ma,ttrlrof fact-in fact, to speak he trutl:3. as a rule-*generally;normally

4. be about to-be ready o; beon the point of r:loing omething5. be an ol d hand-be an,experiencederson

----a

6. be fed up with-be out of patiencewith7. be on on€'sovyn-live irndependently

E. be on the safe side-tal:e no .hance,9. be out of riornething-haveno longer n supply

ItC. be tired of-be boredwith, fruslratedwith

6T

Did youpull it off?



Idioms;o

11. be up to one's eans-be extremelybus;1'

12. be up to someone-be a person'srespr:rnsibility

13. be out of the quettion-'be unacceptabrle,mpossible

14. bitr off more than one ca:nehew-takr: on more than one can handle

15. bneak the ice-bergin to br: riendly witrtrpeople one doe,Sn't now

16. break the news--inform or give bad news1?. bnrsh up on-improve one's knowledgr:of something hrough study

18. burnp into-meet unexper:tedly

19. by and large-in general

20. b;y :reart-by memory

21. by iill means-absolutely,definitely

22, by tro means-in no way

23, cheer up-be happy

24. conre down with--become sick with

25. conreup with-ttrink of

26. count on-dependupon27. count out*elimirrate

28. diie down-becorne quiet, become ess

29. dro'rylthout-managewithout something

30. drropby-visit informally; pay a short ,i'isit

31. every other-alternate

32. fall behind-lag; fai lto accomplish ornething n time

33. fall through-fail to happenor be comlrleted

34. far'cry from-cornpletely different frorn; a long way

35. feel like-have a desireor wish for

36. feel up to-feelwell enough o or be czrpable f

37. few and far betw:en-not happening<lften; are38 . frgure out-determine; reasonout by ttrinking

39. n$h out of water--out of one's element or natural environment

40. for good-permanently; forever

41. for the time bein13-for now; temporarily

42. ge:l id of-give somethinlJaway;sell, clestroyor throw away something

43. get the ball rolllng-start something; rrake beginningt't4. gett he hang of*understand; learn

45. $v<: a hand-help

46. go rvithoutsayingg-understood;cleanvrithouteeding o be stated

47. hang on-keep hold of; persevere; eepdoingsomething48. harrl to come by--difficult to obtain

49. hnve a heart-ha,re kind feelings;be understanding

50. have a hunch-hirve an idea basedon feelings ather thiln reason

51. hop to it*get startedon somethingquickly

52. hi t it off-get alorrgwell with someone

53. i l l at ease*unconrfortable

54. in hot water-in trouble

55, in the dark*k€€p,5e*"one without knowledge; eep nformation rom som€:on€

56. in tlre long run-looking toward the future;eventually

57. in s nnd outs-all t he details; he variou.ri artsand difficulties o be seen

58. iron out*remove the diff icultiesor finr:an answer or

59, ju'mp o conclusiong-arrive to o quicklv at a decisionor opinion

60. keelpan eye on*'watch closely



t 7

Idrbms

61" keerpone's fingcrrscrossed-vrish that nothing goe$wrong

62. keep on one's toes-be ready for action; prepared63. learn the topes--learn the rulr3sand routines of a placeor activity

64. make ends meel:*to get iust enough n:loney or one's needs

65. mean to--intentional; on purpose

66. might as well--l:o haveno strong reasonnot to

6?. next to nothing.-almost nothiing; ery inexpensive

68. noltto mention--in addition

69. off balance-unaware; off guard

?0. on the go*working or doing siomethingal l the time

?1. on plns and netrdles*nervous; anxious; ul l of antir:ipation

72. oapurpose-deliberately; intentionally

73. on the blink--not rvorkingproperly; broken

74. on the right trar:k-thinking or doingsomethingcorrectly

75. on the ti p of e,n,s'songue-to be about to remembreromething

76. once [n a blue rnoon-rarely; almost never

77. pick up the tab--pay the bilt or the cost of soinethiing

78. plece of cake--,lasy

79 . play by ear-act spontaneous;ly;ithout planning

80 . pull it offi-accomplish

81. pull one's leg'-make fun of someone n a playful way; make someonebelieve something that lsnot true

82. quite a few-many83. right away-imnediately

84. run for offrce--compete for a;nelectedposition85. saveone'sbreath-to keepsilent because alkingrvouldno t achieveanything86. say that again*.a saying hat means: agreecomplr:tely87. stone's hrow.-short distanct:88. search me-an tnswer that means: don't know89. servesone right-is deservingof90. sleep on it-think aboutsom(:thingor a while

91. stmighten up--<:leanup; make idy

92. take a break*.rr:st for a while; stop one's work or a<:tivity93. think nothing ol'it-that's all r: ight94. throw cold water on-discourage; lessenenthusiasm or95. to say the least*-at the lorvestestimate96. uncler he wcatl:,er-not feelingwell97. well worth the trouble-it deserves he inconvenience r trouble98. whole ne w batrlg;ame-an ntirrely ifferentsituatiorr99. wlth flying colors-succeed vr:ry well

100.without a hitclh--u,ithoutdifficulty or r Jelay



r8

ST.RATEGIE:S

o Jttst ike the idioms, listeningwill help you get an "ear" lor expressionswith make and /o.Youmay be able c, eel hat one'verbsoundsbetter h,ln the other with an expression.

' You can learn the expressionswith mahe or do l>y using the same methods as with irJioms,either by menrorizing he m or by usingvisualpicltures r other methods hat work for you inorder to rernernber hem.

r The following exerciseswill help you lamiliarize y'curselfwith mo&eand do expressions,Makea list of expressionswith md&€and expressionswith do, Every time you hear or seer newe,xpression it h one of the severbs,add it to your list.

' The grammati ' laldifferences nd th e structures rr which some confusingwords are usiedwillhelp yo u reco5;nizend use hem correctly.

B. ConfusingWordsThere are a numb,ero( words irnEnglish that often (:auseproblems because hey have tr similarmeaning, r souuc alike. n th e Structureand Written .lxpression ectionof the TOEFL@est,wordsof a similarmeanirrg r related orm ar e used n error.

one of the mrorrt ommonof r:hese rrors involves r:he erbs make a,nddo.

MAKE and DO

Many languageshaveonly one verb for do and make. ln English he verb to do basicallymeans"toperform, to act," lirhile the verb /o maftemeans "to producl by action." These two verbs are alsofound n a numberof l ixedexpressions.

Expressions ith,MAKE.

makea misterkr:nrakewarmakea comparisonmakea discc,vr:rymakeus eofnrakea profitirnrake sugges':ion

do one'sdut;1do homeworlkdo justice odo businessdo workdrl wrongdr : a kindness

Expressionswith DA

make:rplan

make an investrnentmakean offermake;rchoicemakean attemptmakea decisionmakeeLorecast

do harrndo rescarchdo an assignmentdo one's bestdo a se:rvicedo danragedo wonders



ffiffii effifffimitufiffifi ffiLffitrj

will familiarizeyourself with the most commonrecognizeor guess the meaning of hundreds of

E)(AMPLES

re

inter *+

trans -+

By knowing tftreprefix and the root, you ,canworl( out the mea;ringof the word.

A. WordsBeginrning ith De-

i' to degenerate= to go d0wn to a lowerconditionor a chara,::ter ith low morals.Ex. The argumentrlegeneratedrrto a fight.

2. to deviate = o move away rom what is normalor required,gx' The politician<leviatedro m

th e subjectbecauseredidn't want to ariswer hequestion.

3. to deplete = to reducegreatly.

Ex . Due o th e war that wasgoingJn, foorc uppliesharrbeendepleted.4. to decompo$€.= o breall up after deatjh.

Ex' \{lhen organic rroducts decompose,gasesuseful fr)r pow€r and heat are produced.5. to dehydrate = to removeall the water from.

Ex . When milk is dt:hydrated,t formsa powder,

6' to deflate = to let ai r o,r11asut .Arso . reduce he rever f prrices.

Ex . Ttre ir e wa s rleflated, o he put moreair in it.

7. to depreciate= to lesser n valueor price.

Ex . Worksof ar t neverdepreciaten value.

8. to detect = to uncover, r> ind.

Ex - Smallamountsof aluminumu/eredetected n th e drinking water.

tffKa;iffitI 9

CI-IAPTEII

PrefixesETRATEGIES

. By doing th e exerciser;n this secti,on ouprefixes in English.This will enable vou rowords.

A prefix usually chan5:es he meaning of a word. For o<ampte, he prelix rn- changes themeaning of a word to ::heopposite. "Capabl:" means "having the ability r: f doing or being.""lncapable"means ,not

having he ability of doingor being.,,Prefixesare oftenattaclred o roots oi:words.

dowrn,eversing,away



2AB. WordsBe,ginning ith Inter-

[__d: bet'ween,among

l. lntermlttenl = (adi) stopping or a time,and hen corrtinuing.

Ex. The frsverwas not corrtinuousbut intermittent,2. intr:rmed1a1s (adi) in the middle level,between wo extremes.

Ex. Since tre student was neither a beginnernrcrr dvanced n her knowledge, he was putin an intermr:diate lass.

3. to intervene = to interrupt sourething,lsually o stop somethingba d from happening,

Ex . Justasr:he wo groupsstarted o fight, he police ntervened.

4, to lnterspelse . t:oplace here ernd here.

Ex. The dry plain was interrspersed ith a few t rees.

5. to intermingle = mix togetheror into.

Ex , Th e police ntermingrr:d it h the crowd to ri,atchhe thief.6. to lntenelate =, onnect n a wry that makesone dependon the other.

Ex . Readirngnd writing slcills re rnterrelated.

7. to lnteract = when one hasan tlffecton the other.

Ex. The shcw's successwa smainlydue oif,e 'rvaythe comediansnteractedwith eachother,

8. to furtercept= to catchbefore t.can escape.gr ' The guards nterceptedthe prisoner as he vrasclimbing out of the window.

C. Words Beginningwith Pro-

belbre, in favor of, fo:ilL to promote = to advancea pelson n positionor help something o succeed.

Ex . The strtdentswh o pass he finalexamwill bepromoted o the next evel.

2, to proliferate . to reproduceand ncrr:asen numbr:r.

Ex. Rabbits nd other oCents rol i ferate uic:<ly.

3. to protrude = c stick out.

Ex. The pointof the arrorvprotrurdedrom out of the back of the woundedman.

4. profound = (adj) deep;a personwitl-r deep understandi ng nd knor,rrledge.specially r;edresipect,ear, lr silence.

Ex . Socr:rtrls ada profoundkno'arledgend understanding f lilfe.

5. to proclaim = tc declareor sa:f n public.

E'x, When lhe party spokesmanproclaimedvir:tory, the crowd r:heerecl,

6. profrcient= (erd) very skil led n a particularactivit'v,.

Ex . He s a very proficienLtdministrator.

7. prrrmlnent = (a<li) tandingouLt s more mportant han others.

Ex. SIre s , l prominent awyer n this community.

8. profuse= (adj) rn abundance r plenty.Ex . The yellowmimosaswere profusealong he mountain oad.

9. pnrspective= (trctj) sed o describea personwho is going o do sornething.

Ex. The prospective uyerof the housewanteC o know every detailabout t.

for



2T

D. WordsBellinningwitthDisr

rc=

revtlrsal, undo, negate

1, disparity = inequality;difference n age,condition, clraracter,kind.

Ex. There is;a greatdisparity in the salariesofferedfor the same ob between he state

and the privarte ector.

2. to dlslntegrate = to separatearrd orm lragments; o breakup.

b. The fabric was so old that it disintegratedvrhen touched it.

3. to dlsorlent = to,:ausesomeone o losehis or her senseof directlon,or ime,

Ex. When he woke up in the hospiltalafter the a.ccident, e was quite disoriented.

4. to dlscard = to throw away,Ex . We will have o discard hesedocumentsbe:causehe y ar e out of date.

5. to dlssuade = to 1:ersuade r advisesorneonenot to Cosomething.

Ex , He wrote a book dissuading eople rom wearinganimalproducts.

6. to dissociate = tc separate ronr the union of s<imeone r something.

Ex. The psychiatricpatientcould not dissociate he realand the fantasyworld he lived n.

7. to disprove = to ?rovefalse.

Ex . The theory that all the planetswent arouncl he earth was disprovedby Copernicus n

1543.

8. dtssimllar = (arCj')ot similar,unlike. t is usedgener,lllywhen the contrast s obvious.

Ex . The twOsistersar e quite dissimilar n both character,and ppearance.

9. disinterested = s personwho i:snot influencedby ernotionor personirlgalnwhen decidin;gn

favoror against ;omething.

Ex. A disinterestedudgehad to be found o selitle he dispute.



a nL L

t':",t.,|;;;i.:.;.i": /:n{t|]qI

il,r1[.'r'il;ffi['ffili.';r,rq'

I !a.rci*

fri,ffij

CHAPTERIO

Placesand JVlovemrentA. Boundaries ndBorders

ThemeGrouping:

CC)UNTRY

fronti;er

bordr:r

boundary

margxn

border = th e placewhereon ecounl:ry ouchesanother.

Ex . Th e guardsat the border stoppedall the cars.

frontier = the placewhereone courrtry ouchesanother, or he border of something nownand unknown. t is also used n U.S. istory to mean he border betweel settledand wildcountry.

Ex - In 1840he settlerscrossed he frontier o the werstn their wa1;ons.boundary = the imit or edgeof a place no t a country),e.g.,a pieceof rand.

Ex , The housewa s built right on the boundaryof the city.edge = the end of somethinghigh,or the thinnestpart of rsomethinghat r:ancut.

Ex. My ne_wnife hasa really strarpedge.

bdnk-

th e edgeof somethingdang,trous r high.Ex . The situation s very tense,and the coun,trys on the brink of rrar.

ri m = th e outsidee'cge f something ound,e.g., lasses,:ups, ye-glasses,heels.Ex . He filled he glass ight up to the rim.

brim = the outsideedgeof a hat useci or protectionagainst he sun or rain,or the outsideedgeof a cu p or bowl.

Ex , Th e sombrero s a hat with ;twide brim.

margin = th e spaces eft on the top, bottom,and sidesof a pieceof paprlr. t is also used or anamountover what is rrecessary.

Ex . You havea ten-daymargin r: complete he work.

l imlt = the farthestpoint you can go,

Ex . With his talent here s no lirnit o wherehe can go,

nl .

2.

3.

4.

5.

7.

8.

9 .



23B. Movingand Not Moving

statlcdorrnantst4tionarylnert

stagnant

Gf''(tr,,.*'

active

stirrlngItlnerant

dynamlc

l. agllc qulckmovirrg;ftenused or sports r action o getout,tf trouble.Ec Bothwild;rnddomestlc atoareaglle.

2. actlve moving bout, oing hings.

Ex. Although ehas etired, e 1s ul lveqractlve n polltic;;.3. ltlnerant

" travelln8 rom place o place,usually o practlcea profession r workat a ob,

b. ln the past tinerant udgesvent rom townto town n theWest.4. dyn+-lc: produclng owerandact:lvlty; nenerjeticperson,

4x. Hewasso dynarnlcalsing roneyor thehomeless,ecollected ixmllliondollars,5. otlrrlng - thatwhich excltes eefings

Ex, The eader avea stirrlng peech.6. statlcEnot movingor changing,

Ex. Thesituatlon asstaticwittr he wo armlesacing achother.7. eta,tlonary stayintl n one place, ot:moving.

Ex. F<rrhe asr: eek atetof nterest ave emainedtatlonary.8. stagnart water that s not movlngor flowrng, sualrywith a badsmeil.

&, Many nse<rtslke poolsof st,agnant ater.9. Inert=nothavlnghepower o mdveor act,

&, Some omtrts re madeup oli nertmatter.10. doruant =not actir/eemporarlty, s f asleep.

Ex. Thevolcanoeruptedalter havlngbeendormant or l2{tyears.

C. Pushingand pulling

ffi#rilfrl{,I' to chlft - to move 'om oneplaceo another r fromonedrrecti,rno another.

Ex. Thewindshifted irection urrnghe nrght o a northerl]' irection.2. to drag= o pullsornethinglong he ground.

E . Theantdrrrggedhe ealacrossheground,

3. to d&Bw o takeor puilout overa p,arlod f ime.Ex. ln anclentlmes, loodwasdrawnas acure or many lllesses.

4. to heave= o lilt sornethlngeavywlrih reateflbrt.Ex, Thesailorsheavedhe hugesharkover heside.

5, to extract to takeeutphyslcally r,wrth n nstnrment r by chemicalmeans.,Er. Oil ls extrar:tedrgm peanuts.

6. to thnnt = o push vlth orce.

,S*. Forcegn leearth'scrust hrust and nassesogether:auslng ountalnso rls€.7. to proJect. to stan(lout forward ront something,

Ex. Ridges l rcckprojected ut alonghecoastline.8. to prcpel - to move, rlve,or push orward.

Er. Thewindpr.opelshesailsof a windmlll.9, to *atter - to throv'hereand herev,ithno plan,

Ex. Thewinde(:attersheseeds f many rees.10. to efect= o throwout by orce, suallyromwlthln.

ilr. ThevolcanoeJectedavaove a surfaceof several guaremlles,



ffi ffi [q*,'*;fi ffiffifi ffiffifi ffi ffiffi 4

11

A. Size:Small

1 .

CHAPTER

ThemeGrouping:Size

diminutive

miniature

d*"" II

.microscopic

I

2.

3.

4.

5.

b .

8.

B.

t inY = very small.

Ex . A newly-bornbaby has tiny handsand feet.

minute = very small

Ex . Al l th e nformationyou need s storei in a minutechip in tlle computer.

diminutive =v€ry smnllan d es sheavily built,

Ex . As techrnologyas progJressed,ore diminul:ive ersionsof th e pocket calculatorbe seensuch as on wa t,:hes

dwarf = likea person,animal,o:' plant that is below he normalsizeof it s kind,which may lookdeformed.

Ex . Dwarf ruit treesusuall lz earnormalsize rult.

minuscule = V€:ryr ery small.

Ex. The miinusculerint wasdiff icul t o read.

minimal = of the smallestpossilileamount or degree.

Ex. The injurieshe suffered ro m th e accidentwe)re nly minirnal.

minlature = a very smallcopy or exampleof something.

Ex. Miniatureportraits he sizeof a coin were popularat one time.

microscopic= so smoll t can only be seenwith speci:rl quipment.

Ex . Thoughmicroscopic n size, he flu virus ca n have atateffectson old people.

Growingand Getting Bigger

may

expand

amplify

augment

swamp

boom

boost

pros;per

flour:ish

swel,l

2.

3.

to expand = (by/into) to grow la ger. (fhis is the most general erm meaning o grow btgger.)

Ex. A dry spongeexpands vhensoaked n water.

to amplify = o make argeror irrcreasehe strengthof something. t i:; especialty se d or th eincreaseof sound.

Ex . There are several indsof devices h,at an be used o ampl f,ya speaker's oice.

to augment= to makebigger; o grow more fian befo.r.e.

Ex . The new victory augmented is confidence \/enmore.

minute

min imal



25

4. to swamp = (userl n the passive) o have too much r:,f omething.

l*,. We are swampedwith work and have beenvrorkingovertime allweek.

5. to boom = to gro'arapldly or increase n value.

Ii.r.. The hour;ingmarketwas booming last year.

6. to boost - to lift rrp or makegrow with some help.

fu. Freesa'rnples ere givenwith every purchase o boost salesof the new product.

7. to prosp€r = to continue to suc,ceedn life, health, and wealth.

Iix. Therew.rsno other stcrre ike it in the vil lagr:and its business rospered.

8. to flourlsh = 16glow with strength and expand.

ti. The plants n th e garde,nlourishedunder hr::r are.

9. to s'well to exp:rnd rom th e normalsizeof something.

Ex . Whenhe brokehis finger, t started o swell,10. to prolong . to n:ake onger n Lime.

Ik, He proiio.rged is stay l)y an extra two days.

C. GettingEmaller

l. to chrlnk = to becomesmaller n size-

Ex. Wool often shlinks when it is washecl n hot water.

2. to decllne o to fall after a higheror tlre highest point has been achieved n power,achievement. r wealth.

Ex. His power began o decline erfterhe lost a successionof battles an<l eiritories.3. to dlmlnish = become rmaller. t is otltenusecl o show hovr much is lost by something.

Ex. After raising :xes, the government's opularitystarted o dimlnish.

4. to condense = to redu<:e omething yithout losingmuch o[ its contents.

Ex. The four-pagearticle was condensed nto a paragraph

5. to contract = to becomesmaller,usuallyby a force within.

Ex. By contractinl; and dilating, the heart circulates b,toodaround the body.

6. to subside = to becom,: ess; o go barcko normal; to fall.

Ex. Eeforestartinl lon their ourney, hey waited or the strongwinds to subside.

?, to abate * to reducesomethingwhich is excessive n amount such as wirrd,storms,and pain.Ex.

'I'hestrong pa n in his stoma.ch hor.',ed o sign of abating.

8. to decrease= to becorre less n number, strength,or quality.

Ex . Whenmixedwith more water, he strengthof th e solutionwil l decrease.

9. to reduce - to makesomething mal,ier r cheaperor to bring it down.

Ex. If we want to t)ecompetitivewe have to reduce ttre price of our goods.

10. to dwlndle = to becorrre ess ittle by little.

Ex. The figuremovedawayand graduallydwindled nto a point on the horizon.

Documents

5. Vocab Add On