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5.0 COMPUTERSYSTEM
5.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT
DC035
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, studentsshould be able to:5.1 System
Concept
5.1.1 Overview ofComputer
System
5.1.2 DataRepresentation
5.1.3 Storage Capacity
identify the process in acomputer-based information
processing.
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What Is A Computer?
An electronic device, operating under thecontrol of instructions stored in its ownmemory
3
Collectsdata
(input)Processing
Producesinformation
(output)
Information Processing Cycle
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
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Computer Definition
A computer is
an electronic device,
that accepts input,
process data, and
produces output.
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
Collectsdata
(input)Processing
Producesinformation
(output)
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Subsystems of aComputer
Software System
Operating System (Unix, Mac OS,MicrosoftWindows)
Web browser (Netscape, Internet
Explorer)Office productivity applications
HardwareSystem
Keyboard
MonitorSystem unit
Network SystemInternet services (email)
Network connections (modems, network cards)
Internet
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Computer SystemDefinition
A computer systemis
a complete, working
computer thatincludes
operating system,
software and
hardware which arenecessary
to make thecomputer function.
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7
Devices that comprise acomputer system
Printer(output)
Monitor(output)
Speaker(output)
Scanner(input)
Mouse(input)
Keyboard(input)
System unit
(processor, memory)
Storage devices
(CD-RW, Floppy,Hard disk, zip,)
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
5.1 SystemConcept
5.1.1 Overview of
ComputerSystem
5.1.2 DataRepresentation
5.1.3 Storage Capacity
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Components of ComputerSystem
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
Hardware
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Input Devices
Output DevicesStorage Devices
Software
System SoftwareApplication Software
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Components of ComputerSystem
A computer contains many electric, electronic,and mechanical components known ashardware
9
Allows you to enter data and instructions into a computerInput Device
Hardware component that conveys information to one or morepeople
Output Device
Case that contains the electronic components of the computerthat are used to process data
System Unit
Records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and fromstorage media
Storage Device
Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions, andinformation to and from one or more computers or mobiledevices
CommunicationsDevice
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Data Processing
The computing modelfor the first phase ofdigital revolution.
Based on an input-processing-outputcycle.
C
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Processes in ComputerSystem
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
P i C
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Processes in ComputerSystem
Information Processing Cycle
Input-process-output (IPO) Model
Input-process-output-storage (IPOS) Model
The series of input, process, output and storageactivities.
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
IPO Model
P i C
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Processes in ComputerSystem
All computers perform
four basic operations :-
InputProcess
Output
Storage
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
IPO Model
P i C
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Processes in ComputerSystem
Input datato feed informationwhich can besupplied by any
person, environmentor other computer.
Processing datamanipulating data
by performingcalculations, sortinglists of words ornumbers, drawingpictures.
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
IPOS Model
P i C
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Processes in ComputerSystem
Storing datafor future retrieval andprocessing.Memory holds data that
is waiting to beprocessed, and storageareas hold datapermanently until thedata is deleted.
Output datathe result produced by acomputer, whichincludes reports,documents, music,graphs and pictures.DC035 - PDT Semester 3
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Summary
Definition of
Computer
Computer System
Components of Computer System
Processes in Computer System
5.1 SystemConcept
5.1.1 Overview ofComputer
System
5.1.2 DataRepresentation
5.1.3 Storage Capacity
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, studentsshould be able to:5.1 System
Concept
5.1.1 Overview ofComputer System
5.1.2 DataRepresentation
5.1.3 Storage Capacity
explain data representationin computer.
D t R t ti
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Data RepresentationBasics
What is data?
Symbols that represent people,events, things and ideas. or,
A collection of raw facts, figuresand symbols, such as numbers,words, images, video andsound, given to the computer
during the input phase.
Can be a number, a name, thecolors in a photograph or the
notes in a musical composition.DC035 - PDT Semester 3
D t R t ti
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Data RepresentationBasics
What is information?
Data that is organized,meaningful, and useful. or,
Processed data thatconveys meaning and isuseful to people.
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
D t R t ti
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Data RepresentationBasics
Differences between data and information
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Presented
in a formatthat peoplecan
understandand use
Whengroupedbecomes
D t R t ti
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Data RepresentationBasics
Differences between data and information
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
Whengroupedbecomes
Used bymachines
such ascomputers.
Used byhumans.
D t R t ti
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Data RepresentationBasics
What is data representation?
The form in which data isstored, processed andtransmitted.
Example :- devices such asPDAs, iPod and computersstore numbers, text, music,photos and videos in formats
that can be handled byelectronic circuitry.
Can be represented using:-
Analog methodDigital method DC035 - PDT Semester 3
D t R t ti
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Data RepresentationBasics
Difference Between Analog and DigitalMethod
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
Analog Digital
Represented using aninfinite scale of values.
signals are continuous andvary in strength and quality
Example :- a dimmer switch
Text, numbers, graphics,sound and video that has
been converted into discretedigits such as 0s and 1s.
signals are in one of twostates: on or off
Example :- a traditional lightswitch
Data Representation
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Data RepresentationBasics
How does digital data work?
Most computers are digital
Digital computers: Canonly understand twostates, offand on (0 and1).
Digital datarepresentation: Theprocess of representingdata in digital form so it
can be used by acomputer. DC035 - PDT Semester 3
Ways of representing 0 and1: Binary computersrecognize only two states-offand on usuallyrepresented by 0 and 1.
Data Representation
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Data RepresentationBasics
How does digital data work?
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
A computer circuitrepresents the 0 orthe 1 electronically bythe presence orabsence of anelectrical charge.
Digital Data
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Digital DataRepresentation
How does digital data work?
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
Bit: The smallest unit of datathat a binary computer canrecognize (a single 1 or 0)
Represents an electricalstate (on or off)
Bit 1 represents On (High)
Bit 0 represents Off (Low)
Digital Data
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Digital DataRepresentation
How does digital data work?
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
Byte: Eight bits groupedtogether as a unit.
Byte = 8 bits
A byte represents a singlecharacter in the computer
Byte terminology used toexpress the size of documentsand other files, programs, etc.
Digital Data
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Digital DataRepresentation
Differences between bits and bytes
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
Bits Bytes
An abbreviation forbinary digit.
Usually as a lowercaseb.
Typically used toexpress transmissionspeeds
A group of eight bits
Usually abbreviated asan uppercase B.
Typically use to expressstorage space
Digital Data
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Digital DataRepresentation
Example :
00110100 represents 4
00110110 represents 6
01000101 represents E
H l tt i t d t
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How a letter is converted tobinary form and back
Step 1.The user
presses the
capital letterD
on the
keyboard.
Step 2.An electronic signal for
the capital letterD is
sent to the system unit.
Step 3.
The signal for the capital letterD is
converted to its binary code (01000100)
and is stored in memory for processing.
Step 4.
After processing, the binary code
for the capital letterD is
converted to an image, and
displayed on the monitor.
Digital Data
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Digital DataRepresentation
How can bits be used to storeimages?
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
Must be digitized by treatingthem as a series of colored
dots.Each dot is assigned abinary number according toits color.
Example :- green dotmight be represented by0010 and red dot by1100.
Digital Data
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Digital DataRepresentation
How can bits be used to storesound?
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
Characterized by the
properties of a sound wave.Represent the sound wavedigitally by sampling it atvarious points, & then
converting those points intodigital numbers.
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SummaryDefinition of :-
DataInformation
Differences between data and information
Definition of data representation
Differences between analog and digital
Differences between bits and bytes
Using bits to store :-
Image
sound
5.1 SystemConcept
5.1.1 Overview ofComputer System
5.1.2 DataRepresentation
5.1.3 Storage Capacity
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LEARNINGOUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, studentsshould be able to:5.1 System
Concept
5.1.1 Overview ofComputer System
5.1.2 DataRepresentation
5.1.3 Storage Capacity
differentiate various size ofstorage capacity.
Typical Storage and
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Typical Storage andCapacities
Storage Capacity
Tape drive A few hundred kilobytes toseveral gigabytes
Diskette 1.44 MBCD-ROM 650 MB 1GB
Hard disksExternal hard disk
Removable hard disk
Up to 4TB or more
UP to 1TB or more
Typical Storage and
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DVD and Blu-ray Storage Capacities
Sides Layers DVD Blu-ray
1 1 4.7GB 25GB
1 2 8.5GB 50GB
2 1 9.4GB 50GB
2 2 17GB 100GB
Typical Storage andCapacities
Typical Storage and
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Typical Storage andCapacities
Typical of Flash Memory Storage
Storage Capacities
Solid State Drives(SSD) 16GB 256GB
Memory cardsCompact Flash(CF)Secure Digital(SD)SDHCXD Picture Card
512MB 100GB512MB 8GB4GB 32GB256MB 2GB
USB Flash Drive 512MB 100GB
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Storage Capacity
Each location inmemory has anaddress.
CapacityThenumber ofbytes(characters) canbe hold by storage
medium
Memory size ismeasured in
kilobytes (KB or K),me ab tes MB Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 438
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Storage Capacity
What do the prefixes kilo-,mega-, giga- and tera- mean?
Prefixes are often used toexpress larger quantities ofbytes: kilobyte (KB),megabyte (MB), gigabyte(GB), etc
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Storage Capacity
prefixes kilo-
Abbreviated as K, means athousand.
Decimal number system thenumber 1,000 is 103.
For digital devices where base 2is the norm = 1,024 or 210.
A kilobit (Kb) = 1,024 bits.A kilobytes (KB) = 1,024 bytes
Kilobytes often used whenreferring to the size of smallcomputer files.
Also known as Kibi DC035 - PDT Semester 3
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Storage Capacity
prefixes mega-
Abbreviated as M, means amillion.Decimal number system the
number 1,000,000 is 10
6.
For digital devices where base 2is the norm = 1,048,576 or 220.A megabit (Mb) = 1,048,576 bits.A megabytes (MB) = 1,048,576bytesMegabytes often used whenreferring to the size of medium tolarge computer files or to floppydisk capacity.Also known as Mebi
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Storage Capacity
prefixes giga-
In technology lingo.
Abbreviated as G, means a
billion.Decimal number system thenumber 1,000,000,000 is 109.
For digital devices where base 2is the norm = 1,073,741,824 or
230
.A gigabit (Mb) = 1billion bits.
A gigabytes (MB) = 1billion bytes.
Gigabytes often used to refer tostorage capacity.
Also known as Gibi DC035 - PDT Semester 3
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Storage Capacity
prefixes tera-, peta-, exa-
Usually use by mainframesand supercomputer sometimes work with hugeamounts of data.
tera- (trillion).
peta- (thousand trillion).
exa- (quintilion).
DC035 - PDT Semester 3
The Number of Bytes in Common
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The Number of Bytes in CommonTerms
Name Number of Bytes Amount ofText
Kilobyte (KB) 210 or 1,024 page
Megabyte(MB)
220 or 104,8576 500 page or thickbook
Gigabyte(GB)
230 or 1,073,741,824 500,000 pages or1,000 thick books
Terabyte (TB) 240 or 1,099,511,627,776 1,000,000 thickbooks
Petabyte (PB) 250 or 1,125,899,906,842,624 180 Libraries ofCongress
Exabyte 260 or 1,152,292,150,460,684,6976 180 thousandLibraries ofCongress
Zettabyte 270 or 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 180 millionLibraries ofCongress
Yottabyte 280 or 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 180 billion Librariesof Con ress
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Data Measurement Chart
Data Measurement Chart
Data Measurement Size
Bit Single Binary Digit (1 or 0)
Byte 8 bits
Kilobyte (KB)Bytes 1024 Bytes
Bits 8192 Bits
Megabyte (MB)
Kilobytes 1,024 KB
Bytes 1048576 Bytes
Bits 8388608 Bits
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Data Measurement Chart
Data Measurement Chart
Data Measurement Size
Gigabyte (GB)
Megabytes 1,024 MB
Kilobytes 1048576 KBBytes 1073741824 Bytes
Bits 8589934592 Bits
Terabyte (TB)
Gigabytes 1,024 GB
Megabytes 1048576 MB
Kilobytes 1073741824 KB
Bytes 1099511627776 Bytes
Bits 8796093022208 Bits
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Data Measurement Chart
Data Measurement Chart
Data Measurement Size
Petabyte (PB)
Terabytes 1,024 TB
Gigabytes 1048576 GBMegabytes 1073741824 MB
Kilobytes 1099511627776 KB
Bytes 1125899906842624 Bytes
Bits 9007199254740992 Bits
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Data Measurement Chart
Data Measurement Chart
Data Measurement Size
Exabyte (EB)
Petabytes 1,024 PB
Terabytes 1048576 TB
Gigabytes 1073741824 GB
Megabytes 1099511627776 MB
Kilobytes 1125899906842624 KB
Bytes 11522921504606846976Bytes
Bits 8796093022208 Bits
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Example 1 : Convert 1GB to KB
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Example 2 : Convert MB to GB
1200 MB = 1200/1024
= 1.17 GB
Example 3: Convert pixels to
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Example 3: Convert pixels toMegabytes
Using the above example, calculate the
storage requirements for the image inmegabytes.
Example 3: Convert pixels to
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Example 3: Convert pixels toMegabytes
5000 pixels x 7000 pixels =35,000,000 pixels (= 35,000,000 bits)
35,000,000 / 8 = 4,375,000 bytes
4,375,000 / 1024 = 4272.46 kilobytes
4272.46 / 1024 = 4.17 megabytes
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Summary
Memory Size
Kilo-
Mega-
Giga-Tera-
Peta-
Exa-
5.1 SystemConcept
5.1.1 Overview ofComputer System
5.1.2 DataRepresentation
5.1.3 Storage Capacity