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What physics is 3
Do you know physical quantity around us ? 4
Is there any different in physical quantity ? 5
How do I write big and small numbers in simplest form ? 6
What are the other instrument use to measure length besides meter rule? 7
Uncertainty in measurement ? 8
Scientific Investigation 9
Properties of measurement you should know 10
What physics is
Understanding
Physics
Heat Energy
Motion
Force
Momentum
Forming of
rainbow
Mirage
Measurement
Career
Siti Rohayu Esmandi
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Do you know physical quantity around us ?
Magnitude
Time Derived
quantity
Mass
Base
quantity
Unit
Temperature
Electric
current
Length
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Physical
quantity
Force
Density
`Weight
Momentum
Volume
Area
Is there any different in physical quantity ?
Number
Distance
Vector
quantity
Speed
Scalar
quantity
Unit
Mass
Magnitude
Only
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Physical
quantity
Displacement
Velocity
Weight
Magnitude
and direction
How do I write big and small numbers in simplest form ?
Small
number
Standard form Prefixes
Big
number Tera, T, 10
12
Using letter
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Indices
2.1 x 108
1 ≤ A < 10
1.37 x 10-13
A x 10n
Giga, G, 109
Mega, M, 106
Kilo, k, 103
Deci, d, 10-1
Centi, c, 10-2
Milli, m, 10-3
Micro, , 10-6
Nano, n, 10-9
Pico, p, 10-12
What are the other instrument use to measure length besides meter rule?
Measuring instrument
Vernier Callipers
Micrometer Screw Gauge
Inner jaw
Outer jaw
Main scale
Vernier scale
Screw
Tail
Anvil
Spindle
Main scale
Vernier scale
Sleeve
Thimble
Ratchet
Uncertainty in measurement ?
Uncertainty
Parallax
Systematic
error
Observer
Random
error
Cannot be
avoid
Time reaction
Surrounding
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Can be
minimized
Positive
Instrument
Negative
Constant
Scientific Investigation
Making an
observation Make an inference
Identifying
variables
Manipulated Responding Constant
Formulate a
hypothesis
Conduct the
experiment Tabulate data Analysing data Writing report
Graph Conclusion
Properties of measurement you should know
Measurement
Accuracy Sensitivity Consistency
Same reading
Small relative deviation
Can be accurate
Actual value
On the target
Small change
Respond quickly
Small scale
Title Page number
Your position 12
Your movement 13
Equation of Linear Motion 14
How do we analyse movement ? 15
Tendency of an object in their motion 16
When there is action, there is reaction 17
What make an object changes ? 18
The effects of impulsive force 19
Is save to drive a car ? 20
What makes you fall ? 21
How a ship made of iron floats in the sea ? 22
Type of energy around us 23
Factors that affect the elasticity of a spring (i) 24
Factors that affect the elasticity of a spring (ii) 25
Your position
Unit
metre
Scalar quantity
Displacement
Total length
of the path
Distance
Length
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Change
in
position
Vector quantity
Specific
direction
Your movement
Unit
m s-1
Scalar quantity
Velocity
Distance
Time
Speed
Fast
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Slow
Vector quantity
Displacement
Time
Equation of Linear Motion
Equation of linear motion
Condition
v = u + at2
No ‘s’ is given
s = ut + ½ at2
No ‘v’ is given
v = u + at2
No ‘t’ is given
tvus )(2
1
No ‘a’ is given
as as as
How do we analyse movement ?
Motion Graph
Velocity against time Acceleration against time Displacement against time
Displacement
Total distance
Time interval
Initial velocity
Final Velocity
Acceleration
Deceleration
Time interval
Gradient = Velocity
Time interval
Gradient = Acceleration
Area = Displacement
Tendency of an object in their motion
Inertia
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Animal shakes their
body to dry wet fur
Run in zigzag pattern
when we chased by a
bull
Give a quick
downward shake to
chilli sauce bottle to
force chilli sauce out
of the bottle
Non-physical
quantity
Property of
matter
Mass
When there is action, there is reaction
Momentum
Inelastic collision Explosion Elastic collision
Apart after collision
Momentum conserve
Kinetic energy conserve
Combine after collision Initially at rest and in contact
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
Momentum conserve
Kinetic energy not conserved
m1u1 + m2u2 = ( m1 + m2)V
Momentum conserve
Kinetic energy not conserve
(m1 + m2)u= m1v1+ m2v2
What make an object changes ?
Effects of
force
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Change the shape
`Change the state of
motion
Change the direction
of motion
Change the size
Change the speed
The effects of impulsive force
Change in
momentum
Kicking a
football
Negative
Drives the nail
Into wood
Positive
Time of
impact
Drives pile into
The ground
Crushes the
food
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t
mumvF
Destroying
an object
Defecting an
object
Serious injuries
During accident
Is save to drive a car ?
Safety features
In vehicles
Rear and front
bumper Padded dashboard
Tyres with
tread
ABS
Break systems
Safety seat belt
Shatter-proof
Glass windscreen
Soft Headrests
Passenger safety
case
Rear and front
crumple zone
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What makes you fall ?
Gravity
Free fall v = u + gt
v2 = u
2 + 2gt
s = ut + ½ gt2
W = mg
Earth
g = 10 m s-2
g = 10 N kg-1
Moon
g = 5/3 m s-2
g = 5/3 N kg-1
To the centre
Vector quantity
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How a ship made of iron floats in the sea ?
F1
Fx = F sin
Fy = F cos
F2
Inclined plane
Horizontal plane
R
W
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Forces in
equilibrium
F
F`x
F`y
R
W
Friction
Newton’s third law
Resolution of forces
Addition of forces
Resultant force = 0
Type of energy around us
Force
Work
Power
Gravitational energy
Kinetic energy
Elastic potential energy
Heat energy
Sound energy
Chemical energy
Energy
Electrical energy
Efficiency
Factors that affect the elasticity of a spring (i)
Longer spring
Bigger diameter
Of coil
Made from copper
Made from thin
wire
Arranged in series
Flexible
Replace frequently
Breaks easily
High maintenance
Spring easily extend
Weak
spring system
Factors that affect the elasticity of a spring (ii)
Shorter spring
Smaller diameter
Of coil
Made from steel
Made from thick
wire
Arranged in
parallel
Not flexible
Seldom replace
Does not breaks easily
Low maintenance
Spring does not easily extend
Strong
spring system
Title Page number
Can you feel and see the pressure? 27
Physics Principles Involve of Forces and Pressure 28
Can you feel and see the pressure?
Pressure
Liquid Gas Solid
Depend on contact area
Depend on the weight
Bigger weight, higher pressure
Depend on the depth
Depend on density of the liquid
Depend on temperature
Depend on volume
Depend on number of particles
Smaller contact area, higher pressure
Depend on the strength of gravity
Immersed more, higher pressure
Higher density, higher pressure A
FP
P = hg
Higher temperature, higher pressure
Smaller volume, higher pressure
Many gas particles, higher pressure
Higher altitude, lower pressure
Physics Principles Involve of Forces and Pressure
Principle
Archimedes Bernoulli Pascal
Enclosed system
Pressure transmitted equally
Involve of piston
Involve of floating object
Involve of immersed object
Involve of liquid flow
Involve of gas flow
High speed area = Low pressure area
Apply in fluid
In liquid and in gas
Weight of fluid displaces = Buoyant force
2
2
1
1
A
F
A
F
Title Page number
Why do hot drinks cool if left over? 30
Why there is changes in themperature while boilling water then it fixed at 100 oC ? 31
The Gas Laws 32
Why do hot drinks cool if left over?
Newton’s third law
Resolution of forces
Addition of forces
Resultant force = 0
Two fixed points
Thermometer
Energy transferred
Rate of heat flow = 0
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Thermal
equilibrium Lower fixed point, l0 = ice point
Upper fixed point, l100 = steam point
0100
0
ll
llx xo
Hot Cold
Warm
Why there is changes in themperature while boilling water then it fixed at 100 oC ?
Mass
involved
Specific latent
heat
Changes in
temperature
Specific heat
capacity
Heat
involved
Heat absorbed
J kg-1
oC
-1
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Use to changes
The state of
matter
No changes in
temperature
J kg-1
Heat lost
The Gas Laws
Gas Law
Condition
Boyle’s Law
P1V1 = P2V2
Temperature = constant
Charles’ Law
2
2
1
1
T
V
T
V
Pressure = constant
Pressure Law
2
2
1
1
T
P
T
P
Volume = Constant
Universal Gas Law
2
22
1
11
T
VP
T
VP
as as as
Title Page number
Does the image in the mirror is really like you? 34
Does star really blinked as seen from the earth? 35
Reflection of Refraction ? 36
Forming total internal reflection (shine like a diamond) 37
Image formed by convev lens 38
Image formed by concave lens 39
Does the image in the mirror is really like you?
Newton’s third law
Resolution of forces
Addition of forces
Resultant force = 0
Changes in light direction
Convex mirror
Plane mirror
Concave mirror
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Reflection of
light Shiny surface
Angle of reflection
Focal point
Normal line
Angle of incidence
Does star really blinked as seen from the earth?
Newton’s third law
Resolution of forces
Addition of forces
Resultant force = 0
Changes in light direction
Two different mediums
Transparent medium
Snell’s Law
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Refraction of
light
Angle of refraction
Normal line
Angle of incidence
Speed changed
Total internal reflection
Real depth
Apparent depth
Critical angle
Reflection of Refraction ?
Normal
line
i = r
Refraction of
light
Direction
changed
Reflection of
light
Light
Shiny surface
Angle of
reflection
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Angle of
incidence
r
in
sin
sin
Speed
changed
Two different
mediums
Angle of
Refraction
Images
Forming total internal reflection (shine like a diamond)
Light travelled from air to
glass
Light experienced
refraction away from
normal
A new incident angle at the
boundary of
glass-air
Adjust the angle of
incident at the boundary of
air-glass
Until all the light at the
boundary glass-air
reflected into glass
Total internal reflection
occur
Air less optical
density
Air less optical
density
Image formed by convev lens
From the object, draw a
ray parallel to principal
axis to the lens.
From the lens, the ray
refracted to pass through
focal point
From the object, draw a
ray go through the centre
of lens.
The ray does not bending
when pass through the
centre of lens.
Identify the intersection
point from the two rays. Draw the image
Magnified or
diminished Real or virtual
Image formed by concave lens
From the object, draw a
ray parallel to principal
axis to the lens.
From the lens, the ray
refracted and appear to
come from focal point
From the object, draw a
ray go through the centre
of lens.
The ray does not bending
when pass through the
centre of lens.
Identify the intersection
point from the two rays. Draw the image
Magnified or
diminished Real or virtual
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