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LAR 697 MASTER'S DESIGN STUDYspring 2008

[re]new economy: south bay salt ponds, san francisco, californiaMichael Averitt

2009 Texas ASLA merit award, analysis + planning

LAR 697K is an independent design project in which the investigation, design process, and critical evaluation are formulated by the student. The project must have a theoretical and research base, provide a comprehensive exploration of a landscape design topic, and offer insight for the furthering of landscape studies.

This project engages the South San Francisco Bay Salt Ponds Restoration site, comprising 15,500 acres of former commercial salt-producing lands purchased by the state of California in 2003. The state’s intention is to spend one billion dollars over the next fifty years to restore the salt ponds to tidal marsh.

The three separate sites lie at the convergence of the transport, waste, and water-handling infrastructure serving the Bay area. This work offers an alternate future for these sites that responds to the regional threats posed by earthquakes, floods, and droughts. By exploiting the infrastructural adjacencies of the sites, this project provides more robust and redundant infrastructural systems to help respond to regional scale threats.

The design utilizes the wealth of scientists and researchers in the Bay area to refine an energy and fuel generation module that can be exported to other areas of the state. The systems developed would use the state-wide water, waste, and salinity threats to its advantage. This module creates a new renewable energy economy by taking waste and turning it into food for processes and systems that create fuel and energy.

Eden Landing Complex

Alviso Complex

Ravenswood Complex

San Joaquin Valley

Greater California

Solar Updraft Tower

Algae Ponds

Anaerobic Digesters

Biodiesel Refinery

C & D Recycling Facility

Municipal Warehouse

Salt Ponds

Freshwater Ponds

Desalination Facility

Municipal Warehouse

Saltwater Marsh

Municipal Warehouse

Saltwater Marsh

Algae Ponds

Anaerobic Digesters

Desalination Facility

Saltworks/Evaporation Basins

Algae Ponds

Anaerobic Digesters

Biodiesel Refinery

Saltworks/Evaporation Basins

Desalination Facility

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Construction

Construction -1 Operation phase 1 Construction - 2 Operation - full 1100 acres

Construction -1 Operation phase 1 - determined by drainage need Construction -2 Full operation

Construction -1 Operation phase 1 - determined by algae ponds

Construction Operation - 28,000 acre-feet/year drainage Construction Full operation

Construction Operation - 1,600 acres of basins Construction Full operation

Construction -2 Full operation

Construction Operation - 8300 acres

Construction Operation - 27,000 tons/day

Construction Operation - 25 MG/year

Construction Operation - if necessary

Construction Operation

Construction -1 Operation phase 1

Construction Operation - 25 million gal. per year

Construction - 2 Operation - full 1790 tons/day

Operation - up to 500 years with proper maintenance - 150 GWh/year

Construction Operation - 1.4 million tons of waste per year

Construction Operation - storage of infrastructural materials, solar vehicle fuel creation, fleet storage

Construction Operation - storage of infrastructural materials, solar vehicle fuel creation, fleet storage

Construction Operation - storage of infrastructural materials, solar vehicle fuel creation, fleet storage

Levee breaks Habitat development - by South Bay Salt Pond Restoration

Construction Aquifer reclamation Pond desalination Flexible operation - 56,000 acre-feet per year

Levee Construction Basin forming Operation & Maintenance - 40,000 acre-feet storage, dredging, pond circulation

Land forming Habitat development - by South Bay Salt Pond Restoration

Traded to Cargill for active pond in Alviso complex, treat additional salt from algae ponds

implementation plan| californiaphasing diagram.

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JASON SOWELL Student Work 2005-2011

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San Francisco

San Jose

Oakland

Sacramento

Stockton

Modesto

Fresno

Bakersfield

Santa Cruz

17,100Tons Salt / DayFrom San Joaquin Riverto Delta

4,400 Tons Salt / DayFrom San Joaquin Riverto Irrigate Farmland

16,500Tons Salt / DayFrom Central Valley Projectto Irrigate Farmland

12,400Tons Salt / DayFrom Central Valley Projectto Irrigate Farmland

2,400Tons Salt / DayFrom State Water Projectto Irrigate Farmland

4,400Tons Salt / DayFrom Kings, Tule, Kawash Riversto Irrigate Farmland

5,800Tons Salt / DayFrom Kern Riverto Irrigate Farmland

11,200Tons Salt / DayFrom State Water Projectto Irrigate Farmland

San Joaquin R.

Toulumne R.

Stanislaus R.

Mokelumne R.

American R

.

Feat

her R

.

Sacra

men

to R

.

state-wide threats|central california

sources:Alameda County Water District Urban Water Management Plan 2006-2010East Bay Municipal Utility District Urban Water Management Plan 2005San Francisco Public Utilities Commission Urban Water Management Plan 2005Santa Clara Valley Water District Urban Water Management Plan 2001www.cdfa.ca.gov/aes/san_joaquin_valley-drainage_implementation_program.htmlIrrigation and Drainage Systems, 16, 2002. pg. 253-295.cdec.water.ca.govwww.usbr.gov/dataweb/html/cvp.htmlwww.usbr.gov/mp/nepa/www.semitropic.comwww.calwater.ca.gov/calfedwww.westlandswater.org

Hetch Hetchy Water and Power Project

Number of Reservoirs: 8Length of Aqueduct: 167 milesWater delivered: 335,000 af/yrAmount of San Francisco’s water supply: 85%Amount of flow delivered to other cities: 65%Number of counties dependent on supply: 5Number of people using Hetch Hetchy water: over 2.4 millionExpected cost of repairs to maintain supply: $3.6 billion

State Water Project (SWP)

Number of Reservoirs: 21Length of South Bay Aqueduct: 42 milesWater contracted to SF Bay area: 136,000 af/yrAmount of Alameda County Water District water supply: 40%Amount of Santa Clara Valley Water District water supply: 14%Number of people in SF Bay area using SWP water: 1.9 million

Central Valley Project (CVP)

Number of Reservoirs: 20Length of Conduits and Channels to SF Bay: 37 milesWater contracted to SF Bay area: 152,500 af/yrAmount of Santa Clara Valley Water District water supply: 21%Number of people in SF Bay area using CVP water: 1.7 million

Semitropic Groundwater Banking

Aquifer storage to date: 700,000 af Total Aquifer storage capacity 1,650,000 afWet year storage capacity: 315,000 af/yrDrought year supply capacity: 356,500 af/yrNumber of people participating in SF Bay area: 1.9 million Total number of people in California banking groundwater: 20 million

Mokelumne River Watershed

Number of Reservoirs: 6Length of Aqueduct: 91 milesWater delivered: 364,000 af/yrAmount of East Bay Municipal Utility District’s water supply: 90%Number of cities dependent on supply: 20Number of unincorporated cities dependent on supply: 15Number of people using Hetch Hetchy water: over 1.4 millionExpected cost of repairs to maintain supply: $3.6 billionExpected halt in minimum water service due to a major earthquake: 7 days*Expected halt in sustainable level of service after a major earthquake: 30 days**after $200 million in seismic improvements

map indexSite boundary

Bay Area Faults

Municipal waterworks

Federally funded waterworks

State funded waterworks

Existing federal drainage works

Proposed disposal/treatment facilities

Proposed reuse areas

Proposed conveyance pipelines

Semitropic groundwater banking

Selenium levels greater than 5 ppb in groudwater

Impaired drainage area

Lands purchased for retirement

Existing evaporation ponds

Edge of San Joaquin Valley

San Joaquin Valley

Approximate dimensions: 250 x 80 milesArea of valley floor: 8.4 million acresWestside irrigated lands: 2.4 million acresHistoric westside drainage discharge: 70,000 acre-feetAverage annual precipitation: 5-10 inches

San Luis Drain

Length of drain: 82 milesLength of collector drains: 120 milesArea drained by SLD: 42,000 acresSize of constructed Kesterson Reservoir: 1,280 acresYear of initial closure: 1984

Drainage Impaired Land

Area of drainage impaired land: 379,000 acresAgriculural economy: $3.5 billion/yearNumber of crops grown: Over 60Impacted population: over 50,000Average water use: 2.05 acre-feet/acreCVP contracted water supply: 1.15 million acre-feet/yearAverage contracted water suppllied: 50-60%Expected contracted water supplied in 2008: 25%Expected water allocation in critically dry years: 0-10%Land value decrease due to water variability: 25-50%Average fallowed land during a dry year: 75,000 acresLand acquisition by Westlands Water District: 100,000 acresGeologic formations contributing selenium: Kreyenhagen shale, Moreno shale

Proposed Drainage Plan

Total land retirement: ~100,000 acresTotal area with drainage: 187,000 acresDrainage volume per year: 61,000 acre-feetNumber of reuse sites: 16Total size of reuse sites: 7,500-19,000 acresLength of conveyance lines: 71 milesNumber of desalination plants: 4Amount of drainwater treated: 18,500 acre-feet/yearAmount of water reclaimed: 9,250 acre-feet/yearRecovery from reverse osmosis treatment: 50%Number of new evaporation basins: 4Size of new evaporation basins: 2,900 acresAmount of brine treated for selenium: 9,100 acre-feet/yearAnnual energy use: 22 GW-hr/yearEstimated total cost of project: $625.8 millionCost of evaporation basins: $102.2 millionCost of reverse osmosis failities: $77.9 millionCost of land retirement: $140.4 millionExpected construction time: 5 years

0 50000 100000 200000’

250

100

100

11%Calaveres Fault

27%Hayward Fault

21%San Andreas Fault

San Francisco

San Francisco Bay

San Jose

Oakland

regional threats|san francisco bay

sources:www.usgs.govwww.abag.ca.govmoney.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/“The Rise of the Mega-Region,” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy, and Society, 1,1,2008.www.museumca.org/creeks/z-subsidence.htmlwww.acwd.orgwww.valleywater.orgwww.water.ca.govwww.epa.gov

Liquefaction

Infrastructure most susceptible: pipelines, airports, harbor facilities, road surfacesFilled baylands most susceptible: 77 sq. mi.Amount of urban land with moderate or higher susceptability: 45%Increased likelihood of water line damage in these areas: 4-6XIncreased likelihood of natural gas line damage in these areas: 3-11X1989 Loma Prieta liquefaction damage: $100 millionAmount of highway surface damage from Loma Prieta: 10.5 milesLoma Prieta liquefaction damage at Oakland International Airport: $5.7 million

Economic Power

Number of bay area Fortune 1000 companies: 55Total revenues of bay area Fortune 1000 companies: $794.3 Billion*World ranking of light-based regional product: 14 ($470 billion)World ranking for patents and innovation: 3World ranking for “star” scientists: 1* Would place the bay area 16th globally in terms of national GDP ahead of The Republic of China (Taiwan) and Australia.

Regional Growth

Population of the bay area, 2000: 6.8 millionCurrent population of the bay area: 7.1 millionPopulation forecast for the bay area, 2035: 9 millionExpected population increase in priority development areas: .95 million

Water Supply Threats

Expected halt in Hetch Hetchy flow due to seismic failure: 30-60 daysExpected halt in minimum Mokelumne water service due to seismic failure: 7 daysExpected halt in sustainable level of service due to seismic failure: 30 daysEstimated losses from water service interruption due to seismic event: $17-29 billion

Surface Water Resources

Hetch Hetchy Water Project Mokelumne River WatershedState Water ProjectCentral Valley Project* - Dependent on duration of drought.** - Dependent on allocation mandated by court rulings for wildlifeand stream quality.

Groundwater Resources

Niles Cone Groundwater BasinSanta Clara Valley BasinSemitropic Groundwater Banking*** - Dependent on drawdown of aquifer. District cannot drawdown past sea level due to salt water intrusion.

Wet year supply335,000 af364,000 af136,000 af152,500 af

Dry year supply**

****

Wet year supply 25,700 af

136,000 af-315,000 af

Dry year supply25,600 af

***356,500 af

map indexSite boundary

Fault line

Likelihood of 6.7 M or greater earthquake before 2032

Fortune 1000 corporation headquarters

Populated areas

Areas with high susceptability to liquefaction

Priority development areas

Current inboard levees

100 yr. high tide with 1 meter sea level rise

Land subsidence contours (ft.)

Aqueducts

Local pipelines

Aquifer chloride concentration contours (mg/l)

XX%

0 10000 20000 40000’

mapping, regional level threats.mapping, state level threats.

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JASON SOWELL Student Work 2005-2011

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Second Phase Site

UC - BerkeleyMelis - Algae biofuels

Multiple - Cellulosic biofuels

StanfordSomerville -

Cellulosic BiofuelsMultiple - other biofuels

UC - DavisZhang - Anaerobic DigestionMultiple - Energy Crops

Lawrence Livermore Lab- $500 million investment from British Petroleum 150 scientists researching biofuels

Chevron- $2.5 billion invested in renewable energy over the last 3 years

California State Government- $120 million annually for alternative fuel technology- Biofuel generation in Cali: 20% by 2010, 40% by 2020, 75% by 2050- Renewable electricity generation: 20% by 2020

Federal Government- $385 million for new biorefineries- $125 million for bioenergy research center- $7 million for biomass energy research

Federal Government- $560 million for drainage improvement

Google- Several $100 million expected investment in renewable energy

Solazyme

AuroraBiofuels

Live Fuels

Tulare Lake Basin

Southwest United States

Salton Sea Basin

GlobalMarkets

second phase plan + resources|central california

0 50000 100000 200000’

map indexSite boundary

Existing federal drainage works

Selenium levels greater than 5 ppb in groundwater

Impaired drainage area

Lands purchased for retirement

Existing evaporation ponds

Funding sources

Algae biofuel companies

Research centers

Investment inflow

Human capital inflow

Technology export

Anaerobic Digester936 AcresInputs:23,400 tons/day organic waste: Outputs:1872 GWh/yr of electricty from CH4922,000 tons CO2 for algae ponds20,740 tons of nutrients for algaesoil amendment for agriculture

Algae Ponds7200 AcresInputs:Saltwater922,000 tons CO2 from digesters20,740 tons of nutrients from aboveOutputs:461,000 tons algal biomass44,600 tons of salt

Saltworks3000 AcresInputs:44,600 tons of salt from algae28,000 acre-feet of brine Outputs:300-600,000 tons of NaSO4/year200-400,000 tons of NaCl/yeargypsum for agriculture

Desalination Facility3 AcresInputs:50 million gal/day saline drainage50 GWh/yr electricity from digesterOutputs:28,000 acre-feet of salt-free waterreduced soil and aquifer salinityincreased water security for ag

system metrics| export module

Alga

e Po

nds

1 Ac

re

Anae

robi

cDi

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er.1

3 Ac

re

Saltw

orks

.33

Acre

Area

aro

und

Salt

Pond

s.0

8 Ac

re

Area

Aro

und

Pond

s.6

4 Ac

res

Desalination Facility (if necessary).005 Acres

Biodiesel Refinery.01 Acres

Total Module Size = 2.20 Acres

San Joaquin ValleyPotential BenefitsLocal availability of biomass is the restrictingfactor for scheme implementation.

- 100 million gallons/year of biodiesel- 5 million tons/year CO2 reduction- equivalent to replanting 2.18 million acres of forest (an area 50% larger than Delaware)- would reuse 100% of the biomass waste generated in the west San Joaquin Valley- 8,640 GWh of electricity generated (4% of state demand)- could deliver power to 2.25 million people

CaliforniaPotential BenefitsAvailability of biowaste near cheap landswith access to salt water restrict scheme implementation.

- 261 million gallons/year of biodiesel (5% of current state need)- 13 million tons/year CO2 reduction- equivalent to replanting 5.7 million acres of forest (an area the size of Connecticut and Massachusetts combined)- would reuse 103 million tons of biowaste/yr- would use 190,000 acres of marginalized land- 22, 500 GWh of electricity generated (10% of current electricity demand)- could deliver power to 5.8 million people

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

Solar Tower1800 AcresInputs:solar radiationwaste heatOutputs:150 GWh/yr of electrictygreenhouse environment for #3

Anaerobic Digester144 AcresInputs:3580 tons/day organic waste: Outputs:286 GWh/yr of electricty from CH4140,000 tons CO2 for #33168 tons of N,P nutrients for #3soil amendment for agriculture

Algae Ponds1100 AcresInputs:Saltwater140,000 tons CO2 from #23168 tons of N,P nutrients from #2Outputs:70,000 tons algal biomass for #47,800 tons of salt for Cargill salt

Biodiesel Refinery10 AcresInputs:531,000 tons biomass, 13% from #3287,000 gal. of catalyst 2.2 million gal. of methanol from #2Outputs:25 million gallons of biodiesel2.4 million gallons of glycerine

C&D Waste Recycling120 AcresInputs:1.4 million tons of construction &demolition wasteOutputs:1 million tons/yr of recycled mat’l- 21,000 tons of biowaste for #2- 118,000 tons of gypsum for ag

Municipal Warehouse150 AcresInputs:infrastructural repair materialsmunicipal fleet (storage)sunlightOutputs:expedited repair of infrastructurepower for municipal fleet

Freshwater Ponds8000 AcresInputs:south bay creek flowswaste water treatment return flowOutputs:40,000 acre-feet of emergency water capacityreduced upper aquifer salinity

Desalination Facility6 AcresInputs:50 mgd saline pond water initially50 mgd saline aquifer water finally100 GWh/yr of electricity from #1Outputs:56,000 acre-feet of potable waterreduced aquifer salinity levels

0 2500 5000 10000’

first phase plan|south bay salt ponds

1 2

45

6

6 8

6

7

3

phase two plan.

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phase one plan.

JASON SOWELL Student Work 2005-2011

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

Solar Tower1800 AcresInputs:solar radiationwaste heatOutputs:150 GWh/yr of electrictygreenhouse environment for #3

Anaerobic Digester144 AcresInputs:3580 tons/day organic waste: Outputs:286 GWh/yr of electricty from CH4140,000 tons CO2 for #33168 tons of N,P nutrients for #3soil amendment for agriculture

Algae Ponds1100 AcresInputs:Saltwater140,000 tons CO2 from #23168 tons of N,P nutrients from #2Outputs:70,000 tons algal biomass for #47,800 tons of salt for Cargill salt

Biodiesel Refinery10 AcresInputs:531,000 tons biomass, 13% from #3287,000 gal. of catalyst 2.2 million gal. of methanol from #2Outputs:25 million gallons of biodiesel2.4 million gallons of glycerine

C&D Waste Recycling120 AcresInputs:1.4 million tons of construction &demolition wasteOutputs:1 million tons/yr of recycled mat’l- 21,000 tons of biowaste for #2- 118,000 tons of gypsum for ag

Municipal Warehouse150 AcresInputs:infrastructural repair materialsmunicipal fleet (storage)sunlightOutputs:expedited repair of infrastructurepower for municipal fleet

Freshwater Ponds8000 AcresInputs:south bay creek flowswaste water treatment return flowOutputs:40,000 acre-feet of emergency water capacityreduced upper aquifer salinity

Desalination Facility6 AcresInputs:50 mgd saline pond water initially50 mgd saline aquifer water finally100 GWh/yr of electricity from #1Outputs:56,000 acre-feet of potable waterreduced aquifer salinity levels

0 2500 5000 10000’

first phase plan|south bay salt ponds

1 2

45

6

6 8

6

7

3

EMERGENCY REPLACEMENTOF

15 DAYS OF IMPORTED WATERFOR

9 MILLION PEOPLEAVOIDING A PROJECTED $30 BILLION ECONOMIC LOSS

8584

RENEWABLE POWERTO 560,000 PEOPLE

ANDFUEL FOR

62,500 VEHICLES

APPROXIMATELY 1% OF CURRENT CALIFORNIA ENERGY DEMAND

DIVERSION AND REUSEOF

11 MILLION TONS OF WASTE PER YEAR

REUSE OF 50% OF SF BAY AREA WASTE AND 25% OF SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY ORGANIC WASTE

REDUCTION OF C02 EMISSIONSBY

1.25 MILLION TONS PER YEAR,THE SAME AS

545,000 ACRES OF FOREST

AN AREA 3/4 THE SIZE OF YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK

RESTORATION OF 397,000 ACRESOF

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEYFARMLAND

PROVIDING $3.5 BILLION IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY PER YEAR

50 MW Solar Tower |1800 Acres$250 Million

Algae Ponds | 8300 Acres$321 Million

Anaerobic Digesters | 1080 Acres$2.96 Billion

Construction and Demolition Recycling | 120 Acres$50 Million

Biodiesel Refinery | 10 Acres$31 Million

Saltworks and Evaporation Ponds | 2740 Acres$95 Million

Freshwater Ponds | 8000 Acres$1.5 Billion

Desalination Facilities | 9 Acres$450 Million

Municipal Warehouses | 150 AcresMunicipally Funded

programs and systems [inputs and outputs].

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JASON SOWELL Student Work 2005-2011

RENEWABLE POWERTO 560,000 PEOPLE

ANDFUEL FOR

62,500 VEHICLES

APPROXIMATELY 1% OF CURRENT CALIFORNIA ENERGY DEMAND

DIVERSION AND REUSEOF

11 MILLION TONS OF WASTE PER YEAR

REUSE OF 50% OF SF BAY AREA WASTE AND 25% OF SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY ORGANIC WASTE

5.318786

RESTORATION OF 397,000 ACRESOF

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEYFARMLAND

PROVIDING $3.5 BILLION IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY PER YEAR

REDUCTION OF C02 EMISSIONSBY

1.25 MILLION TONS PER YEAR,THE SAME AS

545,000 ACRES OF FOREST

AN AREA 3/4 THE SIZE OF YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK

5.318988