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  • ,QVWLWXLUHDVRFLDO DF V WRULHL

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    1 K. Gnther, Le Mariage, ses formes, ses origines, Armand Colin, Paris, 1972, p. 18

    2 Eliane Lvi - Valensi, La Communication, PUF, Paris, 1983, p. 18

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    3 Claude Lvi - Strauss, Histoire de Lyn, Plon, Paris, 1991, p. 45

    4 Cf. Alain Girard, Le choix du comportament, PUF, Paris, 1983, p. 34

    5 Alain Girard, Op. cit., p. 50

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    6 R. F. Winch, Mate Selection, A. Study of Complementary Needs, New York, 1968, p. 118

    7 L. Roussel, Le divorce et les Franais, I, Enqute dopinion; II, LExperience des divorcs, PUF, Paris, 1975, p. 82

    8 Pe larg, n W. J. Goode, Women in Divorce, New York, 1965, p. 52 - 80

    9 Alain Girard, Op. cit., p. 101

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    10 Denis de Rougemont, LAmour en Occident, Plon, Paris, 1972, p. 25

    11 Denis de Rougemont, Op. cit., p. 297

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    12 A. Corbin, La fascination de ladultre, n G. Duby, Amour et Sexualit en Occident, Seuil, Paris, 1991, p. 133

    13 Edward Shorter, Naissance de la famille moderne, Paris, Seuil, 1977, p. 114

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    14 Cf. Laurence Jyl, La jalousie dans tous ses tats, Plon, Paris, 1993, p. 52

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    15 Denis de Rougement, Op. cit. p. 300

    16 Denis de Rougement, Op. cit., p. 305

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    17 Denis de Rougemont, Op. cit., p. 315

    18 Julien Freund, Dclin de la famille et la dcadence, n G. F. Dumont, Pour la libert familialle, PUF, Paris, 1986, p.

    17

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    19 Scharon S. Brehm, L'intimit, n S. Moscovici, Psychologie sociale, PUF, Paris, 1991, p.214

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    23,RODQGD0LWURIDQL1LFRODH0LWURIDQOp., cit., p. 168 24

    A. Moser, Les relations interpersonnelles, PUF, Paris, 1993, p. 200 25

    Ibidem

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    26 G. Moser, Les rlations interpersonelles, PUF, Paris, 1994, p. 217

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