57281679 Chemi Complete

8/6/2019 57281679 Chemi Complete

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2011CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS ASSIGNMENT

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CONTENTS

FORM 4

CHAPTER 9 : MANUFACTURE SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

9.1 The Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid

9.2 The Manufacture of Ammonia and Its Salts

9.3 Alloys

9.4 Evaluating the Uses of Synthetic Polymers

9.5 Uses of Glass and Ceramic

9.6 Evaluating yhe Uses of Composite Materials

9.7 Appreciating the Impotance of Various Synthetic Industrial

Materials

FORM 5

CHAPTER 5 : CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

5.1 Soap and Detergent

5.2 Usage of food additives

5.3 Medicine


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MANUFACTURED SUBTANCE

IN INDUSTRY

FORM 4

MOHD HAFIZ HAKIMI BIN MOHAMED ANAS

940403-02-596710536

CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS ASSIGNMENT

MARA JUNIOR SCIENCE COLLEGE OF MERBOK,

KEDAH DARUL AMAN


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CHAPTER 9 FORM 4:

MANUFACTURE SUBTANCES

IN INDUSTRY


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SUBTOPIC 1: SULPHURIC ACID

INTRODUCTIONSulphuric acid is a diprotic (dibasic) mineral acid which does not

volatise. It is manufacture in a sulphuric acid production plant. In the pure,

concentrated form, sulphuric acid is an oily, colourless liquid which is dense

and vicious. It has a high boiling point that is 270o C.

In the school laboratory, sulphuric acid is used as:

y A strong acid, for example it react with alkalis to form salt and water

y A dehydrated agent for example it dries gas such as hydrogen.

y An oxidizing agent for example, it oxides substances( copper to Cu2+

ions)

y A sulphonating agent

y A catalyst, for example it acts as a catalyst in the esterification

process


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Uses Sulphuric Acid In IndustrySulphuric acid is a very important chemical substance in industry as it

uses to manufacture many substances. It is used directly and indirectly in

almost industries. About 40 % is used to produce fertilizer.

Modern detergent are produced through the sulphonation process, for

example the reactant between duodecanly-benzene and concentrated

gives rise to a product which is then reacted with NaOH to obtain

detergent. Detergent are more effective then soap as they can be used in

hard water too.

Sulphuric acid is also used in manufactured of plastic and synthetic

fibre. Rayon, a synthetic fibre is produce when acid react with cellulose.The

white pigment caused by BaSO4 in paints is obtained when barium oxide

react with sulphuric acid.

The electrolyte used in lead acid accumulator or car battery is

actually concentrated sulphuric acid. Its other uses is:

y Hydrochloric acid in industry

y Pesticide and herbicide


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MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACIDSulphuric acid can be produce using Contact Process. The raw

material used to produce this acid is water, air and sulphur. The acid is

produce in three stage:

y Stage One: the production of sulphur dioxideo Heating liquid sulphur with hot air in furnace

S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)o Heating sulphides in air, for example:

4FeS2 + 11O22Fe2O3 + 8SO2SO2 is a side product in the extraction of the metal, iron. Zincpyrites can also be heated in air as shown:2ZnO + 3O2 2SO2 + 2 ZnO

y Stage Two: Formation of Sulphur trioxide

Pure, dry sulphur dioxide is mixed with dry oxygen in excessand passed over vanadium oxide as catalyst at temperature4500 C to 5500 C and a pressure 1 atm. The condition ensurethe maximum production of sulphur trioxide:2SO2 + O2 2SO3The reaction takes place in heat converter. Excess air is usedto ensure a higher percentage of SO3 produce.

y Stage Three: the production of sulphuric acido Sulphur trioxide is passed through an absorption tower when it

is absorbed by concentrated sulphuric acid to form a viciousliquid called oleum, H2S2O7.

SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7


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Environmental Pollution by Sulphur Dioxide

The main source of sulphur dioxide is form the burning of fossil fuel

like petroleum. Another source is from manufacture of sulphur based

substance in industry for example is rayon and plastic which manufacture

from sulphuric acid is.

One of the waste product is sulphur dioxide which is acidic and

poisonous gas. Sulphur dioxide can diffuse into our respiratory system and

cause disease such as bronchitis, asthma and lung infection.

Sulpurous and sulphuric acid can cause what we known as acid rain,

which can cause :

y Speeden the corrosion of metallic construction

y It result in higher acidic soil which is not conducive for agriculture

activities

y It lower the PH value of the water in river and seas

y It destroy the nutrient in the soil


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9.2 THE MANUFARTURE OF AMMONIA AND SALTS

AMMONIA

1. It uses:i.In the manufacture of chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate,

ammonia nitric, ammonia phosphate and urea.ii.To manufacture nitric acid and explosive.iii.In the making of synthetic fibre and nylon.iv.As a degreasing agent in aqueous form to remove greasy stains in thekitchen.

PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA GAS

1.The physical properties of ammonia gas include the following:

i.It colourless and has a pungent odour.

ii.It is vary soluble in water and form a weak alkaline solution.

iii.It less dense then water.

iv.It easily liquified (at about 35.5C) when cool.

2.The chemical properties of ammonia gas:a) Ammonia gas dissolves in water to form a weak alkali.

NH3(g) + H2O(l)NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

b) The presence of hydroxide icon causes the aqueous solution to becomealkaline. Thus aqueous ammonia solution:

i. Turns red litmus paper blue.ii. Reacts with acid to form only salt and waterin neutralization reaction.

NH3(aq) + HCI(aq) NH4CI(aq)

2NH3 + H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)

iii. Reacts with solution of metallic cations to produce precipitates.

Fe+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Fe (OH)2(s)


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MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY

1. Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry through the haber process. Inthis process, ammonia is formed form direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogengas in the volume ratio 1:3

2.The gas nitrogen obtain form the fractional distillation of liquefied air. Thehydrogen gas is obtained form the cracking of petroleum or from the catalysed

reaction of natural gas, CH4, with steam.

CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

3.The mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst under

controlled optimum condition as below to form ammonia gas.

i.Temperature: 450-500C

ii.Pressure: 200-500 atmospheres

iii.Catalyst used: Iron fillings

N2(g) + 3H2(g)(bbalik) 2NH3(g)

4.Under these control optimum condition, only 15% of the gas mixture turn intoammonia gas. The nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flow backover the catalyst again in the reactor chamber.

5.The ammonia product is then cooled at a low temperature so that it condenses into aliquid in the cooling chamber.


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AMMONIUM FERTILIZERS

1.Nitrogen is required in large amount by plant to make proteins which are necessaryfor growth and cell repair.

2.Most plant are not able to get a nitrogen supply directly from the air although it isabundant in the air (78%). Plants can only absorb soluble nitrogen compounds from soilthrough their roots.3.The nitrogen compounds are usually soluble nitric salt, ammonia and ammonia saltwhich are manufacture as chemical fertilizer.

4.Reactions of ammonia with acids produce ammonium fertilizers.

NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)Ammonium nitrate

3NH3(aq) + H3PO4(aq) (NH4)3PO4(aq)Ammonium phosphate

2NH3(aq) +H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq)Ammonium sulphate


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9.3 ALLOYS

PHYSICAL PRPERTIES OF PURE MATALS

a) ductileb) malleablec) high melting and boiling pointd) high densitye) good conductors of electricity

ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN MATELS

1.The atom of pure metals are packed together closely. This causes the metal to havea hight density

2.The forces of attraction between atoms (metallic bonds) are strong. More heatenergy is needed to overcome the metallic bond so that the atoms are further apartduring the melting. This is why metals usually have hight melting point.

3.Heat energy can be transferred easily from one atom to the next by vibration. Thismake metal good conduct of heat.

4.The freely moving outermost electrons within the metals structure are able toconduct electricity. Metal are, therefore, good electrical conductors.

5.Since atoms of pure metal are of the same size, they are arranged orderly in aregular layered pattern. When a force is applied to metal, layer of atom slide easilyover one another. This make pure metals soft, malleable and ductile.


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WHAT ARE ALLOYS?

1.Pure metal are usually too soft for most uses. They also have a low resistance tocorrosion. They rush and tarnish easily.

2.To improve the physical properties of metal, a small amount of another element(usually metal) is added to form another an alloy.

3.An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals (something non-metal) in a specific

proportion. For example:

a. Bronze (90% of copper and 10% of tin)

b. Steel (99% of iron and 1% of carbon)

4.The purposes of making alloys include the following:

a) Increase the strength

i. Pure iron is soft and vary malleable. When a small amount of carbon is added to

iron, an alloy, steal is formed. The more carbon is added, the stronger the steel

becomes.

ii. Pure aluminium is light but not strong. With a small amount of copper and

magnesium are added to aluminium, a strong, light and durable alloy call

duralumin is produced.

b) Improving the resistance to corrosion

i. Iron rust easily but stainless steel which contains 80.6% of iron, 0.4% of carbon,

18% of chromium and 1% of nickel does not rush. These properties make

stainless steel suitable for making surgical instrument and cutlery.

ii. Pure copper tarnish easily. When zinc (30%) is added, the yellow alloy which isknown as brass develops a high resistance to corrosion.

c) Enhancing the appearancei. Pewter, an alloy of tin (97%), antimony and copper is not only hard but also has

a more beautiful white silvery appearance.


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ii. When copper is mixed with nickel to form cupronickel, an alloy that has an

attractive silvery, bright appearance is formed which is suitable for making

coins.

9.4 EVALUATING THE USES OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

WHAT ARE POLYMER

1.Molecule that consist of a large number of small identical or similar units joinedtogether repeatedly are called polymer.

2.The smaller molecules that make up the repeating unit in polymer are callermonomer.

3.The process of joining together a large number of monomers to form a long chainpolymer is called polymerisation.

4.Polymer can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). Natural polymer are

found in plant and in animals for example of natural polymers are starch cellulose,

protein and rubber.

5.Two type of polymerisation in producing synthetic polymer are additional

polymerisation.

6.Double bonds between two carbon atoms usually undergo addition polymerisation

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS IN DAILY LIFE

1.Synthetic polymers have many advantages over other type of materials:

a.They are cheap, light-weight and translucent.

b.They are easily coloured, easily moulded and shaped.c.They are non-corrosive, waterproof and good insulator.d.They are durable and long lasting because they are resistant to decay, rustingand chemical attacks.

2.There are disadvantage using synthetic polymera.Most of the synthetic polymer are flammable. When a synthetic polymer

material catches fire, poisonous fumes are produce causing air pollution.


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b.Synthetic polymers are non-biodegradable. When there are discharge, theycause litter problem and pollute the environment

c.Plastic container that are left aside in an open area collect rainwater whichbecomes the breeding ground for mosquitoes.

d.There are limitation in recycle have to be separated out as the addition ofnon- recyclable polymers in the mixture affect the properties of the recycledpolymers

9.5 USES GLASS AND CERAMICS

GLASS

1.Glass is one of the most useful but inexpensive materials in the world. Manyproducts are made from glass because of its specials properties.

2.Glass is:

a. Transparent, hard but brittle.

b. A heat and electric insulator.

c. Resistant to corrosion.

d. Chemical not reaction and therefore resistant to chemical attack.

e. Easy to maintain.

CERAMICS

1.Traditional silicate ceramics are made by heating aluminosilicate clay such as kaolin

to a very high temperature.

2.Ceramics have many special properties that make them one of the most useful

materials in our everyday life. That:

a. Are hard, strong but brittle

b. Have high melting point and remain stable at high temperature

c. Are heat and electric instrument

d. Are resistant to corrosion and wear

e. Are chemically not reactive

f. Do not readily deform under stress

3.Ceramic play important role in our daily life. They are uses as

a. Construction materialsi. Ceramic are strong and hard, uses to make roof tiles, bricks cement, sinks, and

toilet bowlsii. They are also used to make refractory bricks because high resistant to heat.


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b. Decorative itemsi. To make pottery, china plates, and porcelain vases since they do not tarnish

easily and are durable.ii. They are used to make bathroom fixture such as floor and wall tiles.

c. Electrical insulatori. Ceramic are used to make electrical insulator in electrical items such as toasters,

fridges and electrical plug.

9.6 EVALUATING THE USES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

WHAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS

1.A composite materials (or composite) is a structure of materials that is formed bytwo or more different substances such as metal, glass, ceramic and polymer.

2.Some common composite materials are:a. Reinforces concreteb. Superconductorc. Fibre opticd. Fibre glasse. Photochromic glass

REINFORCES CONCRETE

1.Concrete is hard, fireproof, waterproof, comparatively cheap and easy to maintain.It is more important construction materials.

2.The reinforces is a combination of concrete and steel.

SUPERCONDUCTOR

1.Metal such as copper and aluminium are good conductor of electricity, but 20% ofthe electric energy is lost in the form of heat during transmission.

2.Super conductor are materials that have no resistance to the flow of electricity at aparticular temperature. Hence, 100% electricity transmission is possible.

3.One of the most dramatic properties of a superconductor is its ability to levitate amagnet. Superconductor are used to build magnetically levitate high-speed train (atabout 552 km/h).


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4.Superconductor are used to make chips for smaller and faster supercomputer.Superconductor also play an important role in high speed data processing in internetcommunication.

FIBRE OPTIC

1.Fibre optic is a composite material that in used to transmit signals for light wave.

2.Fibre optic is used in

a. Telecommunicate where the telephone substation are liked by fibre opticcables.

b. Domestic cable television networkc. Closed circuit television security system.

3.Fibre optic also used in medical fields. It is used in a number of instrument whichenable the investigation for internal body part without having to perform surgery.

FIBRE GLASS

1.Fibre glass is glass in the form of fine threads. Molten gas is dropped onto arefractory rating disc when the glass flies off the disc glass to form fibre.

2.Fibre glass is strong than steel, do not burnt, stretch or rot, resistant to fire and waterbut is brittle.

3.When fibre glass added to a plastic, a new composite material fibre glass reinforcesplastic is formed.

4.Fibre glass reinforces plastic has more superior properties than glass and plastic. ItIs:

a. Extremely strongb. Light weighc. Resistant to fire and waterd. Can be molded, shaped and twisted


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PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS

1.When 0.01 to 0.1% of silver chloride (a type of photochromic substances) and asmall amount of copper (II) chloride are added to molten silicon dioxide,photochromic glass is formed.

2.The photochromic glass has a special properties. It darken when exposed to strongsunlight or ultraviolet.

3.Photochromic glass is suitable for making sunglasses.


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CHEMICAL FOR CONSUMER

FORM5

MOHD HAFIZ HAKIMI BIN MOHAMED ANAS

940403-02-596710536

CHEMISTRY HOLIDAYS ASSIGNMENT

MARA JUNIOR SCIENCE COLLEGE OF MERBOK,

KEDAH DARUL AMAN


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rgent more effective in its cleansing action. Most of the materials that are used in our

daily lives comprise of processed industrial chemicals. Soap, detergent, food additives

and medicines are some of the chemicals that have become part of our daily needs.

5.1 SOAP AND DETERGENT

SOAP

1. Soap is a salt that is form the reaction between an alkali and fatty acid, RCOOH

2. Soap is a:

a) Sodium salt fatty acid if the alkali used is sodium hydroxide.

b) Potassium salt fatty acid if the alkali used is potassium hydroxide.

Alkali + fatty acid sodium / potassium salt fatty acid + water

( salt )

3. The general formula of soap is RCOONa or RCOOK. R is a long chained alkyl group.


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4. Example of soap :

a) Sodium palmitate, CH3(CH2)14CCNa+

b) Sodium stearate, CH3(CH2)16COO-Na+

c) Sodium laurate, CH3(CH2)10COO-Na+

d) Sodium oleate, CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7

5. For example, sodium palmitate soap, CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+, is a sodium salt of

palmitic acid acid, CH3(CH2)14COOH, that is derived from paln oil.

Sodium palmitate is example of soap

CH3(CH2)14CO

Na

Source found in palmiticacid, type of fatty acid that

comes from palm oil

Source foundin an alkali,

that is sodium

hydroxide


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SOAP PREPARATION PROCESS

1.Soap can be prepared by heating fat or oil together with alkali through the saponification

process.

2.The saponification process is a hydrolysis process of ester (oil or fat) by alkali.

3.The vegetables oil that is usually used to manufactured soap is palm oil, coconut oil and

olive.

4.The manufacturing of soap can be divided into 2 stages

a) Stage 1

-The two parts of the oil or fat (ester) molecule are separated by heating the oil

with alkaline solution through the hydrolysis process.

-In the hydrolysis process, the oil or fat (ester) molecule is broken up into fatty

acid and glycerol by water in the presence of alkali which acts as a catalyst.


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hydrolysis

+ water --------------------------- fatty acid + glycerol

Alkali acts as a catalys

O O

II II

CH3(CH2)14 C O CH2 CH3(CH2)14 C - OH HO CH2

O O

II hydrolysis II

CH3(CH2)14 C O CH + 3H2O ---------------------- CH3(CH2)14 C CH + HO - CH

O (alkaly as a catalys) O

II II

CH3(CH2)14 C O CH2 CH3(CH2)14 C OH HO CH2

Palmitic acid Glycerol

Hydrolysis of oil or fat molecule

Fatty acid

glycero


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b) Stage 2

y The fatty acid that is released in Stage 1 react with alkali to form sodium salt fatty acidwhich is soap.

Fatty acid + sodium hydroxide sodium salt fatty acid + water

(alkali) (soap)

5.Generally, the soap manufacturing reaction is represented by a chemical equation in

words. The reaction is as follows.

Vegetable oil + sodium hydroxide sodium salt fatty acid + glycerol

(ester) (alkali) (soap) (alcohol)


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OII

CH3(CH2)14 C O CH2 HO CH2O OII II

CH3(CH2)14 C O CH + 3NaOH ----- CH3(CH2)14 C ONa + HO - CHOII

CH3(CH2)14 C O CH2 HO CH2Glyceryl tripalmitate sodium hydroxide sodium palitate glycerol

Overall teaction between oil or fat molecule and alakli to form soap


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6.Type of soap that is produce depends on the type of fatty acid and alkali that is used.

Type of soap Num of

Carbon atom

Type of

Fatty acid

Type of alkili

Sodium sterate,

CH3(CH2)16COO-Na+

18

Stearic acid,

CH3(CH2)16COOH Sodium hydroxide

Sodium palmitate,

CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+

16

Palmitic acid,CH3(CH2)14COOH Sodium hydroxide

Sodium oleate,

CH3(CH2)7CH = CH(CH2)7COO-

K+

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Oleic acid,

CH3(CH3)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH Potassium hydroxide

Sodium laurate,

CH3(CH2)10COO-Na+

12

Lauric acid,

CH3(CH2)10COOH Sodium hydroxide

Sodium linoleate,

CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH

(CH2)7COO-Na+

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Linoleic acid,

CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH

(CH2)7COOH

Sodium hydroxide


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7.The soap that is produced can be precipitated out from the mixture by adding table salt

that is sodium chloride.

8.Sodium chloride that is added to reduce the solubility of soap in water and causes the

soap to be separated from the solution.

9.The soap that is produced is filtered, purified and added with additives such as

biological enzymes, whitening agents, antiseptics, perfumes and colouring.

10.There are two types of soap :

a) Solid soap

-made from sodium hydroxide and saturated carboxylic acid that is found in

animal fat.

-used for bathing and washing clothes.

b) Liquid soap

-made from potassium hydroxide and unsaturated carboxylic acid that is

Found in plant oil such as cotton seed oil.

-used as liquid soap and shaving cream (more expensive)


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THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP

1. soap is cleansing agent that is used to remove organic dirt.

2. when added into water, soap molecules will dissociate into sodium (or potassium) ions

and soap (soap anions).

3. soap ions consist of two parts that is the

a) head that

consist of the anion region

is ionic

called the hydrophilic region

dissolve in water

b) tail that

consist of hydrocarbon region (hydrocarbon chain)

its molecule has covalent characteristics

called the hydrophobic region

dissolve in grease or oil (dirt)

4. soap molecules can reduce the surface tension of water to allow it to wet a materials

surface better.


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Cleansing action of food

I

DETERGENT

1. a detergent is a salt tht is produce from the reaction between an alkali and a sulphonic

acid.

2. a detergent is the sodium salt of sulphonic acid.

3. synthetic detergents are made from hydrocarbons that are obtained as by-product of

petroleum industry, for example propene gas, C3H6.

THE PREPARATION OF DETERGENT

1. sodium alkyl sulphate detergent can be prepared through a neutralisation reaction

between an alkyl sulphonic acid with a sodium hydroxide solution.

the soap molecule dissolve in water and reduce the surface tension of water. Water wets

the dirty surface.The hydrophilic region dissolve in water.

The hydrophobic region dissolve in dirt such as grease.

The tail region emulsifies and breaks up the grease into small drops.

When shaken, the water molecules will attract the soap ions and cause the grease to

detach from the surface of the material.The soap bubbles help to float the grease emulsion in the water. When rinsed, the

grease will be removed together with the water.


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O O

II IIR O S OH + NaOH R O S O-Na+ +H2O

II IIO O

Alkyl sulphuric acid sodium alkyl sulphate

2. the sodium dodecyl sulphate detergent is prepared through a neutralisation reaction

between the dodecyl sulphonic acid and a sodium hydroxide solution.

O OII II

CH3 (CH2)12 O S OH + NaOH CH3 (CH2)11 O S O-Na+ + H2OII IIO


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CLEANSING ACTION OF DETERGENT

1. The cleansing action of detergent and soap is fundamentally the same.

2. when a detergent dissolve in water, its molecule will dissociate to form sodium (or

potassium) ion and detergent ion (detergent anion).

I

I

Detergent molecule dissociates to form sodium ion (or potassium ion) and

detergent ion.

Hydropholic region (head) dissolve in water.

Hydrophobic region (tail) dissolve in grease and emulsifies (breaks up) the grease.

When the water shaken, the detergent ion will remove the dirt.


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EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT

Soap

effectiveness is reduced when used in hard water (contain mineral salt calcium and

magnesium salt)

cannot be used in hard water because magnesium and calcium ions will react with soap

anions to form a non-soluble precipitate in water (soap film or scum).

Cannot produce bubbles in hard water.

Detergent

Does not form scum in hard water.

Calcium or magnesium salt detergents dissociate easily in water.

Form bubbles in both soft and hard water. Make dete


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5.2 FOOD ADDITIVES

1. various food additives are added into food, in the food industry, for the purpose of

a) preserving food

b) improving the taste of food

c) making food look more attractive

d) enriching food with certain nutrients

Food additives function Example of

chemical

Example of food

preservatives Prevent a slowdown the growth of

bacteria

Benzoic acidSodium nitrate

Sulphur dioxide

SausageCanned food

antioxidant Slow dow the

oxidation of fat infood

Ascorbic acid

Citric acid

Margarine

Cooking oil

Flavouring agent Adds taste or

fragrant smells tomake food moreedible.

Monosodium

glutamateAspartame(sweetener)

Ice cream

Soft drinks

stabilisers Mixes two liquidthat usually do not

mix together.Prevent the

sedimentationprocess of liquid

LecithinGelatine

Acacia gum (agar)

Chilli sauceIce cream

Thickening agent Thickens liquidsuch as soup and

sauce

Gelain (agar)Starch

Dark soy sauceOyster sauce

Colouring agent Colours food to

make it look moreattractive

Metanil yellow

Caramel

Ice cream

Soft drinks

2. some food additives can pose a danger to the bodys health.


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THE EFFECTS ON HEALTH DUE TO EXCESSIVE USE OF FOOD ADDITIVES

PRESERVATIVES COLOURINGS FLAVOURING ANTIOXIDANTS

tiredness itchy skin food poisoning cancer

cancer asthma infertility hyperactive

children skin disease

chest pains weakness in

the body nausea shortness of

breath

headaches brain damage

in babies andchildren

damage to theliver, brain and

kidney hair loss

5.3 MEDICINE


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1. natural of synthetic chemical that are use for medical purposes are called medicine.

2. medicine are chemicals that can change the bodys functions.

3. two types of medicine

a) traditional medicine

b) modern medicine

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

- not processed chemically

- knowledge of medicinal plants is passed down from generation to generation

- sources usually come from plants (herbs) or animals.

ALOE VERA

- treat skin disease

yapply on body

GARLIC

- treat high blood

pressure- prevent cancer- prevent flu

yeat

TURMERIC

- treat ringworm

- treat liver diseaseyapply on body/

lngest

BEES HONEY- relieves pain of

skin that has beenscalded by hot

things.

yApply onbody

LIME- help digestion- cures skin diseases- increase bodys

defence system

ymake intojuice for

drinking

MINT- cures sore throats- used as a natural

flavour in sweets.

yEat/make juice


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MODERN MEDICINE

- prepared from chemicals, to treat certain disease.

- Sources is from animals or plants, or synthesised in the laboratory.

- Can be divided into.:

a) analgesics

b) antibiotics

c) psychotherapeutic medicines

ANALGESIC

- medicine that reduce pain

- three types:

a) aspirin

ycures body pain

yreduce body temperature during fever

ycannot be taken by children or pregnant mother

b) paracetamol

yreplacement for aspirin to reduce pain and fever

ycan be taken by children

c) codeine

yused in headache and cough medicine.


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ANTIBIOTIC

- used to cure diseases caused by bacteria

- prodused by microorganism such as fungi and bacteria.

- Two types :

a) penicillin

y produced by fungi

y treat diseases gonorrhoea, syphilis(srxually transmitteddisease)

b) streptomycin

yproduced by bacteria

ycures tuberculosis and pneumonia

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINES

- act on nervous system and brain.

- used to treat mental patients.

- taken by patients experiencing psychiatric problems (due to stress) such as

a) depression

b) anxiety

c) insomnia

d) nervousness or restlessness

e) difficulties in sleeping

- used to treat psychiatric patients include

a)stimulants

b)antidepressants


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c)antipsychotic drug

OTHER MEDICINE

- Hormones are used to treat certain kinds of diseases.

- Hormones are produced by living cells that control certain body function.

- Example of homones include insulin and cortisone

HORMONE DESCRIPTION

insulin - controls the glucose content inthe blood

- lack of insulin in the blood cancause diabetes

- obtain from animals as goat andcows.

cortisone - classified under steroids.- Has anti-inflammatory

haracteristics

- Used to cure joint diseases,asthma and allergies

PROPER METHODE OF USING MODERN MEDICINE


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1. can only be taken under doctors supervision or obtained through a prescription.

2. antibiotic given by the doctor must be comsumed within the stipulated time frame, this

important to ensure tat all bacteria has been killed.

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