Joseph M. SandriFounder & CEOThought Delivery Systems, Inc.National Spectrum Managers Association (NSMA) Annual Meeting Arlington, VAMay 15th, 2019Joe@ThoughtDelivery.com (o) 202-223-1028 (m) 202-253-3956

5G & Green Earth Initiatives: New Opportunities in Spectrum Management

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Overview: What, Why, Who, How & New Data

WHAT: Spectrum Management professional assessments are suddenly needed in a vast array of scientific arenas that normally never considered spectrum usage benefits/impacts.

WHY: The on-coming ubiquity of 5G terrestrial and satellite networks will, if built as planned, ‘bathe the planet’ with previously unavailable personal connectivity capabilities, and RF interference/exposure issues. Likewise, there are also heavily capitalized global Green Earth initiatives that will come into direct contact with 5G networks and customers.

WHO: Learn about the other transformative, large-scale systems being built.

HOW TO THINK ABOUT IT: 1). Step back and take a look at these other ‘5G-impacted’ scientific areas.2). Where does Spectrum Management fit in?3). See NSMA guidelines for proactively assessing and addressing the opportunities & challenges.

NEW REVELATIONS FOR SPECTRUM SCIENCE & CONCLUSIONS 2

We are not here to talk about the fringes…

SOURCE: “iPotty iPad Holder.” Environmental Health Trust. https://ehtrust.org/key-issues/cell-phoneswireless/ridiculous-wi-fi-tech/

…..UNLESS THEY ARE RELEVANT TO SYSTEMIC TRENDS

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5G & Green Earth Initiatives: New Opportunities in Spectrum Management

5G: $12 Trillion of “Global Economic Impact”in the next 15 years

California, E.U., United Nations IPCC, Walmart, Google, Apple: carbon, sustainability & reforestation commitments*SOURCE: Ukeuberuwa, Mene. "The Yeoman Work Behind 5G Wizardry: The Weekend

Interview with Dino Flore.“ The Wall Street Journal. May 11, 2019. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-yeoman-work-behind-5g-wizardry-11557529488 *SOURCE: See Endnotes

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Table 1: Federal Agencies: 5G Self-Awareness

*Does not include “5G” when used for non-telecommunications purposes, such as “5g” as in 5-grams, a weight measurement; ** FCC is an Independent Agency

CABINET LEVEL AGENCIES Subsets Number of 5G Mentions On Website Website linksDept. of Agriculture 0 https://www.usda.gov/

National Arboretum 0 https://www.usna.usda.gov/

Forest Service 0 https://www.fs.fed.us/

Rural Utilities Service 19https://search.usa.gov/search?query=5G&op=Search&affiliate=usda-rd&_ga=2.114848007.1631576227.1556132296-1120810114.1555959920

Dept. of Commerce 9https://search.commerce.gov/search?query=5G&affiliate=www.commerce.gov

NOAA 3https://search.usa.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=noaa.gov&query=5G&commit=Search

NTIA 19 https://www.ntia.doc.gov/search/node/5G%20Network

Dept. of Energy 69 https://www.energy.gov/search/site/5G

Dept. of Health & Human Services 0 https://www.hhs.gov/

NIH 40https://search.nih.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=nih&query=5G&commit=Search

CDC *https://search.cdc.gov/search/?query=5G&sitelimit=&utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=cdc-main

Dept. of Homeland Security 40https://search.usa.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=dhs&dc=&channel=&query=5G&search-type=dhs&commit=Search

Dept. of Housing and Urban Development *https://search.usa.gov/search?affiliate=housingandurbandevelopment&affiliate=housingandurbandevelopment&query=5G

Dept. of Interior 0 https://www.doi.gov/

National Parks Service

0 https://www.nps.gov/search/?affiliate=nps&query=5G

Dept. of Justice *https://search.justice.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=justice&sort_by=&query=5G

Dept. of Labor 0 https://www.dol.gov/

Dept. of State 29https://findit.state.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=dos_stategov&query=5G

Dept. of Transportation 40https://search.usa.gov/search?affiliate=usdot&page=2&query=5G+technology&utf8=%E2%9C%93

Dept. of Treasury 1https://search.treasury.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=treas&query=5G+

Dept. of Veterans Affairs 0 https://www.va.gov/

FCC** 68 https://www.fcc.gov/search/#q=5G5

What to Emphasize: CONCEPTS IN TENSION? Or SYNERGIES?

IDENTIFY HANDSHAKE POINTS: SPECTRUM MANAGEMENTS’S ROLE

5G and IoT: The purpose of connectivity.

GREEN EARTH: Cleaner air, soil, water, food. Healthier people, flora & fauna. 6

Next:

Up to 128 antennas per

tower

(Beam-forming and spectrum re-

use)

Today's cell-towers:

3-to-15 antennas

5G's Global Economic Output

over next 15-years:

$12 TRILLION

Next:

Over 20 Billion

Today:

8 Billion cellular connections

5G Metrics: Attempting to connect everyone and everything

SOURCE: Ukeuberuwa, Mene. "The Yeoman Work Behind 5G Wizardry: The Weekend Interview with Dino Flore.“ The Wall Street Journal. May 11, 2019. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-yeoman-work-behind-5g-wizardry-11557529488

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Green Earth Metrics

SOURCE: IPCC. “Global Warming of 1.5 °C IPCC.” October 8, 2018.

http://ipcc.ch/report/sr15/

SOURCE: Crowther, Thomas. “Understanding Carbon Cycle Feedbacks to Predict Climate Change.” Presentation to The American

Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Conference. February 16, 2019.

https://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2019/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/23744

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Green Earth Metrics: Carbon Markets & Renewables

SOURCE: Carroll, Rory. “California cap and trade program faces an uncertain future. The American Energy News. June 14, 2016. http://theamericanenergynews.com/energy-news/california-cap-trade-program-faces-uncertain-future

SOURCE: Weisberg, Peter. “Climate Trust Sees $5 Billion New Demand For North American Offsets Through 2030.” Ecosystem Marketplace. October 31, 2017. http://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/articles/climate-trust-sees-5-billion-new-demand-north-american-offsets-2030/

SOURCE: Mearian, Lucas. Apple commits to run off 100% renewable energy.“ Computerworld. September 21,

2016. https://www.computerworld.com/article/3122461/apple-commits-to-run-off-100-renewable-

energy.html

SOURCE: Ukeuberuwa, Mene. "The Yeoman Work Behind 5G Wizardry: The Weekend Interview with Dino Flore.“ The Wall Street Journal. May 11, 2019. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-yeoman-work-behind-5g-wizardry-11557529488

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5G-DEFORESTATION Mobile Network* & Drone-Enabled** REFORESTATION

SOURCES: *Ancient Redwoods Planted in the Presidio, San Francisco, U.S. National Park Service (Dec. 2018) https://www.nps.gov/articles/ancient-redwoods-planted-in-the-presidio.htm*Lovato, Rob. “Planting a Super Grove at the Presidio.” Archangel Ancient Tree Archive. December 14, 2018.**These drones can plant 100,000 trees a day, World Economic Forum, (June 29, 2017), https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/06/drones-plant-100000-trees-a-day

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5G: Reforestation & Maintenance Opportunities

Not Only Reforestation by Wireless-Guided Drones, But Also:• Soil Monitoring• Blight Monitoring• Rain Levels• Imagery• LIDAR

SOURCE: Peters, Adele. “These Tree-Planting Drones Are About To Start An Entire Forest From The Sky.” Fast Company. August 10, 2017. https://www.fastcompany.com/40450262/these-tree-planting-drones-are-about-to-fire-a-million-seeds-to-re-grow-a-forest

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Reach over 100 feet tall; 7-foot wide trunks

One tree can feed a family of four for a year.

Flour, cakes, furniture, rail-road ties, fence posts, utility poles, ship masts, shingles, siding, etc.

Gluten-free

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) endorses reforestation practices like this: reduce carbon emissions in production of food and materials and to capture carbon.

Source: Mann, Charles C. "Let’s Farm Chestnuts Again: The American chestnut tree almost disappeared during the 20th century. Brining it back could provide a new staple crop--and help the planet" The Wall Street Journal, May 11, 2019 . https://www.wsj.com/articles/lets-farm-chestnuts-again-11557411615?

Practical Reforestation: Chestnut Comeback

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Binge-watching Netflix in air-conditioned, leather upholstered, refrigerator-equipped, self-steering tractors

Farmers connected by satellite and carrier networks

Source: Bunge, Jacob. “Farmers Plow Though Netflix While Plowing Fields.” The Wall Street Journal. May 10, 2019. https://www.wsj.com/articles/farmers-plow-through-movies-while-plowing-fields-11557508393

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International Space Station

Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI)

LIDAR

NASA Greenbelt, MD

How much carbon stored in world's trees & How much could be stored

Snowmelt, Fires, Hurricanes, Weather Prediction also to be mapped & studied

Global 3D Forest Map GEDI: NASA & University of Maryland Map World's Forests in 3D

Source: Graham, Karen. “New NASA mission will create first 3-D map of world's forests.” Digital Journal. December 3, 2018. http://www.digitaljournal.com/tech-and-science/science/new-nasa-mission-will-create-first-3-d-map-of-world-s-forests/article/538216#ixzz5nedc0lEn

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"FCC Policy on Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Since consideration of the limits themselves is explicitly outside of the scope of ET Docket No. 03-137, the FCC opens a new docket, ET Docket No. 13-84, with the Inquiry to consider these limits in light of more recent developments." (2013)

FCC: No major rf exposure rule changes for decades; NPRM issued 2013.

The Commission issued a Second Memorandum Opinion and Order on August 25, 1997 to address petitions regarding the adoption of new exposure limits. OET has revised OST Bulletin No. 65, to provide guidance on acceptable methods of determining compliance with the Commission's new exposure limits. The revised bulletin, OET Bulletin 65, Evaluating Compliance With FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields was issued simultaneously with the release of the Second MO&O.

Source: FCC, https://www.fcc.gov/general/fcc-policy-human-exposure

Source: FCC, https://www.fcc.gov/general/radio-frequency-safety-0

"Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Fields: Guidelines for Cellular Antenna Sites. Although the FCC permits an effective radiated power (ERP) of up to 500 watts per channel (depending on the tower height), the majority of cellular or PCS cell sites in urban and suburban areas operate at an ERP of 100 watts per channel or less."

Source: FCC https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/human-exposure-radio-frequency-fields-guidelines-cellular-and-pcs-sites

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Fixed Wireless Communications Coalition (FWCC) Proposals, Human Exposure NPRM, ET Docket 13-84

1.Keep the categorical exclusion for Part 101 below 24 GHz, or 2.For fixed installations, take into account FCC-mandated antenna patterns when assessing need for evaluation.

I.e., no evaluation should be needed if antennas are 6.3 meters above victim (two building floors).

SOURCE: Reassessment of Federal Communications Commission Radiofrequency Exposure Limits and Policies (ET Docket No. 13-84), Ex Parte Fixed Wireless Communications Coalition (March 2, 2016), http://www.fwcc.us/pdffiles/13-84%20FWCC%202016.03.03%20RF%20exposure%20ExP%20Notice%20AS%20FILED%20(00898069xB3D1E).pdf 16

FCC: No new RF Exposure Order, Yet.

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Companies exist to help network operators meet FCC and Community Standards:

These studies can be performed on any type of wireless facility, and we have certified more than 100,000 rooftops, towers, and water tanks for RF compliance.

SiteSafe’s RF exposure compliance services include:

Electromagnet Emissions (EME) Site Studies

EME Site Modeling

Non-Ionizing Radiation (NIR) Modeling

Safety Plans

Site Remediation

Current RF Safety Process: Example

SOURCE: Site Safe, https://www.sitesafe.com/our-services/rf-emissions-studies/ 18

Table 2: 5G Green Earth Groups SAMPLE LISTING (Non-Profit)

•Physical Health

•Flora (Plants)

•Fauna (Humans, Animals, Insects)

•Human Well-Being

•Childhood Development

•Effects on Family Life/Community Life

•Environmental Health

RF Exposure / Screen Time

•Non-profit [501(c)(3)]

•For-Profit

•Municipal, State, National

Groups

Much like in telecommunications: ‘Mainstream’ Concerns (Planetary & Human Health/Development) to Fringe Issues

5G Colorado Action - Denver, CO 5G Free Marin - Marin County, CA5G Free Pennsylvania - Philadelphia, PA5G Wake Up Call - New York, NY Austinsmartmeters.com - Austin, TXCalifornia Brain Tumor Association - San Francisco, CACellular Phone Task Force - Santa Fe, NMCenter for Safer Wireless - Washington, DCCenterville Concerned Citizens - Centerville, MACitizens League Encouraging Awareness of Radiation (C.L.E.A.R)Whidbey Island, WACitizens of Tacoma Against 5G Small Cells in Residential Areas - Tacoma, WACitizens For 5G Awareness - Huntington, NYCoalition to Stop Smart Meters - Victoria, BCConsumers for Safe Cell Phones - Bellingham, WAThe Ecological Options Network (EON) - Marin County, CAElectrical Pollution - Waterloo, WIElectromagneticHealth.org - Boulder, CO Electromagnetic Radiation Awareness of the Treasure Coast (EMR Awareness) - Vero Beach, FLElectromagnetic Pollution Illnesses Canada Foundation (EPIC)Electromagnetic Safety Alliance - Tucson, AZEnvironmental Health Trust - Teton Village, WYEMF Aware - Santa Cruz, CAEMF Safety Network - Sebastopol, CAFamilies for Safe Meters - Eugene, ORFertile Fields Farm - Westmoreland, NHFreedom to Say No to Smart Meters - Jackson, ORFriends of Amazon Creek - Eugene, ORGrassroots Environmental Education - Port Washington, NYGreen New Delta - Seattle, WAHempfield Citizens for Safe Schools - Lancaster, PAHealthy Homes Consulting - West Brandywine, PAHilltown Health - Charlemont, MAIdahoans for Safe Technology - Boise, IDInternational Institute for Building Biology and Ecology - Clearwater, FLKeep Your Power - Kihei, HILamorinda Families for Responsible Technology - Lamorinda, CALast Tree Laws - MassachusettsLouisiana Smart Meter Opt Out/ 5G Information - Hammond, LA Manhattan Neighbors for Safer Telecommunications - New York, NYMaryland Coalition to Halt Cell Towers at Schools - MDMaryland Smart Meter Awareness - Baltimore, MDMichigan Safe Technology - Battle Creek, MIMontgomery County Coalition for Responsible Telecommunications -Silver Spring, MDMy Street, My Choice! - Santa Rosa, CANapa/Sonoma Neighborhood Association - Napa, CANevada County California Wireless Research Group - Nevada City, CANew Hampshire for Safe Technology - Hancock. NHNew York Safe Utility Meter Association (NYSUMA) - Woodstock, NY

NO 5G in the UV - Woodstock, VTNoSmartMeter.org - Central Point, ORNo Smart Meter Coalition - Topanga, CANo Smart Meters 4 Indiana - Merrillville, INOconomowoc for Safe Technology - Oconomowoc, WIOregon for Safer Technology - Ashland, OROrganic Krush - Locust Valley, NYOur Town, Our Choice - Baltimore, MDParents for Safe Schools - Victoria, BCParents For Safe Technology - Washington DCPennsylvanians for Safe Technology - Reading, PAPennsylvania Freedom Allies - Westmoreland County, PAPima County 5G Awareness Coalition - Pima, AZProudfoot Foundation of Pennsylvania - Wyomissing, PARadiation Dangers - Massapequa Park, NYRhode Islanders for Safe Technology - Kingston, RISafe Schools Global Ltd - London, UKSafe Schools Prince George's County - Greenbelt, MDSafe Tech Forward - Detroit, MISafeTech Kids NC - Fairview, NCSafe Technology Minnesota - St. Paul, MNSan Antonio Smart Meter Awareness - San Antonio, TXSan Mateo Citizens for a Safe Environment - San Mateo, CASan Ramone Citizens for Responsible Technology - San Ramone, CASanta Fe Alliance for Public Health and Safety - Santa Fe, NMScarsdale for Responsible Technology - Scarsdale, NYScientific Alliance For Education - Sheffield, MAScientists for Wired Technology - Sausalito, CASmart Meter Education Network - Ann Arbor, MISmart New Jersey - Milford, NJSonoma 4 Responsible Technology -Sonoma, CASouthwest Ohio for Responsible Tech - OhioStop 5G Chicago - Chicago, ILStop 5G Southern Oregon - Southern, ORStop Smart Meters Woodstock NY - Woodstock, NYTake Back Your Power - Seattle, WATechSafe: Healthy Living with Technology - Silver Spring, MDTowards an Internet of Living Beings - Oroville, CAUnderstanding EMFs - Ashland, MAWe Are the Evidence - New YorkWendy Walks for ESWeston A. Price FoundationWired Schools - Denver, COWireless Action - Waukesha, WIWireless Information & Safety Education - San Francisco, CAWireless Radiation Education & Defense - Berkeley, CAWisconsin For Safe Technology - Greendale, WIZone'in Programs - Canada

SOURCE: “About Us.” AMERICANS FOR RESPONSIBLE TECHNOLOGY. 2019. https://www.americansforresponsibletech.org/about

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Eggshell Skull Rule

SOURCE: “Eggshell Skull Rule” NY Bar Picture Book. October 10, 2016. http://www.nybarpicturebook.com/eggshell-skull-rule/

• Tortfeasor must take their victim as they find them: Smith v Leech Brain [1962] 2 QB 405.

• Per Kennedy J in Dulieu v White & Sons [1901] 2 KB 669, ‘if a man is negligently run over or otherwise negligently injured in his body, it is no answer to the sufferer’s claim for damages that he would have suffered less injury, or no injury at all, if he had not had an unusually thin skull or an unusually weak heart’ (at 679).

• Only applies to damage of the ‘same kind’, but this terminology can cause problems.

• Nader v Urban Transit Authority of NSW (1985) 2 NSWLR 501: boy suffering minor cut to head subsequently developed statistically rare psychiatric disease. Def liable as initial laceration material contributing cause of illness & close association with illness.

• Rule extends to ‘particular psychological and familial situation of the injured Pl’. See Kavanagh v Akhtar (1998) 45 NSWLR 588: Pl developed psychiatric injury after husband left her. Def liable for psychiatric injury as was reasonably foreseeable.

SOURCE: Lyons, Samsom. “LAWS 11064 TORTS B, Module 4 – Negligence: Causation and Scope of Liability (Remoteness).” Central Queensland University. 2016. http://slideplayer.com/slide/7845015/

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5G Facebook Groups SAMPLE LISTING (AWARENESS)

Examples from: U.S./Spain/Australia/U.K./Ireland

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5G Green Earth Groups SAMPLE LISTING (For-Profit-MITIGATION)

SOURCE: Smart Meter Gruard. https://smartmeterguard.com/SOURCE: Global RF Solutions. https://grfs.net/SOURCE: EMF & RF Solutions. http://www.emfrf.com/SOURCE: Cornet Microsystems Inc. http://electrosmog.org/

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5G Green Earth Groups SAMPLE LISTING (CONSULTING)

SOURCE: National Institute for Science, law and Public Policy. http://swankin-turner.com/nislapp.htmlSOURCE: McGarry, Caitlin. “ The Truth About 5G: What’s Coming (and What’s Not) in 2019.” Tom’s Guide. April 25, 2019. https://www.tomsguide.com/us/5g-release-date,review-5063.html

SOURCE: Cradlepoint. “Understanding 5G for the Enterprise.”https://cradlepoint.com/5g-beyond-infographicSOURCE: Walter, Derek. “How 5G Will Change Your Small Business.” Business News Daily. April 5, 2019. https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/10519-5g-implications-for-business.html

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5G: Increase in Sites: Up to 15-20 Sq. Km.

SOURCE: Collins, Mark; Das, Arnab; Menard, Alexandre; and Patel, Dev. “Are You Ready for 5G.” McKinsey & Co. February, 2018. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/telecommunications/our-insights/are-you-ready-for-5g 24

Four Constituencies

Hyper-Connectivity

‘Standard’ Connectivity

Mindfully Reducing RF

Zero RF

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"One of the top technology candidates for 5G relies on higher frequencies and bringing more much closer to the people using them. But what does research say about how it will affect human health? Researchers review what the literature has suggested so far about non-ionizing radiation from 2G and 3G, including a 2018 study from the National Toxicology Program (NTP) that found an increase in tumors for male rats.” • Dr. Devra Davis, Nobel Laureate, Founder/President of

Environmental Health Trust, Toxicologist, Expidemiologist, https://ehtrust.org/key-issues/cell-phoneswireless/5g-internet-everything/20-quick-facts-what-you-need-to-know-about-5g-wireless-and-small-cells/

• Dr. John Bucher, NTP;• Dr. Jonathan Samet, Colorado School of Public Health;

Flatow, Ira. “The Future of 5G.” National Public Radio. April 19, 2019.https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/the-future-of-5g/

Data, and the limitations of research to date

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Opportunities: Many well-funded groups need Spectrum Management data & guidance

Zero RF Mindfully Reducing RF

Standard Connectivity

Hyper Connectivity

Site SurveysMeters, Tools, Measurements

Optimization Guidelines

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SOURCE: Devra Davis, PhD, MPH. “Letter to Assembly Chair Aguilar-Curry in Opposition to California SB 649 Small Cell Wireless Facilities.” ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH TRUST. June 28, 2017. https://ehtrust.org/opposition-sb-649-small-cell-wireless-facilities/

SOURCE: Dr. John Bucher, Dr. Jonathan Samet. “ Cell Phone Radio Frequency Radiation.” NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM. November, 2018. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/areas/cellphones/index.html

Data, and the limitations of research to date

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24,900

192,000

2016 2019

Wireless Antenna Clusters: United States

SOURCE: Krouse, Sarah; and Pacheco, Inti. “NYC Tries to Even Out Access to Wireless Networks.” The Wall Street Journal. February, 27, 2019, citing S&P Global Market Intelligence: https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-city-tries-to-even-out-access-to-wireless-networks-11551219168 29

RURAL 3G – 4G: 1-2 Transceivers per Square Kilometer

SOURCE: Collins, Mark; Das, Arnab; Menard, Alexandre; and Patel, Dev. “Are You Ready for 5G.” McKinsey & Co. February, 2018. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/telecommunications/our-insights/are-you-ready-for-5g

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RURAL 5G: 5 Transceivers per Square Kilometer

SOURCE: Collins, Mark; Das, Arnab; Menard, Alexandre; and Patel, Dev. “Are You Ready for 5G.” McKinsey & Co. February, 2018. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/telecommunications/our-insights/are-you-ready-for-5g

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SUBURBAN 3G-4G: 5-10 Transceivers per Square Kilometer

SOURCE: Collins, Mark; Das, Arnab; Menard, Alexandre; and Patel, Dev. “Are You Ready for 5G.” McKinsey & Co. February, 2018. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/telecommunications/our-insights/are-you-ready-for-5g

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SUBURBAN 5G: 10+ Transceivers per Square Kilometer

SOURCE: Collins, Mark; Das, Arnab; Menard, Alexandre; and Patel, Dev. “Are You Ready for 5G.” McKinsey & Co. February, 2018. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/telecommunications/our-insights/are-you-ready-for-5g

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URBAN 3G – 4G: 5-10 Transceivers per Square Kilometer

SOURCE: Collins, Mark; Das, Arnab; Menard, Alexandre; and Patel, Dev. “Are You Ready for 5G.” McKinsey & Co. February, 2018. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/telecommunications/our-insights/are-you-ready-for-5g

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URBAN 5G: 20+ Transceivers per Square Kilometer

SOURCE: Collins, Mark; Das, Arnab; Menard, Alexandre; and Patel, Dev. “Are You Ready for 5G.” McKinsey & Co. February, 2018. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/telecommunications/our-insights/are-you-ready-for-5g

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3G – 4G: Human Exposure to Persistent RF

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5G: Human Exposure to Persistent RF

37

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In 1888, just a year after these photos were taken, a massive snowstorm dumped nearly two feet of snow onto the city and ravaged the massive web of wires in the process. Only then did the city's officials think that it might be a good idea to bury telephone lines instead of weaving them around buildings.

Electric Smog: Precedent, NYC 1887

SOURCE: Feinberg, Ashley. 19th Century New York Was Covered in an Insane Web of Telephone Wires.” Gizmodo. March 1, 2014. https://gizmodo.com/19th-century-new-york-was-covered-in-an-insane-web-of-t-5987564

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Light Pollution: 83% of the World

At night, places with dense human habitation are easy to spot from space. In some extremely light polluted places, like the tiny countries of Singapore, Kuwait and San Marino, the sky is so filled with light that 99.5 percent of all stars that people can see are completely invisible without optical aid. More rural areas tend to have darker skies. According to “The New World Atlas of Artificial Night Sky Brightness”, the inhabitants of Chad, Central African Republic, and Madagascar are the least affected by light pollution. In these areas, the band of our home galaxy, the Milky Way, is clearly visible.

83% of the World population is living under light-polluted skies

SOURCE: Drake, Nadia. “Our Nights Are Getting Brighter and Earth is Paying the Price.” National Geographic. April 3, 2019. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/nights-are-getting-brighter-earth-paying-the-price-light-pollution-dark-skies/

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Multiple 5G systems, or do we focus on a utility model, like water?

41

5G and Living Things

(1962; Pesticides) (2018; Wireless*) *SOURCE: Endnotes42

5G and Living Things

“Bees have clusters of magnetite in the abdominal areas. Colony collapse disorder (CCD) was observed in beehives exposed to 900 MHz for 10 minutes, with sudden disappearance of a hive’s inhabitants, leaving only queen, eggs, and a few immature workers behind.”SOURCE: S Sivani*, D Sudarsana. “Impacts of radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) from cell phone towers and wireless devices on biosystem and ecosystem – a review.” Biomedonline. January, 2013. http://biolmedonline.com/Articles/Vol4_4_2012/Vol4_4_202-216_BM-8.pdf

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5G and Living Things

(2015) (2018)(2018)44

5G and Living Things

SOURCE: “Arborists Have Cloned Ancient Redwoods From Their Massive Stumps.” E360 Digest. December 27, 2018. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. https://e360.yale.edu/digest/arborists-have-cloned-ancient-redwoods-from-their-massive-stumps

SOURCE: Robbins, Jim. “The Man Who Planted Trees.” Spiegel & Grau. 2012, revised afterword 2015.

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SOURCE: “Experiment Netgear N750 Wifi Radiation effects on cress seeds Lepidium sativum germination.” RFSAFE. March 28, 2016. https://www.rfsafe.com/ https://youtu.be/1HPifP-H9Cc

SOURCE: Breunig, Helmut. “Tree damage caused by mobile phone base stations.” Kompetenzinitiativ. Photos and RF measurements by Cornelia Waldmann-Selsam. https://ehtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2017_Observation_Guide_ENG_FINAL_RED.pdf

5G: Reforestation & Maintenance Opportunities

46

SOURCE: Vian, Alain; Davies, Eric; Gendraud, Michel, Bonnet, Pierre; et al. ”Plant Responses to High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields.” BioMed Research International. February 14, 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4769733/

"In the present review, after identifying the main exposure devices (transverse and gigahertz electromagnetic cells, wave guide, and mode stirred reverberating chamber) and general physics laws that govern EMF interactions with plants, we illustrate some of the observed responses after exposure to HF-EMF at the cellular, molecular, and whole plant scale. Indeed, numerous metabolic activities (reactive oxygen species metabolism, α- and β-amylase, Krebs cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, chlorophyll content, terpene emission, etc.) are modified, gene expression altered (calmodulin, calcium-dependent protein kinase, and proteinase inhibitor), and growth reduced (stem elongation and dry weight) after low power (i.e., nonthermal) HF-EMF exposure. These changes occur not only in the tissues directly exposed but also systemically in distant tissues."

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Thomas Crowther, Assistant Professor

Environmental Systems Science, ETH

Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

SOURCE: E360 Digest. “Planting 1.2 Trillion Trees Could Cancel Out a Decade of CO2 Emissions, Scientists Find.” Yale Environment 360. February 20, 2019. https://e360.yale.edu/digest/planting-1-2-trillion-trees-could-cancel-out-a-decade-of-co2-emissions-scientists-find

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SOURCE: “A new abnormal: It is still two minutes to midnight,” citing “nuclear and climate threats”, Editor John Mecklin; See also, Rachel Bronson, PhD, President & CEO, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. https://thebulletin.org/doomsday-clock/

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50

SOURCE: Gross, Wendy. “Spatio-Temporal Exploration of Paleo-Fire Climate Patterns Using the Super-Imposed Epoch Analysis S.E.A).” Penn State University. http://slideplayer.com/slide/6782043/

51

SOURCE: Lindzen, Richard, PhD. “Climate Change: What Do Scientists Say?”

Prager U.April 18, 2016. https://youtu.be/OwqIy8Ikv-c

52

What is the RF Exposure Limit for Flowers? Trees?

What is the spectrum band that an White Oak Tree transmits at? Receives at? Signal to noise ratio? Channelization? Antenna type? Omni-directional? Phased array? Mesh networked? PTP? What is its “B” side?53

54

55

Trees are antennas and they follow Projective Geometry and Precise 14-day Solar System cycles

SOURCE: Edwards, Lawrence. “The Vortex of Life: Nature's Patterns in Space and Time.” Floris Press. Edinburgh 1993. https://www.amazon.com/Vortex-Life-Natures-Patterns-Space/dp/0863155510#customerReviewsSee also, http://www.vortexoflife.org.uk/Research.htm

SOURCE: Edwards, Lawrence. “Projective Geometry.” Rudolf Steiner Institute. Phoenixville 1985. https://www.amazon.com/Projective-Geometry-Lawrence-Edwards/dp/0863153933/ 56

Constructal law is a theory of the

generation of design (configurations,

patterns, geometry) in nature.

According to this theory, natural design

and the constructal law unite all

animate and inanimate systems.

Humans and Nature Follow Constructal Law: If Past is Prologue, So Will 5G & Green Earth Initiatives

57

-Dr. Adrian Bejan, Duke University

Using Constructal Law to Build 5G P to P Network

SOURCE: Dimancescu, Dan. “Knowledge Keepers: Design in Nature.” Kogainon.http://www.kogainon.com/K/Pages/Bejan/Title.html

SOURCE: Constructal Law: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Bejan#Constructal_law58

5G Networks, informed by Flow Design and the “ConstructalLaw”, may embed and hug natural geographic patterns and imitate natural structures for highly efficient, cost-effective, and scalable systems

SOURCE: “5G network architecture as envisioned by KT.” Korea’s Information Society. February 14, 2016. http://www.koreainformationsociety.com/2016/02/5g-network-architecture-as-envisioned.html

SOURCE: Griffith, Sarah. “How to grow veg in the DESERT: Images reveal plans for $30 million solar-powered farm to be built in the Sahara.” DailyMail. March 16, 2016. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3495343/How-grow-veg-DESERT-Images-reveal-plans-30-million-solar-powered-farm-built-Sahara.html

59

Back to Table 1: Federal Agencies: 5G Self-Awareness

*Does not include “5G” when used for non-telecommunications purposes, such as “5g” as in 5-grams, a weight measurement.

CABINET LEVEL AGENCIES Number of 5G Mentions On Website Website linksDept. of Agriculture 0 https://www.usda.gov/

National Arboretum 0 https://www.usna.usda.gov/

Forest Service 0 https://www.fs.fed.us/

Rural Utilities Service 19https://search.usa.gov/search?query=5G&op=Search&affiliate=usda-rd&_ga=2.114848007.1631576227.1556132296-1120810114.1555959920

Dept. of Commerce 9https://search.commerce.gov/search?query=5G&affiliate=www.commerce.gov

NOAA 3https://search.usa.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=noaa.gov&query=5G&commit=Search

NTIA 19 https://www.ntia.doc.gov/search/node/5G%20Network

Dept. of Energy 69 https://www.energy.gov/search/site/5G

Dept. of Health & Human Services 0 https://www.hhs.gov/

NIH 40https://search.nih.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=nih&query=5G&commit=Search

CDC *https://search.cdc.gov/search/?query=5G&sitelimit=&utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=cdc-main

Dept. of Homeland Security 40https://search.usa.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=dhs&dc=&channel=&query=5G&search-type=dhs&commit=Search

Dept. of Housing and Urban Development *https://search.usa.gov/search?affiliate=housingandurbandevelopment&affiliate=housingandurbandevelopment&query=5G

Dept. of Interior 0 https://www.doi.gov/

National Parks Service

0 https://www.nps.gov/search/?affiliate=nps&query=5G

Dept. of Justice *https://search.justice.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=justice&sort_by=&query=5G

Dept. of Labor 0 https://www.dol.gov/

Dept. of State 29https://findit.state.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=dos_stategov&query=5G

Dept. of Transportation 40https://search.usa.gov/search?affiliate=usdot&page=2&query=5G+technology&utf8=%E2%9C%93

Dept. of Treasury 1https://search.treasury.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=treas&query=5G+

Dept. of Veterans Affairs 0 https://www.va.gov/

FCC 68 https://www.fcc.gov/search/#q=5G60

Table 2: 5G Green Earth Groups SAMPLE LISTING (Non-Profit)

•Physical Health

•Flora (Plants)

•Fauna (Humans, Animals, Insects)

•Human Well-Being

•Childhood Development

•Effects on Family Life/Community Life

•Environmental Health

RF Exposure

•Non-profit [501(c)(3)]

•For-Profit

•Municipal, State, National

Groups

Much like in telecommunications: ‘Mainstream’ Concerns (Planetary & Human Health/Development) to Fringe Issues

5G Colorado Action - Denver, CO 5G Free Marin - Marin County, CA5G Free Pennsylvania - Philadelphia, PA5G Wake Up Call - New York, NY Austinsmartmeters.com - Austin, TXCalifornia Brain Tumor Association - San Francisco, CACellular Phone Task Force - Santa Fe, NMCenter for Safer Wireless - Washington, DCCenterville Concerned Citizens - Centerville, MACitizens League Encouraging Awareness of Radiation (C.L.E.A.R)Whidbey Island, WACitizens of Tacoma Against 5G Small Cells in Residential Areas - Tacoma, WACitizens For 5G Awareness - Huntington, NYCoalition to Stop Smart Meters - Victoria, BCConsumers for Safe Cell Phones - Bellingham, WAThe Ecological Options Network (EON) - Marin County, CAElectrical Pollution - Waterloo, WIElectromagneticHealth.org - Boulder, CO Electromagnetic Radiation Awareness of the Treasure Coast (EMR Awareness) - Vero Beach, FLElectromagnetic Pollution Illnesses Canada Foundation (EPIC)Electromagnetic Safety Alliance - Tucson, AZEnvironmental Health Trust - Teton Village, WYEMF Aware - Santa Cruz, CAEMF Safety Network - Sebastopol, CAFamilies for Safe Meters - Eugene, ORFertile Fields Farm - Westmoreland, NHFreedom to Say No to Smart Meters - Jackson, ORFriends of Amazon Creek - Eugene, ORGrassroots Environmental Education - Port Washington, NYGreen New Delta - Seattle, WAHempfield Citizens for Safe Schools - Lancaster, PAHealthy Homes Consulting - West Brandywine, PAHilltown Health - Charlemont, MAIdahoans for Safe Technology - Boise, IDInternational Institute for Building Biology and Ecology - Clearwater, FLKeep Your Power - Kihei, HILamorinda Families for Responsible Technology - Lamorinda, CALast Tree Laws - MassachusettsLouisiana Smart Meter Opt Out/ 5G Information - Hammond, LA Manhattan Neighbors for Safer Telecommunications - New York, NYMaryland Coalition to Halt Cell Towers at Schools - MDMaryland Smart Meter Awareness - Baltimore, MDMichigan Safe Technology - Battle Creek, MIMontgomery County Coalition for Responsible Telecommunications -Silver Spring, MDMy Street, My Choice! - Santa Rosa, CANapa/Sonoma Neighborhood Association - Napa, CANevada County California Wireless Research Group - Nevada City, CANew Hampshire for Safe Technology - Hancock. NHNew York Safe Utility Meter Association (NYSUMA) - Woodstock, NY

NO 5G in the UV - Woodstock, VTNoSmartMeter.org - Central Point, ORNo Smart Meter Coalition - Topanga, CANo Smart Meters 4 Indiana - Merrillville, INOconomowoc for Safe Technology - Oconomowoc, WIOregon for Safer Technology - Ashland, OROrganic Krush - Locust Valley, NYOur Town, Our Choice - Baltimore, MDParents for Safe Schools - Victoria, BCParents For Safe Technology - Washington DCPennsylvanians for Safe Technology - Reading, PAPennsylvania Freedom Allies - Westmoreland County, PAPima County 5G Awareness Coalition - Pima, AZProudfoot Foundation of Pennsylvania - Wyomissing, PARadiation Dangers - Massapequa Park, NYRhode Islanders for Safe Technology - Kingston, RISafe Schools Global Ltd - London, UKSafe Schools Prince George's County - Greenbelt, MDSafe Tech Forward - Detroit, MISafeTech Kids NC - Fairview, NCSafe Technology Minnesota - St. Paul, MNSan Antonio Smart Meter Awareness - San Antonio, TXSan Mateo Citizens for a Safe Environment - San Mateo, CASan Ramone Citizens for Responsible Technology - San Ramone, CASanta Fe Alliance for Public Health and Safety - Santa Fe, NMScarsdale for Responsible Technology - Scarsdale, NYScientific Alliance For Education - Sheffield, MAScientists for Wired Technology - Sausalito, CASmart Meter Education Network - Ann Arbor, MISmart New Jersey - Milford, NJSonoma 4 Responsible Technology -Sonoma, CASouthwest Ohio for Responsible Tech - OhioStop 5G Chicago - Chicago, ILStop 5G Southern Oregon - Southern, ORStop Smart Meters Woodstock NY - Woodstock, NYTake Back Your Power - Seattle, WATechSafe: Healthy Living with Technology - Silver Spring, MDTowards an Internet of Living Beings - Oroville, CAUnderstanding EMFs - Ashland, MAWe Are the Evidence - New YorkWendy Walks for ESWeston A. Price FoundationWired Schools - Denver, COWireless Action - Waukesha, WIWireless Information & Safety Education - San Francisco, CAWireless Radiation Education & Defense - Berkeley, CAWisconsin For Safe Technology - Greendale, WIZone'in Programs - Canada

SOURCE: “About Us.” AMERICANS FOR RESPONSIBLE TECHNOLOGY. 2019. https://www.americansforresponsibletech.org/about

61

Spectrum Managers:Guidelines for understanding new study areas • Local, Regional, National & International curiosity & concerns are growing.• It is best to share and apply spectrum management principles and

measurements to major and minor:• Studies• Media reports• Subject-matter organization and movements

• Otherwise: Policies and systems may be built that are ultimately harmful to all parties

• Actions? • Engage in forums and rulemaking proceedings alike. • Encourage (versus stifle) research and objective conversation• Schedule 5G & Spectrum understanding events with traditionally ‘non-telecom’

organizations that now have a deep interest in broadband systems.

Suggestion: Establish detailed RF Frequently Asked Question (FAQs) & guidelines in coordination with subject matter expert agencies.

62

THANK YOU!

Joseph M. Sandri

Founder & CEO

Thought Delivery Systems, Inc.

www.ThoughtDelivery.com

Joe@ThoughtDelivery.com

(o) 202-223-1028

(m) 202-253-3956

64

SOURCE:”Ancient Redwoods Planted in the Presidio, San Francisco.” U.S. National Park Service December, . 2018. https://www.nps.gov/articles/ancient-redwoods-planted-in-the-presidio.htm

SOURCE: “About Us.” AMERICANS FOR RESPONSIBLE TECHNOLOGY. 2019. https://www.americansforresponsibletech.org/about

SOURCE: Breunig, Helmut. “Tree damage caused by mobile phone base stations.” Kompetenzinitiativ. Photos and RF measurements by Cornelia Waldmann-Selsam. https://ehtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2017_Observation_Guide_ENG_FINAL_RED.pdf

SOURCE : Bunge, Jacob. “Farmers Plow Though Netflix While Plowing Fields.” The Wall Street Journal. May 10, 2019. https://www.wsj.com/articles/farmers-plow-through-movies-while-plowing-fields-11557508393

SOURCE: Crowther, Thomas. “Understanding Carbon Cycle Feedbacks to Predict Climate Change.”

Presentation to The American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Conference.

February 16, 2019. https://aaas.confex.com/aaas/2019/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/23744

SOURCE: Dr. John Bucher, Dr. Jonathan Samet. “ Cell Phone Radio Frequency Radiation.” NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM. November, 2018. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/areas/cellphones/index.html

SOURCE: Constructal Law: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Bejan#Constructal_law

SOURCE: “Arborists Have Cloned Ancient Redwoods From Their Massive Stumps.” E360 Digest. December 27, 2018. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. https://e360.yale.edu/digest/arborists-have-cloned-ancient-redwoods-from-their-massive-stumps

SOURCE: “Experiment Netgear N750 Wifi Radiation effects on cress seeds Lepidium sativum germination.” RFSAFE. March 28, 2016. https://www.rfsafe.com/ https://youtu.be/1HPifP-H9Cc

SOURCE: Cornet Microsystems Inc. http://electrosmog.org/

SOURCE: Cradlepoint. “Understanding 5G for the Enterprise.”https://cradlepoint.com/5g-beyond-infographicSOURCE: Walter, Derek. “How 5G Will Change Your Small Business.” Business News Daily. April 5, 2019. https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/10519-5g-implications-for-business.html

SOURCE: Feinberg, Ashley. 19th Century New York Was Covered in an Insane Web of Telephone Wires.” Gizmodo. March 1, 2014. https://gizmodo.com/19th-century-new-york-was-covered-in-an-insane-web-of-t-5987564

SOURCE: Edwards, Lawrence. “Projective Geometry.” Rudolf Steiner Institute. Phoenixville 1985. https://www.amazon.com/Projective-Geometry-Lawrence-Edwards/dp/0863153933/

SOURCE: “Eggshell Skull Rule” NY Bar Picture Book. October 10, 2016. http://www.nybarpicturebook.com/eggshell-skull-rule/

SOURCE: Collins, Mark; Das, Arnab; Menard, Alexandre; and Patel, Dev. “Are You Ready for 5G.” McKinsey & Co. February, 2018. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/telecommunications/our-insights/are-you-ready-for-5g

SOURCE: Devra Davis, PhD, MPH. “Letter to Assembly Chair Aguilar-Curry in Opposition to California SB 649 Small Cell Wireless Facilities.” ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH TRUST. June 28, 2017. https://ehtrust.org/opposition-sb-649-small-cell-wireless-facilities/

SOURCE: Drake, Nadia. “Our Nights Are Getting Brighter and Earth is Paying the Price.” National Geographic. April 3, 2019. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/nights-are-getting-brighter-earth-paying-the-price-light-pollution-dark-skies/

SOURCE: Dimancescu, Dan. “Knowledge Keepers: Design in Nature.” Kogainon.http://www.kogainon.com/K/Pages/Bejan/Title.html

SOURCE: Edwards, Lawrence. “The Vortex of Life: Nature's Patterns in Space and Time.” Floris Press. Edinburgh 1993. https://www.amazon.com/Vortex-Life-Natures-Patterns-Space/dp/0863155510#customerReviews, See also, http://www.vortexoflife.org.uk/Research.htm

SOURCE : FCC, https://www.fcc.gov/general/radio-frequency-safety-0

SOURCE : FCC https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/human-exposure-radio-frequency-fields-guidelines-cellular-and-pcs-sites

SOURCE : FCC, https://www.fcc.gov/general/fcc-policy-human-exposure

SOURCE: EMF & RF Solutions. http://www.emfrf.com/

Flatow, Ira. “The Future of 5G.” National Public Radio. April 19, 2019.https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/the-future-of-5g/

Endnotes

Endnotes

SOURCE: Mearian, Lucas. Apple commits to run off 100% renewable energy.“ Computerworld.

September 21, 2016. https://www.computerworld.com/article/3122461/apple-commits-to-run-off-

100-renewable-energy.html

SOURCE: Lovato, Rob. “Planting a Super Grove at the Presidio.” Archangel Ancient Tree Archive. December 14, 2018.rum, (June 29, 2017), https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/06/drones-plant-100000-trees-a-day

SOURCE: Peters, Adele. “These Tree-Planting Drones Are About To Start An Entire Forest From The Sky.” Fast Company. August 10, 2017. https://www.fastcompany.com/40450262/these-tree-planting-drones-are-about-to-fire-a-million-seeds-to-re-grow-a-forest

SOURCE : Mann, Charles C. "Let’s Farm Chestnuts Again: The American chestnut tree almost disappeared during the 20th century. Brining it back could provide a new staple crop--and help the planet" The Wall Street Journal, May 11, 2019 . https://www.wsj.com/articles/lets-farm-chestnuts-again-11557411615?

SOURCE: Site Safe, https://www.sitesafe.com/our-services/rf-emissions-studies/

SOURCE: Smart Meter Guard. https://smartmeterguard.com/

SOURCE: IPCC. “Global Warming of 1.5 °C IPCC.” October 8, 2018. http://ipcc.ch/report/sr15/

SOURCE : Graham, Karen. “New NASA mission will create first 3-D map of world's forests.” Digital Journal. December 3, 2018. http://www.digitaljournal.com/tech-and-science/science/new-nasa-mission-will-create-first-3-d-map-of-world-s-forests/article/538216#ixzz5nedc0lEn

SOURCE: Krouse, Sarah; and Pacheco, Inti. “NYC Tries to Even Out Access to Wireless Networks.” The Wall Street Journal. February, 27, 2019, citing S&P Global Market Intelligence: https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-york-city-tries-to-even-out-access-to-wireless-networks-11551219168

SOURCE: Griffith, Sarah. “How to grow veg in the DESERT: Images reveal plans for $30 million solar-powered farm to be built in the Sahara.” DailyMail. March 16, 2016. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3495343/How-grow-veg-DESERT-Images-reveal-plans-30-million-solar-powered-farm-built-Sahara.html

SOURCE: “iPotty iPad Holder.” Environmental Health Trust. https://ehtrust.org/key-issues/cell-phoneswireless/ridiculous-wi-fi-tech/

SOURCE: National Institute for Science, law and Public Policy. http://swankin-turner.com/nislapp.htmlSOURCE: Gross, Wendy. “Spatio-Temporal Exploration of Paleo-Fire Climate Patterns Using the Super-Imposed Epoch Analysis S.E.A).” Penn State University. http://slideplayer.com/slide/6782043/

SOURCE: Lindzen, Richard, PhD. “Climate Change: What Do Scientists Say?” Prager U.April 18, 2016. https://youtu.be/OwqIy8Ikv-c

SOURCE: “5G network architecture as envisioned by KT.” Korea’s Information Society. February 14, 2016. http://www.koreainformationsociety.com/2016/02/5g-network-architecture-as-envisioned.html

SOURCE: Global RF Solutions. https://grfs.net/ SOURCE: McGarry, Caitlin. “ The Truth About 5G: What’s Coming (and What’s Not) in 2019.” Tom’s Guide. April 25, 2019. https://www.tomsguide.com/us/5g-release-date,review-5063.html

SOURCE: Mecklin, John –Editor. “A new abnormal: It is still two minutes to midnight,” citing “nuclear and climate threats”,; See also, Rachel Bronson, PhD, President & CEO, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. https://thebulletin.org/doomsday-clock/

SOURCE: Lyons, Samsom. “LAWS 11064 TORTS B, Module 4 – Negligence: Causation and Scope of Liability (Remoteness).” Central Queensland University. 2016. http://slideplayer.com/slide/7845015/

SOURCE: S Sivani*, D Sudarsana. “Impacts of radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) from cell phone towers and wireless devices on biosystem and ecosystem – a review.” Biomedonline. January, 2013. http://biolmedonline.com/Articles/Vol4_4_2012/Vol4_4_202-216_BM-8.pdf

SOURCE: Robbins, Jim. “The Man Who Planted Trees.” Spiegel & Grau. 2012, revised afterword 2015.

SOURCE: Vian, Alain; Davies, Eric; Gendraud, Michel, Bonnet, Pierre; et al. ”Plant Responses to High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields.” BioMed Research International. February 14, 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4769733/

SOURCE: Reassessment of Federal Communications Commission Radiofrequency Exposure Limits and Policies (ET Docket No. 13-84), Ex Parte Fixed Wireless Communications Coalition (March 2, 2016), http://www.fwcc.us/pdffiles/13-84%20FWCC%202016.03.03%20RF%20exposure%20ExP%20Notice%20AS%20FILED%20(00898069xB3D1E).pdf

SOURCE: Russell MD, Cindy. “Wireless Silent Spring.” Santa Clara County Medical Association

Bulletin. October, 2018. https://mdsafetech.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/wireless-silentspring_-

sccma-oct-2-2018.pdf

66

SOURCE: Wang, Ucilia. “Why Corporations Like Microsoft are investing in Renewable energy.” The Guardian. November 4, 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/microsoft-walmart-google-renewable-energy-wind-farm-solar

SOURCE: Ukeuberuwa, Mene. "The Yeoman Work Behind 5G Wizardry: The Weekend Interview with Dino Flore.“ The Wall Street Journal. May 11, 2019. https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-yeoman-work-behind-5g-wizardry-11557529488

66

Endnotes