(6) Determination

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CHAPTER-4

DETERMINATION OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

4.1 EVALUATION OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

Convective heat transfer coefficient can be defined as the amount of heat transmitted

for a unit temperature difference between the fluid and unit area of the surface in unit

time. The value of hc depend on the following factors:

1. Thermodynamic and transport property (viscosity, density, specific heat etc.)

2. ature of fluid flow

!. "eometry of the surface

Dimensionless Numbe!

1. usselt#s no.(u)$ hcw%(&%d) $ convective heat transfer coefficient% conductive heat

transfer coefficient

2. "rashoff#s no.( "r) $ g'd!2t%*2 $ +ouyancy force% iscous force

!. -randtl no.(-r) $*C p%& $momentum diffusivity% thermal diffusivity

. /ayleigh no.(/a) $ ("r.-r)

0n actual convection, transition in a boundary layer depends on the relative

magnitude of the buoyancy and viscous force in the fluid. 0t is correlated in terms of a

R" number, which is the product of # and P numbers, where # loo&s after the type

of flow and P the type of fluid. The temperature dependent physical properties of

vapour (humid air) used.

Tem$e"%ue &e$en&en% $'(si)"l $o$e%ies o* +"$ou

,u"n%i%( S(mbol E$ession

pecific heat Cp .234.1! 5 Tv 3 1.141 5 1465 Tv267.8915 1465 Tv!

;ensity ρ !9!.%(Tv 5 28!.19)

28



Thermal

conductivity

k 4.42 5 4.878! 5 146 5 Tv

iscosity μ 1481 5 1469 3 .724 5 1465Tv

<atent heat of

apori=ation of

water

L >or(Tv ? 844C) !.171951475@16(8.71751465Tv)AB

>or(Tv 844C)[email protected] 31.!1!25146

85Tv26 .8851465Tv

!AB

-artial apour

pressure at

Cover temperatureB

-ci e5p@29.!18 D 91%(Tci 3 28!)A

-artial apour

pressure at water

temperatureB

-w e5p@29.!18 D 91%(Tw 3 28!)A

E5pansion factor ' 1%(Tv 3 28!.19)

4.1.1 METHODOLO#

The methodology used by Tiwari F hruti (1), and Gumar and Tiwari 17

evaluating ) F n.

He &now the relation between usselt o.,"rashoff o.F -randtl o.

u$f("r.-r )

>or heat flow from the hori=ontal water surface in the upward direction, i.e. against the

forces of gravity, Ia&ob (1, 198) has suggested the following relationship by

correlating the e5perimental data of Jull and /eiher:

u$ C ("r.-r)n

u $ (hcw.d%&) $ C("r.-r)n

hcw $ (&%d) C("r.-r)n

The relation between evaporative heat transfer coefficient and convective heat

transfer coefficient.

hew $ 4.41728!KhcwK(-w6-ci % Tw6Tci)

hew $ 4.41728!K@(&%d)c("r.-r)nK(-w6-ci% Tw6Tci)A

Thus the heat transfer per unit area per unit time evaporation from the water

surface to glass covers

Lew $ hew (Tw6Tci)

29



Lew$ 4.41728!K@(&%d)c("r.-r)nK(-w6-ci % Tw6Tci)K(Tw6Tci)A

$ 4.41728!@(&%d)c("r.-r)n(-w6-ci)A

0t can also be written as

Lew $ hew (Tw 6Tci)

The rate of mass transfer mew is given by

me $ Lew%<

mw $ 4.41728!(-w6-ci)(&%d)c("r.-r)nK(!744%<)KMw

<et, /$4.41728!(-w6-ci)(&%d)(!744%<)K(4.9K4.9)

mw$/ C (/ a)n

Therefore, / a$ ("r.-r)

mw%/ $C(/ a)n NNN.(1)

ELuation (1) can be written as,

y $ a 5 b NNN(2)

Hhere, y$ mw%/B a$cB 5$/ aB b$n

ELuation (2) can be reduced in an eLuation of straight line by ta&ing log on both sides

ln(y) $ ln(a) 3 b ln(5)

or, y#$a#3 b#5# NN.(!)

where, y#$ ln(y)B a#$ ln(a) B b#$ b B 5#$ ln(5)

from eLuation (!) values of a# and b# are calculated by using linear regression analysis

b# $@ .(O5#.y#)6(O5#).(Oy#)A%@(O5#2)6(O5#)2A

a# $ (Oy#%) D b# (O5#%)

$ o. of e5perimental observation

a# $ ln(a)

e5p (a#) $ a $ c

b#$ b $ n

30



4.1./ DETERMINATION OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFICIENT FOR

0 DE#REE #LASS COVERINCLINATIONS

T"ble 4.1 &e%emin"%ion o* ') *o 12 )m &e$%' "n& 0o in)lin"%ion

TIME K df Gr Pr C n hc (w/m2)

7:00-8:00 0.02651 0.175 2723140 0 .698225 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.290840983

8:00-9:00 0.026855 0.175 2335921 0 .697483 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.28212615

9: 00-10:00 0.027028 0.175 3214880 0 .697124 1.345786703 0.127650138 1. 34397473

10:00-11:00 0.027258 0.175 3575413 0.696657 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.373819217

11:00-12:00 0.027527 0.175 2980893 0.69613 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.355388149

12:00-13:00 0.027776 0.175 2029124 0.695657 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.302027827

13:00-14:00 0.02793 0.175 1072357 0.695373 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.206800011

14:00-15:00 0.027834 0.175 434541.2 0.695549 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.071709793

15:00-16:00 0.02768 0.175 3899794 0.695837 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.410428077

16:00-17:00 0.027642 0.175 3894220 0.69591 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.408234853

17:00-18:00 0.027546 0.175 4316161 0.696093 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.421946319

18:00-19:00 0.027373 0.175 5600321 0.696429 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.460893816

19:00-20:00 0.027239 0.175 6028477 0.696695 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.467534606

20:00-21:00 0.027162 0.175 6029439 0.69685 1.345786703 0.127650138 1. 46347188

21:00-22:00 0.027047 0.175 6036592 0.697084 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.457553867

22:00-23:00 0.026951 0.175 5613437 0.697282 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.439025721

23:00-00:00 0.026894 0.175 5187331 0.697402 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.421586557

00:00-1:00 0.026817 0.175 5199898 0.697564 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.418010432

1: 00-2:00 0.026759 0.175 4775058 0 .697686 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.399687384

2: 00-3:00 0.026702 0.175 4349983 0 .697809 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.380184477

3: 00-4:00 0.026625 0.175 4365773 0 .697974 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.376896752

4: 00-5:00 0.026587 0.175 4374439 0 .698058 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.375281791

5: 00-6:00 0.026568 0.175 3939914 0 .698099 1.345786703 0.127650138 1.356068689

31



T"ble 4./ &e%emin"%ion o* ') *o 1 )m &e$%' "n& 0o in)lin"%ion


7:00-8:00 0.026605988 0.225 926615.5 0.698016 2.116706 0.124201 1.318744

8:00-9:00 0.026816995 0.225 4043111 0.697564 2.116706 0.124201 1.59596

9:00-10:00 0.02708555 0.225 7067279 0.697006 2.116706 0.124201 1.727546

10:00-11:00 0.02739247 0.225 7339834 0.696391 2.116706 0.124201 1.75516

11:00-12:00 0.027680208 0.225 5003937 0.695837 2.116706 0.124201 1.691017

12:00-13:00 0.027872033 0.225 2185282 0.695479 2.116706 0.124201 1.536142

13:00-14:00 0.027967945 0.225 862366.5 0.695303 2.116706 0.124201 1.373269

14:00-15:00 0.028025493 0.225 934107 0.695198 2.116706 0.124201 1.389794

15:00-16:00 0.027987128 0.225 6544083 0.695268 2.116706 0.124201 1.76753

16:00-17:00 0.027795303 0.225 10194112 0.695621 2.116706 0.124201 1.854881

17:00-18:00 0.027603478 0.225 11965815 0.695983 2.116706 0.124201 1.879231

18:00-19:00 0.02739247 0.225 12828350 0.696391 2.116706 0.124201 1.881194

19:00-20:00 0.027200645 0.225 12812918 0.696772 2.116706 0.124201 1.867868

20:00-21:00 0.02708555 0.225 12823282 0.697006 2.116706 0.124201 1.860228

21:00-22:00 0.026989638 0.225 11920604 0.697203 2.116706 0.124201 1.836977

22:00-23:00 0.026893725 0.225 11024969 0.697402 2.116706 0.124201 1.812842

23:00-00:00 0.026797813 0.225 10133980 0.697604 2.116706 0.124201 1.787634

00:00-1:00 0.0267019 0.225 9245298 0.697809 2.116706 0.124201 1.761111

1:00-2:00 0.02662517 0.225 9278858 0.697974 2.116706 0.124201 1.756892

2:00-3:00 0.02654844 0.225 9316786 0.698141 2.116706 0.124201 1.752769

3:00-4:00 0.02647171 0.225 9359061 0.69831 2.116706 0.124201 1.748739

4:00-5:00 0.026433345 0.225 9381823 0.698395 2.116706 0.124201 1.746757

5:00-6:00 0.02639498 0.225 9405665 0.69848 2.116706 0.124201 1.744799

32



T"ble 4.0 &e%emin"%ion o* ') *o 2 )m &e$%' "n& 0o in)lin"%ion


7:00-8:00 0.026568 0.25 3871604 0.698099 1.473818 0.154243 1.537856

8:00-9:00 0.026779 0.25 8478349 0.697645 1.473818 0.154243 1.749102

9:00-10:00 0.027105 0.25 8990846 0.696967 1.473818 0.154243 1.786233

10:00-11:00 0.027527 0.25 6849643 0.69613 1.473818 0.154243 1.739187

11:00-12:00 0.027891 0.25 3265505 0.695443 1.473818 0.154243 1.571702

12:00-13:00 0.028179 0.25 648665.6 0.694924 1.473818 0.154243 1.2374

13:00-14:00 0.028352 0.25 2634430 0.694622 1.473818 0.154243 1.545311

14:00-15:00 0.028294 0.25 9201026 0.694722 1.473818 0.154243 1.870337

15:00-16:00 0.028083 0.25 12937007 0.695095 1.473818 0.154243 1.956737

16:00-17:00 0.027834 0.25 14011528 0.695549 1.473818 0.154243 1.963574

17:00-18:00 0.027565 0.25 16394154 0.696056 1.473818 0.154243 1.992532

18:00-19:00 0.027297 0.25 16315751 0.696581 1.473818 0.154243 1.971891

19:00-20:00 0.027086 0.25 15064190 0.697006 1.473818 0.154243 1.93289

20:00-21:00 0.026951 0.25 13836998 0.697282 1.473818 0.154243 1.89838

21:00-22:00 0.026817 0.25 12624417 0.697564 1.473818 0.154243 1.862505

22:00-23:00 0.026721 0.25 11400783 0.697768 1.473818 0.154243 1.826971

23:00-00:00 0.026664 0.25 7613673 0.697891 1.473818 0.154243 1.713019

00:00-1:00 0.026587 0.25 5093065 0.698058 1.473818 0.154243 1.605438

1:00-2:00 0.026529 0.25 6388533 0.698183 1.473818 0.154243 1.658996

2:00-3:00 0.026491 0.25 6403207 0.698268 1.473818 0.154243 1.657215

3:00-4:00 0.026453 0.25 6418620 0.698352 1.473818 0.154243 1.655459

4:00-5:00 0.026395 0.25 7733517 0.69848 1.473818 0.154243 1.700077

5:00-6:00 0.026376 0.25 6451658 0.698523 1.473818 0.154243 1.652027

33



4.1.0 DETERMINATION OF CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFICIENT FOR

/0 DE#REE #LASS COVERINCLINATIONS

T"ble 4.4 &e%emin"%ion o* ') *o 12 )m &e$%' "n& /0o in)lin"%ion


7:00-8:00 0.026568 0.135 365583.7 0.698099 1.158285 0.135156 1.226344206

8:00-9:00 0.026779 0.135 1112042 0.697645 1.158285 0.135156 1.436509694

9:00-10:00 0.02699 0.135 1304482 0.697203 1.158285 0.135156 1.4792742

10:00-11:00 0.027277 0.135 1022276 0.696619 1.158285 0.135156 1.446425254

11:00-12:00 0.027527 0.135 500808.8 0.69613 1.158285 0.135156 1.32532574

12:00-13:00 0.027719 0.135 182046.7 0.695764 1.158285 0.135156 1.163879405

13:00-14:00 0.027834 0.135 199488.6 0.695549 1.158285 0.135156 1.183204731

14:00-15:00 0.027757 0.135 1395478 0.695692 1.158285 0.135156 1.534807445

15:00-16:00 0.027661 0.135 1988860 0.695873 1.158285 0.135156 1.604589373

16:00-17:00 0.027623 0.135 1986127 0.695946 1.158285 0.135156 1.602088722

17:00-18:00 0.027488 0.135 2177617 0.696204 1.158285 0.135156 1.614339349

18:00-19:00 0.027277 0.135 2370150 0.696619 1.158285 0.135156 1.620526578

19:00-20:00 0.027105 0.135 2172992 0.696967 1.158285 0.135156 1.591586456

20:00-21:00 0.027009 0.135 1977535 0.697163 1.158285 0.135156 1.565938777

21:00-22:00 0.026894 0.135 1983025 0.697402 1.158285 0.135156 1.559922359

22:00-23:00 0.026779 0.135 1990684 0.697645 1.158285 0.135156 1.554129065

23:00-00:00 0.026721 0.135 1795213 0.697768 1.158285 0.135156 1.529313126

00:00-1:00 0.026664 0.135 1599417 0.697891 1.158285 0.135156 1.502421624

1:00-2:00 0.026606 0.135 1403115 0.698016 1.158285 0.135156 1.472915395

2:00-3:00 0.026548 0.135 1206126 0.698141 1.158285 0.135156 1.440018723

3:00-4:00 0.02651 0.135 1208823 0.698225 1.158285 0.135156 1.438395251

4:00-5:00 0.026472 0.135 1211659 0.69831 1.158285 0.135156 1.436792172

5:00-6:00 0.026414 0.135 1013245 0.698438 1.158285 0.135156 1.399466326

34





7:00-8:00 0.02651 0.185 642261.6 0.698225 4.334211 0.078585 1.726989

8:00-9:00 0.026759 0.185 2597899 0.697686 4.334211 0.078585 1.945465

9:00-10:00 0.027066 0.185 3223051 0.697045 4.334211 0.078585 2.001262

10:00-11:00 0.027373 0.185 2679997 0.696429 4.334211 0.078585 1.994681

11:00-12:00 0.027661 0.185 1322121 0.695873 4.334211 0.078585 1.906658

12:00-13:00 0.027795 0.185 144627 0.695621 4.334211 0.078585 1.610058

13:00-14:00 0.027872 0.185 1544729 0.695479 4.334211 0.078585 1.944754

14:00-15:00 0.02793 0.185 3104747 0.695373 4.334211 0.078585 2.058639

15:00-16:00 0.027834 0.185 4639873 0.695549 4.334211 0.078585 2.117417

16:00-17:00 0.027642 0.185 4600674 0.69591 4.334211 0.078585 2.101508

17:00-18:00 0.02745 0.185 4576936 0.696279 4.334211 0.078585 2.086163

18:00-19:00 0.02745 0.185 193922.8 0.696279 4.334211 0.078585 1.627253

19:00-20:00 0.027258 0.185 220527.5 0.696657 4.334211 0.078585 1.632359

20:00-21:00 0.026913 0.185 4588761 0.697362 4.334211 0.078585 2.046008

21:00-22:00 0.026817 0.185 4089846 0.697564 4.334211 0.078585 2.020404

22:00-23:00 0.02674 0.185 4101947 0.697727 4.334211 0.078585 2.015128

23:00-00:00 0.026664 0.185 4116002 0.697891 4.334211 0.078585 2.009923

00:00-1:00 0.026587 0.185 4132000 0.698058 4.334211 0.078585 2.004788

1:00-2:00 0.02651 0.185 4149931 0.698225 4.334211 0.078585 1.99972

2:00-3:00 0.026433 0.185 4169786 0.698395 4.334211 0.078585 1.994718

3:00-4:00 0.026376 0.185 3661802 0.698523 4.334211 0.078585 1.970188

4:00-5:00 0.026337 0.185 3671764 0.698609 4.334211 0.078585 1.967761

5:00-6:00 0.026299 0.185 3682144 0.698696 4.334211 0.078585 1.96535


35




7:00-8:00 0.026472 0.235 4015697 0.69831 1.690457 0.155876 1.92654

8:00-9:00 0.026759 0.235 6511206 0.697686 1.690457 0.155876 2.099574

9:00-10:00 0.027143 0.235 5352898 0.696889 1.690457 0.155876 2.065263

10:00-11:00 0.027565 0.235 2564162 0.696056 1.690457 0.155876 1.869692

11:00-12:00 0.02791 0.235 261758.1 0.695408 1.690457 0.155876 1.326273

12:00-13:00 0.028121 0.235 4294120 0.695026 1.690457 0.155876 2.06658

13:00-14:00 0.028256 0.235 3254905 0.694789 1.690457 0.155876 1.988567

14:00-15:00 0.02816 0.235 6468996 0.694958 1.690457 0.155876 2.205859

15:00-16:00 0.027853 0.235 10584293 0.695514 1.690457 0.155876 2.356148

16:00-17:00 0.027603 0.235 9417730 0.695983 1.690457 0.155876 2.293174

17:00-18:00 0.027392 0.235 10419022 0.696391 1.690457 0.155876 2.31198

18:00-19:00 0.027143 0.235 9366866 0.696889 1.690457 0.155876 2.253482

19:00-20:00 0.026913 0.235 9405543 0.697362 1.690457 0.155876 2.236043

20:00-21:00 0.026779 0.235 8394820 0.697645 1.690457 0.155876 2.185946

21:00-22:00 0.026702 0.235 6312541 0.697809 1.690457 0.155876 2.085021

22:00-23:00 0.026644 0.235 5273344 0.697933 1.690457 0.155876 2.02306

23:00-00:00 0.026587 0.235 4230218 0.698058 1.690457 0.155876 1.950567

00:00-1:00 0.026529 0.235 3182234 0.698183 1.690457 0.155876 1.86192

1:00-2:00 0.026491 0.235 3189579 0.698268 1.690457 0.155876 1.85993

2:00-3:00 0.026472 0.235 2128473 0.69831 1.690457 0.155876 1.745035

3:00-4:00 0.026433 0.235 2133747 0.698395 1.690457 0.155876 1.743212

4:00-5:00 0.026376 0.235 3213817 0.698523 1.690457 0.155876 1.854142

5:00-6:00 0.026337 0.235 3222628 0.698609 1.690457 0.155876 1.852271

4.1.4 COMPAIRISON TALE FOR CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COFFICIENT

T"ble 4.5 )om$"ison o* ') *o bo%' s%ills 6i%' &i**een% &e$%' o* 6"%e

36



30 DEGREE INCLINATION 23 DEGREE INCLINATION

37



DEPTH OF WATER

TIME

DEPTH OF WATER

5 cm 10 cm 15 cm 5 cm 10 cm15 cm

1.537856 1.318744 1.290840983 7:00-8:00 1.92654 1.726989 1.226344206

1.749102 1.59596 1.28212615 8:00-9:00 2.099574 1.945465 1.436509694

1.786233 1.727546 1.34397473 9:00-10:00 2.065263 2.001262 1.4792742

1.739187 1.75516 1.373819217 10:00-11:00 1.869692 1.994681 1.446425254

1.571702 1.691017 1.355388149 11:00-12:00 1.326273 1.906658 1.32532574

1.2374 1.536142 1.302027827 12:00-13:00 2.06658 1.610058 1.163879405

1.545311 1.373269 1.206800011 13:00-14:00 1.988567 1.944754 1.183204731

1.870337 1.389794 1.071709793 14:00-15:00 2.205859 2.058639 1.534807445

1.956737 1.76753 1.410428077 15:00-16:00 2.356148 2.117417 1.604589373

1.963574 1.854881 1.408234853 16:00-17:00 2.293174 2.101508 1.602088722

1.992532 1.879231 1.421946319 17:00-18:00 2.31198 2.086163 1.614339349

1.971891 1.881194 1.460893816 18:00-19:00 2.253482 1.627253 1.620526578

1.93289 1.867868 1.467534606 19:00-20:00 2.236043 1.632359 1.591586456

1.89838 1.860228 1.46347188 20:00-21:00 2.185946 2.046008 1.565938777

1.862505 1.836977 1.457553867 21:00-22:00 2.085021 2.020404 1.559922359

1.826971 1.812842 1.439025721 22:00-23:00 2.02306 2.015128 1.554129065

1.713019 1.787634 1.421586557 23:00-00:00 1.950567 2.009923 1.529313126

1.605438 1.761111 1.418010432 00:00-1:00 1.86192 2.004788 1.502421624

1.658996 1.756892 1.399687384 1:00-2:00 1.85993 1.99972 1.472915395

1.657215 1.752769 1.380184477 2:00-3:00 1.745035 1.994718 1.440018723

1.655459 1.748739 1.376896752 3:00-4:00 1.743212 1.970188 1.438395251

1.700077 1.746757 1.375281791 4:00-5:00 1.854142 1.967761 1.436792172

1.652027 1.744799 1.356068689 5:00-6:00 1.852271 1.96535 1.399466326

38



4./ EVALUATION OF THERMAL EFFICIENC

Thermal efficiency of a still is defined as the ratio of total heat utilised by water in evaporation

and total heat absorb or stored by the stillB

Thermal efficiency of a still can be evaluated as followsB

P $ (me Q<) R (Mv 0g Q a)

39



4./.1 THERMAL EFFICIENC FOR 0 DE#REE #LASS COVER INCLINATIONS

T"ble 4.7 T'em"l e**i)ien)( *o 12 )m &e$%' "n& 0o in)lin"%ion

40

TIME L(J/kg) me (Kg) Av Igo ηi !M(ML) "m Ig #ver$%% η

7:00-8:00 2428507.71 0.0069 180 9.403312672 1021625.55 5948208 &'&'*++

8:00-9:00 2417817.26 0.004 355 2.751819336

9:00-10:00 2412459.98 0.0016 585 0.666482945

10:00-11:00 2405302.6 0.0029 785 0.897558713

11:00-12:00 2396929.22 0.01 931 2.600580694

12:00-13:00 2389129.11 0.0162 979.5 3.99130576

13:00-14:00 2384316.05 0.0306 926 7.958643801

14:00-15:00 2387325.41 0.031 495 15.1019463

15:00-16:00 2392132.14 0.028 267.5 25.29206081

16:00-17:00 2393332.3 0.036 247.5 35.16374356

17:00-18:00 2396330.09 0.035 58.5 144.8183601

18:00-19:00 2401717.22 0.025 21 288.806784

19:00-20:00 2405899.72 0.0246 0 -----

20:00-21:00 2408286.94 0.0244 0 -----

21:00-22:00 2411864.18 0.026 0 -----

22:00-23:00 2414842.08 0.0198 0 -----

23:00-00:00 2416627.5 0.0206 0 -----

00:00-1:00 2419006.61 0.0156 0 -----

1:00-2:00 2420789.89 0.015 0 -----

2:00-3:00 2422572.29 0.015 0 -----

3:00-4:00 2424947.52 0.014 0 -----

4:00-5:00 2426134.59 0.0124 0 -----

5:00-6:00 2426728 0.0103 2.5 1009.911046





7:00-8:00 2425541 0.0106 151 17.19897 1185003 6687072 &''2+',,&

8:00-9:00 2419007 0.0086 360 5.837109

9:00-10:00 2410672 0.0024 580 1.007596

10:00-11:00 2401119 0.0028 785 0.865101

11:00-12:00 2392132 0.0048 940 1.233853

12:00-13:00 2386122 0.0174 1007.5 4.162571

13:00-14:00 2383111 0.0356 961.5 8.912711

14:00-15:00 2381303 0.0364 803 10.90348

15:00-16:00 2382508 0.0482 571.5 20.29692

16:00-17:00 2388528 0.0528 307.5 41.42704

17:00-18:00 2394532 0.0442 110.5 96.74876

18:00-19:00 2401119 0.0312 20.5 369.1299

19:00-20:00 2407094 0.0336 0 -----

20:00-21:00 2410672 0.0276 0 -----

21:00-22:00 2413651 0.024 0 -----

22:00-23:00 2416628 0.021 0 -----

23:00-00:00 2419601 0.0184 0 -----

00:00-1:00 2422572 0.0144 0 -----

1:00-2:00 2424948 0.014 0 -----

2:00-3:00 2427321 0.0134 0 -----

3:00-4:00 2429694 0.0116 0 -----

4:00-5:00 2430880 0.011 0 -----

5:00-6:00 2432065 0.0094 2.5 923.6933

41





7:00-8:00 2426728 0.0074 176.5 10.27716 1183720 6796944 &'-&-'..

8:00-9:00 2420196 0.0038 402.5 2.307985

9:00-10:00 2410076 0.0058 630 2.241212

10:00-11:00 2396929 0.0022 815 0.653559

11:00-12:00 2385520 0.0172 950 4.362674

12:00-13:00 2376472 0.0412 1005 9.84076

13:00-14:00 2371024 0.0584 950 14.72278

14:00-15:00 2372842 0.0596 782.5 18.25557

15:00-16:00 2379492 0.0644 562.5 27.51772

16:00-17:00 2387325 0.0468 304 37.12348

17:00-18:00 2395731 0.0424 100 102.605

18:00-19:00 2404108 0.0302 21 349.2259

19:00-20:00 2410672 0.0248 0 -----

20:00-21:00 2414842 0.0162 0 -----

21:00-22:00 2419007 0.0154 0 -----

22:00-23:00 2421978 0.0132 0 -----

23:00-00:00 2423760 0.0108 0 -----

00:00-1:00 2426135 0.0068 0 -----

1:00-2:00 2427915 0.0066 0 -----

2:00-3:00 2429101 0.006 0 -----

3:00-4:00 2430287 0.0054 0 -----

4:00-5:00 2432065 0.006 0 -----

5:00-6:00 2432658 0.0042 2.5 412.8146

42



4././ THERMAL EFFICIENC FOR /0 DE#REE #LASS COVER INCLINATIONS

T"ble 4.11 T'em"l e**i)ien)( *o 12 )m &e$%' "n& /0o in)lin"%ion


7:00-8:00 2426728 0.0042 182.5 5.641211 728202.9 5542992 &*&*'*+'

8:00-9:00 2420196 0.007 351.5 4.868419

9:00-10:00 2413651 0.0026 606.5 1.045158

10:00-11:00 2404705 0.0018 797.5 0.548237

11:00-12:00 2396929 0.0019 925 0.497315

12:00-13:00 2390931 0.0098 990 2.390687

13:00-14:00 2387325 0.0098 935 2.527498

14:00-15:00 2389730 0.026 496 12.65334

15:00-16:00 2392732 0.015 256 14.16153

16:00-17:00 2393932 0.023 241 23.07743

17:00-18:00 2398127 0.032 56 138.42

18:00-19:00 2404705 0.024 20 291.4794

19:00-20:00 2410076 0.021 0 -----

20:00-21:00 2413056 0.0238 0 -----

21:00-22:00 2416628 0.023 0 -----

22:00-23:00 2420196 0.015 0 -----

23:00-00:00 2421978 0.014 0 -----

00:00-1:00 2423760 0.0122 0 -----

1:00-2:00 2425541 0.01 0 -----

2:00-3:00 2427321 0.008 0 -----

3:00-4:00 2428508 0.0055 0 -----

4:00-5:00 2429694 0.0068 0 -----

5:00-6:00 2431472 0.006 0 -----

T"ble 4.1/ T'em"l e**i)ien)( *o 1 )m &e$%' "n& /0o in)lin"%ion

43




7:00-8:00 2428508 0.0076 157 11.87458 866627.2 6811056 &2'2*.*+'*

8:00-9:00 2420790 0.0032 373 2.097795

9:00-10:00 2411268 0.001 607.5 0.400926

10:00-11:00 2401717 0.0026 830 0.759945

11:00-12:00 2392732 0.005 973.5 1.241346

12:00-13:00 2388528 0.0196 1026 4.60897

13:00-14:00 2386122 0.0346 971 8.588441

14:00-15:00 2384316 0.033 796 9.984573

15:00-16:00 2387325 0.0382 567.5 16.23207

16:00-17:00 2393332 0.042 302.5 33.56539

17:00-18:00 2399324 0.0304 99 74.42043

18:00-19:00 2399324 0.0268 19 341.8495

19:00-20:00 2405303 0.0236 0 -----

20:00-21:00 2416032 0.0104 0 -----

21:00-22:00 2419007 0.0164 0 -----

22:00-23:00 2421384 0.0108 0 -----

23:00-00:00 2423760 0.0108 0 -----

00:00-1:00 2426135 0.0086 0 -----

1:00-2:00 2428508 0.009 0 -----

2:00-3:00 2430880 0.0074 0 -----

3:00-4:00 2432658 0.0068 0 -----

4:00-5:00 2433843 0.007 0 -----

5:00-6:00 2435027 0.006 3 491.9247

T"ble 4.10 T'em"l e**i)ien)( *o 2 )m &e$%' "n& /0o in)lin"%ion

44




45



7:00-8:00 2429694 0.0056 200 6.871861 896685.1 7018704 &2''+

8:00-9:00 2420790 0.0028 450 1.521484

9:00-10:00 2408883 0.003 682.5 1.069545

10:00-11:00 2395731 0.0076 850.5 2.16243

11:00-12:00 2384918 0.0232 978 5.714621

12:00-13:00 2378285 0.0328 1037.5 7.594766

13:00-14:00 2374052 0.0412 962.5 10.26483

14:00-15:00 2377076 0.0424 780 13.05206

15:00-16:00 2386724 0.0446 550 19.54966

16:00-17:00 2394532 0.04 296 32.68539

17:00-18:00 2401119 0.0458 106 104.7944

18:00-19:00 2408883 0.0178 20 216.5562

19:00-20:00 2416032 0.015 0 -----

20:00-21:00 2420196 0.0104 0 -----

21:00-22:00 2422572 0.0084 0 -----

22:00-23:00 2424354 0.0072 0 -----

23:00-00:00 2426135 0.0048 0 -----

00:00-1:00 2427915 0.0036 0 -----

1:00-2:00 2429101 0.0034 0 -----

2:00-3:00 2429694 0.0034 0 -----

3:00-4:00 2430880 0.0036 0 -----

4:00-5:00 2432658 0.0046 0 -----

5:00-6:00 2433843 0.0032 2.5 314.6786

4./.0 COMPAIRISION TALE FOR THERMAL EFFICIENC

T"ble 4.14 Com$"ison o* %'em"l e**i)ien)( *o bo%' s%ills

30 DEGREE INCLINATION 23 DEGREE INCLINATION

46



DEPTH OF WATER

TIME

DEPTH OF WATER

5 cm 10 cm 15 cm 5 cm 10 cm 15 cm

10.27716 17.19897 9.403312672 7:00-8:00 6.871861 11.87458 5.641211

2.307985 5.837109 2.751819336 8:00-9:00 1.521484 2.097795 4.868419

2.241212 1.007596 0.666482945 9:00-10:00 1.069545 0.400926 1.045158

0.653559 0.865101 0.897558713 10:00-11:00 2.16243 0.759945 0.548237

4.362674 1.233853 2.600580694 11:00-12:00 5.714621 1.241346 0.497315

9.84076 4.162571 3.99130576 12:00-13:00 7.594766 4.60897 2.390687

14.72278 8.912711 7.958643801 13:00-14:00 10.26483 8.588441 2.527498

18.25557 10.90348 15.1019463 14:00-15:00 13.05206 9.984573 12.65334

27.51772 20.29692 25.29206081 15:00-16:00 19.54966 16.23207 14.16153

37.12348 41.42704 35.16374356 16:00-17:00 32.68539 33.56539 23.07743

102.605 96.74876 144.8183601 17:00-18:00 104.7944 74.42043 138.42

349.2259 369.1299 288.806784 18:00-19:00 216.5562 341.8495 291.4794

----- ----- ----- 19:00-20:00 ----- ----- -----

----- ----- ----- 20:00-21:00 ----- ----- -----

----- ----- ----- 21:00-22:00 ----- ----- -----

----- ----- ----- 22:00-23:00 ----- ----- -----

----- ----- ----- 23:00-00:00 ----- ----- -----

----- ----- ----- 00:00-1:00 ----- ----- -----

----- ----- ----- 1:00-2:00 ----- ----- -----

----- ----- ----- 2:00-3:00 ----- ----- -----

----- ----- ----- 3:00-4:00 ----- ----- -----

----- ----- ----- 4:00-5:00 ----- ----- -----

412.8146 923.6933 1009.911046 5:00-6:00 314.6786 491.9247 ------

Documents

(6) Determination