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Vz-ÆÛ h -z®ô m -qºÛ - ¾ô - Mã Å -hï z -yï P .ü 6 9-10-3 (The courage to Rebel Against Oppressor z®m-Gmô m -¾-Lô ¾ -zºÛ - lj Û P -Çe ô z Åü First Edition 500 copies, 2003 zô h -ˆÛ - hGÝ - zTß - GÅÞ ¤ -¾Å-ºGÝ ¾ -±ô G Å-qü Biography of an activist. Vol 6 All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means without prior written permission from the publisher. Printed at Indraprastha Press (CBT), New Delhi. „À ô - z¸P-z=-ÁÛ Å ü Vz-ÆÛ h -z®ô m -qºÛ - ¾ô - Mã Å -hï z -yï P -ü 6
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„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-¾GÅ-mÛü 1966 ¾ô¼-
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ºƒÛP-ÍP-hP-qôºÛ-ÇÀ ôz-yâG-GmP-ü 1987 ¾ô¼-zôh-¿Y ôPÅ-
ÇÀ ôz-IÔ-Vïm-¤ô¼-ÇÀ ôz-ŸÝGÅ-GmP-¤Þ¼- 1988 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ-
5 ZÛm-GŸÛ-M-Vï-zºÛ-zôh-¤ÛºÛ-ŸÛ-Lô¾-hP-¤Z¤-ŸÝGÅ-GmP-Aïm-M-h¤G-GÛÅ-º²Ûm-
z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-LÝ-±¼-zTßG- 1989 ¹- 1 ±ïÅ- 19 ZÛm-M-GŸÝP-FÛ¤Å-DP-GÛÅ-M-
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hïºÛ-ºh¤-Vß-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG- 1994 ¾ô¼-±ï-z®ôm-mÅ-¾ô-zTô-zMh-hÝ-ZïÅ-q-
wzü DôP-LÝ-±-hP-ü IÔ-zŸÛü ÍÞ-cï-bàhü(zôh-¼P-BôP-¿Y ôPÅ-z®ôm-DP-ÍP-GÅÞ¤-q-
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mP-JÀôh-ºIô¾-fôz-Mã-»Ûm-»P-ü h-Ç+zÅ-DôP-¤D¾-¤ºÛ-m-±Å-Ç+ïh-q-hHïh-hGݼ-
h;º-z-hP-ü ŸzÅ-hP-qÞÅ-¤ô¼-m-¸ÞG-GbôP-zü ÆôG-½À âP-GÛÅ-lj ÛP-D¼-lô-Vïm-
ŸÛG-zŸG-q-¿e-zÞºÛ-±ô¼-ÇoP-GÛ-m-¸ÞG-GbôP-zü ¤Gô-zô¼-¸ÞG-G¸ï¼-»P-»P-zMz-
TÛP-um-Ç+zÅ-¼ï-¾Å-¤Û-¤fôP-z-ÅôGÅ-ºyôh-zÇeïm-fh-È-TP-²-iG-GÛÅ-ºWÛG-dïm-
ºhÛ¼-º±ô-GmÅ-fÞz-¤Û-fÞz-ˆÛ-GmÅ-ÅÞ-H¼-»ôhü
Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-hïz-yïP.ü 6
9-10-3
Gu-Chu-Sum Book
Published by the Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet(Ex -political Prisoners’ Association)Jogibara Road, P.O Mcleod Ganj,Dharamsala-176219 H.P.India.www.guchusum.org
Biography of an activist. Vol 6
(The courage to Rebel Against OppressorAuthor -Lobsang TenzinEdited by Lobsang TashiCopyright © Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet.Cover and DTP: Sonam Tsewang
First Edition 500 copies, 2003
All right reserved. No part of this bookmay be reproduced by any means withoutprior written permission from the publisher.
Printed at Indraprastha Press (CBT), New Delhi.
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GÅP-zºÛ-PP-z®ßGÅ-q-¼ïhü „Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-Vz-ÆÛh-fôG-
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14 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü IÔ -zŸÛ -z®ôm-DP-hÝ -z ôh-h ôm-±ôGÅ-q-z®ßGÅ-qü 15
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16 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü ºIôGÅ-ºiÛÅ-ÅÞ -Hã¼-qºÛ -zMãh-¼Û¤-hP-¤fô-¼Û¤-M-hqôm-¾-zhïm-q-zh¼-zü 17
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qÅ- 1990 ¹- 1 (IÔ-zŸÛ -z®ôm-DP-GÛ -¾ô -MãÅ-hïz-ÁôG-IPÅ-74 uÛ-¾ô - 1990
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18 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü ºIôGÅ-ºiÛÅ-ÅÞ -Hã¼-qºÛ -zMãh-¼Û¤-hP-¤fô-¼Û¤-M-hqôm-¾-zhïm-q-zh¼-zü 19
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22 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü ºVÛ-GÅôm-HÛ -Gh¤-;-½‰ ïh-qü 23
z=-ÁÛÅ-hP-¹-z-GZÛÅ-fG-qÅ-zÇk¤Å-mÅ-¼Û¾-¼Û¾-z¸ôÅ-bï-ºFÛh-
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P-±ôºÛ-¤FÛÅ-hï¼-D-z;G-qºÛ-Á¼-½ÀâP-dGÅ-Tm-½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-(½ÀPÅ-
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zŸÛm-G»ÞGÅü ym-½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-HÛ-¤FÛÅ-hï¼-zÇkh-»ôh-qÅ-¤ÛG-
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ÁÛP-Çkôh-Í×-¸ï¼-‚ãP-ü ºVÛ-¤Dm-¾-MãGÅ-Í×-ŸïÅ-zXôh-¤Û-zhï-z-
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GÅh-MãºÛ-FÛ¤Å-fG-zTh-q-»Ûm-m-Pô-Lô¾-‚-Mã-fG-zTh-»ôh-ˆP-
hï-ZÛm-„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-¾-ÆôG-fôG-GÛ-FÛ¤Å-fG-¤-zTh-q¼-¤ÛG-
h¤¼-z=-ÁÛÅ-hP-¹-z-GZÛÅ-¾¤-ÅïP-h¤¼-GÅôh-GbôP-zºÛ-FÛ¤Å-
fG-zTh-ˆP-P-±ôÅ-½‰ôG-i-zÇÀPÅ-±ï-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-¤P-qô-ŸÛG-
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ºWôG-¤Û-‚ïh-;-¤ïh-‚ãP-ü
24 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü ºVÛ-GÅôm-HÛ -Gh¤-;-½‰ ïh-qü 25
z®ôm-q-ºhÅ-GÅôm-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-Vïh-¾Å-ºGݾ-HÛ-
hzÞ-ºFÛh-GmP-zü
1990 ¹- 10 mP-GÛ-hGôP-¤ô-ŸÛG-P-±ô-Z¾-±¼-®¤-¾-
MºÛ-Zïm-dôG-qºÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-ÍÞ-»ôm-GŸôm-q-qh-¤-¼Ûm-Vïm-hP-ü ÅÞºÞ-
zÛP-ü (zôh-q-) Ÿºô-=âºÞ-(M-¤Û -) ;©ü zTÅ-JÀ ô -zÞ¼-¿ËGÅ-bï-Z¾-
DP-iâG-qºÛ-mP-mÅ-G®ßG-¾G-DP-GÛ-¹-z-hzP-ºhÝh-hP-ü ¼-Çeôh-
¹-zü(h-Ç+zÅ-Ç+ Ý -ŸzÅ-DôP-zŸÝGÅ-ÇK¼-wô-ƒP-mP-»ôhü) P-±ôºÛ-Z¾-DP-mÅ-„Àô-
z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-hP-ü ±ï-¼ÛP-lô-Xïü ymü Z¾-DP-zMh-qºÛ-
mP-mÅ-PG-hzP-qh-h;¼-hP-ü zÇem-º²Ûm-wÞm-±ôGÅü ±ï-¼ÛP-
zÅôh-m¤Åü ¿ËG-q-±ï-¼ÛP-ü ¤ÛG-h¤¼-±ï-¼ÛP-ü zTÅ-Z¾-DP-
Åô-Åô-mÅ-zbôm-bïï-@P-Xïm-¤¼-Vß-¼Å-GTÛG-qÞ-¾Å-Hôm-¤-zTßG-q¼-
MãG-zTßG-q-hP-JÀôG-MãG-hP-ü lôG-MG-ŸÝ-zü fG-qÅ-zÇk¤Å-qü
±P-¤-»¼-¾PÅ-¤¼-Çkôh-zMh-zM-‚ïh-zTßG-q-ÅôGÅ-ÇkÝG-¢ôP-Ço-
LÝ-zbP-‚ãP-ü hïºÛ-mP-mÅ-„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-¾-@P-¿UGÅ-»ôh-
Aïm-MãGÅ-hÝÅ-hP-hHïh-hGݼ-h;º-zÅ-JÀ ôG-MãG-ŸÝ-z-hP-JÀ ôG-
zbP-mÅ-z®ßGÅ-q-zTÅ-ˆÛ-h;º-P¾-Vï-ÁôÅ-‚ãP-ÅôP-ü ZïÅ-lÝP-
GbôP-¤Û-Zïm-dôG-q-;©-¤-GbôGÅ-GŸm-±P-¤-ZÛm-GÝP-GÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-
»Ûm-q-¾Å-hGôP-¤ô-ºGm-ºFÛ-GP-»P-¤ïh-ˆP-P-±ôºÛ-¿e-uôh-m¤-
Mãm-mÅ-HôP-qô-ºhÝG-TïÅ-Vïh-hÝ-¤m¼-GTôh-GbôP-z¼-»ôP-z-¼ïhü
¿ËG-q-±ï-¼ÛP-(¿Ë-Å-ÇÀôz-ºƒÛP-hP-qôºÛ-ÇÀôz-yâG-)hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-zTß-hGݼ-Åôm-»ôh-
q-hP-P-GZÛÅ-MP-Dh-Zï-zÅ-Ç+h-V-Áôh-zŸÛm-qºÛ-Ç+zÅ-¾Å-‚ïh-
q-Ÿºô-=âºÞ-ŸïÅ-qÅ-fÞP-¤hºÛ-D-¯ï-¾ôP-D¼-ÁÝGÅ-Vï¼-ŸÝÅ-¤-fG-
DÞ¤Å-ÅôP-»P-h-hÝP-JÀôG-MãG-hP-ü lôG-MG-ŸÝ-zü lôG-qÅ-μÛÅ-
q-zTÅ-‚Å-ÅôP-ü hï-¿eºÛ-¤m¼-GTôh-iG-qô-ÅP-ZÛm-ŸôGÅ-q-Vß-
±ôh-zŸÛ-q¼-GŸÛ-mÅ-¤±¤Å-zŸG-®¤-‚ãP-ü ¿ËG-q-±ï-¼ÛP-Z¾-
DP-zMh-q-hP-P-zhÝm-q-»Ûm-qÅ-hGôP-¤ô-¤Z¤-hÝ-¤ïh-ˆP-ZÛm-
¤ô-¾Å-;¼-¤Z¤-hÝ-ºIô-Ç+zÅ-G¸ÞGÅ-qô¼-m-¸ÞG-zbP-z-hP-ü D-
¾G-z¸º-ÁÝGÅ-VßP-hÝ-ºIô-±ß¾-dG-q¼-JÀïP-GÛ-ºhÝG-¾-P-±ôÅ-¼ôGÅ-
¼¤-‚Å-mÅ-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-Ǩm-DP-fïPÅ-¤P-zÇeïm-»P-wm-fôGÅ-
¤ïh-q-ZÛm-¼ï-¾Å-¤-ºhÅ-q-ÇkÝG-bà-xÛm-mÅ-uÛ-¹-zTß-GTÛG-qºÛ-¹-
ºGô¼-È-TP-Zïm-ºGm-hÝ-Hã¼-q-¼ïhü ¿ËG-q-±ï-¼ÛP-Ǩm-DP-GÛ-ÇKô-
ºI¤-hÝ-¾ÞÅ-ÇKݼ-ÇKݼ-PP-ºIô-z-;Ým-HÛÅ-¤fôP-»Þ¾-»Ûm-»P-Ǩm-
26 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü z®ôm-q-ºhÅ-GÅôm-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ -Vïh-¾Å-ºGݾ-HÛ -hzÞ -ºFÛh-GmP-zü 27
DP-¾-zdG-hrh-‚Å-bï-m-±-¤Û-ºhÝG-TïÅ-zÁh-qÅ-z®ôm-q-±P-
¤Å-h-G-¼ï-‚-hGôÅ-Ť-ŸïÅ-»Ûh-GZÛÅ-fï-±ô¤-PP-GmÅ-Ç+zÅ-¿ËG-
q-±ï-¼ÛP-ZÛm-GÝP-ŸÛG-P-±ô-D-¾G-¸-»Þ¾-hÝ-„À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-
¤hÝm-»ôP-mÅ-GTïm-qô-„À ô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûmü P-m-¸ÞG-GÛÅ-z¸ôh-
fzÅ-¤Û-ºhÝG-ˆP-Ǩm-DP-GÛ-zhG-vôh-‚ïh-ˆÛ-¤Û-ºhÝG-m-G-¼ï-‚ïh-
hGôÅ-Ťü ŸïÅ-iÛÅ-ÅôP-zÅ-„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-hô-hGôP-¤±m-
HÛ-hÝÅ-±ôh-Gbm-Dï¾-ŸÛG-¾-¼P-GÛÅ-¸ÞG-Qâ-zbP-zºÛ-±ß¾-HÛÅ-Vô-
Pï-ºhôm-hGôÅ-hïºÛ-XïÅ-P-±ôÅ-Ç+h-zMG-¼ôGÅ-‚Å-mÅ-¤±m-¤ô-²-
iG-qô-zHÛ-m-zhG-vôh-‚ïh-q-¤Û-»ôP-P¤-ŸïÅ-zÁh-hï-P-¾-zŤ-
±ß¾-iÛÅ-‚ãP-z-»G-qô-ºhÝG-TïÅ-zXôh-q-»Ûmü hïºÛ-¤±m-¤ô-Vß-±ôh-
zTß-q-®¤-¾-¿ËG-q-±ï-¼ÛP-GÛÅ-¸ÞG-Qâ-zbP-zºÛ-Ç+h-zbôm-q-fôÅ-
¤-fG-Z¾-DP-zhÝm-q-hP-ü zMh-qºÛ-z®ôm-q-±P-¤Å-ÇKïºÞ-DÞP-
mP-mÅ-ljm-ÅïP-ŸÝ-Mã¼-¤Û-ºVÛ-IzÅ-‚ïh-ˆÛ-ºhÝG-TïÅ-Ç+h-zMz-
qºÛ -Ç +zÅ-q-ÅPÅ-Dºô -=P-(z® ôm -DP-h ô -h¤-‚ ïh -qº Û -ºG ô -ºF Ûh -¤f ô -IÅ-
ÁÛG)ÇÀïzÅ-mÅ-PG-hzP-qh-h;¼-hP-zÇem-º²Ûm-wÞm-±ôGÅ-GZÛÅ-
ˆÛÅ-mh-G»ôG-‚Å-bï-Ǩm-DP-¾-ºFÛh-q-¼ïhü mh-G»ôG-GZÛÅ-
mÅ-zÁh-q-¿e¼-m-Ǩm-DP-hÝ-ÇÀïzÅ-q-hP-w-GÛ¼-ljô¾-ŸïÅ-zXôh-hï-
zdG-hrh-TÛ-»P-¤-‚Å-GôP-Ǩm-Vß-¤ïh-qºÛ-Dz-¯ï-hrÛ-¤Gô¼-
z®ßGÅ-mÅ-bôG-®¤-XïÅ-G-¼ï-m-»Û-»ôh-h¤-ŸïÅ-iÛÅ-ºhÝG-hïºÛ-hGôP-
¤ô-Ǩm-DP-hÝ-¤-Z¼-z¼-Ǩm-ŸÛG-vh-mÅ-¾ôG-zbP-ºhÝG-q-hÝÅ-hï-
mÅ-z¸ÞP-ZÛm-¼ï-¾Å-¤-ºhÅ-q¼-m-±-ÇkÝG-bà-xÛm-mÅ-Bôz-fzÅ-¤ïh-
qºÛ-¤±¤Å-bï-uÛ-¾ô- 1990 ¹- 12 ±ïÅ- 11 ¾-GŸÛ-mÅ-zhG-
qô-zMz-ˆP-m-±-½ÀÛh-TÛh-(zÁ¾-mh-ˆÛ-ƒï -ƒG-ºGôÅ-mh-TÛG-)»Ûm-qÅ-Ǩm-
P-±ôÅ-vh-VôG-z®ôm-DP-mP-»¼-ºFÛh-TïÅ-zÁh-‚ãP-zÅ-„Àô-z¸P-
zÇem-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-½ÀÛh-TÛh-m-±-ºGôÅ-mh-»Ûm-qÅ-z®ôm-DP-mP-»¼-
ºFÛh-m-ºIÛG-GÛ-¤-¼ïh-TïÅ-zÁh-q-hïºÛ-XïÅ-PG-hzP-qh-h;¼-
hP-zÇem-º²Ûm-wÞm-±ôGÅ-GZÛÅ-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-ˆP-mm-Vï¼-zÁh-ÅôP-
zÅ-¤fº-¤¼-Ǩm-DP-mP-Z¼-Mã¼-DÅ-„ÀPÅ-®¤-‚ãP-»P-mh-
G»ôG-Z¼-HÛ-¤Ûm-ŸïÅ-zÁh-‚ãP-ü hï-¾-„À ô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-
mh-G»ôG-¤ïh-±ï-mh-q¼-¸Å-¼G-fzÅ-¤ïh-qÅ-mh-G»ôG-¤Z¤-
ºFÛh-hGôÅ-ˆÛ-¼ïh-TïÅ-zÁh-q-hïºÛ-GŸôGÅ-ºhïGÅ-P-±ôÅ-‚Å-bï-
GP-fÞz-zÁh-qÅ-¤fº-¤¼-mh-G»ôG-ZïÅ-GÅôG-z®ôm-q-ŸÛG-ºFÛh-
mÅ-Ǩm-DP-hÝ-Z¼-z-¼ïhü
uÛ-¾ô- 1990 ¹ 12 ±ïÅ- 14 ¤±m-¤ô-P-±ôÅ-ÇK ï -DÞP-
mP-mÅ-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-¾Å-‚ïh-q-D-ÁÅ-ƒï¾-z-Vïm-qôÅ-z½‰m-ºyÛm-
z¿e-»Þ¾-mP-Vß-hzô¼-z-¤fôP-zÅ-w¾-Vï¼-¿ËG-q-±ï-¼ÛP-IôPÅ-qºÛ-
28 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü z®ôm-q-ºhÅ-GÅôm-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ -Vïh-¾Å-ºGݾ-HÛ -hzÞ -ºFÛh-GmP-zü 29
GmÅ-±ß¾-Pm-q-‚ãP-z-¤Ûm-m¤-lj¤ü ÅP-ZÛm-±ïÅ-zTô-¿SºÛ-ŸôGÅ-
q-„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-ÇS-qô-mÅ-»¼-¾ôPÅ-¸ï¼-HÛ-ºhÝG-q-»¼-
¾PÅ-Ç+zÅ-ºhº-hGôP-¿ËG-q-±ï-¼ÛP-IôPÅ-qºÛ-GmÅ-±ß¾-Pm-q-
‚ãP-z-»Ûm-ºhÝG-TïÅ-zÁh-‚ãP-ü hïºÛ-XïÅ-hï¼-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-
hôm-Iâz-lô-Xï-±ß¼-ÇÀïzÅ-‚ãP-z-„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-hôm-Iâz-lô-
Xï-¾-GmÅ-±ß¾-Gż-q-Gô-Mã-¤Û-ºhÝG-G¤-ŸïÅ-iÛÅ-ÅôP-ü hôm-Iâz-
lô-XïºÛ-Z¾-DP-GÛ-ºFÛÅ-¾-z®ôm-ÆâP-zºÛ-Z¾-DP-»ôh-qÅ-Dô-±ôºÛ-
¾z-JÀïP-¾Å-¿ËG-q-±ï-¼ÛP-IôPÅ-q-fôÅ-Ç+ô¼-zÁh-ÅôP-zÅ-»Þm-®¤-
TP-¤Û-¬-z¼-h-¿eºÛ-hÝÅ-ºhÛ¼-¾Å-ºGݾ-ŸÛG-¤-Çtï¾-z¼-ºIÛG-fzÅ-
Gbm-mÅ-¤Û-ºhÝG-GP-ºi-‚ïh-h¤-ŸïÅ-zXôh-‚ãP-z¼ü PÅ-¾Å-
ºGݾ-Çtï¾-Mã¼-¤ôÅ-¤fÞm-»ôh-¾-¾Å-ºGݾ-GP-ŸÛG-Çtï¾-zºÛ-ºV¼-
GŸÛ-»ôh-Eïh-¼P-GÛÅ-¾¤-Çeôm-‚ïh-¼ôGÅ-ŸïÅ-zÁh-qÅ-¼Å-ÇeïP-
»Û-Gï-ƒÛÅ-mÅ-Pô-Lô¾-Fô¤-Ç+ô¼-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-zÁh-‚ãP-ü
uÛ-¾ô- 1990 ¹- 12 ±ïÅ- 14 ¤±m-¤ôºÛ-Vß-±ôh-zTß-
GTÛG-®¤-¾-¿ËG-q-±ï-¼ÛP-IôPÅ-ºhÝG-hïºÛ-hGôP-¤ô-Vß-¤P-qô-hzô¼-
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30 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü z®ôm-q-ºhÅ-GÅôm-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ -Vïh-¾Å-ºGݾ-HÛ -hzÞ -ºFÛh-GmP-zü 31
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32 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü z®ôm-q-ºhÅ-GÅôm-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ -Vïh-¾Å-ºGݾ-HÛ -hzÞ -ºFÛh-GmP-zü 33
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34 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü z®ôm-q-ºhÅ-GÅôm-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ -Vïh-¾Å-ºGݾ-HÛ -hzÞ -ºFÛh-GmP-zü 35
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36 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü ºVÛ-Mã¼-I-OÛG-‚Å-mÅ-zÇkh-»ôhü 37
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Eïh-±ô-»Ûh-VïÅ-ˆÛ-¤-¼ïh-TïÅ-Vïh-¤PGÅ-P-Ç+h-zbP-q-zŸÛm-»ôP-
q-»Ûmü ¿ËG-q-±ï-¼ÛP-ÁÛ-zºÛ-Mã-Aïm-Mã-¿ËG-GÛ-mh-¼ïh-TïÅ-zÁhü
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mP-FG-hP-nG-hôm-q-G-¼ï-»Ûm-m¤ü ÇSôm-¤-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-Íï¤-VÛÅ-
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zŸG-mÅ-hGôÅ-q-G-¼ï-»ôh-h¤ü ŸïÅ-iÛÅ-q-¼ïhü Íï¤-VÛ-hïÅ-
Mã-¿ËG-m-±-¯h-GTôh-q-È-TP-h;º-hqï¼-mü ¼P-BôP-¿Y ôPÅ-ˆÛ-
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PÅ-hGï-Lm-HÛÅ-¯h-¤-Vôh-qºÛ-m-±-hGï-yâG-GÛÅ-Vôh-q-hP-Eïh-
¼P-GZÛÅ-¤Z¤-ºhïGÅ-fôG-mÅ-¤Û-hï-zBzÅ-fÞz-q-¤-¸hü ¤Û-¤-
ÁÛ-mºP-m-±-¯h-¤-Vôh-q-GTÛG-qÞÅ-JÀ-V-zTGÅ-Gô-Å-wz-‚Å-
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h¤ü ŸïÅ-iÛÅ-qÅ-hôm-hï-PÅ-zÁh-fÞz-ˆÛ-¤-¼ïh-Eïh-¼P-±ô-z®ôm-
DP-GÛ-ºGô-ºFÛh-¾-Ç+h-V-iÛÅ-ŸïÅ-zÁh-‚ãP-ü h-hÝP-hôm-GŸm-
38 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü ºVÛ-Mã¼-I-OÛG-‚Å-mÅ-zÇkh-»ôhü 39
ŸÛG-iÛ-Mã¼-Ǩm-qºÛ-ºGm-ºFÛ-G®ô-zô-G-¼ï-¼ïh-h¤ü ŸïÅ-iÛÅ-qÅ-
ºGm-ºFÛ-mÛ-mh-q¼-‚¤Å-BôP-PP-ÆôG-zBz-‚-Mã-¼ïh-¸ï¼-‚ãP-zÅ-
P-±ôºÛ-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-Íï¤-VÛÅ-‚¤Å-BôP-hP-ÆôG-zBz-‚ïh-MãºÛ-±z-
mh-q-ÇÀïzÅ-q-hP-D-ƒ¾-¼ÛP-¾ÞGÅ-q-ÇÀïzÅ-‚ãP-ŸïÅ-zXôh-q-hP-
m-±-»ôh-ˆP-¤Û-ºhÝG-TïÅ-zXôh-ˆÛ-ºhÝG-q-ºGm-ºFÛ-ºEï¼-»ôh-h¤-
ŸïÅ-iÛÅ-qÅ-hPôÅ-GmÅ-hï-ºi-»Ûm-¤Ûm-¤Û-ÁïÅ-ˆP-hï-ºi-»Ûm-m-
ºGm-ºFÛ-ºEï¼-»ôh-¤-¼ïh-TïÅ-zXôh-‚ãP-ü Íï¤-VÛºÛ-ºGm-ºFÛ-
ºEï¼-¤ïh-m-z®ôm-DP-mP-Íï¤-VÛ-»ôh-¤ïh-GP-¯ÛÅ-hGôÅ-Ťü »ôh-
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hq¾-Ǩôm-¾¤-„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-¤hÝm-ÇÀïzÅ-mÅ-h-¿eºÛ-¿ËG-q-
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GZÛÅ-ÆôG-fôG-GÛ-Zïm-D-¾Å-zL¾-»ôh-qÅ-hôm-Aïm-hïºÛ-ºGm-P-
GZÛÅ-¿e-zÞ-Eôh-¾Å-GŸm-ŸÛG-¾-vh-m-GP-ºi-ºhÝG-TïÅ-zÁhü „Àô-
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¾ô- 1989 ¹- 5 mP-„À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-hP-ü hGº-¿km-z=-
ÁÛÅü hôm-Iâzü Ç+Ý-GÁïGÅ-hqº-zô-¤ÛG-h¤¼-z=-ÁÛÅ-hP-¹-z-
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40 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü ºVÛ-Mã¼-I-OÛG-‚Å-mÅ-zÇkh-»ôhü 41
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Zïm-ºGm-ÁÛm-bà-¿YÛh-qô-Hã¼-qÅ-z®ôm-q-±P-¤ºÛ-Åï¤Å-mP-„Àô-z¸P-
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z®ôm-zTßG-¾ô-±h-¤fô-qô-»Ûm-q-hP-ZïÅ-lÝP-GÛÅ-mh-q-z¸ôÅ-±ï-
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PïÅ-»Ûmü ŸïÅ-Áôh-Ç+zÅ-„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-P-ZïÅ-ºGm-¿YÛh-
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Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-GmÅ-zz-»¼-MÅ-GbP-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-ÅôGÅ-Ç+h-
V-HôP-qô-Á-ÇeG-zÁh-hï-hôm-Aïm-hï-mô¼-ºFâ¾-»Ûm-q¼-DÅ-¾ïm-¤-
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ŸïÅ-DÅ-¾ïm-hôm-qÅ-¾Å-hôm-¼Þ-DG-GÛ-¾Å-;-ÇezÅ-zhï-qô-Hã¼-bï-
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z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-Çtô-zô-v-©ôG-bà-zB¾-hGôÅ-GmÅ-±ß¾-h-ïhP-ºƒï¾-
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42 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü ºVÛ-Mã¼-I-OÛG-‚Å-mÅ-zÇkh-»ôhü 43
ºGï¾-Mã-¤ïh-ˆP-ü uÛ-¾ô- 1991 ¹- 3 ±ïÅ- 5 ZÛm-GTÛG-¤fô-
¼Û¤-¤Û-¤P-FÛ¤Å-DP-GÛ-¤Û-ÇÀïzÅ-mÅ-„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-¾-Eïh-¼P-
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Eïh-¼P-»G-qô-VGÅ-Mã-hï-¼ïhü P-±ôÅ-Z¤Å-ŸÛz-‚ïh-hÝÅ-Eïh-¼P-
»G-qô-VGÅ-ˆÛ-¼ïh-zŤÅ-qºÛ-»Ûh-VïÅ-ˆP-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôhü P-±ôÅ-
hï-¼ÛP-fG-GTôh-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-‚ïh-Mã¼-Eïh-¼P-GÛ-ZïÅ-Vh-¾ô-GZÛÅ-
ÆôG-fôG-mÅ-±ï-z®ôm-¾-ZïÅ-»PÅ-zbP-Mã-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-@P-¿UGÅ-ˆP-
z=ô¾-z-¼ïhü „Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-¾-Ç+Ý-GÁïGÅ-hqº-zô-¤ÛG-h¤¼-
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GmÅ-q-hô -Ç oP-‚ãP-z-hP-ü »P-GŸm-ŸÛG-mÛ -M-mG-bà -GmÅ-
zŸÝGÅ-Í-¼ÛºÛ-GŸÝP-±z- (James Lilley) ºWï¤-ÅÛ-¾ï-¾Û-XïÅ-ÅÞ-
z®ôm-DP-mP-G¸ÛGÅ-Ç+ô¼-¾-wïzÅ-q-hï-hP-»P-ºƒï¾-z-»ôhü „Àô-
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44 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü ºVÛ-Mã¼-I-OÛG-‚Å-mÅ-zÇkh-»ôhü 45
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GÅÞ¤-qºÛ-mP-zB¾-‚ãP-ü P-±ô-±ôGÅ-VßP-¤Û-ºi-»P-hGôP-iô-Z¾-
hÝÅ-¾Å-ZÛm-¤ô-¾Å-»Þ¾-GTÛG-»Ûmü „Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-ŸôGÅ-
q-ŸÛG-M-mG-bà-GmÅ-Çkôh-Í-¼ÛºÛ-GŸÝP-±z-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-(James Lilley)
ºWï¤-Åï-¾ï-¾Û-uÛ-¾ô- 1991 ¹- 4 ±ïÅ- 6 ZÛm-z®ôm-DP-mP-
G¸ÛGÅ-Ç+ô¼-¾-wïzÅ-ˆÛ-»ôh-±ß¾-M-Ç+h-Çkï-±m-½ÀâP-ºyÛm-mÅ-zÁh-
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q-hP-z®ôm-q-ÅÞ-¾-¼G-ˆP-„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-¾-vh-hï-„Àô-z¸P-
zÇem-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-M-Ç+h-zMãh-¾¤-DG-Zm-mÅ-G¾-Vï-±P-¤-Ez-
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qÅü DôP-wïzÅ-Mã¼-zM-V-zM-fG-Vôh-ºhÝG h-hÝP-„À ô -z¸P-
zÇem-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-¯ïh-¤ôºÛ-n¤-qÅ-Eïh-ºV¼-GŸÛ-G-¼ï-»ôh-h¤-¸ï¼-
‚ãP-ü PÅ-h-z¼-ÁïÅ-¤-‚ãP-zÅ-ºV¼-GŸÛ-GP-»P-¤ïh-GTïm-qô¼-
ºV¼-GŸÛ-GP-»ôh-h¤-iÛÅ-qÅü Gż-ºHã¼-hP-qô-fôÅ-q-mÅ-¾¤-
ÅïP-IÔ-zŸÛ-z®ôm-DP-mP-GÛ-hPôÅ-»ôh-GmÅ-±ß¾-hP-ü Vz-ÆÛh-
z®ôm-q¼-M-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-z¿e-ÇePÅü h-»ôh-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-¿e-
z-hP-zŤ-±ß¾ü zôh-qºÛ-zŤ-„À ôºÛ-ºEï¼-±ß¾-zTÅ-»Û-Gï-ºƒÛ-
zŸÛm-»ôh-ˆP-h-¿e-±¼-¤-ÅôP-¸ï¼ü
ÅÞºÛ-¤ÛP-fôG-mÅ-ºzÞ¾-h¤-ŸïÅ-iÛÅ-qÅü hP-qôºÛ-ºV¼-
GŸÛ¼-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-±P-¤ºÛ-Å-»ÛG-„ÀP-hGôÅ-zŤÅ-ˆP-¾Å-
;-¤-ºIâz-GôP-GÅP-z-xÛ-H¼-‚ãP-Zïm-dïm-Å-»ÛG-„ÀP-Mã-xÛ¼-ºfïm-
‚Å-bï-IÔ-zŸÛºÛ-z®ôm-q-»ôPÅ-mÅ-ŸïÅ-¤WâG-hï¼-ƒÛÅ-m-GP-ºi-
ºhÝG-TïÅ-iÛÅ-‚ãP-ü ºIÛG-ºhÝG-TïÅ-zÁh-q-»Ûmü G¾-ÆÛh-»Û-
Gï-ºzÞ¾-fÞz-m-Pô-GÅô-IÔ-zŸÛ-z®ôm-q-±P-¤¼-ºfôz-Mã-hP-hï-M-¤ÛÅ-
ÁïÅ-±ô¼-‚ãP-m-z®ôm-q-GTÛG-GÛ-Å-»ÛG-ˆP-¤ïh-qÅ-ZïÅ-ºGm-±P-
¤-„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-¾-wôG-Mã-Gbm-ºDï¾-»P-‚Å-XïÅ-Pô-GÅô¼-
fôz-MãºÛ-¼ï-z-¤ïh-q¼-ZïÅ-ºGm-hP-¾ïm-‚ïh-qºÛ-„Àô-ÇeôzÅ-hï¼-¼P-
ZÛh-¾-Åï¤Å-ºDÞ¼-±h-¤ïh-fïzÅ-bï-Eïh-ˆÛÅ-h-z¼-‚Å-qºÛ-¾Å-;-
46 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ-lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü Í-¼ÛºÛ -Ç+ Ý -±z-±ôGÅ-q¼-zhï -Çk ÝG-»Û -Gï -w Þ¾-zü 47
±P-¤¼-¼P-hôm-HÛ-iÛ-®¤-¤ïh-q-zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-hP-M¾-Dz-Vïh-hÝ-
»ôh-±h-„ÀôÅ-GbP-‚Å-q-ºhÛ-¿ËG-P-¾-zÁh-Mã-¤ïh-fÞGÅ-Xï-Vï-ŸïÅ-
zÁh-q-»Ûmü ÅP-ZÛm-hï-„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-»Û-Gï-DG-GZÛÅ-
z¸ô-hGôÅ-ˆÛ-ºhÝG-¸ï¼ü PÅ-G-¼ï-‚Å-mÅ-GZÛÅ-z¸ô-hGôÅ-Ť-
ŸïÅ-iÛÅ-qÅü Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ- (James Lilley) ºWï¤-Åï-¾ï-¾Û¼-ºzÞ¾-
MãºÛ-»Û-Gï-hï-M-¤ÛÅ-ºyôG-q-»Ûm-m-¤-hqï-GTÛG-P-±ô¼-hGôÅ-ˆÛ-¼ïh-
¸ï¼ü PÅ-zÁÝ-¼ôGÅ-‚-hGôÅ-Ť-ŸïÅ-iÛÅ-qÅü „Àô-z¸P-zÇem-
º²Ûm-HÛÅ-»Û-Gï-»¼-vh-¤¼-vh-‚Å-m-GÅP-hôm-H¼-Zïm-Vï-zÅ-PÅ-
mP-hÝ-ƒÛ-Mã-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-zÁh-‚ãP-ü
G¸º-Çtïm-qºÛ-ŸôGÅ-q-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-¾-ÇS¼-zŸÛm-
zŤ-„ÀôºÛ-ÇÀôz-GÅôºÛ-Vïh-±GÅ-q¼->ÀôG-Mã-vh-mÅ-ŸôGÅ-q-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-
hP-hGôP-iô-IôÅ-Çkݼ-‚ïh-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-zÁhü ZÛm-GÝP-»ô¾-®¤-ŸÛG-
¾-JÀô-zÞ¼-¼Þ-OÛG-zTßG-mÅ-ŸôGÅ-qºÛ-ºV¼-GŸÛ¼-¤-GmÅ-q-¾Å-
;¼-ºIô-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-¸ï¼ü ¾Å-;¼-ºIô-Ç+zÅ-PÅ-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-G»Þ-¾ô-
¾GÅ-ÅÞ-hï-¼ÛP-hôGÅ-q-GP-¤Û-ºhÝG-G¤-ŸïÅ-ŸÝÅ-qÅ-GP-»P-¤Û-
ºhÝG-GÅÞPÅü PÅ-hï-¼ÛP-ŸôGÅ-q-hGôP-iô-IôÅ-zÇkݼ-‚ïh-hGôÅ-
ŸïÅ-zÁh-ˆP-h-¿e-JÀô-zÞ¼-¾Å-;¼-zbP-z¼-z¿e-Ç+ô¼-»ôP-GÛ-¤ïh-
h¤-lj¤-ŸïÅ-ŸÝÅ-qÅü Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-ˆÛÅ-w¾-Vï¼-ºi-qô-‚ãP-ÇÀ ôz-IÔ-
±ßGÅ-»ôh-¤ïh-ÇÀôz-IÔºÛ-¸Þ¼-hï¼-¤ÛG-¿eôÅ-ŸïÅ-GÅÞPÅ-‚ãP-z-hï-¿e¼-
GÅÞPÅ-hGôÅ-hôm-mÛü m¤-Mãm-ÇÀôz-±m-±ßGÅ-ˆÛ-¤ïh-ˆP-z¿e-Ç+ô¼-
»ôP-Ç+zÅ-ÇÀôz-DP-GÛ-G®P-£-hP-º²Ûm-VÅ-zTÅ-I-OÛG-V-±P-z-
‚Å-bï-ÇÀôz-±m-º±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-¼ïhü ºôm-ˆP-hï-hÝÅ-PÅ-z¿e-Ç+zÅ-ÇÀôz-
IÔºÛ-mP-ÇÀôz-±m-º±ôGÅ-¤Û-ºhÝG P-±ô-;Ý-ÁÝ-JÀ ÛP-GºÛ-ŸÛP-¼ºÛ-
mP-zTßG-ÅôP-»P-hï-ZÛm-P-±ô-Ǩm-DP-¾-ºIô-VôG-qºÛ-hÝÅ-Dï¾-HÛ-
»ôh-qÅ-„À ô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-hP-ü Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-zÇem-q-hzP-IGÅ-
ÅôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-Ǩm-DP-¾-ºIô-hGôÅ-»ôh-TïÅ-ÍÞ-±ßGÅ-zMz-mÅ-xÛm-
bï-„À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-hP-ü Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-zÇem-q-hzP-IGÅü Íô-
¼ôP-Ç+¾-z¸P-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-Ǩm-DP-GÛ-DÞG-GTÛG-bà-Gz-mÅ-„Àô-z¸P-
zÇem-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-»Û-Gï-I-OÛG-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-zÇem-q-hzP-IGÅ-
ˆÛÅ-h-¿eºÛ-»Û-Gï-PÅ-z¿e-Ç+ô¼-HÛ-¾G-q¼-vh-ˆÛ-»Ûm-¾-vh-¤-fÞz-
m-P-zÇem-q-hzP-IGÅ-¤Ûmü P-mÛ-BÛh-ÇkÝG-¾ïGÅ-ZïÅ-G-¼ï-‚ãP-
»P-„ÀôÅ-zbP-±¼-z-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-ÍÞ-±ßGÅ-zMz-mÅ-zÁh-qÅ-„Àô-z¸P-
zÇem-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-Zïm-D-GP-»ôh-q-hï-hG-DôP-¾-ºIï¾-zÁh-zMz-
mÅ-P-¼P-GÛÅ-vh-Mã-ŸïÅ-zÁh-ˆP-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-zÇem-q-hzP-IGÅ-
ˆÛÅ-ÍÞ-±ßGÅ-¤f¼-Bï¾-¤²h-Aïm-¤fº-¤¼-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-zÇem-q-hzP-
IGÅ-¾-vh-mÅ-I-OÛG-‚Å-bï-ÇKÝG-»ôh-q-hP.ü
48 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü Í-¼ÛºÛ -Ç+ Ý -±z-±ôGÅ-q¼-zhï -Çk ÝG-»Û -Gï -w Þ¾-zü 49
Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-¤P-Vï-z-ŸÛP-¼¼-zbP-ŸÛP-mh-q-Èô¼-„À-
Lm-hP-ü Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-fÞz-zÇem-±ï-¼ÛP-ü ¤-‚m-M-h¼-zTÅ-z®ôm-
DP-mP-zTßG z®ôm-DP-±P-¤-Çe ôP-q-»Ûm-±ß¾-ÇK ô-¿UGÅ-zMz-
ˆP-Èô¼-„À-Lm-hP-M-h¼-HÛÅ-z¿e-Ç+ô¼-z-»ôP-GÛ-»ôh-q-ÁïÅ-mÅ-ÇKô-
¾-lôG-MG-ŸÝÅ-ˆÛm-zôh-¼P-z®m-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-Ç+h-MG-GÛ-»ôhü
z¿e-Ç+ô¼-z-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-ÇÀïzÅ-Ç+zÅ-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-G»Þ-¾ô-¾GÅ-fÞG-
ºyh-‚ïh-zTßG-qÅ-xG-GbôP-Ç+zÅ-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-ˆÛÅ-z¿e-Ç+ô¼-zºÛ-¾G-
mP-z®ôm-DP-GÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-hP-xÛ-M¾-z¿e-Ç+ô¼-z-hP-z®ôm-qºÛ-
z¼-Ç+h-Nå¼-HÛÅ-ºEôG-zXôh-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôh-Ç+ô¼-ºDôh-qºÛ-»ÛG-VßP-ŸÛG-
„ÀâGÅ-bï-h‚Ûm-Ç+h-fôG-Eïh-¼P-±ô-zôh-hôm-fôG-Mz-Bô¼-GmP-z¼-
PÅ-ljÛP-fG-q-mÅ-fÞGÅ-Xï-Vï-GmP-ŸïÅ-ŸÝ-Mã-»Ûmü P-±ôºÛ-¿e-z-
hï-G-hÝÅ-»Ûm-»P-zôh-¼P-z®m-z®ôm-¾ïm-hP-GŸÛÅ-‚ïÅ-¤Z¤-
º²ô¤Å-»ôP-z-‚-Mã-¾Å-¤ïh-mü hôm-hï-¾-¤Þ-¤fÞh-Mz-Bô¼-GmP-
¼ôGÅ-HÛÅ-ŸïÅ-GÅÞPÅ-q-¼ïhü Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-G»Þ-¾ô-¾GÅ-h‚Ûm-Ç+h-
¤Eïm-HÛ-¤ïh-ˆP-hï-ÇSôm-ÅÞh-ÅÛºÛ-z¿e-Ç+ô¼-ŸÛG-hP-¤W¾-ºyh-Ç+zÅ-
ÅÞh-ÅÛºÛ-¤Û-hïÅ-Åï¤Å-ºGݾ-fïzÅ-qºÛ-n¤-ºHã¼-zÇem-HÛ-ºhÝG-ˆP-
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G»Þ-¾ô¼-Eïh-¼P-ºhÛºÛ-mP->Àh-½‰ÛP-¤FïG-z¸ÞP-¤-‚Å-q¼-¿e-z-½‰ÛP-
q-hô¼-mÅ-¿e-z-Gż-q-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-HÛÅü GÝP-Fm-bP-GÛ-hzÞ-ºFÛh-
ºôG-xÛm-qºÛ-XïÅ-Eïh-¼P-¾-HôP-¼G-GÛ-¤-¼ïh-hï¼-dïm-ºhÛºÛ-mP-
zNå¼-z;ôh-»G-qô-GbôP-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-Nå¼-z-¼ïhü Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-G»Þ-¾ôÅ-
ÅÞh-ÅÛºÛ-¤ÛºÛ-n¤-ºHã¼-¾-ŸÛz-mm-G¸ÛGÅ-qÅ-hï-ºi-¾z-ˆÛ-¤ïh-q-
±ôh-hqG-¤Eïm-mÅ-»¼-wïzÅ-XïÅ-Ç+h-Nå¼-HÛÅ-hï-ºi-zÁh-‚ãP-
»P-z¿e-Ç+ô¼-zºÛ-n¤-ºHã¼-hP-Ç+h-V-GZÛÅ-¤fÞm-HÛ-¤Û-ºhÝG-TïÅ-
hP-ü ÇÀh-¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛÅ-PôÅ-mÅ-h‚Ûm-Ç+h-±ÛG-D-ÁÅ-zÁh-fÞz-
m-z¿e-Ç+ô¼-zÅ-P-±ôºÛ-zŤ-±ß¾-±ôh-hqGÅ-‚ïh-fÞz-ˆÛ-¼ïh-TïÅ-GôP-
GÛ-h‚Ûm-Ç+h-hݤ-zÞ-hï-¢PÅ-bï-hï-ZÛm-Í-¼ÛºÛ-Ç+Ý-±z-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ- (James
Lilley) Wï¤-Åï-¾ï-¾Û-¤W¾-Ç+zÅ-Ç+ Ý -ŸzÅ-ˆÛÅ-¾¤-ÅïP-Ÿ¾-mÅ-
GÅÞPÅ-q-¼ïhü
Í-¼Û-z-Ç+ Ý -ŸzÅ-ºWï¤-Åï-¾ï-¾Û ÛºÛ-Ç+h-zNå¼-Zïm-dôG-q-M-
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dôG-qÅ-¤fº-Ç+ô¼-mÅ-»ôhü JÀô-zÞ¼-Lm-zÇem-q-hzP-IGÅ-fï-±ô¤-
Çtä-®¤-¤ïh-q-MãGÅ-»ôP-Çeï-º±P-GÅ-I¾-Çe¼-zÁGÅ-bïï-»Û-Gï-¼Û¾-
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ÈP-ÅP-qºÛ-n¤-qÅ-¼P-GÛ-xG-D-xï-mÅ-um-G¸ÛGÅ-Ç++zÅ-Ç+h-Nå¼-
50 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü Í-¼ÛºÛ -Ç+ Ý -±z-±ôGÅ-q¼-zhï -Çk ÝG-»Û -Gï -w Þ¾-zü 51
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hï-XïÅ-„À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-hP-ü Lm-zÇem-q-hzP-IGÅ-
Dô-±ô-;Ý-ÁÝ-JÀÛP-DºÛ-¼Þ-DG-mP-»¼-ºFÛh-‚ãP-z-PÅ-„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-
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GÅP-ºV¼-ŸÛG-zHÛÅ-mÅ-„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-HÛÅ-»Û-Gï-ºhÛ-D-ÇSôm-
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Ç+h-Nå¼-HÛÅ-ºyôG-qºÛ-»Û-Gï-hï-hP-mP-hôm-GTÛG-¤±ßPÅ-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-
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zTßG-q-hP-ü D-ÁÅ-ŸzÅ-ƒô-MG-zTßG-Çeï ï-¼P-ZÛh-¾-¤m¼-GTôh-
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52 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü „À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-ÇS ôm-¤ºÛ-¤Û -Pm-hï -¤-¼ïh-¸ï¼ü 53
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ºFÛh-mÅ-Eïh-¼P-¾Å-ºGݾ-ŸÛG-Çtï¾-¯ÛÅ-»ôh-q-ºi-¼ïh-h¤-ŸïÅ-
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54 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü „À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-ÇS ôm-¤ºÛ-¤Û -Pm-hï -¤-¼ïh-¸ï¼ü 55
hôm-zOæz-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-Mã-¤±m-GÁ¤-hÝ-zÁh-Mã-»Ûmü uÛ-¾ô- 1991
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ºHã¼-mP-Í-¼Û-z-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ- (James Lilley) ºWï¤-Åï-¾ï-¾Û-hP-¼P-BôP-¿YôPÅ-ˆÛ-ºGô-FÛh-fÞG-ºyh-‚Å-mÅ-Ç+Ý-ŸzÅ-ºWï¤-Åï-¾ï-¾ÛÛÅ-
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M-¤ÛÅ-Ç+ Ý -ŸzÅ- (James Lilley) ºWï¤-Åï-¾ï-¾Û¼-zTôÅ-¤ºÛ-¤²â¤-¤hPÅ-hï-ºi-ŸÛG-zÇem-»ôh-ˆP-z®ôm-DP-mP-DôP-¾-»Û-Gï-
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56 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü „À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-ÇS ôm-¤ºÛ-¤Û -Pm-hï -¤-¼ïh-¸ï¼ü 57
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60 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü Çt ô -z ô -v-©ôG-z®ôm-DP-hÝ -zB¾-zü 61
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62 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü Çt ô -z ô -v-© ôG-z®ôm-DP-hÝ -zB¾-zü 63
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68 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü „À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-Çt ô -z ô -v-©ôG-z®ôm-DP-hÝ -Çk ôh-Ç+zÅü 69
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z¼-h-Ç+zÅ-zôh-ˆÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-hP-ü ¿ËG-q¼-Eïh-¼P-z®ôm-DP-
DG-¿S-(z®ôm-DP-DG-¿S-mÛü IÔ-zŸÛ-hP-ü ÍÞ-cÛ -bàhü GÅP-»Ûz-ÅÛ-FâºÞ -Gż-½‰ ÛP-ü Çt ô -
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70 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü „À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-Çt ô -z ô -v-©ôG-z®ôm-DP-hÝ -Çk ôh-Ç+zÅü 71
z®ôm-DP-hï-hG-ºIï¾-zÁh-zMG-Mã-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-Vïh-M-G¼-hÝ-zBôh-
fÞz-m-»G-qô-ºhÝG M-G¼-hÝ-ÇÀ ïzÅ-m-&BzÅ-¤Gôm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï¼-
zôh-mP-»ôh-qºÛ-z®ôm-q-f¤Å-Th-GÅh-Gbàz-GP-‚ïh-ˆP-ÆôG-„ÀôÅ-
zbP-»Ûm-qÅ-P-±ôºÛ-h;º-P¾-¾-hGôPÅ-mÅ-GŸÝP-GÛ-Vz-ÆÛh-
¾PÅ-xôGÅ-Vï-y-GP-»Ûm-»P-M-GŸÝP-¾-zÇeàm-¤DÅ-zNå¼-zTôÅ-
Gbm-mÅ-¤²h-¤Û-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-ŸÝ-zÇ+ݾ-HÛÅ-ŸïÅ-zÁh-‚ãP-ü
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qôºÛ-PP-wm-±ßm-HïÅ-¤W¾-ŸÝ-Ç+zÅ-„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-hP-ü zÇem-
q-wÞ¾-‚ãP-¾GÅü M-h¼ü zÇem-q-hzP-IGÅ-¾GÅ-zTÅ-±P-
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ˆÛÅ-¼P-GÛ-GTïm-qô-¾Å-¿ËG-qºÛ-„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-hP-ü z®ôm-
IôGÅ-Eôh-n¤Å-hÝÅ-ºhÛ-mÅ-m¤-ŸÛG-Pô-¤W¾-fÞz-z¤-lj¤-¼P-
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„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-GÁÛzÅ-¼ÛP-DôP-GÛ-ÁïÅ-uôh-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-¤ÛG-Çeôm-
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72 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü „À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-Çt ô -z ô -v-©ôG-z®ôm-DP-hÝ -Çk ôh-Ç+zÅü 73
DôP-GÛ-z;º-ÇÀôz-n¤Å-¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛ-¤Û-±ïºÛ-mP-Z¤Å-ÅÞ-Çe¼-HÛ-»ôhü
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z¼-„Àô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-z®ôm-hÝ-¾ô-zTô-¿S-hP-¹-z-zhÝm-zTßG-q-
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z¸ÞP-‚Å-mÅ-¾ô-GÅÞ¤-¼ÛP-z®ôm-zTßG-‚Åü z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zŸÝGÅ-
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76 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü ¤Û-¼zÅ-Gż-qºÛ-Ço ï -ºiïm-GŸôm-mÝ -„ À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûmü 77
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zŸÛm-zŸG-q-hP-ü XïÅ-ÅÞ-¼Þ-DG-¿S-q-z®ßGÅ-XïÅ-¼Þ-DG-¿S-qºÛ-
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78 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü ¤Û-¼zÅ-Gż-qºÛ-Ço ï -ºiïm-GŸôm-mÝ -„ À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûmü 79
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mÅ-ºGô-ºFÛh-hï-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-q-¿ËG-q-±ï-¼ÛP-ºhÅ-qºÛ-Aïm-
¯h-GTôh-hP-ü ¤-ºôPÅ-Vz-ÆÛh-z®ôm-qºÛ-GmÅ-zz-»¼-MÅ-
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zŸG-‚ãP-z-mÅ-¤Û-¼ÛP-z¼-„À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-¾-¾ô-GTÛG-
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80 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü ¤Û-¼zÅ-Gż-qºÛ-Ço ï -ºiïm-GŸôm-mÝ -„ À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûmü 81
mÅ-ZïÅ-ºGm-wz-Çe ï -±ï-z®ôm-z¸ôÅ-ºhÝG-q-hïºÛ-hGôP-¤ô-P-±ô-
ÇezÅ-zhïºÛ-W-¤P¼-z¸ôÅ-mÅ-È-TP-GÛ-»G-qô-‚ãP-ŸïÅ-„À ô -
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Çk ôh-Í-¼ÛºÛ-GŸÝP-±z-ºWï¤-Åï-¾Û-¾ï- (James Lilley) z¿e-Ç+ ô¼-¾-wïzÅ-ˆÛ-»ôh-Ç+ ô¼-fôÅ-q-„À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-hP-Ç+ Ý -ŸzÅ-
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¾Å-‚ïh-q¼-vh-ÅôP-¸ï¼ü „À ô-z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûm-¾ô-GZÛÅ-ÆôG-
fôG-GÛ-Çe ïP-hï-hÝÅ-hôm-Aïm-GÅÞ¤-q-»Ûm-q-hP-ü »Û-Gï-ƒÛÅ-
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HÛÅ-Ÿïh-ÇoP-¯-z-mÅ-¤ïh-q-ZïÅ-ºGm-±P-¤-GŸm-ÅÞ-GTÛG-¾-
82 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü ¤Û-¼zÅ-Gż-qºÛ-Ço ï -ºiïm-GŸôm-mÝ -„ À ô -z¸P-zÇem-º²Ûmü 83
h=Û-fzÅ-¤ïh-q¼-P-¼P-GÛÅ-ºEï¼-Mã-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-ÍÞ-±ßGÅ-¤fº-
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84 z®m-Gmôm-¾-Lô¾-zºÛ -lj ÛP-Çe ôzÅü 85
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