DR ABDURRAHMAN MOHAMEDDR ABDURRAHMAN MOHAMED

A WORLD HISTORY OF ARCHITECTUREA WORLD HISTORY OF ARCHITECTUREMarian MoffettMarian MoffettMichael Fazio Michael Fazio Lawrence WodehouseLawrence Wodehouse

6. Romanesque Architecture6. Romanesque Architecture

UNIVERSITY OF BAHRAINUNIVERSITY OF BAHRAINCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTUREDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & ARCHITECTUREBSc. in ARCHITECTURE PROGRAMBSc. in ARCHITECTURE PROGRAMSUMMER 2012SUMMER 2012ARCG 211ARCG 211–– HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IHISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE I

DEFINITIONDEFINITION

The style which grew up in the Western The style which grew up in the Western Roman empire; in those countries which Roman empire; in those countries which had been directly under the rule of Rome had been directly under the rule of Rome from 1000 to 1250 CE.from 1000 to 1250 CE.

Romanesque buildings have a certain Romanesque buildings have a certain affinity with Roman architecture, primarily affinity with Roman architecture, primarily because they tend to employ the because they tend to employ the semicircular or Roman archsemicircular or Roman arch

EARLY ROMANESQUE EARLY ROMANESQUE

St. Martin at St. Martin at CanigouCanigou is an is an exempleexemple the the early Romanesque style. early Romanesque style.

In plan the church is a basilica without In plan the church is a basilica without transepts, having semicircular apses transepts, having semicircular apses terminating the aisles and nave. terminating the aisles and nave.

The barrel vaults of the nave and aisles The barrel vaults of the nave and aisles rest on ten supports: eight stubby rest on ten supports: eight stubby columns and two grouped pierscolumns and two grouped piers--and the and the solid exterior walls (Fig. ). solid exterior walls (Fig. ).

The only natural light comes from small The only natural light comes from small windows at the east and west ends.windows at the east and west ends.

The stone construction is simple, The stone construction is simple, articulated primarily by semicircular articulated primarily by semicircular arches used over windows and also set arches used over windows and also set as surface relief in horizontal bands. as surface relief in horizontal bands.

The stepped crenulations atop the tower The stepped crenulations atop the tower recall Islamic fortifications found in recall Islamic fortifications found in neighbouring Spain. neighbouring Spain.

St. Martin at St. Martin at CanigouCanigou

http://www.sacred-destinations.com/france/saint-martin-du-canigou

http://www.sacred-destinations.com/france/saint-martin-du-canigou

Reconstructed cloisters with rose garden

View of Saint-Martin-du-Canigou Abbey from above

Nave of the abbey church, looking east

Nave of the crypt or lower church, looking west

http://www.sacred-destinations.com/france/saint-martin-du-canigou

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE OF THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

The Holy Roman Empire controlled Germany and north The Holy Roman Empire controlled Germany and north Italy. Italy.

The Holy Roman Emperor was called Otto. The Holy Roman Emperor was called Otto.

The The OttonianOttonian rule extended from 936 to 1002, but its effects rule extended from 936 to 1002, but its effects lasted nearly a century longer. lasted nearly a century longer.

OttonianOttonian architecture is the German expression of architecture is the German expression of Romanesque. Romanesque.

An outstanding example is the church of St. Michael at An outstanding example is the church of St. Michael at HildeshimHildeshim (1010(1010--33), which is a double33), which is a double--ended basilica with ended basilica with entrances along the side aisles as in many original Roman entrances along the side aisles as in many original Roman basilicas (Fig.).basilicas (Fig.).

Fig.6. St. Michael at Fig.6. St. Michael at HildeshimHildeshim, Germany (1010, Germany (1010--33), plan.33), plan.

http://www.google.com.bh/imgres

http://www.sacred-destinations.com/germany/hildesheim-michaelskirche

Fig.6. St. Michael at Fig.6. St. Michael at HildeshimHildeshim, , GrmanyGrmany (1010(1010--33).33).

S. Michael interior. Hildesheim. 1010S. Michael interior. Hildesheim. 1010--33. 33.

http://www.michaelis-gemeinde.de/

Imperial cathedral at Speyer, Germany, Imperial cathedral at Speyer, Germany, 10301030

It is a massive and majestic construction, It is a massive and majestic construction, extending over 425 feet. extending over 425 feet.

The nave is wide, long, and tall, framed by The nave is wide, long, and tall, framed by semicircular arches surrounding each wall bay. semicircular arches surrounding each wall bay.

Covered at first by a flat wooden ceiling, the nave Covered at first by a flat wooden ceiling, the nave received groin vaults set over paired bays and received groin vaults set over paired bays and separated by transverse arch bands.separated by transverse arch bands.

At At 107 107 feet above the floor, these vaults are the feet above the floor, these vaults are the highest built in the Romanesque period and highest built in the Romanesque period and approach the accomplishments of Roman approach the accomplishments of Roman constructionconstruction

Imperial cathedral at Speyer, 1030. PlanImperial cathedral at Speyer, 1030. Plan

Speyer Cathedral east end, ca. 1030Speyer Cathedral east end, ca. 1030--61. 61.

http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/168/

Speyer Cathedral wet facade, ca. 1030Speyer Cathedral wet facade, ca. 1030--61. 61.

The groin vaults were erected The groin vaults were erected in 1082in 1082--1137, making this one 1137, making this one of the highest vaulted churches of the highest vaulted churches of its time. of its time.

The southern regions of the Holy The southern regions of the Holy Roman EmpireRoman Empire

In the southern regions of the Holy Roman In the southern regions of the Holy Roman Empire. the classical heritage of Rome heavily Empire. the classical heritage of Rome heavily influenced Romanesque architecture.influenced Romanesque architecture.

Italian cities developed their own versions of Italian cities developed their own versions of Romanesque architecture, retaining a strong Romanesque architecture, retaining a strong reliance on the classical past with little influence reliance on the classical past with little influence from northern Europe. from northern Europe.

The church of S. The church of S. MiniatoMiniato al Monte in Florence al Monte in Florence (1062(1062--90 and later) is typical (Figs. ). 90 and later) is typical (Figs. ).

http://www.san-miniato-al-monte.com/The church of S. The church of S. MiniatoMiniato al Monte in Florenceal Monte in Florence

A single pair of aisles flanks the A single pair of aisles flanks the transeptlesstranseptless nave, which is terminated by a simple nave, which is terminated by a simple semicircular apse.semicircular apse.

Alternate bays of the nave are grouped by Alternate bays of the nave are grouped by diaphragm arches (where a wall is built to create diaphragm arches (where a wall is built to create a level, horizontal top), above which wooden a level, horizontal top), above which wooden trusses support the roof. trusses support the roof.

Its facade is articulated on the ground level by Its facade is articulated on the ground level by five arches supported by Corinthian halffive arches supported by Corinthian half-- columns, with Corinthian pilasters and a gable columns, with Corinthian pilasters and a gable defining the roof of the nave. defining the roof of the nave.

The church The church of S. of S. MiniatoMiniato al Monte in al Monte in FlorenceFlorence

http://www.google.com.eg/imgres

The church The church of S. of S. MiniatoMiniato al Monte in al Monte in FlorenceFlorence

http://www.panoramio.com/photo/44507209The church of S. The church of S. MiniatoMiniato al Monte in Florenceal Monte in Florence

The cathedral of PisaThe cathedral of Pisa

The freestanding cathedral at Pisa (begun in The freestanding cathedral at Pisa (begun in 1063 and finished 10891063 and finished 1089--1272) is more elaborate, 1272) is more elaborate, (Figs.). (Figs.).

In plan the cruciform basilica has double aisles In plan the cruciform basilica has double aisles and galleries flanking the nave, and single aisles and galleries flanking the nave, and single aisles and galleries flanking the transepts. and galleries flanking the transepts.

At the crossing, an oval dome is raised 011 At the crossing, an oval dome is raised 011 squinchessquinches and shallow pendentives, recalling the and shallow pendentives, recalling the centralized church plans of Byzantium. centralized church plans of Byzantium.

The exterior is sheathed in marble arcades, The exterior is sheathed in marble arcades, stacked row on row across the western facade stacked row on row across the western facade and continuing around the church. and continuing around the church.

The interior is marked by The interior is marked by polychromypolychromy, in this , in this case alternate courses of dark and light marble case alternate courses of dark and light marble set in horizontal bands.set in horizontal bands.

The cathedral is complemented by two adjacent The cathedral is complemented by two adjacent structures, a circular baptistery and a cylindrical structures, a circular baptistery and a cylindrical campanile, the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa, campanile, the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa, now over thirteen feet out of plumb. now over thirteen feet out of plumb.

http://www.greatbuildings.com

The cathedral of PisaThe cathedral of Pisa

The cathedral of PisaThe cathedral of Pisa

The cathedral of PisaThe cathedral of Pisa

PILGRIMAGE ROADS

To atone for sins, seek a cure, or assure To atone for sins, seek a cure, or assure salvation, medieval men and women travelled as salvation, medieval men and women travelled as pilgrims to shrines containing the relics of saints pilgrims to shrines containing the relics of saints

Jerusalem and Rome were the most celebrated Jerusalem and Rome were the most celebrated centerscenters but around the year 900 a new but around the year 900 a new centercenter for for pilgrimage arose to rival their popularity the pilgrimage arose to rival their popularity the shrine of the apostle James located at shrine of the apostle James located at CompostelaCompostela in north western Spain. in north western Spain.

The monks accommodated these pilgrims by The monks accommodated these pilgrims by modifying the modifying the basilicanbasilican church plan to include an church plan to include an ambulatory, which worked as an extension of the ambulatory, which worked as an extension of the aisles to provide a continuous passageway aisles to provide a continuous passageway around the entire church.around the entire church.

At the east end, radiating chapels opened At the east end, radiating chapels opened off the ambulatory, and there were off the ambulatory, and there were sometimes additional chapels located on sometimes additional chapels located on the east side of the transepts. the east side of the transepts.

Churches built in response to the pilgrimage are common on the major roads to Compostela.

St. Sernin at Toulouse, St. Foy at Conques,, and St. James at Compostela are important examples (Fig.).

St. St. SerninSernin at Toulouseat Toulouse

The church has paired aisles on each side of the nave, The church has paired aisles on each side of the nave, four chapels on the east of the large transept, and five four chapels on the east of the large transept, and five radiating chapels around the apse. radiating chapels around the apse.

The church is 360 feet long, with a width of nave and The church is 360 feet long, with a width of nave and aisles totalling about 100 feet, aisles totalling about 100 feet,

The banded barrel vaults rise about sixtyThe banded barrel vaults rise about sixty--five feet and are five feet and are braced by second floor galleries over the inner pair of braced by second floor galleries over the inner pair of aisles (Fig.). aisles (Fig.).

This gives the church a triangular crossThis gives the church a triangular cross--section, but section, but prevents the use of clerestory windows to light the nave. prevents the use of clerestory windows to light the nave.

The exterior arrangement of chapels, ambulatory, and The exterior arrangement of chapels, ambulatory, and choir rising to the great crossing tower is harmoniously choir rising to the great crossing tower is harmoniously composed, and the composition is enhanced by its composed, and the composition is enhanced by its construction materials, red brick trimmed 'with stone.construction materials, red brick trimmed 'with stone.

http://www.google.com.eg/imgres St. St. SerninSernin at Toulouseat Toulouse

St. Sernin at Toulouse

St. St. SerninSernin at Toulouseat Toulouse

St. St. SerninSernin at at ToulouseToulouse

St. Sernin, Toulouse, nave

St. Sernin, Toulouse, isle

http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch/st_sernin.html

St. Sernin, Toulouse, chaples around the apse