6 x 10 Long - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805218/80053/index/9780521880053_index.pdf · Bancroft, Hubert Howe 118 Bantoid, Bantuoid 125 Bantu 121, 122, 123–4,

Index

Aalto, Pentti 5n.5, 238, 286, 412, 414Aaraleff 25, 54n.8, 60, 61, 226, 227, 231n.3,

232ablaut 25Abondolo, Daniel 88n.1Abyssinian 46accident (chance) 10, 29, 133, 142, 165, 168,

176, 177, 186, 188, 189, 193, 194, 195, 201,205, 211, 215, 216, 218, 223, 238, 240, 241,253, 266, 276, 281, 296, 304n.8, 326, 329,364n.1, 365n.2, 366, 367, 368, 369–70, 371,373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 380n.18, 385, 397,398

accretion zone 302–4, 306, 308, 318, 341,363, 399

acculturation 337, 343, 349Achagua 314Achomawi 356, 408Achomawi-Atsugewi 356acrobatics 13–14active–stative alignment 313, 393Acts of identity 355Adai 404Adam, Lucien 5n.5Adamawa 129n.16, 130Adamawa-Eastern 129Adamawa-Ubangi 129, 143Adams, D. Q. 249, 251Adelaar 185, 265–6, 267, 413Adelung, Johan Christoph 18, 49, 52–4, 59,

119, 122, 225, 226, 227–8admixture 6n.8adnominal cases 310n.15affective 246, 377–9African classification 3, 13, 120–45, 268,

397Afroasiatic (also Afro-Asiatic, Afrasian) 81,

97, 127, 128, 131, 134, 136–9, 145, 187,202, 206, 243, 246, 247, 251, 252, 254, 257,258, 261, 263, 301, 303n.6, 307, 346, 374,404, 410

Agau 125

agglutinating, agglutinative 67, 225, 229, 230,231, 236, 240, 241, 242, 395, 398

agricultural dispersal 362agricultural languages 337n.4agricultural zones 340agriculture 322, 337–50Aikhenvald, Aleksandra Y. 175, 318, 319,

328, 329Aikhenvald-Angenot ; see Aikhenvald 408Ainu 235, 243, 263, 404Ainu–Altaic 404Ainu–Austroasiatic 404Ainu–Gilyak 404Aitchison 366–7, 370Akan 122, 221Alakaluf 405Albanian 15, 62, 86n.14, 195, 202, 378Aleut 56, 115Alexandre, Pierre 121Algic 117, 178, 284, 308, 356, 401,

404Algonkian–Gulf 404, 412Algonkin 6, 117, 267Algonquian 6, 7, 115, 116n.11, 117, 157, 178,

187, 266–79, 284n.23, 300, 313, 314, 342,375, 378, 414

Algonquian–Gulf, see Algonkian–GulfAlgonquian–Mosan 190, 196Algonquian–Ritwan 178, 284n.23, 401Algonquian–Wakashan 404Alighieri, Dante 14Allen, Louis 411Allen, W. S. 5n.5Allentiac 406alliteral class 123alliteration 187, 214, 220Allman 365, 368allopatric speciation 328n.18Almosan 404Almosan–Keresiouan 255n.10, 281n.22, 284,

284n.23, 368n.5, 404, 408Alor 291

508

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Index 509

Alpher, Barry 150, 151, 152, 154, 157, 402Alsea 220, 312, 408Altaic 3, 66–7, 112, 162, 196, 214, 219, 234,

235, 236n.2, 241, 243, 245, 248, 252, 253,254, 257, 258, 261, 263, 285, 286, 296,345n.9, 398, 404, 407, 414

Altaic–American Indian languages 404Amazonian languages 302, 413American Indian language families 114,

128n.13, 161, 397American Indian languages 8n.7, 9n.10,

13–31, 65, 144, 191, 197, 202, 207, 213,214, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 222, 226, 231,231n.4, 253, 264, 268, 372, 405

American–Arctic–Paleo-Siberian Phylum408

Amerind 1, 3, 120, 127, 171, 182, 196, 197,201, 203, 204, 206, 212, 214, 215, 216, 219,220, 222, 234, 258n.11, 264, 284, 287, 288,289, 296, 342, 345n.9, 368n.5, 372,372n.11, 374, 398, 405

Amharic 95, 125Amina (Akan) 122Ammerman 337Amonap 222Amuzgo 312analogia 15analogy 9, 17, 60, 155, 172, 186, 214, 219,

220, 229, 230, 389analytic 389Anatolian linguistic areas 327Anatolian 402Ancient Near East 303, 306Andaman Islands languages 103, 291,

405Andaqui 207, 406Andean 405, 407Andean–Equatorial 407Andersen, Henning 359, 390Anderson, Lloyd B. 366Anderson, Nicolai 409Anderson, William 101Andoke 410Andresen, Julie Tetel 116, 226Andrews, E. Wyllys, V 411Andrews, Lorrin 103–4Andronov, M. 286, 407Angenot, Jean-Pierre 408Anglo-Saxon 10Anttila, Raimo 412Antioquia 406antiquity 8Apache 308, 322, 394–5Apachean 308Apawaio 312

Appleyard, John W. 123, 124, 144,261

Arabic 23, 27, 33, 36, 39, 41, 42, 45–6, 95, 96,125, 137, 195, 202, 307, 336, 353, 360,371n.8, 378

Aramaic 46, 95Arana 410Arandic 157Aranta 157Arapaho 116n.11, 187Araucanian 405Arawa 407Arawakan 30, 314, 402, 413Arawan 312Arberry, A. J. 33, 37n.2areal linguistics 112, 113, 143, 144–5, 150,

151, 152, 156, 158, 236, 245, 286, 299,302n.5, 303, 307, 308, 319, 326–8, 329, 399

areal–typological comparison 55Arekuna 312Arens, Hans 17, 23, 49, 50, 53, 96Argobba 303Ari 205, 211–12Ariste, Paul 409Arlotto, Anthony T. 27Armenian 62, 74, 80, 80n.9, 173, 203, 209,

305, 327, 328, 396Aruak 406Aryan [Indo-European] 237Aryan 63, 96Aryo-Semitic 96n.5Asante 334Aschmann, Richard P. 402Ashantee 124Asian languages 13, 405Asiatick Society of Bengal, see Royal Asiatic

Society of BengalAsiatick Researchers 35Atacama 406Atakapa 206, 212, 272, 273, 274–412Atakapa–Chitimacha 405Atayalic 99Athabaskan 117, 180, 219, 223, 266, 272n.17,

275, 285, 300, 308, 322, 339, 361, 405Athabaskan–Sino-Tibetan 283Athabaskan–Tlingit–Yuchi-Siouan 283Atlantic 130Atsugewi 408Attic (Greek) 16Attila 19n.5Auake 410Auca 405Auixiri 410Auroux, Sylvain 16, 26, 62n.13Austerlitz, Robert 5n.5, 67, 236, 407






510 Index

Australian aborigines 330Australian languages 3, 103, 145, 154n.27,

161, 213, 219, 318, 325, 387, 397, 402, 405Australian linguistic area 158Austric 345n.9, 405, 409Austroasiatic (Austro-Asiatic) 373, 402, 405,

408, 410, 411Austronesian 3, 4n.4, 29, 31, 39, 60–1, 65, 97,

157, 161, 162, 174, 175, 213, 219, 288, 292,300, 311, 313, 343, 362, 381–6, 396, 402,405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 413

Austro-Tai 162, 197, 405Avane 30n.20Aymara 405, 413Aztec–Sanskrit 404Aztec–Tanoan 217, 222, 405Aztectanoan, see Aztec–Tanoan

Babel 11, 13, 27, 32, 74, 330Bahuchet, Serge 336n.3Bakaiari 312Bakker, Peter 324, 361, 362Balbi, Adrian 18, 122Baldi, Phillip 157Balinese 107Balkan languages 190, 195–6, 307n.13, 327Baltic 174, 194, 202, 327Balto-Finnic 257, 261, 271Balto-Slavic 81Baluch 39Bancroft, Hubert Howe 118Bantoid, Bantuoid 125Bantu 121, 122, 123–4, 125–6, 128, 128n.15,

129, 130, 134, 141, 145, 162, 322, 336n.3,343, 344, 345, 346n.10

Baraba Tatars 237Baraba Turkic 237Barbacoan 314, 406Barda 148n.24Barea 124Bari 124Bartholomew, Doris A. 192, 197Barton, Benjamin Smith 53, 54Bashir, Elena 406, 407, 410, 413basic vocabulary 4, 11, 14, 17, 18, 20, 31, 45,

46, 51, 57, 60, 63, 72, 93, 103, 105, 122,166–7, 171, 174, 180, 181, 184, 193, 200,201, 203, 206, 209, 231, 233, 238, 297, 395,397, 398

Basque 15, 55, 209, 214, 231, 237, 276n.19,284, 285, 345n.9, 347, 407, 410, 413

Basque–American Indian 406Basque–Berber 406Basque–Caucasian 406Basque–Na-Dene 163Basque–Sino-Caucasian 276

Batak 107Batavian Malay 107Bateman, R. M. I. 82Bauer, Brigitte L. M. 351Baugh, Abert C. 217Baxter, William H. 370n.7, 380n.18, 384Bearlake 355Beauzee, Nicolas 227Beber languages 124Becanus, Johannes Goropius (Jan van Gorp

van der Beke) 19Beeler, Madison 83–5Bega 125Beja 303Belgian 16Bellwood, Peter 308, 319, 324, 337, 337n.4,

338n.5, 339n.6, 345n.8, 350Bender, Marvin Lionel 120, 122, 126, 127,

129, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 140, 143, 144,145, 188, 200, 205, 365, 367, 370, 371, 372,374, 375n.14

Bendor-Samuel, John 128n.14Benedict, Paul K. 113–14, 196, 197, 203, 405,

409, 413Benediktsson, Hrein 225Benfey, Theodor 21, 23, 29, 49, 93, 95–6, 97,

116Bengali 41, 44, 108Bengtson, John D. 32, 127, 167, 284, 284n.23,

366, 367, 368n.5, 368n.6, 371, 372n.11,375n.14, 376, 377–9, 379n.15, 380n.17,386, 405, 406, 407, 410, 412, 413

Benjamin, Geoffrey 221Bennett, Patrick R. 129n.16Benue-Congo 129, 129n.16, 130, 145, 162,

314Benue-Cross 129Beothuk-Algonquian 406Berber 128, 135, 137, 138, 164, 187, 307Bereznak, Cathy 308Berger, H. 406Bergsland, Knut 115, 408Berman, Howard 265–6, 271, 412, 413Bernhardi, August Ferdinand 53, 54Berta 127, 134, 135Betoi 406Bhat, R. N. S. 407Bibliander, Theodor 14, 95Biloxi 209, 214, 273binary splits 316, 317, 399Blackfoot 313, 314Blake, Barry J. 145, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153,

154, 156, 412Blazek, V. 407, 410, 413Bleek, Wilhelm 123–4, 125Bleichsteiner, R. 406






Index 511

Blench, Roger 128n.14, 129, 129n.16, 130,130n.17, 131, 131n.18, 132, 133, 287

Bloch, Jules 110Bloomfield, Leonard 224, 233, 397Blount, Ben G. 212Boas, Franz 55, 179, 180, 212, 216, 217, 221,

222, 226, 233n.6, 408Bobo-Fing (Sya) 130Bodo 113Boes, A. 16, 62n.13Bolnick, Deborah A. 206n.20Bomhard, Allan R. 197, 203, 243–4, 246, 249,

412Bonfante, Giuliano 20Bongo 124Bonnerjea, Rene 414Bopp, Franz 3, 14, 17, 18n.4, 53, 54, 58, 59,

61, 62n.13, 63n.14, 66, 67, 68, 80, 164, 226,228–30, 231, 408, 409

Bora 410Bora-Witotoan 314, 402Boreal 406Boretzky, Norbert 157Bororo 410borrowing 10, 16, 21, 45–6, 49, 55, 65, 96, 97,

107, 112, 113, 133, 137, 142, 156, 157, 158,159–61, 165, 166, 168, 171, 172, 174, 177,179, 181, 187, 189, 193, 194, 201, 207n21,211, 212, 213, 216, 219, 220, 236, 238, 239,240, 241, 249–50, 266, 281, 286, 293, 296,310, 311, 313, 315, 323, 324, 326, 328, 329,349, 350, 353, 361, 370, 387, 397, 398, 399,400; see also diffusion, loanword, linguisticarea

Borst, Arno 23Botocudo 410Bouda, Karl 286, 406, 407, 408, 411, 413, 414Bower, Bruce 405Bowern, Claire 146, 151, 155, 158, 159, 161,

319, 327, 328Boxhorn (Boxhornius), Marcus Zuerius 20,

21, 22, 33Boyd, Raymond G. 129Brahui 110, 111Brandstetter, Renward 108Braun, David P. 332Breva-Claramonte, Manuel 226Bribri 268Bright, William 5n.5, 178, 181, 265Brinton, Daniel G. 118, 221, 226, 233n.6British 29Broadbent, Sylvia M. 412Brockelmann, Carl 95, 96Brody, Jill M. 323Brown, Cecil M. 213, 410, 411Brugmann, Karl 67, 70, 229–30

Brunner, L. 409Bryan, Margaret A. 135, 144Bryant, Jacob 39Bubenik, Vit 387Bugge, Sophus 74–5Bugis 105Bulgaric Turkic 238Bullom 124Bunabun 378Bunak 294Bureau of American Ethnology 9n.10Burenhult, Niclas 405Burmese 113Burrow, Thomas 110, 286–7, 407Burushaski 280n.21, 285, 407, 410, 413Burushaski–Caucasian 406Burushaski–Indo-European 406Burushaski–Ket 406Burushaski–Yeneseian 406Buschmann, Johann Carl Eduard 115,

118Bushman 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 140, 322,

406, 409Bushman-Hottentot 126Butt, Miriam 381n.19Bynon, Theodora 229

Cabecar 207, 213, 268Caddoan 356, 404Caffrarian 123Caffre 122n.12Cahuilla 350Caldicott, Thomas 37n.2Caldwell, Robert A. 110–12, 286, 407California Penutian 412Californian languages 302, 303, 307n.13, 308,

308n.14Callaghan, Catherine A. 5n.5, 188, 265, 366,

402, 412Cambrensis, Giraldus (Gerald of Wales) 14,

33, 33n.1Campbell, Alexander Duncan 109, 110Campbell, Lyle 30, 31, 31n.21, 52, 55, 58, 65,

114, 117, 118, 120, 122, 128n.13, 154, 156,167, 169, 177, 178, 179, 185, 188, 189, 190,192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198–200, 202, 204,205, 213, 216, 218n.24, 219, 221, 222, 226,230, 233n.6, 236n.2, 243, 244, 245, 246,248, 249, 250, 261, 266, 267, 268, 268n.13,271n.15, 272, 273, 274, 275, 283, 293, 294,295, 296, 298n.2, 300, 303, 304, 304n.8,306, 307n.13, 308n.14, 313, 315, 323, 324,330n.1 338, 342, 343, 347, 366, 377, 387,402, 405, 406, 408, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414

Canela-Craho, Canela-Kraho 312, 313Canichana 410






512 Index

Cannadei, see KannadaCannon, Garland H., Jr. 25, 27, 32, 33, 36, 43,

44, 45, 68Cantonese 213, 219Cape York Languages 148Capell, Arthur 146, 149–50Capixana 410Caraja 410cardinal languages 15, 90Cargill, David 8–9, 105Carib 30Cariban 30, 312, 410, 413Cariban–African 406Carina 30Castilian 119Castren, M. A. 235, 242Casule, Iliya 406Catacao 405Catford, J. C. 407Catuquina 410Caucasian languages 126, 276n.20, 285, 302,

302n.5, 303, 306, 354, 374, 411Caucasians 237Caucasic 407, 410, 413Cauqui 334Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. 212, 337Cavere 30Cavinena 312Cayuse 222Cayuse–Molala 406Cayuvava 407Celtic 6, 6n.6, 14, 16, 22, 29, 36, 37, 44, 62,

84, 95Celto-Scythian 22Center of gravity method 347Central (Mixed (Misch-Negersprachen)) 124Central Amerind 406Central Australia spread zone 303, 306Central Eurasian spread zone 305Central New Guinea 290Central New South Wales family 147Central Pomo 210, 215–16Central Saharan 127Central Sudanic 127, 134, 135, 136Central 293Centun-Sprache 79Cerron-Palomino, Rodolfo 184, 413cessation of communication 330Chadic 128, 135, 136–9, 164, 187, 251, 257Chafe, Wallace L. 265, 266, 272Chaho 406Chaldaic, Chaldean 36, 39, 40, 45–6, 96Chamberlain, Alexander Francis 267Chamic 99, 213, 218Chamorro 99, 313

chance, see accidentchance resemblances, see accidentChapacura 407Chapahuan 314Chapman, Charles 37n.2Chappell, Hilary 327, 329Chari-Nile 127, 133, 134, 135, 136Charruan 411Cheremis 91–2, 256Cherokee 222Cheyenne 187, 378Chibcha 406Chibchan 217, 222, 312, 314, 406Chibchan–Paezan hypothesis 190, 194, 195,

201, 270, 406Chichimec 52, 304, 305, 305n.10Chicomuceltec 346n.10child bilingualism 361, 362child language acquisition 220, 361, 368n.6Childs, G. Tucker 120, 121, 123, 128, 129,

130, 133, 135, 141, 144, 333Chimakuan 190, 191, 196, 356, 411Chimane 222Chimariko 408Chimila 314Chimu 406Chinese (Sinitic) 113Chinese 38, 103, 112, 113, 205, 211, 230, 237,

283, 336, 406, 411Chinese–Tai 406Chinook 412Chinookan 356Chipaya 207, 213Chipaya–Mayan hypothesis 207, 213Chipewyan 117Chiquito 410Chitimacha 273, 274, 347, 408, 412Chocho 312, 406Choctaw 178, 210, 215–16, 273, 311Chol 271, 310Cholan 271, 310Cholona 405Chon 410Chon–Australian 405Chontal of Oaxaca 408Chrau 221Christian, F. W. 413Christy, T. Craig 229Chuave 221Chudic 242Chukchi 414Chukchi–Kamchatkan 247n.8, 408Chukchi–Uralic 406Chukotian 243, 263Chukotko-Kamchatkan 406






Index 513

Chulupı 191, 197Chumash 209, 280, 408Chuvash 92, 235, 238, 255, 256, 257Cimbric 16circum-Pacific area 314circum-Pacific languages 311Cirikba, V. A. 406, 407Clackson, James 171, 212clade 300, 315Clairis, Christos 415Clark, Ross 108classification 7, 9n.12Claude, A. 409Clauson, Gerard 236, 238, 239, 241–3, 262,

412, 413Click Class 123click languages 127, 139, 315clicks 125, 141climate-related colonizations 337climate-related dispersal 339, 341Coahuiltecan 406, 412Coahuilteco 408Coast Tsimshian 211Coche 407Cochimi–Yuman 356Cœurdoux, Gaston Laurent 26, 26n.14, 27, 34,

43Cofan 407Cohen, Marcel 136Colarusso, John 408Cole, Desmond 121, 122, 123, 124Colebrooke, Henry Thomas 43Collinder, Bjorn 5n.5, 241n.3, 243, 409, 414,

415Coman 134Comecrudo 408Comenius (Komensky), J. A. 15, 33, 88–90Common Australian 149–50Common Indo-European 181commonplace typological feature 281,

286communicative isolation 330, 355–6community of practice 352, 354, 357compact language family 308, 338, 356; see

also spread language familycompact language 338, 356, 357; see also

spread languagecomparative grammar 15, 26, 32, 39, 53, 54,

59, 60, 61, 62, 68, 69, 94, 104, 157, 228,231, 232n.5

comparative linguistics 13–31, 32, 33, 41,48–73, 88, 94, 98, 110, 233, 395, 397–8

comparative method, 13–15, 16, 21, 33n.1,34, 39, 47, 49, 56, 61, 64, 88, 93, 104, 118,129, 144, 146, 156, 157, 158, 159–61, 162,

164, 168, 169, 176, 193, 200, 201, 228, 246,257, 293, 296, 297, 303n.6, 310–29, 396,397, 398, 399, 400

comparative philology 32, 61, 68, 69, 264–5complexity 346n.10Comrie, Bernard 243, 262, 389, 406concord system 124, 125Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de 227Congo group 122Congo 123Congo-Kordofanian 128Congolese 122Congo-Makua 123Congo-Saharan 406, 411Conrady, August 113constant rates of retention 91, 167Constenla Umana, Adolfo 411contact, see language contactcontact-induced change 322convergence models 325n.19convergence 324–5, 328, 329Cook, James (Captain) 10, 99–102, 106Coosan 356Cop, Bojan 409Coptic 124Cora 53, 54Cordington, Robert 107–8Corsali, Andrea 121Coseriu, Eugenio 228Cotoname 408Court de Gebelin, Antoine 8n.7, 62n.13Cowan, H. K. J. 5n.5Coxoh 119Craig, Colette 410Crawford, James M. 413, 414, 415Crawfurd, John 104creationism 365n.2Cree 6, 306, 313, 314Creek 209, 214, 271, 273creoles 325n.19critical (age) theshold 361n.17Croft, William 201, 205Crosby, Alfred W. 345Cross River 314Crowley, Terry 153, 288, 291, 325, 413Cruciger, Kaspar 16Csucs, Sandor 174Ctesias 21Cuitlatec 194, 207n.21, 270, 406Culle, Culli 334, 405Cuna 406Cuny, Albert 241n.3, 408, 409, 412Curtius, Georg 66, 228Cushitic 38, 125, 128, 137, 145, 303, 304Cust, Robert 124, 125






514 Index

Cyffer, Norbert 136Czartoryski, Adam (Prince) 43

d’Abbadie, Antoine 406Dahalo 141Dahl, Osten 326, 329Dahomey 205, 211Daic [Tai-Kadai] 408Daic 411Daka 129n.16Damara 123Dangel, R. 413Danish 10, 55, 58, 93, 360n.16Dante 34Darnell, Regna 118, 222Darwin, Charles 1David II, bishop of St. David’s 33n.1Davies, Anna Morpurgo 29, 59, 60, 61, 97,

229, 230Davis, Irvine 368n.6, 405, 409, 410Dawson, George M. 221Decsy, Gyula 409, 412deep genetic relationship, see distant genetic

relationshipDekhan 110Delancey, Scott 113, 216, 410, 412Delaware 6Delbruck, Berthold 59, 61, 62, 63–4, 67–8,

70, 228n.2Del Rey Fajardo, Jose 30, 50n.2, 230demic diffusion 337, 338n.5Dempwolff, Otto 108Dench, Alan 150, 156, 219Dene (Northern Athabaskan Slavey)

355Dene–Caucasian 275, 284, 406, 410, 413Dene–Sino-Caucasian 284, 406Denison, T. S. 411Dennett, Daniel C. 320descent group 300descent lineage 299descent-proving feature 186, 187descriptive form 245, 260design feature of human language 366n.3,

391, 401Dexippeus 18Dezso, L. 409diachronic linguistics 326–8Diakonof, I. M. 175, 306dialect 29, 357, 359Diamond, Jared 345Diderichsen, Paul 17, 23, 25, 55, 57, 58, 59,

93, 94, 95Diderot, Denis 231n.3Diegueno 308

Diez, Friedrich Christian 62Diffloth, Gerard 405, 410diffusion 153, 156, 158, 160, 166, 179, 214,

216, 219, 220, 221, 248, 270, 281, 286, 305,307n.12, 308, 318, 319, 322–3, 324, 326,327, 329, 345, 399

diglossia 333Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 129, 131, 131n.18, 135,

136, 143, 144Dimov-Goboev, C. 412Dinka 124displacement 392distant genetic relationship 163, 164, 181,

186, 188, 189, 194, 197, 199, 200, 203, 205,210, 211, 212, 214, 216, 223, 234–95, 296,364, 366, 394, 397, 398, 401, 404

distributed strategy 354, 355, 357, 362, 400;see also localist strategy

diversification 11, 29, 192, 303n.6, 316, 319,322, 325, 330–1, 336n.3, 345n.9, 362–3,399, 400; see also spread

Dixon, Roland B. 117, 412Dixon, R. M. W. 1, 144, 146, 147, 147n.23,

149, 150, 151–2, 155–6, 157, 158–9, 175,219, 291, 316, 317, 318–25, 331, 337,346n.10, 350n.14, 362, 398, 399, 413

Djinili 152Dobrovsky, Joseph 53–4, 62, 94Doefer, G. 5n.5, 202, 206, 236, 238, 239, 240,

241, 243, 249, 262, 404, 409, 412Dogon 132Dogrib 355Dolgopolsky, Aaron 241n.3, 244, 249, 372n.9,

412Dong 406double articulation 391Dravidian 3, 108, 153, 157, 161, 213, 219,

234, 237, 243, 244, 246, 251, 252, 253, 257,258, 263, 285, 372, 374, 396, 402, 407

Dravidian–Altaic 407Dravidian–Elamite 285Dravidian–Finno-Ugric 407Dravidian–Greek 407Dravidian–Indo-European 407Dravidian–Japanese 407Dravidian–Mongolian 407Dravidian–Turkic-Sanskrit comparisons

407Dravidian–Uralic 285, 286, 407Drechsel, Emanuel J. 232Drehu 313Droixhe, Daniel 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24Dryer, Matthew 221duality of patterning 391Dumezil, George 413






Index 515

Duponceau, Peter Stephen (Pierre Etienne)59, 116, 225–6, 230–1, 231n.3, 231n.4, 232,233n.6

DURALJAN 407Dutch 10, 19, 19n.7, 58Dutch creole 58Dutch Etymologists 15Dutch school, the 15–17, 62Dybo, Vladimir / A. V. 243n.5, 246, 286, 412dynamic chance 202, 203, 207, 209

earliest human language 366n.3, 391, 393, 401Early Australian languages 149early human language 387, 388East Caucasian 219East New Guinea Highlands stock 293East Papuan phylum 293Easter Island (Rapanui) 101Eastern (Mixed (Misch-Negersprachen)) 124Eastern (Bantu) 124Eastern Armenian 359Eastern North America 307n.13Eastern Pomo 210, 215–16Eastern Sudanic 126, 127, 133, 134, 135–6,

169, 268Eckardt, A. 410Eckert, Penelope 352, 357Eckert, R. 412Eco, Umberto 8n.7, 32, 227ecological-risk reduction hypothesis 297,

332–6, 343, 351, 362, 400Edgerton, R. B. 27, 37n.2, 116, 321Edwards, Jonathan, Jr. 6–7, 115–16, 221Efik 124Egerod, Sren C. 113, 405Egyptian 39, 124, 128, 137, 285, 307Egyptian-Dravidian 407Egyptian-Indo-European 407Ehret, Christopher 138, 345n.8, 411Ejagham 314Elamite 112Elamo-Dravidian (Elamite-Dravidian) 407Eldredge, Niles 319Eleme 132Elichmann, Johann 21n.9Eliot, John 115elite dominance 337, 339, 340Elliot, Walter 110Ellis, Francis Whyte 108–10, 111Elmendorf, William W. 415Elmolo 303emblematic language 353–4Embleton, Sheila 412Emeneau, Murray B. 32, 108–10emergence of language 389

emergence problem 390Encyclopedie 227Enga 221England, Nora C. 310English 10, 33n.1, 44, 58, 80, 169, 173, 174,

177, 179, 180, 195, 197, 199, 201, 202, 203,204, 205, 206, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213,214–15, 216, 217, 218n.24, 268, 271, 285,305, 353, 370, 372, 378, 379, 380, 381,381n.19, 384, 385n.20, 386

Enrico, John 280, 281Equatorial 407Equatorial–Andean 407equilibrium 319, 320, 328, 363, 399–400ergative–absolutive, see ergativityergativity 25, 310n.15, 312–13, 388, 393Erikbatsa 410Eronen, J. 407erroneous morphological analysis 206, 212Erythraic 136Eskimo [Inuit] 55, 56, 58, 59, 115, 355, 408Eskimo–Aleut 115, 243, 263, 264, 312, 339,

356, 374, 402, 405, 407, 414Eskimo–Aleut–Chukotan 408, 410Eskimo–Aleut–Yukagir 408Eskimoan 322Eskimo–Ural-Altaic 408Eskimo–Uralic 162, 408Esmeralda 407esoteric languages 353n.15, 357–62esoterogeny 352, 357Esselen 408Estonian 14, 15, 66, 88–91, 246n.7,

378Ethiopia-Kenya area 303, 304, 306Ethiopian highlands and the northern Rift

Valley 302Ethiopian languages 14n.1, 23, 38, 46, 95,

95n.3, 96n.5Ethiopian Semitic languages 145, 304ethnolinguistic group 332Etruscan 83, 83n.12, 209, 214, 219, 223,

280n.21, 285Etruscan–East Caucasian 408Etruscan–Greek–Kartvelian 408etymological grammar 57etymologie 25etymology 15–17, 25, 44–5, 55, 59, 62, 72, 92,

151n.26, 171, 196, 201, 203, 206, 207n.21,208, 213, 226, 231, 351, 367–9, 379

euphemism 379Eurasian zone 306Eurasiatic 1, 3, 182, 215, 221, 234, 262, 296,

374, 398, 408Europe zone 303, 305n.10, 306, 308






516 Index

Evans, Nick 146, 150, 151, 151n.26, 155, 158,159, 161, 319, 354

evidential markers 390evolutionary typology 58, 59Ewe 124, 126, 205, 211exoteric languages 353, 358exoterogeny 353expansion 320expressive form 245, 377Eyak 280, 281, 285Eyak-Athabaskan 280

Faarlund, Jan Terje 387Fahey, Bede 411Fahnrich, H. 5n.5, 407, 409, 414family relationship 29, 56, 69, 86family tree 53, 54, 86n.14, 300, 318, 319, 326,

327, 328, 399Fane 414farming/language dispersal model 337,

338n.5, 350, 362, 400Faroese 362n.17Farrar, Frederick W. 330Fell, Barry 415Fellman, Jack 20, 23, 409Fennel, Stephen 384Ferguson, Charles A. 144, 303Fernando Po 124Ferrario, Benigno 404Fijian 8–9, 99, 105, 108Finck, Franz Nikolaus 287, 408Finnic languages 55, 92, 254Finnish 14, 15, 25, 50, 63n.14, 66, 88–91,

93–4, 174, 175, 185–6, 192, 194, 195, 197,199, 202, 204, 205, 210, 212, 216, 249, 250,253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 259, 260, 261, 262,268, 268n.13, 286, 343, 372, 378, 407

Finno-Permic 253Finno-Ugric 3, 14, 15, 25, 29, 42, 49, 61n.13,

88–94, 161, 162, 174, 192, 199, 235, 237,243, 257, 268, 305n.10, 306, 322, 343, 396,402

Fisher, Johann Eberhard 29, 92–3Fitzhugh, William W. 415flectional, flexional 229, 231Fleming, Harold C. 134, 136, 137, 144, 212,

221Flemish 16Floyd, E. D. 189, 195, 222Fodor, Istvan 127, 413Fogel, Martin (Martinus Fogelius) 90, 90n.2Foley, William A. 154n.27, 174, 292, 294,

311, 334, 352, 353folk etymology 378Formosan languages 98, 99, 106, 402

Forster, John [Johann] Reinhold 10, 101–2,106

Fortescue, Michael 115, 299, 406, 408, 415founder effect 309Fowler, Catherine S. 347Fox 6Fox, A. 412Fox, James Allan 272Frankle, Eleanor 411Franklin, K. J. 288Freeland, Lucy S. 412French 8n.7, 29, 30, 33n.1, 58, 108, 174, 179,

180, 195, 202, 207, 305, 353, 378friction zone 341Friedrich, Paul 249, 306Fringe Cushitic 135Fujiwara, Akira 407, 409Fula 124, 126, 128, 205, 211, 345n.8Fulani, see FulaFulfulde, see FulaFulnio 410Fur 127, 134Futaky [Futaki], Istvan 414

Ga 124Gabelentz, Georg von der 28, 64, 70–1, 97,

98, 205, 211, 230Gabelentz, Hans Conon von der 106, 107Gafat 303Galla 125Gamella 411Gamkrelidze, Tamaz V. 248, 251–63, 409Gancedo, A. 413Gangetic 113, 237Garde, P 412Gardner, Peter M. 344Garnett, James A. 68, 69Garrett, Andrew 86n.14, 319Gatschet, Albert S. 5n.5, 118, 221, 225Gaviao 312Gbaya (Ubangi) 132, 175Gbe 123Ge 312, 313, 408, 410Gebelin, Antoine Court de 16, 18, 62n.14Gedney, William J. 218, 219Ge’ez 95, 125, 303Gelenius, Sigismundus 15, 34, 90Gell-Mann, Murray 386gender 124, 125, 126, 131, 132, 133, 137, 139,

140, 141, 187, 205, 211, 290, 310n.15general type 181generalized exchange 333Genesis 13, 14genetic affinity 59, 60genetic diversity 307n.12






Index 517

genetic group 113, 139genetic marker 131, 187, 188, 189, 300, 315genetic relationship 10, 11, 50, 56, 56n.11, 58,

65, 67, 71, 72, 87, 94, 103, 104, 109, 133,138

genetic units 300Gennaken 405Georg, Stefan 235, 236, 236n.2, 238, 241,

264, 404Georgian 19n.6, 63, 353, 360, 378Georgian-Sumerian 413Ge-Pano-Carib 183, 408German 16, 20, 21n.9, 22, 23, 25, 36, 52, 57,

58, 190, 195, 202, 205, 207, 210, 214, 218,222, 246n.7, 362n.17, 372, 378

German Romanticism 232Germanic 6, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 29,

42, 44, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 80n.9, 81,84, 94, 95, 96, 139, 166, 169, 174, 186, 194,202, 203, 208, 209, 300, 353

Gesner, Konrad 14, 14n.1, 18, 18n.4, 95, 95n.3Gibbon, Edward 18Giles, Peter 69Gilij, Filippo Salvatore 18, 29, 30n.20, 176,

221Gilyak (Nivkh) 243, 247n.8, 263, 280n.21,

408Gilyak–Uralic 408Girardot, J. M. 409global etymology 196, 203, 365, 368n.6,

372n.10, 374n.13, 381n.19, 393, 401, 412glottalic theory 244glottochronological 167–8, 303, 303n.6, 342,

346, 380glottochronology (lexicostatistics) 150, 151,

167, 293glottogonic 227–8, 228n.2, 229–30Gluhak 413Go, Minoru 409Goddard, Ives 117, 171, 178, 187, 189, 195,

221, 222, 265, 266, 274, 367, 401, 406, 415Godrey, John J. 27, 35, 37n.2Gokana 132Golla, Victor 178, 221, 222, 265, 266, 276,

283, 308, 338, 352, 354, 355, 357, 362, 400,412

Golovko, Evgenij 219Gondi 110, 111, 112, 378Goodman, Morris 136, 204, 209–10Google 365Gor 124Gordeziani, R. V. 408Gordon, Matthew 216, 287–96, 409Goropius Becanus, Johannes (Jan van Gorp)

19n.6, 19n.7, 34

Gossen, Gary H. 87Gothic 6, 6n.6, 10, 19, 22, 23, 24, 36, 37, 44,

56, 57, 58, 59, 80n.9, 90, 181Gould, Stephen Jay 229, 319Grace, George W. 102, 104, 106, 108grammatical agreement 31, 46, 50, 55, 57, 60,

73, 108, 231, 233, 395, 396, 397, 398grammatical comparison 25–6, 93–4, 103,

105, 280grammatical correspondence 72, 88–104, 180,

186, 395grammatical evidence 4, 11, 53, 54, 55, 56,

90, 94, 109, 112, 115, 117, 125, 147, 149,156, 176–93, 289, 290–1, 398

grammaticalization 191, 192, 197, 198, 389Granberry, Julian 413Grassfields languages 314grasslands spread zone 302, 306Gray, Edward G. 32, 225, 227, 233Gray, Louis H. 97Great Basin 302, 306, 307n.11, 307n.13Great Plains 307n.13, 344Greater Austric 408Greek 5, 6, 8, 8n.7, 15, 16, 20–1, 22, 23, 24,

26–8, 29, 33, 33n.1, 34, 36, 37n.2, 41, 42,43–4, 45, 55, 57, 58, 59, 62, 68, 75, 76,80n.9, 83n.12, 94, 95, 96, 173, 181, 183,202, 203, 209, 214–15, 218, 222, 230

Greek tradition 13Greenberg, Joseph H. 4n.4, 31, 31n.21, 42–3,

57–8, 61n.12, 62–3, 63n.14, 66, 66n.16,67–8, 70, 76–7, 79–80, 81–2, 84, 86,112n.10, 120, 126, 127, 128n.13, 128n.15,129n.16, 132n.19, 144, 154n.28, 163, 172,173–4, 175, 182–4, 190, 193, 194, 195, 196,198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205–6, 209,210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 220–1,222, 230, 236, 241, 246n.7, 262, 264,268n.13, 271n.14, 272n.17, 280, 284,288n.25, 287, 291, 297, 298n.3, 299, 300,315, 316, 318, 366, 368n.5, 370n.7, 372,374n.13, 377, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409,410, 411, 412

Greene, John C. 53, 54Gregersen, Edgar A. 95, 120, 121, 122, 125,

126, 128, 133, 135, 136Grey, Sir George 96, 146, 146n.21Grierson, G. A. 113Griffen, T. D. 412Grimes, Barbara F. 289Grimm Brothers 59, 68Grimm, Jacob 8, 14, 18n.4, 24, 29, 35, 53, 54,

56n.9, 58, 59, 62, 228Grimm’s Law 29, 56, 56n.9, 59, 69, 119, 174,

202, 203, 208–9






518 Index

Grolier, Eric de 5n.5Grotius, Hugo 17, 297Grunzel, J. 404Guahibo 314, 407Guaicurian–Hokan 408Guaicuru 411Guambiano 422Guamo 407Guarao 378Guarijıo 348Guato 312, 410Guaycuruan 411Guaymi 406Guichard, Estienne 96Guignes, Joseph de 26Guipunave 30Guldemann, Tom 140, 140n.20, 143Gulf 408, 412Gulya, J. 409Gumuz 134, 135, 136Gur 123, 129, 130, 131n.18, 135Gurevich, Naomi 167, 204, 209–10, 266Gurov, Nikita Vladimirovich 213, 410Gursky, Karl-Heinz 404, 408, 409Gurung 313Gusmani, Roberto 78Gyarmathi, Samuel 14, 49–50, 50n.1, 55, 59,

61, 93, 94Gyulla 88

Haarmann, Harald 51Haas, Mary R. 115, 117, 165, 178, 221, 401,

404, 408, 410, 411, 412, 414Habesh 125Hadza 140, 141–2, 143Haida 177, 266, 275, 313, 314Haida–Tlingit–Eyak-Athabaskan 411Hajdu, Peter 245, 248, 249Hajek, John 361, 362Hakkinen, Kaisa 88n.1Hakola, Hannu Panu Aukusti 407Hakulinen, Lauri 254Hale, Austin 114Hale, Horatio 104, 122, 122n.12, 123, 146–7Hale, Kenneth 147n.22, 150–1, 157, 158, 402,

404, 410Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey 18, 26, 27–8, 34,

41–2, 44Halmahera subgroup 289, 290Hamitic 124, 125–6, 128, 133, 134, 137, 205,

211Hamito-Semitic 125, 126, 136, 138, 140, 404,

406, 408Hammerich, Louis L. 408Hamp, Eric P. 84, 326, 404, 408, 411, 415

Hanis 408Hano Tewa 322Hanzeli 25Hanzeli, Victor E. 94Harakmbet 314Harari 125Hare 117, 355–6Harmon, David 323n.18Harms, Robert T. 415Harrington, John Peabody 408, 413Harris, Alice C. 313, 387Harvey, Mark 402Hattori, Shiro 293Hatsa, see HadzaHaugen, Einar 218n.24Hausa 124, 333, 334, 336Hawai’ian 105, 359Hayward, Richard J. 127, 137head marking, head/dependent marking 310,

310n.15Heath, Jeffrey 152, 156, 318, 320Hebrew 8, 13–14, 15, 16, 19n.7, 23, 42, 46,

94–5, 96, 218, 222, 371n.8Hebrew linguistic tradition 94Hegeuds, Iren 412Heine, Bernd 121, 135, 140, 143, 144, 145,

169, 268, 389Helimskij, E. A. 412, 414Hellenic 14, 95Herder, Johann Gottfried 226, 227Herero 124Hermit Hill 148n.24Herodotus 18Herrenvolk (‘master race’) 126Hervas y Panduro, Lorenzo 8, 18, 35, 50,

50n.2, 52, 98, 102, 119, 225Hetzron, Robert 137, 303Hevesy, Wilhelm von 407, 411Hewson, John 406Hieroglyphic Hittite 74High German 10, 16, 91Highland Mayan 322–3Hill, Jane H. 307n.11, 308, 317, 323, 333,

337, 338, 338n.5, 344, 346, 349n.13,347–50, 351–4, 355, 356, 357–62, 400

Himalayas 302Hindi 36, 37, 41–3, 108, 169, 173, 203,

209–10, 370, 378, 380, 381, 381n.19,384–5, 385n.20, 386, 387, 395

Hindustani, see HindiHindi-Urdu, see HindiHindu grammarians 108Hindu grammatical traditions 228Hinton, Leanne 197, 204Hitchiti 271






Index 519

Hittite 74–80, 181, 183, 396, 402Hjelmslev, Louis 225Hmong-Mien (Miao-Yao) 112, 408, 410Hock, Hans Henrich 171, 173, 182, 203, 209,

229, 265, 365, 367, 370, 371, 375, 377, 378,380, 385–6

Hodge, Carleton T. 410Hodgson, Brian Houghton 113Hoenigswald, Henry M. 2n.2, 4, 11, 14, 17,

29, 43, 49, 51, 54, 60, 66, 92, 157, 228, 232,232n.5

Hoijer, Harry 178Hokan 177, 207, 213, 221, 267, 269, 274, 300,

402, 408Hokan–Coahuiltecan 217, 222, 408Hokan–Malayo-Polynesian 408Hokan–Melanesian 408Hokan–Quechua 408Hokan–Siouan 412Hokan–Subtiaba 404Holmer, N. M. 409Holt, Dennis 402Homburger, Lillias 407Hommel, Fritz 413homophonous 156Hopi 322, 348n.12, 347–50, 394Horn, Georg 20Hottentot 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 139–40,

409Hottentot-Bushman 124Hovelacque, Abel 69–70Hrozny, Friedrich 75–80Huari 411Huastec 53, 54, 119, 208, 271Huave 310n.15, 312, 313, 314, 410, 412Huave-Uralic 409Hubschmann, Heinrich 327Hulbert, Homer Bezaleel 410Humboldt, Wilhelm von 8, 8n.18, 35, 53, 54,

59–61, 98, 104–6, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230,231, 231n.3, 231n.4, 232n.5, 233n.6

Humboldt–Steinthal–Wundt tradition, the 224Hungarian 15, 25, 29, 50, 50n.1, 66, 90–1,

92–4, 182, 199, 203, 208, 305, 305n.10,314, 378

Hunn, Eugene 197, 204Huns 237, 322, 338n.5, 342, 345n.8Huon stock 293Hupa 117, 177Hyacinthe, Charles Felix (Le Comte de

Charencey) 119hybridization 327Hymes, Dell H. 144, 197, 268, 272n.18,

358–62, 390–1, 411, 412, 413hypotaxis 389

Ibarra Grasso, Dick E. 267Iberocaucasian 407Ibo 124Icelandic 10, 24, 55, 57, 58iconic 192, 197, 198, 204, 214, 219, 294iconicity 188ideologic orientation 231, 233, 233n.6, 397ideologues 231n.3ideophonic 246idiosyncratic features 85Igbo 132Ihre, Johan 14, 18, 24, 34, 57Ijo 129Illich-Svitych, Vladislav M. 194, 196, 201,

203, 241n.3, 244, 245, 412Illyrian 83–4, 86n.14Imasheg 124Imbelloni, Jose 413imperfect learning 361inclusive vs. exclusive first-person pronoun

contrast 310, 310n.15, 312, 316, 388incorporating 231, 231n.4independent parallel development 329Indian grammatical tradition 28, 43Indian subcontinent. see South Asian (Indian

subcontinent) linguistic areaIndic 14n.1, 46, 95n.3individual-identifying evidence 186, 193, 200Indo-Aryan 38, 42, 63, 108, 169, 313, 316Indo-Chinese 283Indo-European 3, 4n.4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 19, 21, 23,

26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32–3, 33n.1, 34, 35, 37,38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 57, 58,59, 61, 61n.13, 62, 62n.13, 63, 63n.14, 64,65–6, 67, 73, 74–86, 86n.14, 87, 88, 90, 93,94, 95, 96, 102, 108, 110, 117, 136, 137,156, 157, 158, 161, 162, 170, 171, 173, 174,179, 181, 183, 186, 188, 191, 195, 196, 202,204, 209, 214, 228, 240, 241n.3, 244,246–64, 286, 300, 303n.6, 305, 306, 313,327, 328, 331, 343, 345, 345n.9, 370, 374,378, 381n.19, 385, 395, 396, 402, 404, 406,408, 409, 410, 411

Indo-European and Afroasiatic 409Indo-European and Austronesian 409Indo-European–Uralic-Altaic 409Indo-Europeanization 345Indo-Iranian 45, 82, 253Indonesian 213, 217, 378Indo-Pacific 3, 163, 234, 284n.23, 285n.24,

287–96, 342, 345n.9, 398, 408, 409Indo-Scythian theory 20Indo-Uralic 162, 244, 409inflection 57, 96, 230inheritance 326, 329, 400






520 Index

initial migration 337, 339, 340, 341–3inner form, see inner structureinner [internal] structure 26, 53, 54, 60, 179,

226–7, 228, 232Inuit, see EskimoInterior North America zone 303, 306, 308Iranian 38, 39, 41, 45, 237, 313, 327, 396Iranian loans 80–2, 400Iranshe 411Irish 15, 29, 177Iroquoian 7, 116, 272, 342, 347, 356, 404isolate, language isolate 114, 121, 143, 292,

293–4, 300, 311, 361, 374isolating 133, 231, 237, 389, 398isomorphism requirement 192, 197Italian 29, 108, 176, 202n.17, 217, 378Italic 6, 14, 22, 84, 95, 170Italo-Celtic 411Itonama 406Itucale 405Itza 119Ivanov, V. V. 248, 251–63

Jackson, Wayne 367n.4Jacobsen, William R., Jr. 219, 265, 268,

276–9, 280–2, 285, 311, 408, 411Jager, Andreas 6, 6n.6, 14, 22, 34Jakalteko 274Jakobson, Roman 198, 205, 245, 326, 359Jalaa 143Jamieson, John 23Janda, Richard D. 325Janhunen, Juha 5, 88n.1, 163, 172, 235, 236,

237, 249, 243, 250, 252, 253, 255, 256, 257,260, 409, 410, 415

Jankowsky, Kurt R. 23, 27, 49, 54, 96, 228Janson, Tore 367n.4Japanese 38, 112, 172, 205, 210, 234, 235,

236, 243, 263, 264, 268, 272n.16, 275, 285,372, 378, 407, 409, 411, 413

Japanese–Altaic 409Japanese–Austronesian 409Japanese–Austro-Thai 196, 409Japanese–Korean 407, 409Japanese–Korean–Tungusic 409Japanese–Uralic 409Japhetic 27, 40Jaqaru 334Jasanoff, Jay 86n.14Javanese 97, 105Je, see GeJefferson, Thomas 53, 54Jespersen, Otto 230Jibaro 407Jibaro–Kandoshi 407

Jicaque 191, 196, 283, 408Jicaque–Hokan 409Jicaque–Subtiaba 409Jirajara 406Johnson, Dr. Samuel 44Johnson, Steve 156, 157Joki, Aulis J. 5n.5, 248, 251–4, 255, 256, 263,

405, 408, 409Jones, Alex I. 407Jones, Sir William 2n.2, 3, 5–6, 6n.8, 7–8, 14,

14n.1, 18, 19n.6, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26–7, 31,32, 42n.3, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54n.8, 57, 59, 61,62n.13, 63, 65, 66, 81, 94, 95n.3, 102, 103,115, 121, 164, 225, 225n.1, 395

Joseph, Brian 243, 325, 367, 375, 378, 386,412

Josephus 19Ju or !Xu family 140Jukun 132Jungraithmayr, Herrmann 138, 144Justeson, John S. 188

K’iche’ 184–5, 213K’ichean 322Kabak 361Kachin 113Kado (Kadu) (Kadugli-Krongo) 129, 135, 136Kadu, see KadoKadugli-Krongo 129Kaffers 122Kaffir, Kaffrarian family (Bantu) 122,

122n.12, 123, 124Kahuapana 405Kaiki 378Kaingan 410Kaiser, Mark 194, 196, 202, 203, 241n.3, 243,

243n.4, 244, 246, 249, 250, 412Kakongo 121Kalapuya 271Kaliana 411Kalispel 191, 197Kaltz, Barbara 98n.7Kamakan 410Kamilarai (Gamilaraay) 147Kampong-Baru 289Kandoshi 407Kannada 109, 110, 111, 112, 285, 372Kanuri 124Kapong 312Kapovic, Mate 384Kaqchikel 52, 119, 268n.13, 271, 274Karadjeri 148n.24Karankawa 408Karelian 88Kariri 407






Index 521

Kartvelian 63, 243, 243n.5, 246, 252, 253,254, 264, 406, 409

Karuk 274, 313, 314, 408Kate 157Kate, Lambert ten 17Katembri 407Katla group 129Kaufman 145, 219, 265, 266, 303n.6, 304,

311, 324, 338, 346, 347, 410, 411Kawamoto 409Kawi, Kawi-Sprache 60–1, 104Kaye, Allan S. 262, 412Kazar, L. 409Keane, A. H. 405Keeley, L. H. 321Kegboid 314Kelley, David 414Kennedy, James 406Keresan 322, 347, 356, 404Keresan–Caddoan 409Keresan–Uto-Aztecan 409Keresan–Zuni 409Keresiouan 404, 409Kern, Hendrik 108Kerns, John C. 197, 203, 244, 246, 249,

264–6, 409Key, Mary Ritchie 404, 415Kham 378Kho, S. 243, 410Khoi 139, 140, 409Khoisan 122, 127, 131, 134, 136, 139,

140n.20, 143, 300, 342, 344n.8, 359, 409K’iche’ 209Kikongo 121Kim, B. H. 243, 280, 410Kimball, Geoffrey 213, 272, 273, 274, 408kinds of societies 358Kinkade, M. Dale 218Kiowa 303–18Kiowa-Tanoan 308, 405, 406Kiparsky, Paul 229Kiparsky, Valentin 409Klamath 211, 216Klamath-Sahaptian 410Klaproth, Julius 98, 106, 113, 235Klar, Kathryn 280Knudtzon, J. A. 74–5, 76Koaia 411Koalib group 129Koasati 208, 213Koch, Harold J. 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151,

153, 154, 155, 158, 161, 299, 319, 320, 327,328, 402

Koch, Walter 371n.8Kodagu 111, 378

Koelle, Sigismund Wilhelm 123, 124Koerner, Konrad 7, 24, 33, 54, 116, 226, 229Kohler, Oswin 124, 127, 128, 131, 143, 144koine 325n.19Koinkoin 125Koivulehto, Jorma 248Kolami 378Koman 127, 135, 136Kongo-Saharan 133, 135Konomihu 408Konow, S. 113Koo, J. H. 408Kopitar, Jernej 53, 54Koppelmann, Heinrich L. 413Korana 140Kordofanian 124, 127, 129, 130, 134, 136Korean 5, 172, 235, 236, 243, 263, 264, 285,

375, 410, 411Korean–Altaic 410Korean–Dravidian 410Korean–Japanese 410Korean–Uralic 410Korenchy, E. 412Kortland, Frederik 409Koskinen, Kalevi E. 412Kota 111Krahe, Hans 84Kraus, Christian Jakob 8, 14, 48–9, 52, 98n.7Krauss, Michael E. 117, 178, 192, 276, 408,

411Krippes, Karl 243, 410, 412Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju 95, 108–12, 286Kroeber, Alfred L. 5n.5, 117, 118, 178, 221,

222, 242, 243, 283, 408, 412Kroskrity, Paul V. 323Kru 123, 124, 129Kudugli 136Kudzinowski, C. 409Kuikuro 312Kui-Kuvi 111Kuipers, A. H. 413Kuki-Chin 113Kukura 410Kuliak (Nyangiya) 134, 135, 136Kulonen, Ulla-Maija 250Kulturkreis 147Kumbaingeri 148n.24Kunama 134, 135Kunama-Eastern Sudanic 127Kunama-Ilit 136Kurin 148n.24Kurukh, see KuruxKurux 111, 372, 378Kusunda 209, 213, 288n.25, 293–4Kusunda–Indo-Pacific 410






522 Index

Kusunda-Yenisseian 410Kutchin 117Kutenai 303, 306, 410Kuteva, Tania 144, 389Kwa 129, 130, 143, 145Kwadi 140n.20Kwakiutl 301, 311, 312Kwakwala 312Kyangiya 127

Laal 143Laanest, Arvo 190, 195, 254Labberton, Dirk Van Himloopen 409Labov, William 354–5Lacandon 119Laet, Johannes [Jean] de 17, 297Lagarde, Paul Anton de 80Lake Miwok 206, 212Lakhota 306Lallworter, see nursery word 205Langdon, Margaret 408language classification 394, 395, 396language contact 10, 216, 221, 320, 321, 323,

324, 326, 353n.15, 360, 362n.17, 387, 399;see also borrowing, diffusion, linguisticarea, convergence

language diversification, see diversificationlanguage fissure 354–5language loss 331language mixture 97, 125, 324, 326language relatedness 68, 403language replacement, see language shiftlanguage shift 11, 206, 212, 331, 351language shift and maintenance 11, 331,

351Laongo 121LaPolla, Randy 321, 329Lapp, Lappish, see SaamiLarsson, L.-G. 286, 407Lass, Roger 384Lassen, Christian 68, 110Latham, Robert Gordon 106, 115Latin 5, 6, 8, 8n.7, 16, 20–1, 22, 23, 24, 26–8,

29, 33n.1, 34, 36, 37n.2, 41, 42, 43–4, 50,55, 57, 58, 62, 80n.9, 83, 84, 94, 95, 96, 119,173, 181, 195, 202, 203, 207, 208, 209, 218,222, 336, 351, 369, 370, 370n.7, 374, 378

Latvian 174n.8Lavalade, F. 407Laves, Gerhardt 148–9, 149n.25Law, Vivian 16, 17, 18, 21, 22Lawrence, Erma 276Laycock, Donald A. 287Le Maire, Iacob 99LeBlanc. Steven A. 321, 338n.5

Leco 405Lee, Ki-Moon 243, 410Leem, Knud 93Leer, Jeff 276Leesberg, Arnold C. M. 405Lehmann, Walter 271, 414Lehmann, Winfred P. 5n.5Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 8, 8n.7, 14, 18,

22–3, 25, 35, 90, 91, 93, 225, 227Lejeune, Michel 84, 85Lenca, Lencan 268, 406Lengua (Mascoy) 411lengua matriz 51; see also matrices linguaeLenni-Lanape 116Leopold, Joan 231, 231n.3, 231n.4Lepsius, Richard 124–5Leskien, August 171Leslau, Wolf 303Levin, Saul 409Levine, Robert D. 276, 411Levy, E. 286, 407Lewin, B. 243, 410Lewin, Roger 268lexical comparison 165–203lexical doublet 211, 215lexical replacement 157, 166, 167, 170,

365n.2, 380, 387, 401lexical resemblances, see look-alikeslexicostatistics, see glottochronologyLezghian 378Lhuyd, Edward 14, 29, 34Li, Fang Kuei 413Libyan languages 124Lichtenstein, Heinrich 121Liedtke, Stefan 178, 265Lindquist, I. 404Lingua Adamica 13lingua belgica [Flemish] 16lingua franca 333Lingua Paradisiaca 13linguae matrices, see matrices linguaelinguistic area 137, 301, 304n.8, 305n.9,

307n.12, 307n.13, 308n.14, 323, 324; seealso borrowing, convergence, diffusion,language contact

linguistic complexity 358linguistic historiography 2linguistic homeland 347linguistic migration theory 347Linguistic Survey of India 113Linnaeus 18n.4Lislakh 410Lisramic 136Lithuanian 62Livonian 88






Index 523

loanword, loan 20, 42, 61, 112, 159, 174, 176,240, 253, 255, 257, 270, 289, 338, 343,385n.20

localist strategy, localist stance 308, 338, 354,355, 356, 357, 362, 400; see also distributedstrategy

Locke, John 225, 225n.1, 227Logan, J. R. 415Lohitic group 113, 237Lomonosov, Mixail Vasil’evich 34Longacre, Robert 413long-range proposal, long-range comparison

1, 4n.4, 121, 163, 196, 203, 212, 216,234–96, 364

look-alikes, lexical look-alikes 63, 81, 128,133, 144, 168, 183, 284, 288n.25, 396

Lord Monboddo (James Burnett) 26,27–8

Lord’s Prayer, the 14, 25, 88, 91, 116Loucheux 117Loukotka, Cestmır 410Low German 10, 91Ludolf, Hiob 4n.4, 14, 23–4, 95–6Luiseno 305Lule 402, 411Lule-Vilela 402lumper, lumping 121, 164, 374Luoravetlan 410Lyell, Sir Charles 229Lynch, John 288

Maasai 126Maban 127, 134MacNeilage, Peter F. 368n.6Macpherson, John 37n.2Macro-Altaic 235macro-areas 309Macro-Austric 410Macro-Carib 410Macro-Caucasian 275, 407, 410, 413Macro-Chibchan 410Macro-Cushitic 137macrofamily, macro-family 3, 210, 214,

234–96, 366, 373, 374, 394Macro-Ge, Macro-Je 312, 402, 410Macro-Mayan 162, 410Macro-Panoan 190, 195Macro-Penutian 267Macro-Siouan 411Macro-Sudanic 127, 135Macro-Tacanan 410Macro-Tucanoan 407, 410Macro-Tungusic 411Maddieson, Ian 223, 250, 359Madi 205, 211

Maidu 412Maiduan 356Maipuran 407Maipure 30, 30n.20, 176, 314Mak 375Makasai 291Maku 411Makushi 312Malagasy 29, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 108,

378Malaic 237Malay 29, 39, 97–8, 98n.7, 101–3, 105, 107,

108, 205, 210, 372Malayalam 109, 111, 378Malayan 103, 104, 107, 237Malayo-Polynesian 62, 62n.13, 63–4, 98, 99,

102, 104, 105, 106, 221, 404, 405; see alsoAustronesian

Malaysian 64, 231Malibu 406Mallory, J. P. 86n.14, 249, 251Malto 111Mam 119, 310Mamean 322Manaster Ramer, Alexis 236, 244, 248, 249,

251, 257, 273, 274, 370n.7, 381n.19, 384,406, 411, 412, 414

Manchu 66, 67, 237, 243Manchu-Tungusic 235, 241Mandarin 186, 203, 209Mande (Mandingo) 122, 123, 129, 130,

130n.17, 132, 135, 143Mandingo, see MandeMannheim, Bruce 413Mao languages 136Maori 101, 107, 175, 205, 210, 359, 372, 378,

381–6, 387Mapuche 217, 222Marathi 108Maratino 408Marcucci, E. M. 43Mari 88n.1Markey, Thomas L. 236, 244, 246Marlow, J. P. 286, 407Marquesan 101Marsden, William 102–3, 104, 122Marsh, Gordon H. 115Marsham, John 20Marstrander, Carl 78, 80Martın, Eusebia H. 222n.30Martin, Samuel E. 243, 275, 409, 410Mashakali 410Masica, Colin P. 245Mason, J. Alden 222, 411Mason, Otis T. 9n.10






524 Index

mass comparison, see multilateral comparisonMassachusetts 6Mataco 411Matacoan 191, 197Matacoan-Waykuruan 411match, matching 169, 188, 201, 206, 241, 285,

369, 375, 376, 385–6Matisoff, James A. 112, 113, 114, 203, 209,

218, 223, 265, 266, 366, 405matrices linguae 15, 16, 51matrices minores 15Matteson, Esther 405Matthews, P. H. 364maximal Hamitic 126Maya, see Yucatec (Maya) 119Maya–Arawakan 411Maya–Chipayan 411Maya–Chipaya–Yungan 411Mayan 52, 53, 54, 118–20, 157, 162, 208,

213, 268n.13, 271, 274, 301, 312, 343,345n.9, 346, 378, 410, 412

Mayan–Altaic 411Mayan–Auracanian 411Mayan–Cariban–Arawakan 411Mayan–Lencan 411Mayan–Mixe–Zoquean 209, 213Mayan–Sino–Tibetan 411Mayan–Tarascan 411Mayan–Turkic 163, 411Mayan–Zoquean 410Mayapoyo-Yavarana (Cariban) 30Maya–Yunga–Chipayan 411Mayna 405Mayr, E. 323n.18Mazahua 52Mba 130McAlpin, David 285, 407McConvell, Patrick 334, 336, 336n.3,

354McLendon, Sally 408McMahon, April 265, 366McMahon, R. 265, 366McQuown, Norman A. 410McWhorter, John 365, 371, 376, 380Meban 127Mednyj Aleut (Copper Island) 219Mega-Austric 411Meile, Pierre 407Meillet, Antoine 71–2, 82, 163, 168, 171, 173,

176, 177, 178, 180, 181–2, 183, 184, 189,193, 195, 200, 201, 202, 205, 207, 208, 210,213, 219, 223, 234, 293, 373, 374

Meinhof, Carl 125, 126, 128, 134, 137Mekens 312Melanesian languages 101, 106–8

Membreno, Alberto 268Mendana, Alvaro de 97Menges, Karl H. 243, 404, 407, 409, 410,

414Menomini 6, 310n.15, 314, 313, 314Menovshchikov, Gregory A. 404Meroe 39Mesoamerican linguistic area, Mesoamerica

119, 191, 197, 301, 302–3, 304, 304n.8,305, 305n.9, 306, 312, 313, 338, 341, 342,345–6, 347, 348

Mesoamerican culture area 304n.8Mesoamerican phylum 411Mesoamerican ‘zone’ 305n.9Messapic 83–4, 86n.14Messerschmidt, D. G. 91–2metalanguage 392metatypy 327Metcalf, George J. 6, 16, 17, 18n.3, 19, 22,

297Mexican Penutian 411Miao-Yao 113Micelli, Luisa 146, 150, 152, 402Michalove, Peter A. 32, 235Michelson, Truman 117, 221, 401Micro-Altaic 235, 236, 236n.2, 238, 240Micronesian languages 107Migliazza, B. 112Mikkola, Pertti 121, 133, 134, 135, 136, 196,

411Milewski, Tadeusz 404Miller, Roy Andrew 114, 243, 275, 404, 407,

409, 410Miller, Wick R. 5n.5, 303n.6, 354, 402Milroy, Leslie 351–4Miluk 408Mimi 127Miranya 410Miskito 304, 378Misumalpan 406, 411Misumalpan–Chibchan 411Mithun, Marianne 178, 215, 273Miwokan 222Miwok-Costanoan 356, 412Miwok-Uralic 163Mixe 312Mixed (Misch-Negersprachen) 124mixed language 135, 326Mixe-Zoquean 209, 213, 272, 312, 338, 343,

344, 378, 410, 412, 414Mixe-Zoquean–Totonacan–Otomı 411Mixtec 305, 305n.10, 310n.15, 314Mobina 411Modistae 226Modole 290






Index 525

Mohawk 116, 272, 273Mohegan 6–7, 115–16Molala 413Moller, Hermann 409Mon 113Monboddo, Lord (James Burnet) 8, 18, 34, 35,

43Mondunga 130Mongol 411Mongolian 66, 67, 234, 235, 242, 245, 255,

264, 353Mon-Khmer 213, 218, 221, 373, 402, 405monogenesis 367n.4monolingualism 356Moore, John H. 206Mordvin 88n.1, 91, 92, 255Morice, Adrien Gabriel 117morphological agreements 85, 94, 117, 165,

181, 396morphological comparison 159, 183, 189,

195morphological correspondence 182morphological evidence 71, 111, 151, 159,

178, 396morphological reconstruction 160morphological (typological) traits 177morphological type 179morphosyntactic agreement 193, 200–5Morse code 392Moru 205, 211Mosaic accounts 40Mosaic chronology 34, 40, 61Mosaic patterns 344Mosaic tradition 14n.1mosaic zone 308, 341, 342–3Mosan 190, 195, 404, 411Moscati 96, 96n.5, 97Moseten 216, 221, 410, 411Mother Tongue, the 365Motilon 406Mountain 355Mous, Maarten 129, 131, 132n.19, 134, 135,

140, 143, 145Mpre 143Mudrak, O. 247n.8, 408Muhlhausler, Peter 157Mukarovsky, H. G. 406Mukata 124Mukherjee, S. N. 34, 38, 44Muller, Andreas 20Muller, Friedrich 106, 124, 125Muller, Jean-Claude 4n.3, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,

22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 34, 44, 50, 92Muller, Max 41, 61, 68, 96, 102, 104, 113,

229, 231n.4, 237–8, 242, 414

multilateral comparison 42, 46, 55, 57, 58, 62,63, 63n.15, 85, 86, 121, 128, 144, 145,168–72, 173–4, 175, 183, 201, 206, 266,267, 268, 275, 297, 316, 366, 367, 397

multilingualism 333, 344, 346n.10multimodality 392, 393Mumuye (Adamawa) 132Munda 237, 402, 405Munda–Uralic 411Munduruku 314Muniche 411Munro, Pamela 408, 415Munsee 6Munster, Sebastian 14–15, 88Mura 406Murayama, S. 243, 409Murdock, George P. 198, 205Murray, Alexander 32, 46, 63n.14, 66Murtonen, A. 412Musayev, Kenesbay 407Muskogean 208, 271, 273, 311, 356, 408, 411,

412Mutaka, Ngessimo N. 124, 140Mylius, Abraham Vander (Abraham van der

Myl) 16, 95

Na-Dene 192, 197, 199, 212, 216, 219, 223,234, 264, 271n.15, 272n.17, 272n.18, 275,280n.21, 296, 356, 398, 405, 411

Na-Dene–Basque(–North-Caucasian) 283Na-Dene–Sino-Tibetan 284Naert, P. 404Naga 113Nahali 213, 219, 280n.21, 285Nahua 303n.7, 347Nahuatl 53, 54, 190, 191, 195, 197, 202, 207,

303n.7, 336, 350, 378Nahuatl-Greek 412Nahuatl–Nahuatlecan 118Nakh-Daghestanian 322Nama 140Nambicuara, Nambikwara 202, 207, 411Nancowry 373Nanticoke 6, 202, 207Naolan 202, 207Narragansett 202, 207Narumi 404, 409Nash, David 384Naskapi 202, 207Nass 202, 207–9Nass-Gitksan 211Natchez 202, 207, 272, 273, 274, 312, 347,

408, 411Natchez-Muskogean 408Natick 6, 202, 207






526 Index

Native American languages 56, 231, 275, 405Natu 411Navajo 117, 202, 207, 272n.18, 303, 306, 308,

322n-eces, Auracepit na 32neglect of known history 213Negrito languages 106Negro languages 124, 125Neogrammarian 3, 28, 62, 66, 67–72, 81, 110,

126, 224, 226, 228, 229–30, 297, 300, 395Neolithic 325, 338n.5Nettle, Daniel 243, 297, 299, 316, 318, 319,

321, 322, 324, 325, 332–6, 336n.3, 337,343, 351, 357, 358–9, 362, 390–1, 400

network structure 361New Guinea languages 302Newman, Paul 137, 138–9, 164, 168, 246n.7,

268, 405Newman, Stanley 182, 213, 218, 414, 415Newmeyer, Frederick J. 387, 388, 412Nez Perce 211Ngengumeri 148n.24Nharo 140Nichols, Johanna 19, 35, 112, 132, 136, 139,

143, 145, 154, 172, 186–9, 195, 197, 200,201, 202, 204, 206, 216, 217, 219, 223, 241,247–8, 256, 294, 297, 298, 298n.3, 299n.4,302, 303n.6, 304n.8, 305n.10, 305n.9,307n.11, 307n.13, 310n.15, 334, 337, 341,351, 361, 362, 363, 376, 380, 388, 398, 399

Nicobarese 405Nicola, Robert 135, 136, 412Niger-Congo 123, 124, 126, 127, 128,

128n.14, 129, 130n.17, 132n.19, 133, 134,135, 137, 138, 143, 162, 202, 204, 206, 209,412

Niger-Kordofanian 123, 127, 128, 128n.14,132n.19, 133, 134, 135, 136, 187, 301, 411

Niger-Saharan 133, 163, 406, 411Nikolaev, Sergei L. 247n.8, 284, 284n.23,

407, 408Nilo-Hamitic 133, 135Nilo-Saharan 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132,

133–6, 137, 138, 143, 144, 162, 187, 196,204, 205, 209–10, 211–12, 300, 342, 411

Nilotic 133, 135, 136, 411Nivkh, see GilyakNoah 34Noble, G. Kingsley 411nomadic languages 237nominative-accusative alignment 313, 393non-cognates 207, 213non-industrial societies 321, 344non-linguistic evidence 52, 105, 126, 205, 211non-Sino-Tibetan languages of Asia 414

non-written languages 397Nootka 191, 197, 301, 311Noreen, Adolf 24Norman French conquest 323Norman, William M. 311North American Indian languages 184North Asia Coast (residual area) 303North Assam 113North Caucasian 284, 285, 342Northeast linguistic area 306Northeast Tibetan 411North-Eastern High Sudan 123northern Africa 302, 306Northern Athabaskan 117, 281, 356northern Australian languages 302, 303, 342Northern California linguistic/culture area

307n.13, 308Northern Eurasia 305Northern subgroup (Andean) 405Northern homeland hypothesis for

Uto-Aztecan 347–50North-West Atlantic ((West) Atlantic) 123Northwest Caucasian 406, 408Northwest Coast linguistic area 190, 196North-Western High Sudan/Mandenga 123Norwegian 10, 361n.17Nostratic 1, 3, 96n.5, 194, 196, 197, 201–2,

203, 208, 214, 215, 219, 221, 234, 236,236n.2, 238, 239, 241n.3, 243, 243n.5,258n.11, 263, 284, 296, 345n.9, 374, 398,406, 411, 412, 413

noun-classification concord, see noun-classsystem

noun-class markers, see noun-class systemnoun-class system 121, 123, 124, 125, 126,

129, 130, 130n.17, 131–3, 142Nuba 124Nuba-Fulah 124, 125Nubian 136numeral classifier 313–15, 389Nurse, Derek 120, 128, 129, 140, 143, 145nursery form, see nursery wordnursery word 10, 165, 168, 198, 205, 211,

214, 220, 223, 266, 284n.23, 289, 365,376–7, 378, 379, 397

Nyangiya-Teuso 169

O’Grady, Geoffrey 150, 151, 158, 402oblique cognates 211, 215Ob-Ugric-Penutian 163, 412Oceanic languages 99, 101, 288, 413Ofo 209, 214, 273Ohno, Susumuohrling, E. J. 94Oigob 124






Index 527

Oirata 290Ojibwa, Ojibway 6, 7, 116, 313, 314, 356Old British 15Old Chinese 413Old English 202, 203, 208, 213, 217, 374n.12,

385–6Old French 353Old Javanese 107Old World Macrofamilies 408Olson, Ronald D. 213, 267, 411Oltrogge, David F. 409Omotic 136, 137, 145, 205, 211–12Omurana 405onomatopoeia 10, 16, 65, 154, 165, 168, 176,

193, 196, 197, 201, 203, 211, 216, 223, 245,266, 271, 280, 285n.24, 289, 350, 365, 376,377–9, 397

Ontoga (Biraile) 143Opaie 410Oregon Penutian 412Orl, Vladimir 137, 138, 408origin of human languages 401Orr, Carolyn 413Osa 63n.15, 88n.1, 95, 124, 128, 231, 236,

303, 313, 319, 324, 337, 341Oscum–Umbrian 84Osmani 257Ossetic 359Osthoff, Hermann 229Ostler, Nicholas 19, 351Ostyak 92, 93, 260Oti 124, 410Otomaco 176, 407Otomanguean 52, 177, 267, 283, 303, 303n.6,

305, 305n.10, 312, 314, 339, 349, 402, 406Otomanguean-Huave 412Otomı 52Ottawa 6Oz [Australian] paradox, the 159–60

Paasonen, Heikki 409Pachori, Satya A. 36, 37Pacific languages 103Pacific Northwest 302Pacific Rim macro area 314Paez 406Paezan 406Pahlavi 38, 39, 41Paiwanic 99Pakawan 412Palau 99Palavecino, Enrique 413Paleoasiatic 245Paleoindian 341Paleosiberian 408

Paliyans 344Pallas, Peter Simon 18, 49Palma, Petrus Victorius 95Palmaitis 244, 412Pama-Nyungan 147n.22, 150–1, 152, 157,

158, 302, 306, 344, 354, 402pan-Americanism 154panglosses 365Pankaruru 411Pan-Negrito theory 287Panoan 312, 402, 414Pano-Tacanan 402, 410, 411pantopicality 392Papago, see Tohono O’odhamPapuan languages 107, 108, 154n.27, 221,

287, 291, 292, 293, 322, 344, 359, 402, 409paradise 19n.7parataxis 389Parji 378Parker, Gary J. 184Pashto 39Patagon 405Patrie, James 404Patron, Pablo 412, 413pattered grammatical evidence 293, 297, 380,

395, 397Patwin 268n.13, 271Paul, Hermann 229Pauli, Carl 83, 84n.13, 85Pawley, Andrew 98, 99, 108, 287, 292, 293,

414Pawnee 306Paya (Pech) 378, 406Peba 410Pedersen, Holger 4n.4, 50, 56n.10, 62, 65, 66,

94, 104, 224, 226, 233, 241n.3, 397, 409Pehuelche 405Pemong 312Penobscots 6Penutian 191, 196–7, 217, 222, 264, 268n.13,

300, 368n.5, 412Percival, W. Keith 95Perez Diez, A. 222n.30Pericliev, Vladimir 361, 362Permyak 92Persian 6, 16, 19, 20, 21, 21n.9, 22, 23, 29, 33,

36, 38, 41, 44, 45–6, 58, 80, 96, 101, 195,202, 203, 209, 264, 385n.20, 386

Peruvian languages–Polynesian 413Peter the First of Russia 91Petermann, Julius Heinrick 80Peters, Manfred 14n.1, 95n.3Peterson, David 216, 217, 294, 298Petitot, Emile 117Petrachek, K. 409






528 Index

Petrich, Loren 380Petrov, D. 408philologer passage 5, 6, 10, 22, 32, 33, 34, 35,

36, 39, 115, 121philosophical–psychological–typological–

evolutionary orientation 233, 397Phoenician 8n.9, 19phonaesthetic forms 379phoneme frequency 201, 206phonesthematic 197n.16phonetic change, see sound changephonetic correspondence, see sound

correspondencephonetic laws, see sound changephonological change, see sound changephonological correspondences, see sound

correspondencephonosymbolism 315Phrygian 16, 86n.14Phyla 374phylogenetic diversity 317, 318Piapoco 314Piaroa 407Picard, Marc 365, 375, 380n.17Pickering, John 59, 115pidgin 333, 361pidginization 361PIE, see Proto-Indo-EuropeanPierce, Joe E. 45–6, 195, 202Pilbara 156Pinnow, Heinz-Jurgen 216, 272n.18, 276, 279,

280–2, 405, 411Pipil 195, 202Piraha 213, 218, 359Pitkin, Harvey 412Pisani, V. 5n.5, 409, 412Plains Linguistic area 306Planert, Wilhelm 140, 409Plateau Linguistic Area 306Plateau Penutian 412Pleistocene languages 341, 342Plog, Stephen 332polygenesis 368n.5Polynesian languages 8–9, 10, 63, 98, 99–101,

102, 103, 106–8, 175, 203, 209, 300, 313,362, 404

polysynthesis 231, 231n.4Pomoan, Pomo 356, 408Pongue 124Pons, Jean Francois 26, 27, 34, 43Poppe, Nicholas 235, 237, 238, 241, 404, 414Poqomam 52Poqomchi’ 52, 53, 54, 119Porkhomovsky, V. Y. 137Port-Royal 50n.1

Portuguese 378Poser, William J. 31, 58, 213, 214, 265, 271,

272, 405positional analysis 192, 197post-Pleistocene languages 342Potawatomi 310n.15, 313, 314Pott, August 59, 62, 68, 80, 231n.4Powell, John Wesley 9n.10, 65–6, 118, 184,

233n.6Prakrit 108Pre 143prefixing languages 149prefix-pronominal languages 124prevarication 393Prichard, James 122Priscus 19n.5productivity 392Prohle, W. 414pronominal markers 288n.25, 289, 291, 293,

294pronoun borrowing 156, 217pronoun evidence 241, 243pronouns 1, 212, 216, 293, 315Proto-African Negro Languages 124Proto-Algonquian 187Proto-American, Proto-Amerindian 204, 210,

215, 221, 405Proto-Athabaskan 282Proto-Australian 150, 151–6, 158, 162, 412Proto-Austronesian 99, 108, 214, 219, 339,

372, 378Proto-Aztecan 166Proto-Bantu 339, 340n.7Proto-Central-Algonquian (PCA) 178Proto-Chamic 213, 218Proto-Chumash 280Proto-Dravidian 285Proto-Eastern Miwokan 188, 204, 209Proto-Eyak-Athapascan 285Proto-Finno-Permic 250, 259Proto-Finno-Ugric 175, 203, 209, 243, 250,

343Proto-Germanic 202Proto-Guajiboan 222Proto-Human 365Proto-Indo-European 181, 202, 203, 208, 211,

216, 218n.24, 243n.5, 249, 339, 384, 385Proto-Indo-Iranian 343Proto-K’ichean 272, 273Proto-Keresan 272Proto-Korean 264proto-language 51, 72, 316, 318, 365, 386Proto-Lezghian 378Proto-Mayan 185, 207, 213, 271, 273, 274,

310, 339, 346, 378






Index 529

Proto-Mixe-Zoquean 339, 378Proto-Munda 339Proto-Muskogean 208, 213, 273Proto-Nakh 285Proto-North-Caucasian 285Proto-Northern (Australian) 151Proto-Northern-Iroquoian 272Proto-Nostratic 243n.5Proto-Salish 220, 222n.30Proto-Samoyed 243, 257Proto-Sapiens, see Proto-WorldProto-Semitic 339Proto-Tai 339Proto-Tupi–Guarani 222Proto-Turkic 238, 255, 256Proto-Tzotzilan 207, 213Proto-Uralic 243n.5, 250, 257Proto-Uto-Aztecan 346, 347–50Proto-Volga-Finnic 258Proto-World 1, 4, 168, 234, 364–5, 365,

379n.15, 393, 401, 412Proto-Yao 375Proto-Yenisseian 209, 213Proto-Zoquean 378Proyart, Abbe Lievin Bonaventure 121psychological–typological–evolutionary

orientation 224Pueblo Linguistic Area 308Puhvel, Jaan 79Puinave 411punctuated equilibrium, punctuation 158,

318–25, 337, 363, 398, 399–400Puquina 267, 269–70Puri 410Puskas, I. 286, 407Pusztay, Janos 245pygmies 322, 344

Q’eqchi’ 52, 119, 191, 197, 271, 274Qimh. i, David 95Quapaw 209, 213, 273quasi-genetic resemblances 406quasi-stock 132, 136, 139, 145, 300, 301Quechua 184–6, 197, 204, 218n.24, 300, 334,

336, 353, 360, 369, 378, 405, 408, 413Quechua–Aymara–Sumerian–Assyrian

412Quechua–Hokan 413Quechua–Maori 413Quechuan 300, 413Quechua–Oceania 413Quechua–Tungusic 413Quechua–Turkish 413Quechumaran 412Quinigua 408

Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 291radical connection (genetic relationship) 9,

109Radin, Paul 405Raffles, Sir Stamford 104Rahder, Johannes 415Rama 271, 406Ramsey, S. R. 410Ramstedt, Gustaf John 235, 238, 241, 243,

404, 409Rankin, Robert L. 184, 213, 214, 266, 273,

366, 384, 403, 405, 410Rao, N. Venkata 110, 407Raphelengius, Franciscus (Ravlenghien) 19Rasanen, Martti 243, 414Rask, Rasmus 3, 14, 23, 24, 25, 29, 53, 54,

56n.10, 56n.11, 56n.9, 59, 62, 80n.9, 94,115, 177, 204, 209, 225, 237, 242

Raue, Christian 95Ray, Sidney Herbert 97, 102, 104, 105, 106,

107, 108reaching down 208, 213, 373recessive 145, 313, 314n.16reconstructed vocabulary 339reconstruction as proof 193, 200recursion 392Redei, Karoly 250, 251, 253, 254, 256, 257,

258, 259, 260Reid, Lawrence A. 405Reinhart, J. 412Reland, Relander, see RelandusRelandus, Hadrianus 14, 28, 29, 97–8Renan, Ernest 96, 224Renfrew, Colin 243, 299, 308, 319, 324–5,

337, 338n.5, 345n.8, 350Rensch, Calvin R. 402, 412Rensch, Karl H. 101–2replacement, see language shift 351residual zones, see accretion zoneresonance 214, 219, 220, 241, 293reticulate 317Reuchlin, Johannes 13, 16, 95Rhedin, E. 407Rhodes, Richard 218Rice, Keren 361Rigsby, Bruce J. 406Ringe, Donald A., Jr. 86n.14, 112, 144,

171–2, 176, 188, 195, 196, 200, 202, 203,205, 243, 247, 248, 262, 266, 268, 366,372n.10, 376, 380n.17, 405, 409, 412, 415

Ritwan 116–17Rivet, Paul 128n.13, 213, 267, 270, 404, 405,

408, 410Robb, John 333–4Roberts, R. E. 109






530 Index

Robertson, John S. 219Robertson, William 43, 225n.1Robins, Robert H., 15, 25, 41–2, 60, 226,

232n.5Roch 159Rocher, Rosane 27, 28, 28n.16, 35, 39, 44Rodrigues, Aryon 414Romaine, Suzanne 359, 391Romance languages 6, 15, 22, 57, 96, 157,

166, 202n.17, 300, 316, 353Romani 46Romanian 203, 208Rona-Tas, Andras 236, 243–64, 404, 414Rood, David S. 409Rosen, S. 410Rosenfelder, Mark 365, 368n.6, 372n.10, 373,

374Rosenkranz, B. 409Rosiello, Luigi 25Ross, Malcolm D. 99, 108, 293, 330, 346n.10,

351, 352, 357, 358, 359, 391, 405, 409, 413,414

Rost, Valentin Christian Friedrich 110Rotokas 359Rotuman 99Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 321Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal 34, 35, 36, 60Rudbeck, Olaus (Junior), 91Rudbeck, Olaus (Senior), 91Rude, Noel 410Rudes, Blair A. 410Ruhlen, Merritt 32, 127, 136, 196, 197, 199,

203, 204, 205, 209, 216, 217, 218n.24, 219,221, 222, 223, 268, 268n.13, 271n.14, 275,280–1, 284, 285, 287, 288, 366, 367,368n.6, 369, 370n.7, 371, 374n.12, 374n.13,375n.14, 376, 377–9, 379n.15, 380n.16,380n.18, 386, 405, 407, 411, 412, 414

Ruhnkenius, David 43Russell, Dr. Patrick 37n.2Russian 305Ryan, Patrick 375, 380n.17

Saami (Lapp) 14, 15, 25, 50, 66, 88–91, 93–4,256, 260, 261, 322

Sabela 405Sadovsky, Otto J. 412Sahaptian 211, 216, 356Sahaptian-Klamath 413Sahaptin 211, 356Saharan 134Said, Edward 224Sajnovics, Johannis Janos 14, 25–6, 49, 50,

55, 59, 93–4Salinan 177, 209, 214, 271, 356, 408

Salish, Salishan 190, 191, 196, 220, 284,284n.23, 301, 311, 356, 411

Salish–Indo-European 413Salmasius, Claudius (Claude de Saumaise) 20,

21n.9, 22, 28, 34Salminen, Seppo 88n.1Salmons, Joe 208, 243, 365, 367, 367n.4, 371,

373, 374, 376, 412Salzman, P. C. 321Sammallahti, Pekka 88n.1, 246n.7, 250, 253,

254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260Samoan 105Samoyed 88, 91, 92, 115, 235, 237, 242, 243,

257, 261, 305n.10, 339, 402San 140, 345n.8, 409Sanctius (Brocensis), Franciscus 226Sandawe 140, 141–2, 143Sands, Bonny 131, 140, 141–3, 409, 412Sanmugadas, Arunasalam 407Sanscrit, see SanskritSanskrit 5, 6, 21, 23, 26–8, 32, 33, 34, 36,

36n.2, 37, 37n.2, 39, 40, 41–3, 44, 45–6, 58,61, 62, 63, 68, 75, 79, 102, 103, 108, 109,110, 111, 112, 173, 181, 213, 217, 230, 374,378, 381n.19, 384, 385, 395

Sapir, Edward 117, 118, 128n.13, 164,177–81, 183, 184, 190, 196, 221, 224, 226,233, 253, 267, 269, 272n.17, 275, 280, 281,283, 287, 397, 401, 402, 404, 405, 406, 408,411, 412, 413

Sapir–Whorf hypothesis 227Sasse, Hans-Jurgen 144, 303Sasseti, Fillipo 26, 34, 43Sauk 6Sauvageot, Aurelien 243, 408, 414, 415Savosavo 294–5Saxon 44Saxon, Leslie 387Sayce, Archibald H. 63, 69, 162, 221Scaliger, Joseph Justus 14, 15, 23, 34, 90Scandinavian 54, 58, 195, 202, 213, 217, 323,

362n.17Schadeberg, Thilo C. 129, 136Scheffer, Johannes 90–1Scheidius, Everardus 43Schiller, Eric 405, 410Schils, G. H. 140, 410Schindler, Jochem 409Schlegel, August Wilhelm von 53, 54, 68, 231Schlegel, Friedrich von 8, 18n.4, 35, 53–4,

54n.8, 58, 59, 60, 66, 224, 226, 228, 231,232n.5

Schleicher, August 8, 18n.4, 49, 53, 54, 62,66, 66n.16, 67, 224, 228, 229, 230, 231

Schlozer, August Ludwig von 18, 92–3, 94






Index 531

Schmidt, Wilhelm 108, 147, 147n.23, 148,149, 405, 409

Schott, W. 242, 404, 414Schottelius (Schottel), Justus-Georgius 17n.3Schouten, Willem Cornelis 99Schrader, Otto 286, 407, 411Sc(h)ri(e)ckius, Adrianus Rodonius (Adriaan

van Schrieck) 17Schropfer, Johannes 409Schuhmacher, W. W. 406, 407Schuller, Rodolfo R. 411Schultens, Hendrik Albert 43Schultze, Benjamin 26, 34Schutz, Albert J. 9, 97, 102, 104, 106, 107Scott, J. 332Scythian 16, 18, 19n.6, 19n.7, 21, 23, 43–4,

90, 93, 237, 286, 407Sebeok, Thomas A. 328, 407Sechuana 123Sechura 405secondary products revolution 345n.8Seget 294Seler, Eduard 120semantic constraints 195, 202, 367semantic latitude 176, 244, 247, 261, 270,

281, 285n.24, 294, 351, 374Semantic match 351semantic non-equivalences 247, 280, 289semantic shift 114, 195, 196, 202, 203, 209,

213, 349, 367Semi-Bantu 125, 126Semitic 3, 14, 16, 23, 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 94–7,

102, 124, 125, 128, 136, 137, 138, 161, 164,170, 187, 191, 196, 237, 286, 300, 307, 396,405, 409

Seneca 272, 306Senghor, L. S. 407Serebrennikov, B. A. 246, 249, 262Serer–Wolof–Fulani 128Seri 408Setala, Eemil N. 402Shabo 143Shafer, Robert 113–14, 284, 405, 408shared aberrancy 177, 181, 182, 184–6, 193,

200–1, 223, 397shared innovation 155Shasta 408Shastan 356Shaul, David L. 406Shawnee 6, 7, 116Sherzer, Joel 308n.14Shevoroshkin, Vitaly 1, 5n.5, 194, 196, 202,

203, 217, 236, 241n.3, 243n.4, 244, 246,249, 250, 255n.10, 281n.22, 284, 284n.23,407, 412

Shherback, A. M. 239, 404Shibatani, Masayoshi 409shift and maintenance, see language shift and

maintenanceShimomiya, T. 409Shipley, William 412, 413, 414, 415Shirokogoroff, S. M. 196, 203, 237, 242, 243,

414short form 200, 205, 245, 247, 254, 280, 281,

285n.24, 294, 375–6Shorto, H. L. 405Shoshone 350, 354Shoshonean 118Shukuru 411Shuswap 301, 311Sidama 137Sidwell, Paul J. 5n.5Sierra Popoluca 272Silluk 124Silver, Shirley 408Silverstein, Michael 404, 412Silvestre de Sacy, Antoine Isaac baron 96Simacu 405simplification 348n.11, 361, 362Sino-Austronesian 413Sino-Caucasian 1, 258n.11, 276, 280n.21,

284, 284n.23, 407, 410, 413Sinor, Denis 238, 243, 245, 412, 414Sino-Tai 413Sino-Tibetan 3, 112, 112n.10, 114, 161, 283,

284, 285, 313, 397, 402, 405, 413Sino-Tibetan–Yeneseian–Caucasian 413Sino-Yenisseian 415Siouan 273, 283, 356, 415Siouan–Catawban 162, 402, 403Siouan–Yuchi 404Siuslaw 408Skalichka, V. 409Skytte, Bengt 88–90, 91Slavic 6, 6n.6, 14, 15, 22, 23, 29, 37, 62, 90,

95, 96, 157, 170, 300Slavonic, see SlavicSmith, Adam 231n.3Smith, J. 413Smithsonian Institution 9n.10Smith-Stark, Thomas C. 178–9, 304, 347social Darwinism 9n.12; see also social

evolutionsocial evolution 231, 398; see also social

Darwinismsocial factors 400social network theory 332, 354–5social organization 334social stratification 321social structure 321–2






532 Index

Solnit, David B. 409Somali 125, 126, 186, 205, 210, 372, 378Sommer, Edward 84n.13Sommerfelt, Alf 157Songhai, Songai, Songhay 124, 127, 134, 135Sonoran 118Sotho 141sound change 29, 62, 68, 119, 139, 157, 173,

176, 177, 185, 203, 208, 209, 229, 230, 368,380, 385, 390–2

sound correspondence 2n.1, 4, 11, 15–17, 21,28–31, 46, 51, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 69,71, 72, 73, 79–80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 93, 94,97, 98, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 112,114, 117, 123, 132, 141, 142, 151, 157,159–61, 165, 168, 169, 172–6, 181, 184,185, 193, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 223,231, 233, 238, 240, 241, 244, 246, 253, 254,258, 264–5, 280, 284, 285, 288, 293, 297,300, 367, 379, 395, 396, 397, 398, 401

sound law 16, 66, 69, 81, 86, 181, 193, 201;see also sound change

sound–meaning isomorphism 132, 205, 210,241, 293

sound symbolism 10, 65, 165, 168, 197, 204,246, 266, 377

South American languages 268, 413South American-East Asian languages 413South Asia (Indian subcontinent) linguistic

area 307n.13, 314, 327South Australian 147South Caucasian 342South-Central group 148South Island Maori 360South New Guinea stock 293South West New Guinea 290Southeast Asian languages 213, 219Southeast Papuan phylum 293Southern Andean 405Southern Atlantic 131n.18Southern California-Western Arizona

linguistic area 308Southern New Guinea 290Southern Paiute 305, 346n.10, 351Southern Uto-Aztecan (SUA) 346n.10,

347–50Southwestern group (Australia) 148Southworth, F. C. 407Spanish 29, 194, 201, 202n.17, 203, 206,

208–9, 213, 214, 268n.13, 270, 285, 303n.7,304n.8, 323, 369, 370, 371

speakers’ choice 354–5, 400Speck, Frank 221split 320splitter 164, 193, 200

Sprachbund, see linguistic areaSprachlisten 14spread 330, 337n.4, 345n.9, 362–3, 398–9,

400; see also diversificationspread language family 354, 356, 357, 362,

400; see also compact language familyspread language 354, 355, 357, 358, 362, 400;

see also compact languagespread zone 302–4, 306, 307n.11, 307n.12,

309, 318, 337, 341, 363, 399Spuhler, James N. 212spurious forms 209–10, 213, 273Squamish 301St. Petersburg Academy of Science 91, 92stability 309–16, 398–9stable features 299, 309–16, 388, 399Standford, C. B. 321Stankiewicz, Edward 17starburst zone 308Stark, Louisa 411Starostin, Sergei A. 5n.5, 236, 241, 245, 246,

258n.12, 263, 284, 404, 407, 408, 409, 412,413

state formation 336state-level societies 321statistical chance 202, 207Steinthal, Heymann 226Stella, Bertolaso 222Stephens, Laurence D. 188Stephens, Thomas 26, 26n.14, 34Stevens, Thomas, see Stephens, ThomasStevenson, R. 110Stevenson, Robert Louis 99Stewart, Ethel G. 276, 407, 411Stiernhielm, Georg 14, 22, 24, 34, 57, 90Stipa, Gunter Johannes 14, 15, 19, 24, 25, 29,

50, 51, 88, 90, 90n.2, 91, 92, 93, 94, 115stock 187, 300, 302, 305n.10, 306, 315, 317Stolbova, Olga V. 137, 138Stoll, Otto 119Stopa, Roman 406Strabo 18Strahlenberg, Philip Johan Tabbert von 14, 18,

92, 237, 242Street 243, 409structural pool 315Sturtevant, Edgar H. 80Suarez, Jorge A. 267, 304n.8, 402, 410, 411subgroup, subgrouping 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,

86n.14, 88, 113, 155–6, 201, 206subgrouping problem, the 150, 155–6Sub-Himalayan group, see Gangeticsubmerged features 117, 177–81, 184–6, 193,

200–5, 223, 397, 401subsistence patterns 321, 344






Index 533

Subtiaba 177, 178, 267, 408Subtiaba–Hokan 177Subtiaba–Tlapanec 269–70Sudanic 123, 126, 205, 211suffixing languages 149Suhonen, Seppo 249Sumerian 219, 223, 285, 413Sumerian–Dravidian 413Sumerian–Kartvelian 413Sumerian–Ural-Altaic 413Sumero-Assyrian 413Sumu 378Surui 312Suthiwan 218Swadesh, Morris 115, 154n.28, 165, 179–80,

183, 185, 190, 194, 195, 196, 197, 202, 203,209, 218n.24 221, 222, 268, 284, 381,392n.21, 405, 408, 409, 411, 412, 413, 414,415

Swahili 124Swanton, John R. 280–2, 408Swazi 141Swedish 10, 218n.24, 361n.17, 378Swiggers, Pierre 16, 17, 27sympatric speciation 323n.18Syriac 96Syrian 23, 95Szemerenyi, Otto 409

taboo, tabu 156, 366, 379Tacanan 312, 402Tadmor, Uri 217Tagalog 102, 105Tahitian 98n.7, 101–8Tai 113, 114, 387Taıc 237Tai-Kadai 112, 405, 410, 413Tailleur, O. G. 404, 408Tai–Sino-Tibetan 413Takelma 212Takelma-Kalapuyan 356Takelman 413Talamanca 268, 406Talodi group 129Tamanaco 30Tamasheq 124Tamazight 221Tamil 39, 109, 110, 111, 112, 285, 344, 372,

378, 407Tamilian (Tamulian) 110Tamulic 237Tanoan 308, 347Tarahumara 53, 54–9Tarascan 406Tarascan–Quechua 414

Tarof 289Tartas 18Taruma 407Tasmanian languages 291, 413Tatar, Tartar 15, 18, 35, 38, 39, 66, 92, 174,

237, 241, 243, 255, 256, 257Teda 124Teeter, Karl V. 117, 178, 401Tegali group 129Tehuelche 405Teignmouth, Lord (John Shore) 36, 38, 44Tekin, T. 235, 241, 243Telugu 109, 110, 111, 112, 372Temainian 127Temein 169Temne 124Tene, David 95Tequistlatec 378, 408Terraba 268Teutonic 16, 29, 33, 95Texistepec 272Thai 113, 213, 217, 219–20, 237Thalbitzer, William 56, 115, 408Thangatti-Yukumbul 148Thelwall, Robin 136Thomas, Jacqueline M. 336n.3Thomason, Sarah G. 5n, 5, 145, 192, 197, 198,

218, 324Thracian 80n.9, 86n.14Thurgood, Graham 218, 405Thurston, W. R. 351–4, 357, 358Tibetan 39, 113, 237, 283Tibeto-Burman 112, 113, 114, 411Ticuna, Tikuna 374, 411Tigre 125Tigrinya 221Timneh 124Timor-Alor 289Timote 407Timucua 406, 413Timucua-Muskogean 413Tinigua 407Tiribı 269Tirub 269Tiwi 152Tlapanec 267, 408Tlapanec-Otomanguean 402Tlapanec-Subtiaba 402Tlingit 180, 266, 272n.17, 275, 313, 314Tlingit–Eyak–Athabaskan 356Tocharian 241–3, 412Toda 111Togo Remnant 129Tohono O’odham (Papago) 305, 355Toivonen, Y. H. 250






534 Index

Tojolabal 119Tokarev, S. A. 283Tokharian 411Tolmie, W. Fraser 221Tongan 8, 101, 105, 372Tonkawa 274–5, 303, 306, 414Tonkawa–Na-Dene 414tonogenesis 389Topolovsek, Johann 412Toporov, V. N. 406Torday, Laszlo 18, 19, 19n.5, 19n.6, 122n.12,

256, 334Torp, Alf 74–5Totonac 206, 212, 268, 378Totonacan 268, 410, 412Towel of Babel, see BabelTracian 55Trager, George L. 405Transcontinental languages 148Trans New Guinea phylum 288, 292, 293, 414Trask, Richard Larry 213, 214, 243, 262, 365,

366, 370, 373, 374, 380, 384, 406, 407, 411Trautmann, Thomas R. 27n.15, 32, 34, 35, 42,

47Trombetti, Alfredo 221, 222, 272n.18, 405,

412Trudgill, Peter 346n.10, 358, 359, 390Trumai 407Trumbull, J. Hammond 69, 168Tryon, Darrell T. 99, 104, 107Tsafiki 314Tsereteli, Mikheil 413Tsetsaut 280Tsimshian 211, 216, 356, 412Tsouic 99Tswana 124Tualatin 271Tuareg 124Tubatulabal 350Tucano 411Tucanoan 314Tucker, Archibald N. 135, 173Tuite, Kevin 406Tulu 109, 111Tumale 124Tumtum 129Tunebo 194, 201–2, 206, 213, 268n.13, 270Tungus 92Tungusic 92, 234, 235, 242, 245, 264, 339,

411Tunica 271, 408Tupi 407Tupıan 312, 314, 402Tupian–Cariban 414Tupi–Guaranian 312

Tupinamba 222Turanian 168, 237–8, 414Turco-Tatars 237Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques 25, 43, 55Turkic 93, 235, 242, 245, 255, 257, 258,

264–5, 300, 305, 314, 353Turkish 66, 67, 195, 202, 264, 286, 336, 411,

413Turner, Paul R. 408Tusha 407Tuuk, Hermanus Neubonner van der 107Twi 124Tyler, Stephen A. 286, 407Tylor, Edward B. 271typological classification 179, 227–8, 299typological consideration 133typological criteria 121typological features 132, 132n.19, 133, 141,

147, 151, 307, 316typological trait, see typological featurestypologically commonplace features 165, 190,

191, 195, 196, 197, 236typology, typological 42–3, 58, 60, 67, 96,

113, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 133, 149, 150,177, 178, 181, 191, 197, 224, 225n.1,226–31, 231n.3, 233, 238, 241, 243, 244,249–50, 283, 288, 291, 299, 305, 309–16,326, 358, 365n.2, 387–8, 398

Tz’utujil 301, 312Tzeltal 119, 271, 274Tzotzil 87, 119, 206, 207, 212, 213, 271

Udmurt 174Uesson, Ants-Michael 409Uhlenbeck, Christianus Cornelius 408Uighur 237Uitoto 410Ukuafi 124Ulfila 22, 90–105Ullenbrook, J. 406Ullendorff, Edward 94, 95Ulwa (Sumu) 378Umale 124Uman 411Umlaut 353undetected morpheme divisions 271Unger, J. Marshall 236, 243, 275, 404, 409uniformitarianism 391unilinear social evolution 225n.1, 237universal grammar 50, 50n.1, 60, 231, 233,

398universals 10, 65, 165, 192, 198–9, 233, 266,

309, 326, 398Upadhyaya, U. P. 415Upper Chinookan 313






Index 535

Upper-Guinea languages 123Upper Paleolithic 387Ural-Altaic 3, 19, 67, 112, 136, 234, 235,

236n.2, 241, 296, 398, 414Uralic 3, 4n.4, 31, 63n.15, 67, 88, 88n.1, 94,

112, 157, 158, 161, 162, 175, 190, 195, 202,235, 238, 241, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249, 263,268, 285, 286, 300, 305n.10, 339, 374, 396,402, 407, 412, 414

Uralic–Tungusic 414Uralic–Yukaghir 263Uralo-Dravidian 407Uralo-Japanese 163n.2Uralo-Siberian 414Uro 407Uru-Chipaya 267, 269Uto-Aztecan 54, 118, 157, 195, 203, 303,

303n.6, 305, 344, 346, 346n.18, 347–50,356, 402, 405, 406, 414

Uto-Aztecan homeland 351Uto-Aztecan–Polynesian 414

Vacek, J. 407van Driem, George 19, 20, 21, 34, 98, 106,

112, 175, 213, 288n.25, 287, 288, 291, 293,405, 406, 408, 409, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415

Vansina, J. 344n.8, 345Vasudevan, Ananda 407Vater, Johann Severin 8, 35, 53, 53n.7, 54,

118, 119, 122Vedas 36Vedic, Vedic Sanskrit 75, 79Vei (Mande) 124Venetic 74, 83–5, 86n.14, 396Verner, Karl 81Verner’s law 56n.9Viceyta 268Victoria group 147Viegas Barros, Jose Pedro 402Vietnamese 113Viitso, T.-R. 412Vilela 411Vine, Brent 262, 412Vinson, Julien 406vocabulary replacement, see lexical

replacementVoegelin, Carl F. 5n.5, 113, 150Voegelin, Florence M. R. 5n.5, 113,

150Vogul 92, 93, 257, 260Volgaic 88n.1Voltaic 129Vossen, Rainer 140, 140n.20, 143Votyak 92, 174, 255Vovin, Alexander 264, 404, 409

vowel harmony 236, 241, 242, 243, 264–5Vulcanius (de Smet), Bonaventura 19

Waicuri 408Waigali 313Wakashan 190, 191, 196, 284, 301, 311, 312,

356, 411Walter, Theodor 23Waorani 313Wappo 301, 412Warao, see Warrau 413Warembori 174, 213, 311Warlpiri (Australian) 407Warrau 406, 413Washo 313, 314Waterhouse, Viola G. 408Waterman, John T. 4n.4, 8n.7Watkins, Calvert 61, 176, 266–79, 321, 325,

327, 374Watkins’ Law 290wave of advance 337, 341, 343Wave theory 319, 399Webb, Nancy M. 407, 408Webster, Noah 232Wedekind, Klaus 145Wedgwood, Hensleigh 409Welcker, F. G. 232Wells, Rulon 62Welmers, William E. 128, 129, 144Welsh 33n.1, 379Werembori 219Wesleyan Methodist Society 105West Atlantic 128, 129West Cushitic 137West New Guinea group 289West New Guinea Highlands phylum 293West Sudanic 126, 128, 128n.15, 130,

134Westermann, Diedrich 126, 128, 128n.15,

129, 133, 134Western (Bantu) 124Western (Mixed [Misch-Negersprachen])

124Westphal, E. O. J. 140Wetterstrom, W. 340n.7Wexionius, Michael O. 15, 88–90Whitehouse, Paul 288n.25, 293–4, 410Whitman, John 243, 410Whitney, William Dwight 69, 168, 231n.4Whorf, Benjamin Lee 227, 405Wichmann, Søren 414Wickman, Bo 415Wikander, Stig 411Wilbur, Terrence H. 11–12Wilkes Exploring Expedition 122






536 Index

Wilkins, Sir Charles 28, 43Willerman, Raquel 216Williams, Roger 115Williamson, Kay 122, 123, 124, 125, 126,

127, 128n.14, 128n.15, 129, 129n.16, 130,130n.17, 131, 131n.18, 132, 133, 135

Windischmann, Heinrick, Friedrich Hugo80–2

Winkler, Heinrich 243, 409, 414Winnebago 6Winston, F. D. D. 127, 128, 144, 173, 201,

202, 206–7Winters, C. A. 407Wintuan, Wintun 356, 412Wiradurei (Wiradhurri) 147Wishram 313, 314Wistrand-Robinson, Lila 414Witkowski, Stanley R. 213, 410, 411Witotoan 402, 410Witsen, Nicolaas 91Wiyot 117, 178, 267Wolfart, H. Christoph 116Wolfenden, S. 113Wolof 124, 407Wonderly, William L. 410Woodbury, Anthony C. 115word collections 18word family 211, 215, 281Word-and-Paradigm model 16world etymologies 365worldview 226Wotton, William 24, 34WPA [Works Progress Administration]

113Wright, Robert 412written tradition 156Wundt, Wilhelm 222Wurm, Stephen A. 150, 287–96

Xhosa 141, 142Ximenez, Francisco 119Xinca, Xinka 406Xinca-Lenca 414Xinkan 342–3, 347!Xoo 140

Yaaku 303Yabuti 410Yagua 313, 410Yahgan 405

Yakut 257Yamana 405Yana 177, 408Yanomama 406Yanomaman 312Yaruro 407Yeniseian, Yenisseian 209, 213, 276n.20, 284,

285Yeniseian–Na-Dene 415Yeniseic–Bodic 415Yenissei–Caucasian 415Yokuts 407, 412Yokutsan 356Yoruba 123, 124, 132, 334Yucatec Maya 52, 53, 54, 119, 207, 213Yucatecan 119Yuchi 403, 415Yuchi–Atakapa 415Yuchi–Tunica 415Yucuna 314Yukaghir 243, 263Yukagir–Uralic 415Yuki 301, 311Yukian 301, 311, 357, 412, 415Yukian–Gulf 415Yukian–Penutian 415Yukian–Siouan 415Yuman 308, 347, 408Yuracare 407, 410Yuri 411Yurok 117, 178, 267, 308Yurumanguı 207, 213, 271, 408

Zakar, Andras 413Zamuco 407Zaparo 405Zapotec 314, 322Zeballos, Estanislao S. 413Zeller, Otto 34Zhu, !Kung 140Zima, Petr 144Zolotarevskaja, I. A. 283Zulu 124, 141, 142, 359Zuni 322, 348–50, 412Zuni–Penutian 415Zvelebil, Kamil V. 109, 110, 111, 285, 286,

338n.5, 407, 415Zvelebil, Marek 338n.5Zyrien, Permiak 255Zyrien, Zyrian 305, 305n.10






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