6 x 10.5 Three line title - Assets

Index

AAM. See Association of AmericanMuseums

AAMD. See Association of Art MuseumDirectors

ACA. See Allied Control AuthorityACC. See Allied Control CouncilAdenauer, Konrad, 170Adoration of the Mystic Lamb

(Van Eyck), 8, 24–5, 30, 77–8return of, 9, 93, 131–4, 142

Advisory Committee on PostwarForeign Policy, 45, 236, 239

Ahnenerbe (legacy of ancestors), 22AJDC. See American Joint Distribution

CommitteeAkinsha, Konstantin, 218Albania, and Paris Conference on

Reparations, 103Aleskerova, Natavan, 228ALIU. See Art Looting Investigation

UnitAllen, John, 112

on noncultural economic matters, 112with OMGUS, 129–30Photo-Marburg and, 196on restitution time limit, 117

Allied Control Authority (ACA),112–13, 157, 236, 239

Allied Control Council (ACC), 61, 236,239

CORC and, 99–102, 106–7Draft Directive No. 2 on, 72–3

DRDR of, 85, 99–101EAC and, 81–2end of restitution with, 120organization of, 66restitution law and, 159Soviets at, 186

Allies. See also Great Britain; SovietUnion; United States

agreement on restitution, 106–21Axis v., 57–9conferences for, 58demarche issued to neutral states by,

116–17on forced transfers of property, 44,

46, 47in North Africa, 49, 57on principles for governing Germany,

59–63on reparations, 44–56, 107on restitution-in-kind, 65, 84–5, 102,

107, 112–14on statute of limitations, 10on surrender, 44, 57, 59–62on unifying zones, 125working with, 190–8

Almas-Diamant, Ali, 34Almas-Dietrich, Maria, 34–6Alt Aussee salt mine, 25, 77–8, 89,

184American Anthropological Association,

97American Civil War, 7–8

255

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256 Index

American Commission for theProtection and Salvage of Artisticand Historic Monuments inEurope, 52–3

American Council of Learned Societies,51

American Defense – Harvard Group, 51American Jewish Committee, 161American Jewish Conference, 161American Jewish Joint Distribution

Committee, 161American Joint Distribution Committee

(AJDC), 166, 237, 239American museums, 217–20, 223–4American zone of Occupation, 81–2,

86–7, 119France in, 103Poland and, 187repositories in, 87–94, 98–9, 104,

128–30, 235restitution in, 125–50, 173

ancient and medieval eras, 3–4Anschluss

Holy Roman Empire jewels andregalia and, 36

Jews’ plight and, 17–18anti-Semitism, 159

in Eastern European/Baltic nations,183

in U.S., 153archives

Bavarian Jewish Community, 169from British zone in Hamburg, 170Dutch, of East Indies, 204Gordon Craig theater, 77International Council on, 237, 239of Jewish community of Worms, 170opening of, xi, 28, 179, 210–11, 214,

216, 224Smolensk, 214, 220, 232Soviets and, 27–8, 179, 181, 210,

234U.S. National, 214–15, 218, 219,

221, 223Arendt, Hannah, 154–5, 162

Baltic Collection and, 166at JCR, 168, 171

Argentina, 165

armistices, 5, 44art, 234. See also masterpieces; specific

art/artistsblack-market in gold, securities, and,

116Category A, 94, 98, 131Category B, 94, 98Category C, 94, 98, 207–8collecting point for, 136–9definition of, 25, 53–4German, 25, 27, 207–9investigators of, 89as reparations, 9, 147, 207–8sale of “degenerate,” in Switzerland,

31sales of, xi, 180, 204value of, 41–2as war loot, 209

Art as Politics (Petropoulos), 218Art Institute of Chicago, 226–7Art Library (Berlin), 112Art Looting Investigation Unit (ALIU),

223, 226, 236, 239art world

on item transfer to U.S., 96–7on preservation and restitution,

48–50Aryanism, 12–14. See also non-AryanAssociation of American Museums

(AAM), 220Association of Art Museum Directors

(AAMD), 218–19, 221. See alsoWashington Conference

Atherton, Ray, 51Auerbach, Philip, 169–70Augsburg, ceremonial objects from, 170Australia, 200Austria

Eichmann in, 17Himmler in, 17Jews’ plight in, 17–19repositories in, 178on return of Rothschild paintings,

220, 222seizure of, 15treaty with, 9

Austrian resistance, 77Axis, Allies v., 57, 58–9






Index 257

Baden-WurttembergLander of, 91restitution in, 128–31

Baer, Thomas, 222Baker, Walter, A., 209Baku Museum, 228Baltic Collection, 166–8Baltic states. See also specific countries

Israel v. U.S. on, 167Nazi looting in, 22restitution to, 177

bank accounts. See also Swiss banksaccess to, 216dormant, 234

Bard Graduate Center for the Study ofthe Decorative Arts, 214

Baron, Salo W., 152–9, 172Battle of the Bulge, 59Bavaria

Lander of, 91, 128restitution in, 128–31, 169–70

Bavarian Jewish Community Archives,169

Beautiful Loot (Akinsha), 218Beauvais tapestries, 21Beckerle, Adolf, 37Belgium. See also Benelux Countries

attacks on, 19on declarations, 46, 103Last Supper altarpiece and, 9, 30restitution and, 86, 211–12restitution-in-kind to, 8, 195seizures from, 8, 9, 24–5, 30, 210Van Eyck altarpiece and, 8–9, 24–5,

30, 77–8, 93, 131–4Bencowitz, Isaac, 142Benelux countries, 125Ben-Horin, Meir, 170Ben-Veniste, Richard, 222Berchtesgaden, abandoned train at,

77Bergier, Jean-Francois, 217, 235Berlin, blockade of, 125Berlin Conference, 83, 93–4, 98–9,

187Berlin Kommandatura, 146Berlin State museum, 139Berlin Theological Seminary, 29

Berlin Wall, fall of, 207, 224–5Bernterode salt mine, 88Bevin, Ernest, 95, 97–8Bezalel Museum, 168–9Bibliotheca Klossiana, 22, 28Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana

in repository, 87return of, 142seizures from, 22, 28

Big Four, 60–1, 72–3. See also France;Great Britain; Soviet Union;United States

Bindenagel, J. D., 229–30bizonia, 109, 186black market

in gold, securities, and art, 116in Soviet Union, 211, 212

Board of Deputies for British Jews, 154,161

Bogdanov, Vladimir, 111bombs, atomic/hydrogen, 126Bondys, property seizure of, 17books, 173

in American zone, 178Baltic Collection, 166–8confiscation v. burning of, 27Hermann Cohen Collection, 167from International Institute of Social

History, 212non-Jewish, 171priorities/procedures for, 163–4Soviets and, 210, 234

Born, Lester K., 198Bornhoeft, Theodore P., 230Bouts, Dirk, 9, 30, 78Boymans Museum, 40Brandeis University, 171Braun, Eva, 36Bremen enclave, 91, 128Bremen museum, 227–8Brings, Max, 37–8British Museum, 171Bronfman, Edgar, 211, 221–2,

233Bronzino, Agnolo, 39Brown, Nicholas, 93Brussels Conference, 7Brussels, liberation of, 132






258 Index

Buchner, Ernst, 24Bulgaria, 82, 108Bunjes, Hermann, 39Bush administration, 236, 239Byrnes, James

on Germany’s future, 109Hungary and, 116, 189on item transfer to U.S., 95, 97–8on withdrawal from Soviet zone, 82

Byzantines, bronze horses taken from,6

CAD (Civil Affairs Division of the WarDepartment), 52, 237, 239

Roberts Commission, MFA&A and,54–6

Cairns, Huntington, 53–4, 202Canada

Munich items to, 165UNESCO Convention and, 200

Carter, Jimmy, 189, 215castles

destruction of manors and, 181Herrenchiemsee, 77Karnzow, 227Kronberg, 201Neuschwanstein, 25, 77–8, 143Nuremberg, 25

central collecting points (CCPs),136–43, 233, 237, 239

closure of, 166, 185Hammond on, 88La Farge on, 88–9Marburg, 134Munich, 92, 96, 130, 132, 136–9,

144, 146–65, 184, 224Offenbach Archival Depot, 92,

128–31, 136, 139–42, 146, 156,162–4, 170

repositories to, 87–9, 92, 103–4, 128,173, 202

Wiesbaden, 92, 130, 136, 139, 145,162, 164, 166–8, 171, 189

Central Committee of Liberated Jews inGermany, 161

Central Filing Agency at Bad Neuheim,149–50

Central Intelligence Agency, 89, 222

Central Office of the Jewish Agency forthe Settlement of the Jews inGermany in Palestine, 151

Chagall, Marc, 206Chahveau, Pierre, 118Charles V (King of France), armor of,

41Charles VIII (king of France), 4Chichester, Bishop of, 63China, 47Christian X (king of Denmark), 134churches. See also specific churches

museums and, damage to, 75in Soviet Union, 27

Churchill, Winstonon national commission, 64strategy of, 58–60on withdrawal from Soviet zone, 82

Ciano, Galeazzo, 41civil service ordinance, 16CJR. See Conference on Jewish

Relationsclass, importance of, 13–14Clay, Lucius D.

on governing Germany, 81, 87, 89,109, 112, 127

Hammond and, 95on Italian items, 192on Jewish inheritance, 157–61Newton and, 93–4Property Disposition Board and,

144–5on refugees, 183on restitution, 92–5, 98, 101–4,

128–9, 143–7, 233on restitution commission, 85on restitution to ex-enemy nations,

114on Russia, 181on transfer of items to U.S., 146–7

Clayton, William, 95Clinton, Bill, 216, 221coal shortages, 130coffins, 88Cohen, Morris Raphael, 152–3Cold War

impacts of, 136, 162, 166politics of restitution in, 177–200






Index 259

collecting points. See central collectingpoints

College Art Association of America,97

Collegio Rabbinco Italiano, 87Comite Interallie pour l’Etude de

l’Armistice, 43Commission on European Jewish

Cultural Reconstruction, 154–5commissions. See also specific

commissionsChurchill on, 64experts and, 50–3

Committee on Restoration ofContinental Jewish Museums,Libraries and Archives, 165–6,169

communism, xicontainment of, 87, 177, 193in Czechoslovakia, 125, 166deterministic view of, 13seizures and, 22Soviets and, 108, 125, 166, 180, 182,

214in Yugoslavia, 187

concentration camps, 17–18Concordia Historical Institute, 230–1Conference on Jewish Relations (CJR),

153–5, 156–7, 161conferences

of Allied Ministers of Education,61–2, 71

for Allies, 58American Jewish, 161Berlin, 83, 93–4, 98–9, 187Brussels, 7of Directors of National Museums

and Galleries, 63The Hague, 7–8, 11London, 216–17, 220, 236on Material Claims Against Germany,

172Moscow Foreign Ministers, 60, 98,

125Paris, on Reparations, 102, 111, 162Paris Peace, 115–17Potsdam, 108–9Wannsee, 20

Washington, 217–20, 236–7, 239,243

Yalta, 60–1, 72, 82, 208Congress of Vienna, 6Congress, U.S., 205, 208–9, 236, 239

on Holocaust assets, 221Library of, 221, 230on Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act,

222Control Council. See Allied Control

Councilconventions

Geneva 1949, 199–200The Hague, 7, 11, 199, 203by International Museums Office of

the League of Nations, 10–11Law of the Sea, 200of Paris, 6Settlement, of 1952, 193UNESCO, 199–200World Heritage, 200

Cook, Jane Meador, 224–5Coordinating Committee (CORC),

237, 239ACC and, 99–102, 106–7

copper mine at Siegen, Germany 134CORC. See Coordinating CommitteeCouncil for Protection of Rights and

Interests of Jews from Germany,161

Council of Europe, 213, 237, 239Council of Foreign Ministers, 94, 99,

101–2countries of origin

individual return v., 183laws of, 200returns to, 6, 9, 103–4, 128, 142,

213, 233courts, xi–xii, 205, 224–30Crosby, Sumner McKnight

on Inter-Allied Commission, 70–1MacLeish and, 69–70on restitution-in-kind claims, 84on restitution time limit, 73

crown jewelsHesse, 201–2Hohenzollern, 88

Crown of Saint Stephen, 189






260 Index

Crusades, 4Cultural Works Committee, 100, 102Czechoslovakia

communism in, 125, 166and Paris Conference on Reparations,

103repositories in, 178

the Czernin Vermeer, 96, 138

Dagley, Curtis, 136D’Amato, Alphonse, 216Danse (Titian), 41Dashley, Walter, 136David-Weill collection, 143

silver from, 77Davis, Franklin, 81Davis, Monnet B., 134D Day, 74de Montebello, Philippe, 218death camps 20. See also Holocaustdeaths, during WWII and Holocaust,

12, 20declaration. See Inter-Allied Declaration

Against Acts of DispossessionCommitted in Territories underEnemy Occupation or Control;London Declaration, 240

Degas, Hilaire Germain Edgar,226–7

deindustrialization, 59“demand and refusal” law, 206demilitarization, 103denazification, 31, 59, 60, 68Denmark

attacks on, 19on declaration, 103Lion of Isted statue and, 134

Deuxieme Bureau intelligence files, 212Diana at the Bath (Rubens), 39Dinsmoor Committee, 51Dinsmoor, William B.

on Roberts Commission, 53, 55on U.S. policy, 48, 49, 51

diplomatic controversy, 205Directorate for Reparations, Deliveries

and Restitution (DRDR), 237, 239of ACC, 85, 99–101

Discobolus, 41, 191, 193–4

displaced persons, 87, 164, 237, 239Draper, William, 146DRDR. See Directorate for Reparations,

Deliveries and RestitutionDresden Art Gallery, 111Dresden Historical Museum, 112Dulles, John Foster, 194the Duma, 213–14Durant, Colonel, 202Durer, Albrecht

drawings by, Lubomirski and, 184–5,229–30

drawings stolen from Bremenmuseum, 227–8

paintings by, Elicofon and, 205–6Dworschak, Fritz, 32

EAC. See European AdvisoryCommission

Echols, General, 111Economics Division, 91, 126, 128economy

of Germany, 87, 101–2, 106,108–9

of Hungary, 116after WWII, 12, 125–6

Eden, AnthonyStalin and, 44on surrender and governing

Germany, 61Education and Cultural Relations

Division, 127Eichmann, Adolf

in Austria, 17expropriation measures by, 30Final Solution and, 20

Einsatzgruppen (SS killing squads), 19,240

Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg,(ERR) 240

in France, 38–9in Netherlands, 28Rosenberg and, 22–4, 197in Soviet Union, 27

Einstein, Albert, 153Eisenhower, Dwight

Discobolus copy to, 194on governing Germany, 87, 89–91






Index 261

on restitution, 98, 126in Sicily, 52, 64on withdrawal from Soviet zone, 82

Eizenstat, Stuart E., 215–20, 232, 233,236, 239

Elicofon, Edward I., 205–6emigration

Great Britain on, 17to Israel, 207of Jews, 16–17, 19, 151, 153to Palestine, 151, 153, 155

Enemy Property Control units, 41Eppelsheimer, Hanns Wilhelm, 171ERR. See Einsatzstab Reichsleiter

RosenbergEstonia, books looted from, 166Estreicher, Charles, 43Estreicher, Karol, 135, 138Ethnographic Museum, 112Ettle, Anni, 37Ettle, Wilhelm, 37–8European Advisory Commission (EAC),

239Big Four and, 60–1, 72–3conflicted aims of, 81–3Draft Directive No. 2, 66–7, 70,

72–3, 84Executive Committee on Economic

Foreign Policy, 64–5, 68, 240ex-enemy nations, 107, 114–17, 120.

See also Bulgaria; Finland;Hungary; Italy

exportillegal, 10, 199under Mussolini, 198

expropriation measures, 16, 17, 30–1extermination camps, 29

Fahy, Charles, 147–8Faison, S. Lane, Jr.

as investigator, 89MFA&A and, 56

Farmer, Walter, 139fascism, 190–1Federal Bureau of Investigation, 222Federal Republic of Germany, 240. See

also Germanyestablishment of, 126, 127

GDR and, 205–7HICOG and, 166Israel and, 172, 233Italy and, 190, 193restitution and, 170, 208treaty between Soviets and, 210–11

Feliciano, Hector, 217, 218Ferencz, Benjamin, 161Final Solution. See also Holocast

collection and annihilation during,29

framework for, 16Wannsee Conference and, 20

Finland, 114Finley, David

on Roberts Commission, 53on U.S. policy, 48–9

Fischer, Theodore, 21, 32forced sales, 21

by Goudstikker and Mannheimer, 30,39–40

forced transfers of property, 44, 46,47

Foreign Relations, 240Foundation for Prussian Cultural

Heritage, 224fountain, from Leningrad, 178Fragonard, Jean Honore, 40France

in American Zone, 103attacks on, 19ERR in, 38–9Hungary and, 117laws in, 8Metz Cathedral treasury and,

133–4and Paris Conference on Reparations,

103Parkhurst and, 134restitution and, 84–5, 103, 104–5,

211, 212–13on restitution-in-kind, 84–5, 104–5,

110–11Rorimer and Valland in, 75–6seizures from, 22–4, 28, 77, 210Strasbourg Cathedral stained glass

windows and, 133–4strategy for, 58






262 Index

France (cont.)on trusteeship, 71–2U.S relations with, 195–8on Vaucher Commission, 71on Washington Conference, 218,

219Zone of Occupation, 170

Francis II (Holy Roman Emperor), 36Frank, Hans, 34Frankhauser, Hans, 226Fraser, Arthur Ronald, 45Frederick II (“the Great”, king of

Prussia), 88Frederick III (king of Prussia), 9, 24free enterprise system, growth of, 87freeze on property

Johnson on, 69recommendation for, 86restitution-in-kind issues and, 84Roberts Commission on, 70by SHAEF, 67

French resistance, 75French Revolution, 5–7Fuhrerbau, 77, 89Fuhrermuseum, 20Fuhrervorbehalt (prerogative of the

Fuhrer), 17Fulbright, J. William, 147

Garde, G. H., 145GDR. See German Democratic RepublicGeheime Staatspolizei. See GestapoGelb, Dr., 188Geneva Conventions 1949, 199–200German art

Nazi definition of, 25Slavic v., 25, 27war art, 207–9

German citizensdeclarations of looted property from,

142–3property taken from, 107, 144,

146–7, 236German Democratic Republic (GDR),

180–1, 240Federal Republic and, 205–7

German museums, 220German Reich museum stamp

collection, 206–7

German-Russian Cultural Agreement,211

German War Art Committee, 209Germany. See also Federal Republic of

Germany; German DemocraticRepublic; zones of occupation

agreements with Soviets andRussians, 211

collapse of, 72–4, 77, 81economy of, 87, 101–2, 106, 108–9future of, 108–10principles for governing, 59–63,

72–4, 81–3, 89–93, 119–20repositories in, 178reunification of, xi, 207, 211, 230surviving Jewish communities in,

163on Washington Conference, 218

Gestapo, 240Brings and, 37Himmler as head of, 21seizures by, 170

Gilkey, Gordon, 208Gilman, Benjamin, 221Gimbel, John, 86Glasser, M., 100Goebbels, Joseph, 18gold

black market in, 116at Merkers salt mine, 76in Swiss banks, 215–17

Goldman, Nahum, 172Goodman, Nick and Simon, 226–7Gordon Craig theater archives, 77Goring, Hermann

abandoned train at Berchtesgadenand, 77

art collection/confiscation by, 21, 41,138, 184, 226, 235

atonement tax on Jews by, 18forced sales and, 39–40Haberstock and, 26, 223Hofer and, 38at Jeu de Paume museum, 21, 26, 75,

223Lohse, von Behr and, 38–9Mussolini’s gifts to, 191right of first refusal by, 34Rosenberg and, 21, 38, 89






Index 263

Goudstikker, Jacques, 30, 39–40Grabar, Igor, 111Grand Alliance, 57, 59–60, 186Graswinkel, Dirk, 142Great Britain. See also United Kingdom

bombing by, 64books to, 163on declaration, 45–6, 47–8on Draft Directive No. 2, 72–3on EAC, 60–1on emigration, 17Hague Convention and, 199Jews in, 154MFA&A in, 64Munich items to, 165on reparation, 83on restitution, 43–4, 63–4, 69,

71–5on restitution-in-kind, 73on silver, 165–6strategy of, 58–60synagogue material to, 165on trusteeship, 154Zone of Occupation, 170

Greater HesseLander of, 91, 128–31, 170–1restitution and, 128–31

Greeceaid to, 190and Paris Conference on Reparations,

103sculpture, 179

Gregory, H. S., 48Gregory XV, Pope, 4Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, 220, 234Gronchi, Giovanni, 194Gruenbaum, Fritz, 229Gutmann, Friedrich and Louise, 226Gutmann, Lili, 226–7Gyongyossi, Janos, 116

Haberstock, KarlGoring and, 26, 223Linz project and, 26, 31–3as operative, 26, 31–3, 34, 89

Hague Agreement, 172Hague conferences

Convention No. 4 and, 7, 11on rules of warfare, 7–8

Hague Conventions of 1954,199No. 4 (1907), 7, 11, 203

Haig, Alexander, 208Hall, Ardelia, 193–4

Murphy and, 195returns from U.S. and, 203–4, 209

Hamann, Richard, 196–7Hammett, Ralph, 74Hammond, Mason

Clay and, 95on collecting points, 88EAC directive and, 66military directive and, 67–8on restitution, 132

Handbook Governing Policy andProcedures for the MilitaryOccupation in Germany (SHAEF),145

Hanseatic League cities, 181Harper, General, 112–13Harriman, Averell, 95Harvard University, 214Heath, Donald, 131Heath, James, 185Hebrew University, 154, 157, 161

Hermann Cohen Collection to,167

Mapu Library to, 166Heilbronn salt mine, 76–7Heinrich, Theodore, 196–7heirless property, 102, 104, 235. See

also Jewish inheritancedisposition of, 74, 107, 144, 145,

146, 150, 233Israel as heir to, 220Jewish organizations as inheritors of,

120sold to benefit Holocaust victims,

219Heller, Bernard, 162, 164

Baltic Collection and, 166Hermann Cohen Collection, 167Hermitage collection, 27Herrenchiemsee castle, 77Hesse. See Greater HesseHesse crown jewels, 201–2HICOG (U.S. High Commissioner for

Germany), 166, 240






264 Index

Hilberg, Raul, 16, 152Hildebrandslied manuscript, 204Hilldring, John H., 156–7, 202,

233Himmler, Heinrich, 34

in Austria, 17on Nazis’ racial ideology, 21–2relocation campaign by, 31RSHA and, 22

Historical Properties Section, 208Hitler, Adolf, 235

Almas-Dietrich and, 36control over seized objects, 17, 21,

32, 34Durer drawings and, 184on elimination of Jews, 19, 20Linz project and, 20–1, 31–3Mein Kampf, 12, 14Mussolini and, 41, 190–1

Hitler-Stalin Pact, 184Hofer, Walter Andreas, 38Hoffman, Heinrich, 36Hofmann, Gustav, 171Hohe Schule project, 22Hohenzollern crown jewels, 88Holbrooke, Richard, 215Holocaust

Assets, Presidential AdvisoryCommittee on, 221–2

deaths during WWII and, 12, 20impact of, 156Memorial Council, 209reaction to, 151–2survivors, xi, 12, 211, 215, 218victims, heirless property sold to

benefit, 219WJC and, 211WWII looting and, 19–26

Holtzman, Elizabeth, 222The Holy Family with St. Catherine

and Honored Donor (Tintoretto),207

Holy Roman Empire, jewels and regaliaof, 36, 76

Honan, William, 225Horthy, Admiral, 180

Crown of Saint Stephen and, 189Hoving, Thomas, 228

Howard, Richard F., 112Durer drawings and, 185on Italian items, 192, 194Photo-Marburg and, 197–8on refugees, 183on restitution-in-kind, 113–14

Howe, Thomas Carr, Jr.MFA&A and, 56on Valland, 75

Huguenots, 6Hull, Cordell

on EAC, 61on Morgenthau Plan and JCS, 67–8,

169on policy, 44–6, 64Roosevelt and, 44–5, 50–3

Hungaryeconomy of, 116France and, 117restitution and, 189treaty with, 9, 189

Hungen, items found at, 139

India, 103and Paris Conference on Reparations,

103Institute for Biological and Racial

Studies (Stuttgart), 22Institute for Jewish Research

(Frankfurt), 22, 29Institute for Social History

(Amsterdam), 23Library of, 28

insurance settlements, 216, 233–4Interagency Working Group (IWG), 222Inter-Allied Commission for the

Protection and Restitution ofCultural Materials, 62. See alsoVaucher Commission

Inter-Allied Commission for the Studyof the Armistice, 62

Inter-Allied Declaration Against Acts ofDispossession Committed inTerritories under EnemyOccupation or Control (1943),44–8, 84, 103

Inter-Allied Reparations Authority(IARA), 102






Index 265

Inter-Allied Restitution Commission,69–70

Inter-Allied Restitution Office, 68Internal Revenue Service, 204International Archive of the Women’s

Movement, 28International Books and Periodicals

Commission, 61–2International Committee of the Central

Institute of Art and Design, 61–2International Committee on

International Cooperation, 10International Council of Museums, 220,

237, 239International Council on Archives, 237,

239International Library Council, 237, 239International Museums Office of the

League of Nations, 10–11interwar years, 10–11interzonal transactions, 99, 101, 119,

120, 128, 196Iran, 108Iraq

invasion of Kuwait by, 200war, 232

Israel. See also JerusalemBaltic Collection to, 166–7Bezalel Museum items to, 168–9books to, 163–4emigration to, 207Federal Republic of Germany and,

172, 233Frankfurt Collection to, 169Hamburg archives to, 170as heir to heirless property, 220Munich items to, 165silver ceremonial objects/textile to,

165v. U.S. on Baltic states, 167

Italian wars, 4Italy. See also Sicily

Federal Republic of Germany and,190, 193

laws in, 8, 41, 191libraries seized for reparations and,

194–5seizures in, 41

treaties with, 190U.S. and Great Britain in, 55U.S. relations with, 187, 190–4,

195Iur’ev, A. A., 180

Jaffe, Hans, 142Janner, Greville, 219Japan

declaration and, 47returns to, 202, 208strategy for, 57–9war crimes, 222

Jaray, Leah Bondi, 229Jaujard, Jacques, 75JCR. See Jewish Cultural

Reconstruction, Inc.JCS. See Joint Chiefs of StaffJefferson, Leslie, 94Jerusalem

items to, 171looting of, 3–4

Jeu de Paume museumGoring visits to, 21, 26, 75, 223Snyders Still Life at, 26

jewelscrown, 88, 201–2and regalia of Holy Roman Empire,

36, 76from Rothschild family, 77

Jewish Agency for Palestine, 161Jewish artifacts, preservation of, 29Jewish Central Museum (Prague), 29Jewish community of Worms archives,

170Jewish Cultural Reconstruction, Inc.

(JCR), 161–73, 240cease in operations by, 209JRSO and, 168, 233success of, 172–3at work, 162–72

Jewish Cultural Restitution Agency,186

Jewish diaspora, 153Jewish Historical Museum

(Amsterdam), 30Jewish inheritance, 151–73

negotiating settlement for, 155–62






266 Index

Jewish Joint Distribution Committee,163

Jewish Museum (Frankfurt), 168–9Jewish Museum (New York), 169Jewish National and University Library

(Israel), 163Jewish organizations, 233. See also

specific organizationsJewish Restitution Commission. See

Jewish Restitution SuccessorOrganization

Jewish Restitution SuccessorOrganization (JRSO), 160–2, 240

Baltic Collection and, 167JCR and, 168, 233

the Jewish Question, 22, 152Jews. See also specific individuals

Aryanization of businesses, 17–19in concentration camps, 17–18in death camps, 20elimination of, 13, 16, 19, 20emigration of, 16–17, 19, 151, 153extermination of, 16in ghettos, 16, 19–20, 29intermarriage with, 15laws against, 15–19in Palestine, 151, 153–4, 156plight of, 15–19relocation of, 31segregation of, 15, 16taxes on, 17–18in U.S., 151–9

Johnson, Richard, 68–9Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 240

1067 policy, 59, 67–8, 72on U.S. policy, 50–2

Joint Distribution Committee (Paris)165

JRSO. See Jewish Restitution SuccessorOrganization

Jung, Helen, 221Justinian I (Eastern Roman emperor), 4

Kagan, Saul, 161Kaiser Friedrich Museum

art at Merkers salt mine, 76art in Soviet zone, 101art transfer to U.S., 95Van Eyck altarpiece in, 9

Karinhall, 21Karnzow Castle, 227Keynes, John Maynard

on declaration, 46on preservation, 64

Kiev Archives of Early Acts, 27Kiev, I. Edward, 163Kirstein, Lincoln, 138

and Posey at Alt Aussee, 77–8Kline, Thomas, 225–6Koeltz, Gen. Louis, 99Koenigs, Franz, 40Koga, Masatsuga, 228Kohel Library, 166Korte, Willi, 224–7Kosovo, ethnic cleansing in, 200Kovno Library, 166Krause, Otto, 38Kristallnacht pogrom, 17–18Kronberg Castle, 201Kuban Cossacks, 186Kuhn, Charles L., 96–7Kummel, Otto, 25Kunsthalle Bremen, 227Kunstverein Bremen, 227–8Kuwait, invasion of, 200

La Farge, L. Bancelon collecting points, 88–9Photo-Marburg and, 197on return of national treasures, 131role in MFA&A, 74transfer of items to U.S. by, 74

Lacoronskis, property seizure of, 17Lancellotti, Prince, 41land reform act, 181Lander (established states), 240. See

also specific LanderConference of Ministers of Culture,

172Jewish inheritance and, 157role of, 91–3, 127

Landerrat (Council of LandMinisters-President in theAmerican Zone), 144, 159

internal restitution and, 148–50Lang, Cosmo Gordon, Lord, 63–4Lanz, Otto, 40Last Supper altarpiece (Bouts), 9, 30, 78






Index 267

Latham, Lord, 63Latvia, books looted from, 166Lauder, Ronald, 219Law of the Sea Convention, 200laws. See also conventions; Military

Government Law No. 52; MilitaryGovernment Law No. 59

on citizenship, 16of claimant nations and Nazis, 192of country of origin, 200“demand and refusal,” 206discussed at “Spoils of War”

symposium, 214–15evolution of, 199–200in France, 8giving Hitler control over seized

objects, 17, 21on individual v. country of origin, 183in Italy, 8, 41, 191against Jews, 15–19Nuremberg, 16, 19during Occupation, 172for protection of cultural property,

7–8regarding rules of warfare, 7–8U.S. immigration, 17

Leahy, William, 51Leda and the Swan (Leonardo), 41, 191Leda and the Swan (Tintoretto), 41Legal Division, 188legitimate acquisitions, 21Lehman, Herbert, 53Leonard, Herbert S.

Durer drawings and, 185Italian items and, 192–4

Leonardo, Da Vinci, 41, 191Leopold, Rudolph, 229Lesley, E. Parker, Jr., 135Library of Congress, 221, 230Library of the Institute for Social

History, 28Lieber Code, 7Lieber, Francis, 7Liebl, Willy

Holy Roman Empire jewels andregalia and, 36, 76

treasures collected by, 76–7Liechtenstein

restitution and, 211

seizures from, 210Lightner, Alan, 66Lincoln, Abraham, 7Linz project

collection at Alt Aussee, 77–8Haberstock and, 26, 31–3Hitler and, 20–1operatives with, 31–3, 89Posse and, 31–3, 40

Lion of Isted statue, 134Literaturnaia Gazeta, 210Lithuania, books looted from, 166Lohse, Bruno, 38–9London

debates in, 65–7six-power talks in, 186

London Conference, 216–17, 220,236

London Declaration, 240. See alsoInter-Allied Declaration AgainstActs of Dispossession Committedin Territories under EnemyOccupation or Control

London International Assembly, 61–2looting. See also specific individuals/

groupsof Jerusalem, 3–4reasons for, 24–6during religious wars, 4treaties, restitution and, 4–6, 8–10WWII, Holocaust, and, 19–26

The Lost Museum (Feliciano), 217,218

Louis XII (king of France), 4Louvre, Prussian art in, 7Lowenthal, Constance, 227Lowenthal, Ernest, 162–4Lowenthal, Max, 159Lubavitcher Hasidic library collection,

214Lubin, Isador, 83Lubomirski, Andrew (prince of Poland),

185Lubomirski Durers, 184–5, 229–30Lubomirski, George (prince of Poland),

184–5, 229Lubomirski, Henry (prince of Poland),

184Lubomirski Museum, 184–5






268 Index

Luther, Martin, manuscript, 230–1Luxembourg, 86. See also Benelux

countriesand Paris Conference on Reparations,

103

MacLeish, ArchibaldCrosby and, 69–70on Roberts Commission, 53, 64–5on U.S. policy, 49

Macmillan Committee, 64, 68, 240Great Britain’s suspicion of, 71on Inter-Allied Commission, 70–1

Macmillan, Hugh, 64Madonna (Michelangelo), 30, 78Mainz Psalter, 204–7Makins, Roger, 82Mannheimer, Fritz

forced sales by, 30, 39–40preziose collection of, Seyss-Inquart

and, 41Mapu Library, 166Marburg Collecting Point, 134Margaret of Hesse, Princess, 201Marshall Plan, 125, 183, 190Marx, Alexander, 163Masel, Hans, 38Masonic organizations, 22, 28, 230Massigli, Rene, 72masterpieces

politics and, 131–6in Soviet Zone, 179

Masurowsky, Marc, 221Mathews, H. Freeman, 82Maurer, Ely

on Durer paintings, 205on Freemason charter, 230on Ardelia Hall, 203on Tintoretto painting, 207

Maximilian of Bavaria, 4Mazarin, Cardinal, 21McBride, Henry, 96McCarthy, Mary, 155McGhee, George C., 205McNarney, Joseph T., 87, 91–2Meador, Joe Tom, 224–5, 235Mein Kampf (Hitler), 12, 14Memling, Hans, 39

Mengel v. List, 206Merkers salt mine, 76Metz Cathedral treasury, 133–4MFA&A. See Monuments, Fine Arts,

and ArchivesMichael, Jerome, 155–9Michelangelo, 30, 78Miedl, Alois, 39military banners or symbols, 3, 88military directive for American armed

forces, 68Hammond and, 67–8

Military Government Law No. 52Articles 53 and 54 of, 188OMGUS and, 142–3, 144SHAEF and, 67

Military Government Law No. 59,149–50

Jewish inheritance and, 160–2, 171,173

successor organizations and, 160–1Mindszenty, Cardinal, 189Moller, J. Christmas, 134Molotov, Foreign Minister, 95monasteries, 76

at Buxheim, 77Monte Cassino, pictures from, 139Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives

(MFA&A), xi, 233, 241. See alsospecific individuals

in action, 74–8on art as war loot, 209British, 64on Italian items, 191management of collecting points by,

173in RDR, 66in Restitution Branch of Economics

Division, 91, 126, 128Roberts Commission, CAD and,

54–6struggles of, 87–93of USGCC, 66

Moore, Lamont, 56Morgenthau, Henry, 59–60Morgenthau Plan, 59–60

JCS 1067 and, 67–8Morgenthau, Robert, 228–9






Index 269

Moscow Foreign Ministers Conference,60, 98, 125

Mosely, Philipon Inter-Allied Commission, 70–1on restitution, 69

Muhlmann, KajetanDurer drawings and, 184–5as operative, 33–4, 89Seyss-Inquart and, 30, 34

Multscher, Hans, 191Munich Collecting Point, 92, 96, 136–9,

144, 146coal for, 130distributions from, 165Durer drawings at, 184items at, 224Van Eyck altarpiece at, 132

Munich Municipal Library, 170Murphy, Robert, 82, 134

Ardelia Hall and, 195on restitution time limit, 118

museums. See also specificmuseums

American, 217–20, 223–4churches and, damage to, 75curators, 55–6German, 220at Pau, France 24–5Soviet, 179, 210

Mussolini, Benito, 59gifts to Nazis, 190–1Hitler and, 41, 190–1items exported under, 198

Mutschmann, Martin, 32The Myth of the Twentieth Century

(Rosenberg), 14

Napoleon, looting by, 5–6Narkiss, Mordechai, 162, 164

on Bezalel Museum, 169Nash, Katherine, 201–2National Gallery of Art, 52

curators from, 56Durer drawings and, 185research and, 221Snyders Still Life at, 223

National Stolen Property Act, 226Department of Justice and, 203

Durer drawings and, 228Durer paintings and, 205Quedlinburg treasures and, 224–5Schiele collection and, 228–9

Naumenko, General, 186Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 47Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, 222Nazis, 241. See also denazification

competition among, 14definition of German art, 25directive to abolish Nazi Party, 120dismantling Nazi Party, 103exhibitions organized by, 29key elements of rule, 14–15laws of claimant nations and, 192racist ideology of, 9, 12–14, 21–2,

25–6, 27regime ideology of, 12–15response to, xii, 151–2revanchist art policy, 131symbols, 209

Nebuchadnezzar, (king of Babylonia),3

Netherlands. See also Benelux countriesattacks on, 19East Indies, Dutch archives of, 204ERR in, 28restitution and, 86, 103, 142, 211–12seizures from, 22–4, 28, 30, 40–1,


Neue Burg palace, 17Neuschwanstein castle

items at, 77, 143Van Eyck altarpiece at, 25, 78

neutral states, Allies’ demarche issuedto, 116–17

Newman, James R., 145Newton, Henry J., 93–4Nicholas, Lynn, 217–18, 221non-Aryans, 16Normandy, invasion of, 59, 62, 74North Africa

Allies in, 49, 57Great Britain in, 43

North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO), 126

Norway, 19






270 Index

Nuremberg castle, 25Nuremberg Laws, 16, 19Nuremberg’s city museum collection,

76

occupation. See also zones ofoccupation

expenses, money for, 39laws during, 172

Oertel, Rudolf, 32Offenbach Archival Depot, 92, 128–31,

136, 139–42, 146branches of, 141classification/sorting at, 162–4closure of, 170Jewish inheritance and, 156, 162

Office of Alien Property, 205Office of Military Government

(U.S. Zone), 91–2Office of Military Government for

Germany (OMGUS), 91–3, 241Belgium and, 195on Italian items, 191–3Jewish inheritance and, 156–7, 160,

162, 172–3Military Government Law No. 52

and, 142–4Photo-Marburg and, 198replaced by HICOG, 166on restitution, 114–19on restitution and organization

during occupation, 126–50Russia and, 177–8Title 18 directive, 127–8

Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 89,241

OMGUS. See Office of MilitaryGovernment for Germany

operatives, techniques and, 31–41. Seealso specific individuals

The Origins of Totalitarianism(Arendt), 155

OSS. See Office of Strategic ServicesOssolinski Institute, 184–5Ossolinski, Josef Maksymillian,

184ownership

disputed, 205

proving, 224transferring, 31

Oxford Manual, 7

Pajtas, Ernest, 189palaces

Neue Burg, 17Sans Souci, 101in Soviet Union, 27

Palatine, Elector, 4Palestine

Central Office of the Jewish Agencyfor the Settlement of the Jews inGermany in, 151

emigration to, 151, 153, 155Jewish Agency for, 161Jews in, 151, 153–4, 156

Paris Conference on Reparations, 102,111, 162

Paris Peace Conference, 115–17Paris Peace Talks, 216Parkhurst, Charles

France and, 134McBride and, 96MFA&A and, 56

Parks, Floyd, 134Parliamentary Advisory Council, 149Patton, George, 201Pauley, Edwin

on reparations, 83, 94–5on restitution, 94–5

Pentagon, art at, 208Pergamino Altar, 101Pergamum Altar, 179Petrarch manuscript, 204Petropoulos, Jonathan

Art as Politics, 218on elements of Nazi rule, 14on operatives, 31–2

Petschek, Franz, 38Philip of Hesse, Prince, 41, 201Photo-Marburg Co., 196–8Picture Gallery (Dresden), 180Plaut, James

as investigator, 89MFA&A and, 56

Polanditems returned to, 9, 134–6, 180






Index 271

looting and Holocaust in, 19, 26–7Soviets and, 47–8, 166, 177, 181–8,

212strategy for, 60, 108treaty between Germany and, 188

Polish resistance, 25politics

masterpieces and, 131–6restitution impacted by, 6of restitution in Cold War, 177–200

Pompeii sculptures, 41Pomrenze, Seymour J.

as archivist, 129, 141–2on returns to Judenrein countries, 183

Portrait of a Young Lady (Bronzino),39

Posey, Robertand Kirstein at Alt Aussee, 77–8MFA&A and, 74, 138

Posner, Ernst, 52Posse, Hans

Linz project and, 31–3, 40as operative, 31–3, 34, 36, 40

Potsdam Conference, 108–9Prague Coup, 186Presidential Advisory Committee on

Holocaust Assets, 221–2Preus, Daniel, 230preziose collection, Mannheimer’s, 41private property. See also forced

transfers of property; freeze onproperty; heirless property

public v., 10–11, 54restoring, 10seizure of, 7–8

Property Disposition Board, 144–5Property Division, 127

on Gelb, 188Reparations and Restitution Branches

of, 127Provost Marshal General of the Army

(PMGO), 51Prussian art, in Louvre, 7Prussian State Museums, 146“Public Records under Military

Occupation” (Posner), 52Pushkin Museum, 112Putin, Vladimir, 215

Quedlinburg treasures, 224–5

Rabinowicz, Oscar, 165–6The Rape of Europa (Nicholas),

217–18RDR. See Reparations, Deliveries and

RestitutionReagan, Ronald, 209refugees, 87

returning property to, 74, 102, 104,182–5, 235

Soviets and, 182–5, 187Reich Mein Security Office (RSHA),

22, 241Reichssicherheits-hauptamt. See Reich

Mein Security Officereligious objects, 173

restitution-in-kind exemption for,68, 84

seizure of, 3, 5religious wars, 4Rembrandt, 40, 205Renaissance, 4–5reparations, 11

Allies on, 44–56, 107art as, 9, 147, 207–8cash, 68, 83, 158, 172, 209Commission, 72, 82–3Great Britain on, 73industrial, 83, 94Italian libraries seized for,

194–5in kind, 172Soviets and, 178, 181Winant and Roosevelt on restitution

and, 68, 72Reparations, Deliveries and Restitution

(RDR), 66, 241replacement-in-kind, 65, 100. See also

restitution-in-kindcategories for, 113

repositoriesin American zone, 87–94, 98–9, 104,

128–30, 235to collecting points, 87–9, 92, 103–4,

128, 173, 202Nazi, 178salt mines as, 87–8






272 Index

researchinformation and, 234–5National Gallery of Art and, 221at U.S. National Archives, 215,

218–19, 221, 223research institutes, 22

racist ideology and, 27–8Rosenberg and, 22, 29

restitus, 6restitution. See also specific

countries/individualsagencies, 150in American Zone, 125–50during ancient and medieval eras, 3–4art world on preservation and, 48–50Chamber of local German court, 150commission, 85–6comparison between 1940s and

1990s, 232–5courts and, xi–xii, 205, 224–30cultural v. noncultural, 99–100,

102during decade after WWII, 203–4definitions of, 3, 99–102, 106–7, 110,

113–15, 191end of, 127to ex-enemy nations, 107, 114–17,

120external, 183–4forum on, 237, 239during French Revolution, 5–7Great Power diplomacy and, 57–60industrial, 98internal, 144–6, 148–50, 196,

235international body for, 70–2during interwar years, 10–11obstacles to, 128–31organizing, 126–8for persecuted minorities, 62politics’ impact on, 6politics of, in Cold War, 177–200in post–Cold War era, 210–31during Renaissance and early modern

times, 4–5Romans on, 4time limit for, 73, 84, 117–20, 128,

237, 239

treaties, looting, and, 4–6, 8–10WWI and, 8–10

Restitution Control Branch, 126–7restitution-in-kind, 11, 74

Allies on, 65, 84–5, 102, 107, 112–14to Belgium, 8, 195exemption for religious objects, 68,

84France on, 84–5, 104–5, 110–12Great Britain on, 73Howard on, 113–14Jewish inheritance and, 158, 162Massigli on, 72surrender and, 86of unique objects, 102, 107U.S. on, 70Versailles Treaty on, 8

restitution missions, 98, 103, 110, 126,142, 143

in American Zone, 177–8, 189France on, 196in Soviet Zone, 101, 103, 160

RG (Record Group), 241Rheims Cathedral, 8Ritchie, Andrew C., 97RM (Reichsmark), 241Roberts Commission, 53–6, 241

CAD, MFA&A and, 54–6Committee on Personnel, 74lists and maps prepared by, 54, 56obstacles and problems for, 54–6on restitution, 63–6, 68–71, 83–4,

233Stone on, 53, 97on U.S. policy, 201–2

Roberts, Owen J., 53Robertson, Brian, 106Rockefeller Foundation, 51Romania. See RumaniaRomans

Holy Roman Empire jewels andregalia, 36, 76

on restitution, 4sculptures, 179

Ronald, Nigel Bruce, 45, 48Roosevelt, Franklin D.

Cordell Hull and, 44–5, 50–3on Sicily, 52






Index 273

on strategy, 58–60on U.S. policy, 44–5, 49–53Winant and, 68, 72

Rorimer, JamesMFA&A and, 56, 138Photo-Marburg and, 197Valland and, 75–6

Rosenberg, AlfredERR and, 22–4, 197Goring and, 21, 38, 89The Myth of the Twentieth Century,

14research institutes and, 22, 29Valland’s photos of, 76

Roth, Cecil, 154Rothschild family

archives, preservation of, 29hunting lodge in Vienna, depot at, 17jewels from, 77paintings, Austria on return of, 222property seizure from, 17, 20, 87, 143

Rousseau, Theodoreas investigator, 89MFA&A and, 56

RSHA. See Reich Mein Security OfficeRubens, Peter Paul, 39Rumania

Bulgaria and, 82, 108monarchy overthrown in, 181

Russiabalance of power between U.S. and,

126restitution and, 177–81, 210–15, 237,


Russian consular files, 214Russian Restitution Section, 178

Sachs, Paul J.on Roberts Commission, 53–4, 74,

138on U.S. policy, 48–9, 51

Saet, Yuly, 227salt mines

at Alt Aussee, 25, 77–8, 89, 184at Bernterode, 88German Reich museum stamp

collection at, 206–7

at Heilbronn, 76–7at Merkers, 76as repositories, 87–8

Samuel, Viscount, 63Samuhel Gospels, 224–5SANACC. See State, Army, Navy and

Air Force Coordinating CommitteeSancto Pragmatica, 4Sans Souci palace, 101Sargon II (king of Assyria), 3satellite states, 180, 182, 186–90, 233.

See also specific statesSawyer, Ambassador, 131Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach, Grand

Duchess of, 205Schiele, Egon, 228–9Schloss. See specification castlesSchmidt, Helmut, 208Schoenau, Johannes Georg, 142Schoenberger, Guido, 163Scholem, Gershom, 166–7, 170School of Military Government, 52, 53Schutzstaffel (SS), 17, 242scientific equipment, 178sculptures

Greek and Roman, 179in Pompeii, 41

Searle, Daniel C., 226securities, black market in, 116Senate Armed Services Committee,

147Settlement Convention of 1952, 193Seyss-Inquart, Artur

Mannheimer’s preziose collectionand, 41

Muhlmann and, 30, 34SHAEF. See Supreme Headquarters,

Allied Expeditionary ForcesShipman, Fred, 52Shoemaker, James H., 51–2Shunami, Schlomo, 162, 164Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service),

22, 242Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police), 22Sicily

invasion of, 58Roosevelt on, 52U.S. and Great Britain in, 55, 64






274 Index

silverceremonial objects, 163–5from David-Weill collection, 77Great Britain on, 165–6

Simon, Viscount, 63Singer, Israel, 211, 232–3Siviero, Rodolfo, 191

on Italian items, 193–4slave labor settlements, 233, 234Slavs

attitude toward, 25–7elimination of, 13

Slobodka Yeshiva Library, 166Smith, Alfred E., 53Smolensk archives, 214, 220, 232Smyth, Craig Hugh

the Czernin Vermeer and, 96, 138MFA&A and, 56at Munich Collecting Point, 136–9

Snyders, Frans, 26, 223A Social and Religious History of the

Jews (Baron), 152–9Sokolovsky, General, 100

on definition of restitution, 99, 106Solly, Edward, 24Sonderkommando Paulsen (SS unit),

25, 242Sonderkommandos, 242Sotheby’s, 227South Africa

books to, 163Munich items to, 165synagogue material to, 165

Soviet Union. See also Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact; Russia

at ACC, 186archives and, 27–8, 179, 181, 210, 234on Baltic Collection, 166–7black market in, 211–12books and, 210, 234churches in, 27collapse of, xi, 179, 210, 214communism and, 108, 125, 166, 180,

182, 214London Declaration and, 45–8on definition of restitution, 106–7on EAC, 61

Einsatzgruppen in, 19ERR in, 27expansionist policies of, 108–9Hague Convention and, 199intelligence services for, 180losses in, 27–8museums in, 179, 210palaces in, 27Poland and, 47–8, 166, 177, 181–8,

212on restitution, 71, 99–101, 104,

111–12, 120returns to, 143satellite states and, 180, 182, 186–90,

233strategy of, 57–60trophy brigades/commission of, 104,

111–12, 160, 179, 210, 212–13U.S. relations with, 186, 190

Soviet Zone of Occupation, 82, 101,103–4, 108–9, 111–12, 160, 177

looting in, 179masterpieces in, 179

Spain, 46Special Envoy for Holocaust Issues,

236, 239Spinoza, 87Spoils of War (newsletter), 230“Spoils of War” symposium, 214–15Staffel der bildenden Kunstler, 208stained-glass windows, from Strasbourg

Cathedral, 76, 133–4Stalin, Joseph, 44. See also Hitler-Stalin

PactEden and, 44strategy of, 57–9, 108, 125Tito’s break with, 187

stamp collectionsGerman Reich museum’s, 206–7Petschek’s, 38

Standen, EdithMFA&A and, 56on return of national treasures, 131

Starr, Joshua, 162, 168State, Army, Navy and Air Force

Coordinating Committee(SANACC), 183–5, 241






Index 275

State Coin Collection in Munich, 204State, War and Navy Coordinating

Committee (SWNCC), 182–4,202–3

statute of limitationsAllies on, 10courts on, 205–7, 224questions related to, 10

Steinberg, Elan, 211, 232–3Stern, Mme. Edgar, 26, 223Stettinius, Edward R., 67–8“Still Life with Fruit and Game”

(Snyders), 26, 223Stimson, Secretary of War, 208Stone, Harlan F.

on Roberts Commission, 53, 97on U.S. policy, 49–52

Stout, GeorgeMFA&A and, 74on U.S. policy, 49

Strasbourg Cathedral, 76, 133–4Sturmabteilung (SA), 15, 241successor organizations. See also

specific organizationsFrance on, 196heirless property to, 149, 154, 159,

160, 185–6Military Law No. 59 and, 160–1

Supreme Headquarters, AlliedExpeditionary Forces (SHAEF),145, 242

Military Government Law No. 52and, 67

surrenderAllies on, 44, 57, 59–62restitution-in-kind and, 86

Sweden, 46Swiss banks

gold in, 215–17settlement with, 217, 233

Switzerland, sale of “degenerate” art in,31

SWNCC. See State, War and NavyCoordinating Committee

Synagogue Council of America, 157,161

Szegedy-Maszak, Aladar, 116

Task Force on the Spoliation of ArtDuring the Nazi/World War II Era,218

Taylor, Francis Henryon military directive, 67–8on Roberts Commission, 53–4, 66on U.S. policy, 48–9, 51

Taylor, Francis X., 42Tchaikovsky Museum, 27Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 169Terborch, Gerard, 205textiles, 163, 164–5Thompson, Charles A., 49Tintoretto

The Holy Family with St. Catherineand Honored Donor by, 207

Leda and the Swan by, 41Tishbein, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm,

205Titian

Danse, 6, 41title

good, 207, 225–6valid, warrantees of, 218

Torah scrolls, 164, 173Torigian, John, 224–5Trachtenberg, Marc, 109train, at Berchtesgaden, 77treaties

with Austria, 9between Federal Republic of

Germany and Soviets, 210–11between Germany and Poland,

188with Hungary, 9, 189with Italy, 190looting, restitution and, 4–6, 8–10peace, 5, 8, 10, 115–17, 189–90of Pyrenees, 5of Versailles, 8–9, 11, 13, 24–5, 30of Westphalia, 4

Tripartite Gold Commission, 216Truman Doctrine, 183Truman, Harry

on restitution, 83, 94–5on Soviets in Eastern Europe, 190on withdrawal from Soviet zone, 82






276 Index

trusteeshipFrance on, 71–2Great Britain on, 154Mapu Library to Hebrew University

for, 166U.S. and, 94–5, 157–8, 160–1

Turkey, 108aid to, 190

Turks, 6–7

UN Educational and SocialOrganization (UNESCO)

Hague Convention and, 1991970 Convention, 200

United Kingdom, 218United States (U.S.). See also American

Zone of Occupationanti-Semitism in, 153balance of power between Russia

and, 126detachment of, 43–5on EAC, 61France, relations with, 195–8Frankfurt Collection to, 169Hague Convention and, 199immigration laws of, 17interest of, 86–7Italy, relations with, 187, 190–5Jewish seminaries/schools in, 163Jews in, 151–9Munich items to, 165nuclear monopoly of, 108policies of, 67–70, 201–3on restitution, 84–5, 103–4security of, 87, 190, 232Soviet relations with, 186, 190strategy of, 58–60transfer of items to, 74, 94–8, 146–7trusteeship and, 94, 95, 157–8,

160–1UNESCO Convention and, 200

United States Forces European Theater(USFET), 242

on coal, 130role of, 89–91, 127

United States Group, Control Council(Germany) (USGCC), 66, 242

on restitution, 93–4

role of, 89–91structure of, 66

University of Louvain, 8–9U.S. Army. See also Monuments, Fine

Arts, and ArchivesCounter-Intelligence Corps, 222Criminal Investigation Unit, 202role of, 229

U.S. Court of Restitution Appeal, 150U.S. Customs Service, 202, 204

Durer drawings and, 228Reich museum stamps and, 206Schiele collection and, 229

U. S. Department of Defense, 204U. S. Department of Justice, 204

National Stolen Property Act and,203

U.S. National Archivesresearch at, 215, 218–19, 221, 223Russian consular files at, 214

U.S. Senate, 214U.S. Treasury, 202USFET. See United States Forces

European TheaterUSGCC. See United States Group,

Control CouncilUniversity of Louvain, 8–9Uspens’kyi Cathedral, 179

V. Stefanyk Library, 184Valland, Rose, 75–6van Beuningen, D. G., 40Van Eyck altarpiece, 8, 9, 24–5, 30,

77–8return of, 93, 131–4, 142

Van Eyck, Hubert, 24Van Eyck, Jan, 24Vatican, 195

Crown of Saint Stephen and, 189Van Eyck altarpiece at, 24

Vaucher Commission, 62, 66, 71–2, 242Vaucher, Paul, 62V-E Day, 82Veit Stoss altarpiece

Liebel and, 76at Nuremberg castle, 25return of, 134–6, 142seizure of, 25






Index 277

Vermeer, Jan, 40. See also the CzerninVermeer

Victoria (Queen of the UnitedKingdom), 201–2

Vienna Model, 17Vilnius International Forum on

Holocaust-Era Looted CulturalAssets, 220

Vinokur, Raumond, 207Vipiteno altarpiece, 191–2Vivian, Calvin, 136Vlug, Jean, 34Volegov, Colonel, 100von Behr, Kurt, 38–9von Hindenberg, Marshal, 88von Malsen-Tilborch, Gabriel, 231von Pollnitz, 26, 223von Ribbentrop, Joachim, 24, 190–1von Schirach, Baldur, 34von Wolff-Metternich, Franz, Count,

24, 25Voss, Hermann, 32, 36

Waley, Sigismund, 45Walker, John

on German paintings in U.S., 147on U.S. policy, 49

Wannsee Conference, 20war art, German, 207–9war crimes, 103, 160, 198

Japan and, 222Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, 222

War on Terror, 205Warburg Library (Hamburg), 29warfare, laws regarding rules of, 7–8Washington Conference, 217, 236–7,

239principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art,

218–20, 243Watteau, Jean Antoine, 40Weimar Republic, 14Weimar Museum, 205–6Wendland, Hans, 226West German state, bizonia and, 109,

186“Westward Ho, Watteau” project, 96Whitehurst, G. William, 208–9Whitham, G. S., 115

Wiesbaden Collecting Point, 92, 130,136, 139, 145

Baltic Collection at, 166–8classification/sorting at, 162closing of, 164, 171Crown of Saint Stephen at, 189items to Bezalel Museum, 168

Wiesbaden Manifesto, 95–6Wiesbaden Neuss Museum, 146Wilhelm II (emperor of Germany), 201Winant, John G.

on declaration, 47on EAC, 61, 70on JCS 1067, 68on restitution, 84Roosevelt and, 68, 72on Zonal Commanders, 72

Wolfhaudt, Fuerlrich, 32Woolley, Leonard

on preservation, 43–4on restitution, 71

World Heritage Convention, 200World Jewish Congress (WJC)

Holocaust and, 211JCR and, 161restitution and, 215–17, 233, 237, 239

World Jewish Restitution Organization(WJRO), 221

World War I (WWI)developments prior to, 7–8lessons learned from, 13restitution and, 8–10

World War II (WWII)deaths during Holocaust and, 12, 20economy after, 12, 125–6looting, Holocaust, and, 19–26restitution during decade after, 203–4strategic context of, 57–60

Yahil, Leni, 152Yalta Conference, 60–1, 72, 82, 208Yeide, Nancy, 223Yeltsin, Boris, 213Yeshiva College, 171Yivo Institute

items from, 87preservation of, 29

Youth Aliyah, 151, 155






278 Index

Yugoslaviaand Paris Conference on Reparations,

103on restitution, 103, 186–8Soviets and, 186–8

Zionists, 151, 155zones of occupation, 60–1. See also

American Zone of Occupation;inter-zonal transactions; SovietZone of Occupation

Allies on unifying, 125

British, 170French, 170government of, 81–3,

108–9internal restitution in, 149merging of, 166restitution in, 98–9, 100–1, 103–4,

121, 171–2Zorin, General

on restitution forms, 178on restitution to ex-enemy nations,

114






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