6 x 10.Long new - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805211/94419/index/9780521194419_index.pdf · 2:6–8, 322, 324 3:6, 83 3:20, 18 Colossians 1:15, 219 2:11–12,

367

Old Testament Genesis

1–3, 11:1, 3361:7, 9, 11, 15, 24, 3361:10, 12, 18, 21, 25, 3361:26, 1, 51, 224, 2291:26–7, 2161:26, 28, 3371:26–8, 151:27, 511:27–8, 2302:15, 3372:16–17, 513:24, 3374:11, 539:5, 539:6, 549:8, 217–249:8–11, 33811:9, 5412:3, 5418:25, 5218:27, 50

Exodus 15:23, 33820:3–4, 33732:13, 56

Leviticus 25:43, 33726:22, 338

Numbers 6:24, 33721:6, 338

Deuteronomy 4:6–8, 5510:16, 89n9

16:20, 5621:23, 22724:11, 5830:6, 89n932:39, 50

1 Kings 4:24, 337

2 Kings 2:19–22, 338

Job 38:4, 5045:5, 50

Psalms, 17524:1, 33682:6, 139

Isaiah 1:17, 562:3–4, 5535:6, 33843:19–20, 33844:3–4, 338

Jeremiah 4:4, 89n98:14, 3389:26, 89n912:1, 5332:6–44, 332

Ezekiel 5:17, 33832:2, 13, 33834:4, 33744:7, 9, 89n9

Obadiah 1:21, 54

Zechariah 8:16, 59

Biblical index

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Biblical index368

New Testament Matthew

5:3, 855:21–6, 185:38–42, 2238:5–13, 8610:5, 8610:42, 33811:18–19, 8513:24–30, 18115:21–8, 8616:18, 2120:1–16, 15821:31, 8522:21, 1825:31–46, 32225:40, 1725:42–5, 22128:19–20, 11, 86, 258,

Mark 2:15–17, 857:3, 3387:24–30, 869:40, 18710:23, 8412:1–11, 8516:15–18, 1121:34, 187

Luke 6:20, 857:1–10, 8610:25–37, 33013:28–9, 8516:13, 35322:38, 8n.11, 1823:24, 22423:43, 17

John 1:3, 3363:16, 322–48:7, 178:32, 36, 169:7, 33811:50, 183n1713:5, 33814:8–9, 21915:15, 234

Acts 1:8, 1112:12, 9416:14–15, 40, 9420:28, 83

Romans 1:16, 891:23, 3372:9, 10, 892:25, 26, 89n82:28–9, 903:9, 893:30, 89n84:9, 89n87:22–4, 182n158:2, 21, 168:5–6, 181n138:19–22, 3388:21, 410:12, 8910:12–13, 8912:2, 1812:9–21, 1813:1–7, 14116:1–2, 94, 95, 9816:7, 94, 95, 98

1 Corinthians 1:22–4, 897, 917:1–16, 917:17–20, 917:18, 89n87:19, 89n87:21, 977:21–4, 917:22, 9710:17, 9010:32, 83, 8911:4–16, 9411:9–10, 9411:11–12, 9411:16, 8212:13, 87, 89, 90, 9312:28, 8314:33–5, 9415:9, 8329:31, 92

2 Corinthians 4:4, 2196:14–18, 18

Galatians 1:13, 832:11–14, 903:26–8, 17, 87–963:27–8, 3023:28, 87–96, 97–8, 2365:6, 89n86:15, 89, 89n8






369Biblical index

Ephesians 2:11, 89n82:14, 18, 1382:14–15, 175:22–4, 3025:22–6:4, 945:32, 2946:5–9, 91

Philippians 2:5, 181n13,

182n152:5–8, 2332:6–8, 322, 3243:6, 833:20, 18

Colossians 1:15, 2192:11–12, 903:1, 183:9–11, 88, 933:11, 17, 89,

903:18–4:1, 943:22–4, 914:1, 914:15, 94

1 Thessalonians 1:1, 822:14, 82

2 Thessalonians 1:4, 82

1 Timothy 2:11–12, 3022:11–15, 946:1–2, 91

Titus 2:1–10, 942:9–10, 913:1, 141

Philemon, 91, 92–3, 9712, 9215–16, 9218, 92

Hebrews 1:3, 219

1 Peter 2:9, 172:13, 1412:16, 163:15, 333

2 Peter 3:7, 10, 338

Revelation 5:10, 1711:16–18, 33720:6, 17

Apocrypha/Pseudepigrapha Wisdom 2:23, 225






370

Abraham, God’s covenant with, 54accommodation of religious beliefs, 244–9accountability for human rights, mutuality of,

329–30Ackermann, Bruce, 251ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), 211Act of Uniformity (1559, England), 28Adams, Arlin, 250Adams, John, 153adult baptism, 29, 255Advisory Panel of Experts on Freedom of

Religion or Belief, OSCE, 208Aeterni Patris (1879), 24Africa, role of Protestant missionaries in,

31–2African [Banjul] Charter on Human and

People’s Rights (1981), 208African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of

the Child (1999), 208African Commission on Human and Peoples’

Rights, 208agapist rejection of natural rights theory, 157–8,

168Ahmed, An-Na’im Abdullahi, 266AI (Amnesty International), 210, 211Albericus de Rosate, 103Alexander, Frank S., ixAlfeyev, H., 189ALI (American Law Institute), 196, 284, 295–6,

299Alston, Philip, 211Althusius, Johannes, 146–8, 154Altmann, Alexander, 234America. See United StatesAmerican Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 211American Convention on Human Rights

(1969), 207American Declaration of the Rights and Duties

of Man (1948), 207American Jewish Committee, 196

American Law Institute (ALI), 196, 284, 295–6, 299

American Women’s Suffrage Association (AWSA), 309

Amish communities, withdrawal of children from standard schooling, 244

Amnesty International (AI), 210, 211Anabaptists, 28, 29Anastasius I (Byzantine emperor), 278Anglicanism

individual freedom, emphasis on, 29nationalization of faith in, 28

Anglo-Saxon law, 20Annan, Kofi, 341Anthony, Susan B., 309anti-Semitism, as negative impact of religion, 7apocalyptic. See eschatologyAppiah, Anthony, 218Aquinas. See Thomas AquinasArab Charter on Human Rights, 208Arab Human Rights Committee, 208Arab League, 208–10Arbour, Louise, 208Arianism, 174Aristotle

children’s rights, integrative tradition of, 283, 285, 287–9, 291, 292, 298, 300

community, human need for, 119on human personality, 2, 179judicial equity, concept of, 140justice

equality, relationship to, 162–5, 169Roman Catholic use of theory of, 124

neo-scholastic natural rights law based on, 22on objective natural rights, 290Politics, 300on slavery, 2, 90

Arnhart, Larry, 291–2, 300Ashoka (Japanese emperor), edicts of, 212Asian Legal Resource Center, 211

Index






Index 371

Association for the Prevention of Torture, 210Astell, Mary, 305Augsburg, Peace of (1555), 28Augustine of Hippo, 82, 91n13, 124, 181, 227Aune, David E., ix, 17, 81Aung San Suu Kyi, 211AWSA (American Women’s Suffrage

Association), 309

Banjul Charter on Human and People’s Rights (1981), 208

baptism adult, 29, 255infant, 255

Barak, Aaron, 225Barclay, John M. G., 98Barnes, Timothy David, 79Barnett, Barbra, 334Barth, Karl, 156, 161, 166Bartholomew I (ecumenical patriarch), 42Bassler, Jouette M., 98Bayes, Jane, 319Beatitudes, 85Becker, Gary, 298Beijing, Fourth World Conference on Women

in (1995), 303, 316–17Beisner, Calvin, 339Bellah, Robert N., ix, 12, 351, 365Benedict XVI (pope), 133, 280Berg, Thomas C. Berman, Harold J., 112, 276, 281, 354, 365Beza, Theodore, 143–6, 154Bible, human rights in, 1–7, 15–18.

See also separate index of biblical citations

creation narratives, 1–3, 15, 51, 336Decalogue. See Decaloguedivine image, all persons created in, 1–3, 15freedom, importance of, 3–4injustice and oppression, duty to combat, 3interdependence of humans, 4inviolability of human life, 2Jubilee principle, freedom from slavery and

debt in, 4“least” persons in society, command to care

for, 5, 321Mosaic law, 16, 147negative impact of religion despite, 5–7New Testament, 16–18. See also early

Christianity, concepts of equality inProtestant reliance on biblical authority, 27

Bill of Rights, English (1689), 149, 212Bill of Rights, US (1789), 212, 268Bion, 91n13Boden, Alison L., 319

Body of Liberties (Ward, 1641), 152Bohatec, Josef, 154Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 7, 156Bonine, John, 349The Book of the City of Ladies (Christine de

Pisan, 1363–1434), 304The Book of the Three Virtues (Christine de

Pisan, 1363–1434), 304Bora, Katharina von, 306Bouma-Prediger, Steven, 349Bourdeaux, Michael, 266Bowlby, John, 293, 301Bradley, Gerard V., 273, 274, 281Brennan, William, 269, 274Brett, Annabel S., 42, 112Brinig, Margaret, 297–300, 301Britain. See United KingdomThe Broken Covenant (Bellah, 1975), 351Browlie, Ian, 301Browning, Don S., ix, 15, 22, 283, 301Brunner, Emil, 158, 161–5, 169, 171Bucar, Elizabeth, 334Buddhism, 2, 361Buergenthal, Thomas, 211Burke, Edmund, 308Bush, George W., 363Byzantine tradition. See Orthodox tradition

Cadiz Constitution, Spain (1812), 212Cain and Abel, 53Cairns, David, 222, 234Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam

(1990), 209Cairo, International Conference on Population

and Development at (1994), 316–17Calvin, John, 26, 135–43, 153, 154, 219Calvinism, 135–54

in America New England Puritans, 140, 150, 152–3Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776), 152

anthropology of, 29congregationalization of faith by, 28crises leading to development of, 135Dutch revolt and Althusius, 146–8English Revolutions and Milton, 148–52equality in

Beza’s adaptation of, 145judicial equity, Calvin on, 139

French persecution of, Beza’s response to, 143–6

natural law and natural rights in Althusius, theories of, 147Beza, theories of, 145

obedience/disobedience Althusius on, 147






Index372 Index

Calvin on, 141–3St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre and,

143–6original teachings of Calvin, 135–43popular sovereignty

Althusius’s social contract theory, 147–8Beza’s theory of, 144

religious freedom and tolerance in Althusius on, 147Beza on, 145original writings of Calvin on, 136

separation of church and state Althusius on, 147original writings of Calvin on, 138–41

Canada Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

(1982), 213intrachurch disputes, government

adjudication of, 242no constitutional right to clean water in, 342

canon law, 20–2, 99–112Althusius’s use of, 147Calvin influenced by, 135content of rights under, 106–11freedom of the church, 20, 105, 111iure divino, 101iure humano (individual property rights), 101ius ad rem versus ius in re, 104ius and iura in, 21–3, 100–6ius and iustitia, relationship between, 102ius appellationis (right of final appeal to

papacy), 105ius deliberandi, 104ius eligendi (right to vote), 109ius naturale, 102, 103ius patronatus, 104ius sustentationis (right to subsistence), 106marriage, freedom of entry into, 108–9neo-scholastic human rights theory and, 111of Orthodox Church, 178religious freedom and, 111Roman law influencing, 20, 100self-incrimination, privilege against, 107–8slavery in, 99, 102, 106Trent, Council of, 23wills and testaments, law of, 104

canonical territory, Orthodox concept of, 259–61

Cantwell v. Connecticut, 213capitalism

global civil religion, market culture as, 352–3global financial crisis of 2008, 364–5John Paul II on, 130

Carbone, June, 295

Carter, Jimmy, 211, 302Carter, Stephen L., 334Cassin, René, 196, 211Casti Connubii (1931), 289CAT (Convention against Torture and Other

Cruel, Inhumane or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; 1984), 203

Catholic Emancipation Act (1829, Great Britain), 28

Catholic Worker Movement, 310Catholicism. See Roman CatholicismCCPR (UN Human Rights Committee), 200CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of

All Forms of Discrimination against Women; 1979), 198–201, 302, 303, 313–16

Centesimus Annus (1991), 128–31CERD (International Convention to Eliminate

All Forms of Racial Discrimination; 1966), 202–3

Chad, constitutional provisions regarding proselytism in, 264

Chang, Peng-chun, 196Charles I (King of England), 149Charles II (King of England), 149children’s rights, 283–300

African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1999), 208

in canon law, 106canonical freedom of entry into marriage,

108–9cohabitation treated as equal with marriage,

295–6CRC, 203critical grounding of, 291–4dissolution of family, modern stress on,

295–6divine image and, 285, 286family rights and, 285–6, 287–9, 293integrative view of, 283–4, 297–300in Islamic/Arab countries, 208, 209kin altruism, 286–9marriage and, 286, 288, 293–4, 297–300in natural law and natural rights, 283,

286–94new institutional economics applied to,

298–9objective versus subjective, 289–91, 292, 293parental rights, 283

in integrative view, 283in private ordering, 284

private ordering, 284, 295–6in Roman Catholic social teaching, 283,

287, 289in Roman law, 71, 72, 76, 283subsidiarity, principle of, 287, 289

Calvinism (cont.)






Index 373

thick model of, 285thin views of, 284–5in UDHR and CRC, 283, 284, 285–6, 293,

297China, constitutional right to clean water in,

346choice as theological foundation of human

rights, 328–32Chopko, Mark E., 281Christian Moderns (Keane, 2007), 360Christianity and human rights, 8–42

biblical basis. See Bible, human rights incanon law, medieval. See canon lawchildren. See children’s rightsdivine image, importance of. See divine

imagein early church. See early Christianity,

concepts of equality inenvironmental rights. See clean water, right

toequality. See equalityglobal civil religion and. See global civil

religionhermeneutic of, 13–15historical context, importance of, 13human rights advances

local and foreign religious groups, conflicts between, 10–11

new forms of religious and ethnic oppression created by, 9

religious awakening spurred by, 8–9human rights norms, human rights culture

required for, 11–12importance of religion to modern human

rights regime, 41–2interdependence of, 12Jewish tradition. See Jews and Judaismlaw and religion, interplay of, 14modern human rights system. See modern

human rights systemnegative impact of. See negative impact of

religionOrthodox tradition. See Orthodox traditionproselytism. See proselytismProtestant tradition. See Protestant

Reformation and ProtestantismRoman Catholic tradition. See Roman

Catholicismin Roman law. See Roman lawtheological foundations of. See theological

foundations of human rightsvital role of religion in human rights

development, 39–40women. See women’s rights

Christine de Pisan, 304

Christology divine image and, 179, 219, 221, 227, 322, 324theological foundations of human rights in,

322, 324church

autonomy of importance for separation of church and

state, 269importance to religious freedom and

tolerance, 269, 271–4, 276–9papal revolution for freedom of Church,

20, 105, 111, 276–8vulnerability to attack, 280

Councils Ephesus (431), 178Nicaea (325), 174, 178Trent (1545–63), 23, 109, 146

ius ecclesiae in Orthodox tradition, 177–8obedience/disobedience to. See obedience/

disobediencechurch-state relationship. See also separation of

church and statein Orthodox tradition, 174in Protestant tradition, 27–8

circumcised and uncircumcised, Paul on, 89, 91civil law, continental, 22civil religion, global. See global civil religion“Civil Religion in America” (Bellah, 1967),

351–2civil rights movement, 237civil society

global, 355–7in modern human rights system, 210–11

Civil War, English, 149Civitate Dei (Augustine, 5th century), 91n13,

124, 181Claro, Julio, 107classification of rights, 37–8Clean Water Act (CWA; US), 342, 343, 346, 347clean water, right to, 335–49

access to clean water and, 345–8animals and natural objects, rights of, 339constitutional rights, 341, 346creation, Christian reverence for, 336–8debate over existence of, 340–2efforts to provide clean water, 342–4governments and international organizations

inhibiting, 347judicial remedies, effectiveness of, 346–7paying for, 347privatization of, 347significance of water in Christianity, 338–9substantive scope of, 345–6US on. See under United States

Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 303






Index374

Cohn, Haim H., 62Colas, Alejandro, 356, 357, 365Cold War. See hostile political regimescommon law

English, 22ius gentium in Orthodox tradition, 177

communism. See hostile political regimesConcilium Foundation, 319Concordat of Worms (1122), 277Confessions (Augustine, c. 397–8), 82Confucianism, 361conscience, liberty of. See religious freedom

and toleranceconscientious objection, 239, 244–5Constantine I the Great (Roman emperor), 19,

174, 177n3constitutional rights

to clean water, 341, 346proselytism, constitutional provisions

regarding, 264religious freedom and tolerance,

guaranteeing, 275. See also under United States

in Roman law, 78Constitutions of Clarendon (1164), 105continental civil law, 22Convention on the Elimination of All Forms

of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW; 1979), 198–201, 302, 303, 313–16

Convention on the Prevention of the Crime of Genocide (UN; 1948), 195, 197, 202

Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950), Council of Europe, 205–6

Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC; 1989), 203, 283, 285–6, 297

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT; 1984), 203

Cook, Rebecca J., 319Copernicus, Nicolas, 6Corporation of the Presiding Bishop v. Amos, 269Cortese, Ennio, 79Council of Ephesus (431), 178Council of Europe, 205–6Council of Nicaea (325), 174, 178Council of Trent (1545–63), 23, 109, 146Counter-Reformation rejection of

Enlightenment thought, 22, 114Couture, Pamela D., 301covenant model of marriage, 297–300Covenant on the Rights of the Child in Islam,

209covenant relationship between God and

community in Jewish tradition, 54–7

Cox, Harvey, 352, 365Cox, Robert, 358Cranmer, Thomas, 26, 29CRC (Convention on the Rights of the Child;

1989), 203, 283, 285–6, 297creation

Christian reverence for, 336–8human dominion over/responsibility for, 337

creation narratives Babylonian, 3in Bible, 1–3, 15, 51, 336

criminal components, UN mechanisms with, 202–3

Cromwell, Oliver, 149, 150Crossan, John Dominic, 84Crusades, as negative impact of religion, 6cuius regio, eius religio, 28Curran, Charles E., 114, 118, 121, 133CWA (Clean Water Act; US), 342, 343, 346, 347Cyril of Alexandria, 179n9

Dalai Lama, 211Daly, Martin, 301Darwin, Charles, 291Davis, R. W., 43Day, Dorothy, 310De Jong, Cornelius D., 215de Ste. Croix, G. E. M., 91De Zulueta, Francis, 79Decalogue

Beza’s use of, 145Milton on, 150Protestant grounding of rights and duties

in, 27Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms

of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief (UN; 1981), 9, 204, 238, 265

Declaration on Religious Freedom at (Second Vatican Council; 1963), 262, 272, 274, 275, 278

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789), France, 100, 212, 231, 307

Declaration on the Rights of the Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious, and Linguistic Minorities (UN; 1992), 9, 238, 265

Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (Gouges, 1791), 307

Decretales Gregorii IX, 101, 105, 109, 110, 111Decretum (Gratian), 101, 110degrading treatment, right not to be subject to

CAT, 203divine image, 227

democratic institutions civil society and, 356






Index 375

English Revolutions calling for, 150modern Roman Catholicism and, 132Protestant theological doctrines cast into,

30–1, 140Dentière, Marie, 307Dictionarium (Albericus de Rosate, c. 1354), 103Digest (Justinian), 66–7, 79, 102Dignitatis Humanae (1965), 25, 121–3, 125, 131dignity. See human dignityDiocletian (Roman emperor), 174discrimination against religious beliefs,

accommodations to avoid, 244–9discrimination by religious organizations,

249–50disobedience. See obedience/disobediencedivine image, 216–34

biblical insistence on, 1–3, 15children’s rights and, 285, 286Christological issues, 179, 219, 221, 227, 322,

324contributions to modern human rights

theory, 216, 224–7correlation of rights and duties, 222–3degrading treatment, right not to be subject

to, 227equality of all persons as created in, 4family rights and, 286human dignity and, 221, 226justice and, 223“least” persons in society created in, 221, 226life, right to, 226natural rights theory and, 171, 228, 230objective versus subjective rights, 228–9as ontological foundation of Christian rights

theory, 15ontological nature of concept, 224in Orthodox tradition, 179pluralistic religious appeal of, 217political rights, relevance to, 217, 227–33problems associated with, 216, 217–24in Protestant thought, 171, 217, 230reason, human capacity for, 227–33religious freedom and, 229in Roman Catholic thought, 217, 221, 230secularist issues, 217–19theological foundations of human rights

Christology, 322, 324human value, 325–8

Doctors Without Borders (Médecins sans Frontières), 211

Donahue, Charles, ix, 18, 64, 79, 100Douglas, William O., 269, 339Douglass, Bruce, 133Doumergue, Emile, 154Dred Scott v. Sanford, 225Duffy, Eamon, 134

Dutch Revolt and Calvinist doctrine, 146–8

duty. See obligation

early Christianity, concepts of equality in, 81–98

development of early Christianity, 82–3gender roles, ambivalence about, 94Gentiles

Jesus on, 86–7Paul on neither Jew nor Greek,

89–90, 97historical Jesus, problem of, 83, 96human person, ancient concept of, 82Jesus sayings, 83–7, 96“least” persons in society

caste system, rejection of, 85–6eschatological social reversal, 84–5

monotheism, 81–2Paul. See Paul/Pauline writingsslavery and freedom, Paul on, 90–3, 97women, Paul on, 93–6, 97

Ebadi, Shirin, 211ECHR (European Court of Human Rights),

206, 213, 253ecological rights. See clean water, right toEconomic and Social Council (ECOSOC),

UN, 195, 200, 201, 202, 205, 340economic rights. See welfare rightsEdict of Milan (313), 19Ehler, Sidney Z., 43Eide, Asbjorn, 211Eisgruber, Christopher, 251The Elders, 302–3Eleazar (Rabbi), 56Eliezer (Rabbi), 59Elon, Menachem, 62England. See Anglicanism; United KingdomEnlightenment thought

equality in, 236natural rights theory

origins of, 155Protestant rejection as Enlightenment

concept, 159–61, 168role in human rights development,

39–40Roman Catholicism and

rejection of classical liberalism by Counter-Reformation Church, 22, 114

transition to acceptance of, 114–15women’s rights in, 307–8

environmental rights. See clean water, right toEphesus, Council of (431), 178Epictetus, 93n15Epicureans, on slavery, 91Epp, Eldon Jay, 95, 98






Index376

equality, 236–51Aristotle

on judicial equity, 140on relationship between justice and

equality, 162–5, 169in Calvinism

Beza’s adaptation of, 145judicial equity, Calvin on, 139

defined, 237disparities in wealth and, 237divine image, equality of all persons as

created in, 4in Enlightenment thought, 236historical movement toward, 236–8justice, relationship to, 162–5, 169Marxist Communism and, 237monotheism and, 81–2in New Testament and early church, 17.

See also early Christianity, concepts of equality in

Protestantism and, 236of religion in international documents, 238of religion in US, 238–40

accommodation/avoidance of discrimination against religious beliefs and practices, 244–9

defining religion for purposes of, 250–1discrimination by religious organizations,

249–50general statements of civic belief, 240government aid for religious

organizations, 242government speech about religion, 240–2ideas and personal convictions, religious

nature of, 239–40intrachurch disputes, government

adjudication of, 242–3justice and moral evaluation, difficulty in

separating, 241pluralism, different levels of comfort with,

237–8priest–penitent privilege, 243

religious liberty and, 251Roman Catholicism and, 236, 239women’s rights, equality/difference dilemma

in, 318The Equality of Men and Women (Gournay,

1622), 305Ertman, Martha, 295eschatology

Jesus as apocalyptic prophet, 83Paul, apocalyptic framework applied to

social situations by, 91social reversal, eschatological, Jesus’s

emphasis on, 84–5

Essenes, on slavery, 93ethnic minorities. See minorities, ethnic or

religiousEurope

Council of Europe, 205–6OSCE, 207–8

European Convention on Human Rights (1950), 184, 213, 267

European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), 206, 213, 253

European Union, nature and purpose of, 359Evangelical and Pentecostal Christians

proselytization of other Christians by, 256, 261–2

social gospel movement and, 362evangelization. See proselytismEvans, Carolyn, 215Evans, Malcolm D., 215

Falconi, Carlo, 134Falk, Richard, 211Falk, Ze’ev W., 62family rights and children’s rights, 285–6,

287–9, 293feminism. See women’s rightsFerrari, Silvio, ix, 10, 253Fineman, Martha, 295Finley, Moses I., 98Fisher-Ogden, Daryl, 349Fitzralph, Richard, 22Flannery, Austin, 134Fletcher, George P., 234Flinterman, Cees, 319Fortin, Ernest A., 116, 134Fourth World Conference on Women in

Beijing (1995), 303Fox, Marvin, 62France

Calvinism, persecution of, 143–6Napoleonic Code (1804), 24Revolution in. See French Revolution

Francis I (King of France), Calvin’s address to, 136–7, 143

Frankish law, 20Franklin, Robert M., 301Frederican Code (Prussia; 1791), 24Free Church tradition, 29freedom

biblical importance of, 3–4Calvin on, 136church autonomy. See under churchcommon law and civil law in Middle Ages,

22English Revolutions and writers calling for,

150, 151






Index 377

libertas in Roman law as, 19New England Puritans on, 152in New Testament, 16papal revolution for freedom of Church, 20,

105, 111, 276–8Paul on neither slave nor free, 90–3in Protestant Reformation, 26–7, 29of religion. See religious freedom and

toleranceas theological foundation of human rights,

328–32Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776), 152,

212French Revolution

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789), 100, 212, 231, 307

Roman Catholicism’s early modern rejection of rights theory and, 24

Wollstonecraft’s response to Burke on, 308Friedman, Daniel, 295Friends Service Committee, 211Fulbright, J. William, 352

Gaius, 75, 76, 78, 79Galerius (Roman emperor), 174Galileo, 6Garnett, Richard W., ix, 18, 267, 281Garrison, Martha, 301Garrison, Michael, 296Garrison, William Lloyd, 309Gaudium et Spes (1965), 123–4, 126Gaustad, Edwin S. Gelasius (pope), 278Geneva Conventions, 194, 195, 202Genocide Convention, UN (1948), 195, 197, 202Gentiles

Jesus on, 86–7Paul on neither Jew nor Greek, 89–90, 97

Germanic law, 20Gerson, Jean, 22Glendon, Mary Ann, 270, 271, 281global civil religion, 351–65

contribution of Christianity to, 360, 361, 362defined, 352development of global civil society, 351–65existence of global culture, 354–5existence of humanity as a whole, 353–4financial crisis of 2008 and, 364–5human rights ethic, global use of, 360, 361importance of, 352market culture as, 352–3possibility of effective global governance,

359–64promises and weaknesses of global

institutions, 357–60

Protestant contribution to, 361, 362Glorious Revolution (1688; England), 149, 150Golden Calf, idolatry before, 56golden rule

in Christian tradition, 11in Jewish tradition, 57Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, on, 310

Goodman, Lenn E., 63Gorbachev, Mikhail, 35, 128Gore, Al, 312Gouges, Olympe de, 307Gournay, Marie de, 305Gratian, 20, 101, 110Great Britain. See United KingdomGreek Orthodox. See Orthodox traditionGreen, M. Christian, ix, 15, 302Greenawalt, Kent, ix, 17, 236, 251Gregorian, Vartan, 334Gregory VII (pope), 21, 276–8Gregory IX (pope), 101Gregory XVI (pope), 114Gregory of Nyssa, 32Gregory the Theologian, 181Griffin, James, 235Griffin, Leslie, 122Groothius, Rebecca Merrill, 98Grotius, Hugo, 39Grumbach, Argula von, 307Guatemala, Rigoberta Menchú in, 311, 319Gunn, T. Jeremy, ix, 18, 193, 215, 265Guroian, Vigen, 185, 186, 189Gushee, David P., 234

Habermas, Jürgen, 355, 358–9, 360, 363, 364, 365Hague Conventions, 194Hammurabi’s code, 212Hand, Learned, 268Harakas, Stanley S., 43, 189Hart, John, 339, 347, 349Hasson, Kevin Seamus, 334Havel, Václav, 42, 128Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 356Hehir, J. Bryan, x, 24, 25, 113, 134Helmholz, R. H., x, 20, 99, 112Helsinki Final Act (1975), 207Henkin, Louis, 211Henry II (King of England), 105, 278Henry II (King of France), 143Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor), 276–8hermeneutic of human rights in modern

religions, 13–15Herzog, Isaac Halevi, 63Hildebrand (later Pope Gregory VII), 21, 276–8Hillel the Elder, 57Hines, Kenneth R., 134






Index378

historical critical method, 83historical Jesus, problem of, 83, 96Hitler, Adolf, 7Hobbes, Thomas, 155, 160Hoekema, Anthony A., 229, 235Hohfeld, Wesley Newcomb, 43, 64–5, 68, 73,

75, 79Hollenbach, David, 114, 118, 133, 134Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 77, 79Holocaust

divine inaction, Jewish tradition of complaint regarding, 53

as negative impact of religion, 7Honoré, Tony, 43Hooper, J. Leon, 134hope, role of, 332–4hostile political regimes

equality in Marxist Communism, 237John Paul II and, 125, 128, 129Orthodox tradition under, 33–6, 176, 183Pius XII’s experience of, 117

Howland, Courtney, 319HRW (Human Rights Watch), 210Huber, Wolfgang, 43human dignity

biblical insistence on all persons created in divine image, 1–3

in Dignitatis Humanae (1965) and Pacem in Terris (1963), 122

divine image and, 221, 226in Jewish tradition, 58John Paul II on, 125–31of “least” persons in society. See “least”

persons in societyin modern Protestant thought, 164,

169–71in Roman Catholicism, 125–31, 221as theological foundation of human rights,

328–32human hope, role of, 332–4human rights. See Christianity and human

rights; rightsHuman Rights Committee (CCPR; UN), 200Human Rights Council for Bangladesh

Minorities, 211Human Rights Council, UN, 195Human Rights Watch (HRW), 210Hume, David, 39Humphrey, John Peters, 196Hunt, Lynn, 112Huntington, Samuel P., 132, 134, 173

ICC (International Criminal Court), 203ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and

Political Rights; 1966), 198–201, 286, 329

ICESCR (International Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights; 1966), 198–201, 286, 321

ICTR (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda; 1994), 202

ICTY (International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia; 1993), 202

Ignatieff, Michael, 235ILO (International Labor Organization), 196imago Dei. See divine imageIndia, constitutional right to clean water in, 341individualism

ancient concepts of the human person versus, 82

Jewish tradition, relationship between person and community in, 58–62

Protestant contribution to concept of, 29–30infant baptism, 255injustice and oppression, duty to combat, as

biblical imperative, 3Inquisition, 6, 99, 146Institutes of Gaius, 76, 78, 79Institutes of Justinian, 79Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin, 1559),

136, 137, 141, 143, 154integrative view of children’s rights, 283–4,

297–300Inter-American Court and Commission on

Human Rights, 207interdependence of humans, biblical assertion

of, 4International Campaign to Ban Landmines, 211International Commission of Jurists, 211International Conference on Population and

Development at Cairo (1994), 316–17International Convention on Economic, Social,

and Cultural Rights (ICESCR; 1966), 198–201, 286, 321

International Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD; 1966), 202–3

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (MWC; 1990), 203

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR; 1966), 198–201, 286, 329

International Criminal Court (ICC), 203International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

(ICTR; 1994), 202International Criminal Tribunal for the former

Yugoslavia (ICTY; 1993), 202International Labor Organization (ILO), 196International Red Cross, 194, 195, 211International Religious Freedom Act (US), 333






Index 379

International Religious Liberty Association, 210

Investiture Controversy, 276–8ISESCO (Islamic Social, Economic, Scientific,

and Cultural Organization), 209Isidore of Seville, 102Islam

Arab League and OIC, 208–10demonization of, 326prayer requirements, accommodation of, 244proselytism, views on, 254–8, 263, 264Roman law inheritance in medieval period,

20Shari’ah law, 209women’s rights, opposition to, 313, 316

Islamic Social, Economic, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (ISESCO), 209

Islamic Summit, 209ius, iura

in canon law, 100–6. See also under canon law

in Roman law, 18, 64–7. See also under Roman law

James II (King of England), 149James, William, 362, 365Jefferson, Thomas, 39Jellinek, Georg, 361Jesus

as apocalyptic prophet or prophetic teacher, 83

equality, concept of, in sayings of, 83–7Jewish Emancipation Act (1833, Great Britain),

28Jews and Judaism, 47–62

anti-Semitism, as negative impact of religion, 7

creation narratives of, 1–3, 15duties, rights, and law in, 48–50God and community, covenant relationship

between, 54–7God and human persons, relationship

between, 50–4golden rule, 57Holocaust

divine inaction, Jewish tradition of complaint regarding, 53

as negative impact of religion, 7human persons, relationship between,

57–8individual and community, relationship

between, 58monotheism of, 81Mosaic law, 16, 147natural law and natural rights, 47–8, 49proselytism, views on, 254–8

Roman law inheritance in medieval period, 20

Zionism equated with racism by Arab League and OIC, 208, 210

Joas, Hans, 361, 365John XXIII (pope), 24, 120–2John Chrysostom, 32John of Salisbury, 103John Paul II (pope), 120, 125–31, 132, 221n13, 311,

323, 334Joshua ben Korhah, 59Jubilee principle in Bible, 4Judaism. See Jews and JudaismJulian the Apostate (Roman emperor), 68, 174Junia/Junias (in Romans), 95, 98justice

agapist position on, 157–8in Aristotelian theory

equality and justice, relationship between, 162–5, 169

Roman Catholic use of, 124divine image and, 223equality and, 162–5, 169in modern Protestant thought

Brunner on, 161–5, 169Ramsey on, 167, 169

moral evaluation, difficulty of separating from, 241

oppression and injustice, duty to combat, as biblical imperative, 3

Justinian (Byzantine emperor) Digest, 66–7, 79, 102Institutes, 79Novellae, 175

Juviler, Peter, 189

Kahl, Brigette, 98Kant, Immanuel, 285, 292, 296, 361Kaser, Max, 68, 79Keane, Webb, 360, 362, 365Kennedy, Edward, 312Kenya, Wangari Maathai in, 311, 319Kierkegaard, Søren, 158kin altruism, 286–9King, Martin Luther, Jr., 211Kingdon, Robert M., 154Kirill (Patriarch of Moscow), 184Klein, Eckart, 235Konvitz, Milton R., 63Kossman, E. H., 154Kravchenko, Svitlana, 349Kretzmer, David, 235Krueger, Paul, 79Ku Klux Klan, 7Kyrgyz Committee for Human Rights,

211






Index380

The Ladies’ Grievance (Gournay, 1626), 305Laquer, Walter, 134las Casas, Bartolomé de, 22, 111Latin America

liberation theology, 126Menchú, Rigoberta, 311, 319proselytization of Catholics by Evangelicals

and Pentecostals in, 256, 261–2Puebla meeting of Latin American bishops,

126Lauterpacht, Hersch, 196law

ambiguity of concept, 64canon law. See canon lawcivil law and common law in Middle Ages,

22Germanic, 20Judaism, duties, rights, and law in, 48–50Mosaic, 16, 147natural law. See natural law and natural

rightsreligion and, 14Roman. See Roman law

Laycock, Douglas, 274, 281League of Arab States, 208–10League of Nations, 194“least” persons in society

biblical command to care for, 5, 321canon law on ius sustentationis (right to

subsistence), 106divine image and, 221, 226Jesus sayings regarding

caste system, rejection of, 85–6eschatological social reversal, 84–5

in Jewish tradition, 61New Testament’s concern for, 17social teaching of Roman Catholicism on,

116–17, 123–4Lemkin, Raphael, 202Leo XIII (pope), 24, 114, 116–17, 122, 128, 289Lerner, Natan, 266Levellers, 236Lewis, C. S., 270liberal economies. See capitalismliberalism, Western. See Enlightenment

thoughtliberation theology, 126liberty. See freedomLicinius (Roman emperor), 174life, right to

divine image, 226inviolability of human life, biblical emphasis

on, 2Living Waters International, 344Locke, John, 39, 116, 155, 220, 228, 230, 236The Long Loneliness (Day, 1952), 310

Lord, Bette Bao, 332love in modern Protestant thought

agapist rejection of natural rights theory, 157–8, 168

Ramsey on, 167Lucretius, 91Lupel, Adam, 357, 366Luther, Martin, 26, 219, 306Lutheranism

anthropology of, 29Calvin influenced by, 136cuius regio, eius religio, 28

Lyndwood, William, 103Lyon, Brynolf, 301

Maathai, Wangari, 311, 319Machel, Graça, 318Madison, James, 39, 236, 268, 272, 275Magna Carta (1215), 23, 149, 212Mäkinen, Virpi and Korkman, 112Malaysia, constitutional provisions regarding

proselytism in, 264Malik, Charles, 196, 284, 286, 289, 292, 293“Mammon and the Culture of the Market”

(Cox, 2002), 352A Man for all Seasons (Bolt, 1960), 270Mandela, Nelson, 211Maritain, Jacques, 12, 196, 197, 281, 284, 320market economies. See capitalismmarriage

canon law on freedom of entry, 108–9cohabitation treated as equal with, 295–6covenant model of, 297–300family rights and children’s rights, 286, 288,

293–4, 297–300Paul on married and single in early church, 91priest required for validity of, 109Roman Catholic view of, 294

Martin, J. Paul, 215, 252Martin, Richard C., 266Marx, Karl, 231Marxism, 237, 356Massachusetts Constitution (1780), 153Mater et Magistra (1961), 24Mazzini, Giuseppe, 357McConnell, Michael W. McGuckin, John A., x, 16, 34, 100,

173–89McLean, US Supreme Court Justice, 225McNeill, William, 354Meacham, John, 334Médecins sans Frontières (Doctors Without

Borders), 211medieval period. See Middle AgesMeier, John P., 98Mellink, A., 154






Index 381

membership in religion understood as choice or fact, 255–6

Menchú, Rigoberta, 210, 311, 319Meron, Theodor, 211Meyer, John, 355Middle Ages

canon law in. See canon lawcivil law and common law in, 22Islamic and Jewish inheritance of Roman

law in, 20women’s rights in, 304

Migne, J. P., 79Milan, Edict of (313), 19millennialism. See eschatologyMillennium Development Goals, 343Miller, John, 134Miller-McLemore, Bonnie, 301Milton, John, 148–52minorities, ethnic or religious

CERD, 202–3human rights advances, new forms of

oppression created by, 9local and foreign religious groups, conflicts

between, 10–11post-World War I protections, 194UN Declaration on the Rights of the Persons

Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious, and Linguistic Minorities (1992), 9, 238, 265

UN Genocide convention and, 195, 197, 202modern human rights system, 193–215

civil society and NGOs, 210–11divine image, contributions of, 216, 224–7individual states, role of, 212–14regional instruments and organizations,

205–10United Nations, role of, 195–205.

See also United Nationsbefore World War II, 194–5, 212World War II and, 193, 212–13

Mommsen, Theodor, 79monotheism, 81–2Montesquieu, 39moral equivalent of war, 362More, Thomas, 270Morgan, Edmund S., 154Morrall, John B., 43Morsink, Johannes, 215, 301Mosaic law, 16, 147Moses Maimonides, 57Moses, Michael F., 281Mosher, Steven, 316Moyle, J. B., 79Murray, John Courtney, 115, 117, 122, 123, 269,

271, 278, 281Muslims. See Islam

mutual accountability for human rights, 329–30

MWC (International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; 1990), 203

Nagle, John, x, 16, 335Napoleon, 24Napoleonic Code (France; 1804), 24Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 334National American Women Suffrage

Association (NAWSA), 309National Association of Evangelicals, 230National Women’s Suffrage Association

(NWSA), 309Native American Church, peyote use in, 244,

245, 247, 248–9NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization),

207natural law and natural rights

in Calvinism Althusius, theories of, 147Beza, theories of, 145

in canon law, 102, 103children’s rights in, 283, 286–94Christian history of, 155distinguishing traditions of, 118–19, 159divine image and, 171, 228, 230Enlightenment thought on

origins of, 155Protestant rejection of natural rights as

derived from, 159–61, 168integration with human rights concepts,47–8in Judaism, 47–8, 49modern Roman Catholic use of natural law

tradition, 118, 120–3neo-scholastic theories of, 22in Orthodox tradition, 32–7, 176, 177, 177n4in Protestant tradition generally. See under

Protestant Reformation and Protestantism

Roman ius naturale, 71, 75–7, 78NAWSA (National American Women Suffrage

Association), 309Nazism. See HolocaustNederman, Cary J., 112negative impact of religion

biblical imperatives, despite, 5–7canon law, 99hermeneutics of confession of, 13human rights advances

local and foreign religious groups, conflicts between, 10–11

new forms of religious and ethnic oppression created by, 9






Index382

neo-scholasticism, 22, 111neo-Thomism, 24, 160Nero (Roman emperor), 174Nestorius, 178Netherlands, Dutch Revolt, and Calvinist

doctrine, 146–8New England Puritans, 140, 150, 152–3new institutional economics, 298–9NGOs. See non-governmental organizationsNicaea, Council of (325), 174, 178Nichols, Joel A., 252Niebuhr, Reinhold, 156, 187Nock, Steven, 299non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

clean water, provision of, 344global civil society, growth of, 357in modern human rights system, 210–11

Noonan, John T., Jr., 11, 112Norris, John, 306North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),

207Novak, David, x, 16, 47, 63Novellae, Justinian, 175Nowak, Manfred, 211nuisance law and Roman iura in re aliena

(rights in the thing of another), 67–70Nuremberg tribunal, 202Nurser, John, 43, 252Nwaomah, Sampson M., 339, 349NWSA (National Women’s Suffrage

Association), 309Nygren, Anders, 157–8, 168, 171

OAS (Organization of American States), 207OAU (Organization of African Unity), 208Obama, Barack, 312, 343, 364obedience/disobedience

Althusius on, 147Calvin on, 141–3St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre, Calvinist

response to, 143–6objective versus subjective rights, 38–9, 228–9,

289–91, 292, 293. See also subjective rights

obligation creation, human dominion over/

responsibility for, 337divine image and correlation of rights with,

222–3Hohfield on, 64–5, 75Jewish tradition, duties, rights, and law in,

48–50in modern Protestant thought, 165, 166, 169,

170–1natural law and natural rights on

relationship between rights and, 119

of obedience. See obedience/disobediencePrinciple of Correlatives, 170in Roman law, 74–5theological foundations of human rights

and, 323O’Brien, David J., 134ODIHR (Office for Democratic Institutions

and Human Rights), OSCE, 207O’Donovan, Joan Lockwood, 160–1, 171O’Donovan, Oliver, 160, 161, 171Office for Democratic Institutions and Human

Rights (ODIHR), OSCE, 207Office of the High Commissioner for Human

Rights (OHCHR), UN, 204, 205, 341OIC (Organization of the Islamic Conference),

208–10Onesimus (in Philemon), 92–3, 97oppression and injustice, duty to combat, as

biblical imperative, 3Organization for Security and Cooperation in

Europe (OSCE), 207–8Organization of African Unity (OAU), 208Organization of American States (OAS), 207Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC),

208–10Orthodox tradition, 32–7, 173–89

canon law of, 178canonical territory, concept of, 259–61Christological debates and concept of

personhood in, 179church–state balance, 174“eastern” nature of tradition, myth of,

173–80under hostile political regimes, 33–6, 176, 183ius civile (civil law), 177ius ecclesiae (ecclesiastical law), 177–8ius gentium (common law), 177marginalized, self-presentation as, 176modern reflections on human rights issues

in, 35, 184–7natural law and natural rights in, 32–7, 176,

177, 177n4patristic and Byzantine resources, 176, 180–4proselytization

Catholic reestablishment of Russian hierarchy, 260, 266

communion with other Christian Churches and, 265

of other Christians, 256, 259–61, 265particular nature of religion, stress on, 257religious freedom and, 265state attitudes toward, 264

Roman law’s influence on, 100, 177–8secularism, resistance to, 185–7separation of church and state in, 34–5

under hostile political regimes, 35






Index 383

secularism, resistance to, 185symphonia, concept of, 37, 175, 179

symphonia, 37, 175, 179women’s rights and, 37

OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe), 207–8

Ovid, 363

Pacem in Terris (1963), 120–4, 125, 126, 128, 131, 133, 221n13

papal revolution for freedom of Church, 20, 105, 111, 276–8

Papinian, 76parental rights. See under children’s rightsparticular versus universal religions, 256–8Paul/Pauline writings

apocalyptic framework applied to social situations by, 91

Calvin’s reliance on, 137on circumcised and uncircumcised, 89, 91equality, concepts of, 82, 87–96, 97–8letters actually written by Paul, 87on married and single, 91on neither Jew nor Greek, 89–90, 97on neither male nor female, 93–6, 97on neither slave nor free, 90–3, 97

Paul VI (pope), 272Pavan, Pietro, 122Peace of Augsburg (1555), 28Peace of Westphalia (1648), 28Peasants’ Revolt (1525), 26Pennington, Kenneth, 79, 112Pentecostal and Evangelical Christians


social gospel movement and, 362People’s International League, 357Perry, Michael J., xpersonal property. See property rightsPeter Lombard, 294Peters, Julie, 319Petition of Right (1628; England), 149Petrine primacy, 21peyote use in Native American Church, 244,

245, 247, 248–9Philip II (King of Spain), 144Philip the Arab (Roman emperor), 174Phoebe (in Romans), 95, 98Pickering, Thomas, 322, 325Pius IX (pope), 114Pius XI (pope), 116–17, 289Pius XII (pope), 116–19Plato, 283, 287Pliny the Younger, 94n21

pluralism, religious, different levels of comfort with, 237–8

Policraticus (John of Salisbury), 103Politics (Aristotle), 300Pollis, A., 178n7, 185, 189Pollock, Sheldon, 363Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, 341,

345, 348, 349the poor. See “least” persons in societypopular sovereignty in Calvinism

Althusius’s social contract theory, 147–8Beza’s theory of, 144

Posner, Richard, 298“The Postnational Constellation and the Future

of Democracy” (Habermas, 1998), 358–9

priest–penitent privilege, 243Principle of Correlatives, 170Privacy International, 210private ordering, 284, 295–6privatization of water rights, 347privilege against self-incrimination in canon

law, 107–8privileged communications between priest and

penitent, 243Prohibition, accommodation to use wine

during, 244property rights

in canon law, 101in Roman law

in broader context than iura in re aliena, 70–1

iura in re aliena (rights in the thing of another), 67–70

prophetic teacher, Jesus viewed as, 83proselytism, 253–66

Abrahamic religions compared, 254–8in Christianity, 258–62

communion between Christian Churches, 265

of non-Christians, 258Orthodox Churches. See under Orthodox

traditionof other Christians, 256, 258–62Protestant attitudes toward, 256, 261–2,

264Roman Catholicism. See under Roman

Catholicismdefined, 253different uses of term, 253–4membership in religion understood as choice

or fact, 255–6religious freedom and, 265state attitudes toward, 254, 262–4universal versus particular religions,

256–8






Index384

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Weber, 1905), 362

Protestant Reformation and Protestantism, 26–32. See also Calvinism; Lutheranism

African missionizing, 31–2Anabaptists, 28, 29Anglicanism

individual freedom, emphasis on, 29nationalization of faith in, 28

biblical authority, reliance on, 27children’s rights in, 283church–state relationship, understanding

of, 27–8Decalogue, grounding of rights and duties

in, 27democratic forms, theological doctrines cast

into, 30–1, 140divine image, 171, 217, 230equality and, 236Evangelical and Pentecostal Christians


social gospel movement and, 362Free Church tradition, 29“freedom of the Christian” in, 26–7global civic religion, contribution to, 361, 362individual believer, emphasis on, 29–30justice in modern Protestant thought

Brunner on, 161–5, 169Ramsey on, 167, 169

natural rights, 155–71agapist rejection of, 157–8, 168Althusius, theories of, 147Beza, theories of, 145Christian history of, 155dignity-based account of, 169–71as indispensable but not fundamental,

165–7, 169modern invention, rejected as, 159–61, 168modern Protestant writing’s neglect of,

155–7obligation versus, 165, 166, 169, 170–71as rights one has by virtue of being

human, 171untenability of most positions on, 167–9as useful but dispensable, 161–5, 169

proselytization, attitudes toward, 256, 261–2, 264

on religious freedom and tolerance, 256, 261–2

separation of church and state in. See under separation of church and state

women’s rights in early modern period, 306public law, Roman law on rights in, 72–3public sphere (civil society)

global, 355–7

in modern human rights system, 210–11Puebla meeting of Latin American bishops,

126Pufendorf, Samuel, 39Puritans

English Revolutions and, 148–52in New England, 140, 150, 152–3

Quadragesimo Anno (1931), 289

Ramsey, Paul, 166–7, 169, 170, 172Rashi, 61Rawls, John, 218, 296reason, human capacity for, and divine image,

227–33Red Cross, 194, 195, 211Redemptor Hominis (1979), 221n13Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke,

1790), 308Reformation. See Protestant Reformation and

ProtestantismReformed Church. See CalvinismRefugee Law Project, 211regional human rights instruments and

organizations, 205–10Reid, Charles J., Jr., 112religion and human rights. See Christianity and

human rightsreligion, negative impact of. See negative

impact of religionreligious freedom and tolerance

Advisory Panel of Experts on Freedom of Religion or Belief, OSCE, 208

in Calvinism. See under Calvinismcanon law and, 111church autonomy, importance of, 269,

271–4, 276–9constitutional guarantees of, 275.

See also under United Statescontent of, 267, 270–4Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms

of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief (UN; 1981), 204

in Dignitatis Humanae (1965), 122divine image and, 229equality of religion, 251

in international documents, 238in US See under equality

in ICCPR, 198as individual right, 270–1, 272means of accomplishing, 268Pius XII’s failure to address, 119proselytism and, 265in Protestant tradition, 29, 262respect versus tolerance, 327






Index 385

in Roman Catholic tradition, 111, 119, 122, 262, 272, 273, 275, 278

separation of church and state, 279–80structural mechanisms ensuring, 275–6in United States. See under United States

Religious Freedom Restoration Act (US), 245, 246

religious minorities. See minorities, ethnic or religious

reproductive rights, 314, 317Rerum Novarum (1891), 116, 128, 289Ricoeur, Paul, 13rights

ambiguity of concept, 64canon law, ius and iura in, 21–3, 100–6.

See also under canon lawChristianity and. See Christianity and

human rightsclassification of, 37–8, 64–5common law and civil law in Middle Ages,

22duties and. See obligationeconomic and social. See welfare rightsJudaism, duties, rights, and law in, 48–50life, right to

divine image, 226inviolability of human life, biblical

emphasis on, 2natural rights. See natural law and natural

rightsPrinciple of Correlatives, 170property. See property rightsproposed abandonment of paradigm, 40–1,

48Roman law, ius in, 18, 64–7. See also under

Roman lawsubjective versus objective, 38–9, 65–6, 68.

See also under Roman lawubiquity in modern world, 37voting rights

in canon law, 109of women, 309

Robbers, Gerhard, 215, 281Robespierre, Maximilien, 356Rogobete, S. E., 188, 189Roman Catholicism, 20–6, 113–33.

See also specific encyclicals and papal documents, e.g. Pacem in Terris, and specific popes by name

as both non-governmental and transnational actor, 131

Catholic Emancipation Act (1829, Great Britain), 28

children’s rights in social teaching of, 283, 287, 289

clean water, Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace on right to, 341, 345, 348

divine image in, 217, 221, 230Enlightenment rights theory

Counter-Reformation rejection of, 22, 114transition to acceptance of, 114–15

on equality, 236, 239human dignity, 125–31, 221marriage in, 294medieval canon law of. See canon lawnatural law tradition, modern use of, 118,

120–3papal revolution for freedom of church, 20,

105political and civil rights, 116–19priest–penitent privilege, 243Prohibition, accommodation to use wine

during, 244proselytization

of other Christians, 256, 260, 261–2Russian hierarchy, reestablishment of,

260, 266universal nature of religion, stress on, 258

Puebla meeting of Latin American bishops, 126

on religious freedom and tolerance, 111, 119, 122, 262, 272, 273, 275, 278

on separation of church and state, 280social teaching of, 116–17, 123–4, 221, 283,

287, 289, 362subsidiarity, principle of, 287, 289Syllabus of Errors (1864), 24Vatican II. See Second Vatican Council

Roman law, 18–19, 64–79Calvin influenced by, 135canon law influenced by, 20, 100children’s rights in, 283constitutional rights, 78Germanic law and, 20iura in re aliena (rights in the thing of

another), 67–70ius as “right,” concept of, 18, 64–7ius esse alicui, 67, 75ius habere, 67, 70, 75ius naturale, 71, 75–7, 78Justinian’s Digest, 66–7libertas as “freedom,” 19obligation, 74–5Orthodox tradition influenced by, 100, 177–8persons, rights in the law of, 71–2procedural rights, 73–4property rights in broader context than iura

in re aliena, 70–1public law, rights in, 72–3subjective law, importance of, 65–6, 77–8

Christian thought, influence on, 78






Index386

ius in re aliena, 68ius naturale, 75–7, 78obligation, 74persons, rights in the law of, 71, 72procedural rights, 74

Rome Statute of International Criminal Court (2002), 203

Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 108Roosevelt, Eleanor, 196, 198, 204Roosevelt, Franklin D., 196Rosenbaum, A. S., 189Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 39, 153, 308Rubin, Barry, 134Rudolph, Susanne, 9Ruhl, J. B., 348Runciman, Steven, 189Russian Orthodox. See Orthodox traditionRuston, Roger, 228, 235Rynne, Terence J., 98

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA; US), 342, 343, 345, 346, 347

Sager, Lawrence G., 251Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre, Calvinist

response to, 143–6Sanders, E. P., 98Saxer, Shelley Ross, 349Scharffs, Brett G., 282Schauer, Frederick, 270Scheidingsmaurer, 28Schlafly, Phyllis, 315Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 113Schoppe-Schilling, Hanna Beate, 319Schulz, Fritz, 79Schüssler-Fiorenza, Elisabeth, 84, 88, 93, 98Schwab, P., 189SDWA (Safe Drinking Water Act; US), 342,

343, 345, 346, 347second scholasticism. See neo-scholasticismSecond Vatican Council, 24–5

confession of prior complicity of Church in authoritarianism by, 13

Declaration on Religious Freedom, 262, 272, 274, 275, 278

Dignitatis Humanae (1965), 25, 121–3, 125, 131on equality, 239Gaudium et Spes (1965), 123–4, 126impact of, 131–3Latin America, Catholic ties to, 262

Second World War and modern human rights system, 193, 212–13

secularism divine image and, 217–19

Orthodox resistance to, 185–7of UDHR, 197

Seiple, Robert A., x, 18, 320, 334self-incrimination, privilege against, in canon

law, 107–8semper reformanda, Miltonian principle of, 151Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act of

2005 (US), 343, 350Seneca Falls, NY, women’s rights conference at

(1848), 309separation of church and state

in Calvinism Althusius on, 147original writings of Calvin, 138–41

church autonomy, importance of, 269constraint on religious expression, viewed

as, 279, 327interplay between law and religion despite,

14New Testament on, 18in Orthodox tradition. See under Orthodox

traditionin Protestant tradition

Anabaptist Scheidingsmaurer, 28as Free Church concept, 29social institutions of family, church, and

state, 30religious freedom and, 279–80Roman Catholicism on, 280structural arrangement, viewed as,

280A Serious Proposal to the Ladies (Astell; 1694,

1697), 305Serritella, James A., 282servitudes, law of, 67–70Shannon, Thomas, 134Shari’ah law, 209Sheehan, Michael M., 112Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 308Shestack, Jerome J., 235Sigmund, Paul E., 266Simons, Menno, 26situation ethics, 295Skinner, Quentin, 43slaves and slavery

Aristotle on, 2, 90Bible, Jubilee principle in, 4in canon law, 99, 102, 106Dred Scott v. Sanford, divine image invoked

in dissent to, 225equality, concept of, 237Essenes on, 93as negative impact of religion, 6Paul on neither slave nor free, 90–3, 97

Roman law (cont.)






Index 387

Stoics and Epicureans on, 91, 93women’s rights and abolitionist movement,

308Smith, Adam, 39Smith, Employment Division v., 244, 245, 247,

248–9, 268Smith, Wilfred Cantwell, 353, 355, 366social contract theory of Althusius, 147–8social gospel movement, 362social rights. See welfare rightssocial teaching in Roman Catholicism, 116–17,

123–4, 221, 283, 287, 289, 362Sohn, Louis, 211solidarity, principle of, 130, 362Solitude of Self (Stanton, 1892), 310Some Reflections on Marriage (Astell, 1700), 305South Africa

apartheid in, 1, 3, 5, 7constitutional right to clean water in, 341

South Asian Human Rights Documentation Center, 211

Spain, Cadiz Constitution (1812), 212Spanish Inquisition, 6, 99, 146Stackhouse, Max L., 172Stahnke, Tad, 215, 252, 266Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 308–10Stanton, Henry, 309state

church–state relationship. See also separation of church and state

in Orthodox tradition, 174in Protestant tradition, 27–8

clean water, right to constitutional rights, 341, 346governments and international

organizations inhibiting, 347equality of religion under. See under equalityJohn Paul II on role of, 130modern human rights system, role of

individual states in, 212–14obedience/disobedience to. See obedience/

disobediencepopular sovereignty theories in Calvinism

Althusius’s social contract theory, 147–8Beza on, 144

proselytism, attitudes toward, 254Stendahl, Krister, 98Stjerna, Kirsi, 306Stobaeus, 91n13Stoicism

citizens of the world, concept of, 363monotheism of, 81on slavery, 91, 93

Stone, Christopher, 339

Strauss, Leo, 159Strohm, Christoph, 154Suarez, Francisco, 22subjective rights

Calvin on subjective rights, 136children’s rights, 289–91, 292, 293divine image and, 228–9objective rights versus, 38–9, 228–9, 289–91,

292, 293in Roman law. See under Roman law

subsidiarity, principle of, 287, 289Sudan, constitutional right to clean water in,

346Sudan Human Rights Organization, 211Summa Theologica (Thomas Aquinas), 300Summenhart, Conrad, 22Supremacy Acts (England), 28suspicion, hermeneutics of, 13Swaine, Lucas, 334Syllabus of Errors (1864), 24symphonia, Byzantine political theory of, 37,

175, 179Syrophoenician woman, Gospel story of, 86Szulc, Tad, 125

Tahzib, Bahiyyih G., 215Tametsi (1563), 109Taylor, Paul M., 215, 266temptation in Garden of Eden, 51Ten Commandments. See Decalogueterrorism and divine image, 225Tertullian, 78n28theological foundations of human rights,

320–34in character of God, 322–5Christological implications, 322, 324divine image

Christological, 322, 324human value and, 325–8

human choice, freedom, and dignity, 328–32human hope, role of, 332–4mutual accountability for human rights,

329–30obligations and rights, links between, 323welfare rights, focus on, 321

Thick and Thin (Walzer, 1994), 353–4Thomas Aquinas

on children’s rights, 283, 287–9, 292–4, 300on divine image, 227, 230neo-scholastic natural rights law based on, 22neo-Thomism, 24, 160on objective natural rights, 290subjective meaning of rights omitted by, 66Summa Theologica, 300






Index388

Thomas Becket, 105, 278Thomas, Scott M., 334Thompson, Stith, 354Tierney, Brian, 43, 79, 112, 134, 155, 156, 172,

282, 290Tocqueville, Alexis de, 360Tödt, Heinz Eduard, 43Tohidi, Nayeri, 319Tokyo tribunal, 203tolerance. See religious freedom and toleranceToleration Act (1689, Great Britain), 28, 149Torah. See Jews and Judaismtorture or degrading treatment, right not to be

subject to CAT, 203divine image, 227

The Treasure of the City of Ladies (Christine de Pisan, 1363–1434), 304

Trent, Council of (1545–63), 23, 109, 146Tuck, Richard, 43, 155, 156, 172, 235Tutu, Desmond M., x, 1, 15, 18, 31

UDHR. See Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Ulla (Rabbi), 58Ulpian (Roman lawyer), 65, 76, 105, 283, 287–8United Church Pronouncement on Human

Rights, 166United Kingdom

Anglicanism individual freedom, emphasis on, 29nationalization of faith in, 28

Bill of Rights (1689), 149, 212Catholic Emancipation Act (1829), 28common law in Middle Ages, 22Glorious Revolution (1688), 149, 150Human Rights Act (1998), 213intrachurch disputes, government

adjudication of, 242Jewish Emancipation Act (1833), 28Magna Carta (1215), 23, 149, 212Petition of Right (1628), 149Puritanism and English Revolutions, 148–52Supremacy Acts, 28Toleration Act (1689), 28, 149

United Nations. See also specific declarations and conventions

CCPR, 200Charter, 195criminal components, mechanisms with,

202–3declarations and other non-binding

instruments, 204ECOSOC, 195, 200, 201, 202, 205, 340, 349Human Rights Commission, 196, 204

Human Rights Council, 195, 205ICCPR and ICESCR, 198–201institutions and offices, 204–5international treaties, conventions, and

treaty bodies, 203–4John Paul’s 1979 and 1995 addresses to,

126–8, 132Millennium Development Goals, 343modern human rights system, role in,

195–205OHCHR, 204, 205, 341Resolution 3(1), 202Resolution 55/2, 204Resolution 95(I), 202Resolution 95(II), 202

United Nations Millennium Declaration (2000), 204

United States Bill of Rights (1789), 212, 268CEDAW, failure to ratify, 315on clean water

CWA, 342, 343, 346, 347funding for, 343OHCHR, submission to, 341SDWA, 342, 343, 345, 346, 347Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor

Act of 2005, 343state constitutions, 342statutes and regulations requiring, 342

domestic system of human rights protections in, 212–14

equality of religion in. See under equalityglobal governance, ability to accept form of,

359, 363International Religious Freedom Act, 333Massachusetts Constitution (1780), 153New England Puritans, 140, 150, 152–3OAS, 207religious freedom, constitutional guarantee

of, 267, 275to Church as organized society, 271–4equality of religion. See under equalityto individuals, 270–1structural mechanisms backing, 275Supreme Court enforcement of, 213

Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 245, 246Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act

of 2005 343, 350Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776), 152,

212Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948;

UDHR), 195–7children’s rights and family rights in, 22, 283,

284, 285–6, 293, 297clean water provision proposal, 340






Index 389

divine image, decision not to invoke, 218drafting of, 195as global human rights ethic, 360Orthodox tradition and, 33religious freedom promised by, 267Roman Catholic tradition and, 113, 127“what” versus “why” in, 320women’s rights and, 302

universal versus particular religions, 256–8

Valliere, Paul, 189van der Vyver, Johan D., 43, 215Vatican II. See Second Vatican CouncilVázquez, Fernando, 22Vienna World Conference on Human Rights

Declaration and Programme of Action (1993), 204

Vietnam War, 239, 329, 352Villey, Michel, 43, 65–6, 68, 78, 79, 159Vincent, R. J., 134A Vindication of the Rights of Women

(Wollstonecraft, 1792), 307Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776), 152, 212Vitoria, Francisco de, 22, 111Volf, Miroslav, 328, 334Voltaire, 39von Harnack, Adolf, 96voting rights

in canon law, 109of women, 309

vulnerable persons. See “least” persons in society

Waldron, Jeremy, x, 15, 99, 216, 235Wałęsa, Lech, 128Walzer, Michael, 63, 353–4, 366war, moral equivalent of, 362Ward, Nathaniel, 152Warsaw Pact, 207water. See clean water, right toWatson group, 76Weber, Max, 362Weigel, George, 134, 277Weimar Constitution of 1919, Germany, 212welfare rights

divine image, “least” persons in society created in, 226

theological foundations of, 321in UDHR, 196

Wells, H. G., 196West Virginia State Board of Education v.

Barnette, 213Westermann, Claus, 235Western liberalism. See Enlightenment thoughtWestphalia, Peace of (1648), 28

WHO (World Health Organization), 340, 348, 350

Wilberforce, William, 6, 331Wilken, Robert, 277William III and Mary I (King and Queen of

England), 149William of Ockham, 22, 159, 160, 290William of Orange, 146Williams, Elisha, 232Williams, George H., 134Wilson, Margo, 301Wirszubski, C., 43Wirzsba, Normal, 350Wisconsin v. Yoder, 269Witte, John, Jr., x, 8, 43, 113, 154, 155, 156, 172,

215, 252, 266, 301Wolff, Hans Walter, 235Wollstonecraft, Mary, 307Wolper, Andrea, 319Wolterstorff, Nicholas P., x, 15, 27, 32, 135, 172women’s rights, 302–19

Cairo and Beijing, conferences, 303, 316–17canonical freedom of entry into marriage,

108–9CEDAW, 198–201, 302, 303, 313–16Christian ambivalence about, 94, 302–4,

309, 313, 315, 316, 317coalitions of conservative groups opposing,

313, 316culture and tradition restricting, 315education, importance of, 318, 328equality/difference dilemma, 318Equality for Women and Girls initiative,

302–3historical outline of

Enlightenment thought, 307–8medieval, Renaissance, and early modern

periods, 304–7nineteenth century through modern

period, 308–12in Islamic/Arab countries, 208, 209optional protocol on the rights of women in

Africa (2005), 208Orthodox tradition and, 37other human rights movements, links to,

308, 310, 311–12, 319Paul on neither male nor female, 93–6, 97Protestant Reformation and, 306reproductive rights, 314, 317virtue and sacrifice discourse in, 318voting rights, 309

world civil religion. See global civil religionWorld Health Organization (WHO), 340,

348, 350World Vision, 331






Index390

World War II and modern human rights system, 193, 212–13

Worms, Concordat of (1122), 277Wycliff, John, 22

Yannaras, Christos, 185, 186, 187, 189Yannoulatos, A., 186, 190Ye Xiawen, 329, 330

Yose the Galilean (Rabbi), 59

Zimbabwe, constitutional provisions regarding proselytism in, 257n14

Zionism equated with racism by Arab League and OIC, 208, 210

Zizioulas, John, 188Zoelle, Diana G., 319






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