6.2 Organization of Life

8/12/2019 6.2 Organization of Life

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Organism which are composed of many cells

form a level of life organization. Simply, the

order of life organization can be written as

follows

Cell Tissue Organ Organ system

Organism


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Cell: the smallest unit of life in our bodies.

Tissue: a cellular organizational level intermediatebetween cells and a complete organism.

Organ : formed by the functional grouping together

of multiple tissues. Organ system: composed of two or more different

organs that work together to provide a common

function


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CELL

basic units of life

the smallest unit of life in our bodies

There are millions of different types of cells

All cells have a 'skin', called theplasma membrane,

protecting it from the outside environment The cell membrane regulates the movement of water,

nutrients and wastes into and out of the cell

Inside of the cell membrane are the working parts of the

cell At the center of the cell is the cell nucleus

In addition to the nucleus, there are many organellesinside of the cell - small structures that help carry out theday-to-day operations of the cell.


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ORGANELLS OF CELLOrganell Main function

1. chloroplast

(plastid)

2. endoplasmic

reticulum

3. Golgi apparatus

4. mitochondrion

photosynthesis

translation and folding of new

proteins (rough endoplasmicreticulum), produce of lipids

(smooth endoplasmic reticulum)

sorting and modification of

Proteins

energy production
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_apparatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_apparatushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast


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Organell Main function

5. Vacuole

6. Nucleus

7. Ribosome

8. Vesicle

Storage

To regulate the activity of cell,

DNA maintenance, RNA

transcription

translationof RNA into

proteins

Material transport
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuole


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PLANT CELL


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ANIMAL CELL


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ANIMAL CELL


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TISSUE

Tissueis a cellular organizational level

intermediate between cells and a complete

organism

The study of tissue is known as histology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histology


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ANIMAL TISSUES

Based on morphology, animal tissues can

be grouped into four basic types :

epithelial tissue

connective tissue

muscle tissue

nerve tissue.


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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Epithelial tissue serve as membranes

lining organs and helping to keep thebody's organs separate, in place and

protected

Some examples of epithelial tissue are theouter layer of the skin, the inside of the

mouth and stomach, and the tissue

surrounding the body's organs.


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NERVE TISSUE

Nerve tissue has the ability to generate

and conduct electrical signals in the body.

These electrical messages are managed

by nerve tissue in the brain and

transmitted down the spinal cord to the

body.


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CONNECTIVE TISSUE

There are many types of connective tissue

in the body.

Most types of connective tissue contain

fibrous strands of the protein collagen that

add strength to connective tissue.

Some examples of connective tissue

include the inner layers of skin, tendons,

ligaments, cartilage, bone and fat tissue.


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MUSCLE TISSUE

Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue that

can contract.

Muscle tissue contains the specialized

proteins actin and myosin that slide past

one another and allow movement.

Examples of muscle tissue are contained

in the muscles throughout your body.


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ORGAN

In biology, an organ(Latin: organum,

"instrument, tool", from Greek -

organon, "organ, instrument, tool") is a

tissue that performs a specific function orgroup of functions

There are many different organs in the

body: the liver, kidneys, heart, even yourskin is an organ


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ORGAN SYSTEM

Organ systems are composed of two or

more different organs that work together toprovide a common function.

There are 10 major organ systems in the

human body, they are the: SkeletalSystem, Muscular System, Circulatory

System, Nervous System, Respiratory

System, Digestive System, ExcretorySystem, Endocrine System, Reproductive

System, Lymphatic/Immune System.


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SKELETAL SYSTEM

Major Role:

The main role ofthe skeletal systemis to providesupport for thebody, to protectdelicate internalorgans and toprovide attachmentsites for the organs.

Major Organs:Bones, cartilage,tendons andligaments.


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MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Major Role:

The main role of the

muscular system is to

provide movement.

Major Organs:

Skeletal muscles and

smooth muscles

throughout the body.


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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Major Role:The main role of the

circulatory system is to

transport nutrients, gases

(such as oxygen andCO2), hormones and

wastes through the body.

Major Organs:

Heart, blood vessels and

blood.


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NERVOUS SYSTEM

Major Role:

The main role of thenervous system is to relayelectrical signals throughthe body. The nervoussystem directs behaviourand movement and, alongwith the endocrine system,controls physiologicalprocesses such as

digestion, circulation, etc. Major Organs:Brain, spinal cord andperipheral nerves.


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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Major Role:

The main role of therespiratory system is toprovide gas exchangebetween the blood and

theenvironment. Primarily,oxygen is absorbed fromthe atmosphere into the

body and carbon dioxideis expelled from the body.

Major Organs:Nose, trachea and lungs.


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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Major Role:The main role of the

digestive system is to

breakdown and absorb

nutrients that arenecessary for growth

and maintenance.

Major Organs:

Mouth, esophagus,

stomach, small and

large intestines.


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EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Major Role:The main role of theexcretory system is tofilter out cellular

wastes, toxins andexcess water ornutrients from the

circulatory system. Major Organs:

Kidneys, ureters,bladder and urethra.


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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Major Role:

The main role of theendocrine system is torelay chemicalmessages through thebody.

Major Organs:Many glands exist inthe body that secreteendocrine

hormones. Amongthese are thehypothalamus, pituitary,thyroid, pancreas andadrenal glands.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM


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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Major Role:

The main role of thereproductive system is tomanufacture cells that allowreproduction. In the male,sperm are created to

inseminate egg cellsproduced in the female.

Major Organs:Female (top): ovaries,oviducts, uterus, vagina andmammary glands.Male (bottom): testes,seminal vesicles and penis.


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LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE SYSTEM

Major Role:The main role of the immune system is todestroy and remove invading microbes

and viruses from the body. The lymphaticsystem also removes fat and excess fluidsfrom the blood.

Major Organs:Lymph, lymph nodes and vessels, whiteblood cells, T- and B- cells.

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6.2 Organization of Life