6/2007

When you’re working keep saying to yourself --

I CAN DO IT

I WILL DO IT!

• Anatomy and Physiology

• Form and Function

What is Anatomy ? What is Physiology?What is Anatomy ? What is Physiology?

Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy-Histology Ultramicroscopic Anatomy

Systemic AnatomyCross-sectional AnatomyRegional Anatomy

EmbryologyPathology

General PhysiologySystemic PhysiologyCellular Physiology

Scientific Method

• Ask a question• Collection information• Form a hypothesis• Design an experiment to collect data that will

support of reject the hypothesis– Control– Variable

• Collect date• Analysis of data• Draw conclusions• Repeat experiments• Share with scientific community, publish

Experimental Design

• Sample size• Controls• Psychosomatic effects• Experimental bias• Statistical testing

What is Life?

• Organization• Cellular composition• Biochemical unity• Metabolism• Responsiveness• Homeostasis• Development• Growth• Reproduction• Evolution

Cell Theory

• Schleiden - botanist• Schwann- zoologist• Virchow- biologist

• CELL THEORY– All living things are composed of cells– Cells come from pre-existing cells by cell

reproduction

Early Compound Microscopes

The first cells seen were plant cell walls in a section of dried cork.

Human Structure- A Hierarchy of Complexity

Least inclusive to most:• Subatomic particles• Atom• Organelles• Cells• Tissues• Organs• Organ systems• Organism

Hierarchy of complexity

• organism is composed of organ systems

• organ systems composed of organs

• organs composed of tissues

• tissues composed of cells

Hierarchy of Complexity 2

• Cells contain organelles

• Organelles composed of molecules

• Molecules composed of atoms

Anatomical Variation

• No 2 humans are exactly alike– variable number of organs– variation in organ locations (situs inversus,

dextrocardia, situs perversus)

Atlas A: General Orientation to Human

Anatomy

• Anatomical position• Anatomical planes• Surface anatomy• Body cavities and

membranes• Organ systems

Early Medical Illustrations

Definition

– Standing erect

– legs parallel

– feet with toes pointing forward

– Arms at side with palms supine

Anterior - PosteriorDorsal - Ventral

Cranial - CaudadProximal - DistalSuperficial - DeepMedial - LateralCortical - MedullaryCentral - Peripheral

Dorsal Cavity Cranial CavitySpinal Cavity

Ventral Cavity - Thoracic cavity Pleural cavity

Pericardial cavity

Mediastinum Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity

• Midsagittal Plane• Parasagittal Plane• Frontal Plane• Horizontal Plane - Cross section• Coronal Plane

Cross sectional view

Homeostasis

• Body attempts to maintain a steady state

Positive Feedback Loops

• Self-amplifying change– leads to change in

the same direction• Normal way of

producing rapid changes – occurs with

childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals

Structure of Feedback Loop

• Receptor = senses change• Integrator = control center that

responds• Effector = structures that restore

homeostasis

Human Thermoregulation

• Brain senses change in blood temperature– if overheating,

vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins

– if too cold, vasoconstriction in the skin and shivering begins

Control of Blood Pressure

• Circulatory stretch receptors– detect a rise in BP

• Cardiac center in brainstem– sends out nerve signals

• Heart slowed and BP lowered

Negative Feedback, Set Point

• Room temperature does not stay at set point of 68 degrees -- it only averages 68 degrees

Negative Feedback Loop

• Body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it

Useful Tables in Textbook

Medical Imaging • Radiography (x rays)

– William Roentgen - 1885– penetrate soft tissues

and darken photographic film

– dense tissue remains white

• Radiopaque substances– injected or swallowed – hollow structures

•blood vessels•intestinal tract

Medical Imaging

• Computed Tomography (CT scan)– low-intensity X rays and computer analysis

» slice type image» increased sharpness

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)– slice type image– best for soft tissue– Mechanics

» magnetic field aligns atoms» radio waves realign the atoms» radio turned off» atoms realign to the magnetic field» energy given off depending on tissue type

Medical Imaging

• Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)

– assesses metabolic state– mechanics

» inject labeled glucose• positrons and electrons collide• gamma rays given off

» analyzed by computer• image glucose usage

Medical Imaging

• Sonography– mechanics

» high-frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs

– avoids harmful x rays

– obstetrics– 2nd most commonly

used technique

Anatomical Terminology

• Medical terms from Greek and Latin roots• Naming confusion during the Renaissance

– same structures with different names– structures named after people (eponyms)

• Search for uniform international terminology– 1895 Nomina Anatomica (NA) rejected all

eponyms»each structure = unique Latin name

– Terminologia Anatomica was codified in 1998

Analyzing Medical Terms

• Terminology based on word elements– lexicon (Appendix C)

• Scientific terms – one root (stem) with core meaning– combining vowels join roots– prefix modifies core meaning– suffix modifies core meaning – Acronyms

»first few letters of series of words

Review of Major Themes

• Cell theory– activity of cells determine structure and

function• Homeostasis

– maintaining stable internal conditions• Evolution

– our body evolved by natural selection• Hierarchy of structure

– levels of complexity• Unity of form and function

– physiology is inseparable from anatomy

Now, Let’s get started!!!

• Study every minute• Practice, practice, practice!!• Be on time• Get your money’s worth• Become an anatomist