622-1629

Chapter 10 – Mrs. Krabill

Muslim Civilizations

What messages and teachings did Muhammad spread with Islam?

1: The Rise of Islam

570 – Muhammad is born in MeccaMarried Khadija610 – Hears a call from the angel Gabriel to be

a messengerDevoted his life to spreading IslamRejected traditional Arab gods

Merchants feared this would disrupt trade622 – Muhammad’s “Night Flight” to Medina

Created rules that governed and united MuslimsThousands converted to Islam

Timeline of Muhammad

630 – Muhammad returned to Mecca and destroyed all idolsKaaba becomes the most holy place of Islam

632 – Muhammad died, but the faith continued to spread

Timeline of Muhammad

Merchants were opposed to Muhammad because they did not want a disruption of trade

Mecca is sacred to IslamMuhammad’s birthplaceHe dedicated the Kaaba to Islam upon his return

Qur’an (Koran) – sacred text of IslamGod is all-powerful and compassionateOther prophets– Abraham, Moses, JesusFinal authority on all mattersAll Muslims learn Arabic to read itHarsh penalties for crimes (murder and stealing)

Questions in Notes

Sharia – body of law that includes interpretation of the Qur’anRegulation of moral conduct, family life, business,

government, etc.NO separation of religion and civil/legal lifeControversial in today’s Western societies

Primary Source Document: Qur’anWealth given to relatives, poor, travelers, beggarsA righteous person does not have to fast if they are

ill or travelingEncourages prayer, belief in God, charity, and

fasting

Questions in Notes

Each group has one pillarGive description for notesProvide an illustration for that pillar

Culturally/politically appropriate, please.

The Five Pillars of Islam

“There is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God.”

Islam literally means “to submit to God”Basis of their existence

Umma – community of Islam replaced loyalty to family

Shahada – Declaration of Faith

Muslims must pray to Allah five times per dayMust face Mecca wherever they are

Often gather in mosques (masjids)Houses of prayer

Daily Prayer

All Muslims must give money to the poorMany give directlySome countries collect a zakat

Tax for charity

Charity for the Poor

Holy month in Islam (usually during the summer)

The month in which Muhammad received his call to serve (according to the Islamic calendar)

Fast during daylightChildren and the sick are not required

Fast During Ramadan

Physically and financially able Muslims must make a pilgrimage to the holy city in their lifetime

Pray at the KabaaOver 2 million Muslims travel yearly for thisSimple garments worn

“All equal in front of God.”

Hajj – Pilgrimage to Mecca

“Struggle in God’s service.”Personal duty for Muslims overcoming

immoralityOften interpreted as “holy war” defending

faith

Other duty: Jihad

How did Islam spread and become divided?

2: Building a Muslim Empire

Muhammad did not name a successor to lead the thousands of people he united

First caliph (successor): Abu Bakr, his father-in-law

Some refused to follow him, but overall successful

Victories for Muslim empires under the first four successors

Early Struggles

Source of division: Who should be Muhammad’s successor?

This split became critical in Muslim history– and today….

Divisions Emerge Within Islam

Read pages 311-312 (stop at Umayyad) INDEPENDENTLY

Fill in the chart in your notes with the differences in the three groups.

Once your partner is finished, synthesize (put together) your information

Critical Reading - Collaboration

Believe only descendants of Muhammad and his father-in-law, Ali should be their religious leaders

Believed they are the only “divinely inspired” interpreters of the Qur’an

10 percent of Muslims in the world todayMostly in Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, and YemenThis percent also divided into many subgroups

Shiite Muslims

Believe that any pious (good) Muslim could be a leader

Most Muslims took on this beliefBelieve that inspiration comes from the

example of Muhammad90 percent of today’s Muslim population

Sunni Muslims

Muslim mysticsWanted communion with God

MeditationFastingRituals

Believed to have special miraculous powersSpread Islam through travel and preaching

Sufis

Chart in notes

Early Muslim Dynasties - Umayyad

Abbasids– discontented with UmayyadsAbu al-Abbas founded the Abbasid dynastyEquality of all MuslimsSophisticated bureaucracyCapital in Baghdad (present-day Iraq)

Beautiful city with minarets (slender towers)Merchant trade from Africa, Asia, and Europe

Early Muslim Dynasties - Abbasids

Survivors of Umayyad family fled to SpainTolerant of Christians and JewsCenters of learningMuslim rule in parts of Spain until 1492

Shiite rulers come to powerSeries of invasions – 900-1400

Seljuk Turks migrate and set up empireCauses the first Crusade

Mongols sweep across Central Asia

Muslim Empire Declines

Focus Question:What achievements did Muslims make in

economics, art, literature, and science?

3: Muslim Civilization’s Golden Age

International trade networkCamel caravans – “ships of the desert”Spread products, technology, and number systemSpread a system of credit – sakk

Agriculture thrives outside of citiesSocial structure & slavery

Social mobility – ability to move up in social classMost slaves were household servants

Could buy their freedom

Social and Economic Advances

Poetry and Tales of AdventureRich, oral history written downOmar Khayyam – The Rubaiyat

Collection of poems about the nature of lifeThe Thousand and One Nights – tales of a

fictional princessAladdin and Ali Baba

Perfected calligraphy – art of beautiful handwritingSome non-religious art became popular

Art, Literature, Architecture

Centers for LearningBaghdad = greatest centerScholars made significant advances in

philosophy, math, medicine, and other fieldsAl-Khwarizimi developed Algebra Wrote the Canon on Medicine

First manual for treating and diagnosing disease

Quest for Knowledge

How did Muslim rule affect Indian government and society?

4: India’s Muslim Empires

1000 – Muslim Turks and Afghans push into IndiaSultan (ruler) of Ghur defeated Hindu armiesMade Dehli their capital

Muslim rule from 1206-1526Superior military success

Hindu princes battled each other instead of uniting

Gained converts

The Delhi Sultanate

Sultans introduce Muslim form of governmentTrade increased between India and Muslim

landsLearning spread – created brilliant culture

Decline in power with the invasion of MongolsDivision into Muslim and Hindu states

Changes in Indian Society

HinduismAncient religionPolytheisticAccepted differences

in caste systemCelebrations with

music and dance

Newer religionMonotheisticEquality of all

believersNo religious

hierarchy

Hindu-Muslim Clash

Islam

Blending of CulturesHindus could practice

their religion by paying a tax

Some rajahs (local rulers) left in place

Many Muslim converts

Muslims adopted elements of Hindu cultureEx. Marriage

customs

Blended religion– SikhismBrotherhood of manRejection of caste

systemFutility of idol

worship

Mughal Dynasty in IndiaFounded by BaburDefeated remaining

sultanatesRuled from 1526-1857Akbar the Great

Strong central government

Promotes peace and tolerance

Modernizes the government

What were the main characteristics of the Ottoman and Safavid empires?

The Ottoman & Safavid Empires

The Ottoman EmpireOttomans– Turkish

speaking nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia

Mehmet II took over Constantinople Istanbul.

Suleiman the Magnificient ruled from 1520-1566

Class organized society

Strong militaryJanizaries – Elite

forces in the Ottoman Army

Decline with death of Suleiman

The Safavid EmpireConflict with

neighborsSafavids were

Persian Shiite Muslims

Shah Abbas, “the great”Centralized

governmentFormed alliances

with European states