6.3 Q UANTUM N UMBERS, O RBITALS, AND P ROBABILITY P ATTERNS
Chemistry Ms. Pollock 2013 - 2014
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Introduction Schrodingers wave equation gave correct
description for electron behavior in almost every case Few
scientists able to describe electron behavior during bonding or
reactions best understood by considering electrons to be particles
Schrodingers equations used by Max Born to show probability of
finding electron at point in space for which equation was
solved
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Introduction
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Probability Patterns Dots represent position of electron at
different points in time Electron spending more time near nucleus
than anywhere else Boundary of atom placed at 90% of
probability
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Probability Patterns No actual boundary in atom Simple for
first electron in atom More complicated atoms = more complicated
probability plots
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Probability Patterns
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The Principal Quantum Number Quantum numbers solutions to
Schrodingers equation Completely describe energy of electron No two
electrons same four quantum numbers Pauli exclusion principle
(Wolfgang Pauli)
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The Principal Quantum Number Number of Sub-levels and Electrons
by Principal Quantum Number Principal quantum number positive
integer that indicates main energy level within atom Sub-levels
within every principle quantum number Principal number equal to
number of sub-levels within energy level Principal Quantum Number
Number of Sub-Levels Total Number of Electrons 112 228 3318
4432
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The Principal Quantum Number Largest known atom just over 100
electrons 7 principal energy levels in known atoms Sub-levels
identified by letters s, p, d, f, g, h, i Only currently described
for four energy levels
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Orbitals Defined in quantum mechanics as area in electron cloud
where probability of finding electron high Number of orbitals in
energy level = square of principal quantum number
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Orbitals Principal Energy Level (n) Number of Orbitals Present
S p d f Total Number of Orbitals (n 2 ) Maximum Number of Electrons
(2n 2 ) 1 112 2 1 348 3 1 3 5918 4 1 3 5 71632 Relationship between
n (principal quantum number), number of orbitals, and maximum
number of electrons in principal energy level
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Orbitals Each orbital probability pattern determined by
intepreting Schrodingers equation Each shape representative of
single orbital Probability pattern result of various positions of
electrons
