1
Introduc)on >2 billion GI parasite infec3ons worldwide in poorest and resource deprived communi3es GI parasites may disrupt normal intes3nal microbiota Decreased microbial biodiversity is associated with disease, including: Malabsorp3on Inflammatory bowel diseases Vitamin B12 involved in metabolism of every human cell Bacteria have the enzymes needed for vitamin B12 biosynthesis qPCR is rapid, quan3ta3ve, high throughput and is a more reliable speciesspecific method Materials and methods Field site: Orán, Argen3na Periurban community Temperate climate 99 pa3ent samples Asymptoma3c children Ages 46 years old No recent an3bio3cs qPCR and microscopy for presence of : Ascaris lumbricoides Strongyloides stercoralis Ancylostoma duodenale Giardia lamblia Necator americanus Cryptosporidium species Trichuris trichiura Entamoeba histoly;ca NEBNext® Microbiome DNA Enrichment Kit NEBNext® Ultra™ DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina® Illumina NextSeq® Whole genome sequencing Livermore Metagenomics Analysis Toolkit (LMAT) and Diamond so‘ware Phred quality score 20 (99% base call accuracy) Normalized to 10,000 reads for bacterial diversity Conclusions Higher Giardia burdens correlate to less bacterial diversity which could indicate worse disease status These findings are mostly with higher Giardia burdens and likely due to changes in intes3nal microenvironments due to Giardia crea3ng anaerobic microenvironments Giardia infected group had significant increases in Prevotella species compared to helminth groups Coinfec3ons negated those differences Metagenomics showed lower cellular amino acid processes and decreased cobalamin (Vitamin B12) biosynthesis genes in Giardia infected children and related to high Giardia burden Useful for epidemiology and morbidity studies Correlate mechanism of decreased Vitamin B12 genes to growth delays in children infected with intes3nal parasites Expanding understanding of morbidity and malnutri3on Future direc3ons: Correlate quan3ty of parasite DNA with clinical outcomes Associate morbidity to changes in microbiome Treat children with an3 parasi3cs and evaluate changes in microbiome Acknowledgements Funding for this project was provided by the Na3onal School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and New England Biolabs, Inc. Joanna Bybee 1 , Rojelio Mejia 2 ,Ruben Cimino 3 , Ashish Damania 2 , Rebecca Jen 3 , Patricia Bryan 3 , Alejandro Krolewiek 3 , Barton E. Slatko 1 1 New England Biolabs Inc., Ipswich MA USA 2 Na)onal School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor college of Medicine, Houston TX USA 3 Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta Province, Argen)na f Results Greater than 1 fg/µl Giardia DNA has significant decrease in bacterial diversity to No Parasite group (p = 0.0244) Giardia >1 fg/µl group had more abundant Prevotella than No Parasite group p = 0.037 (A) with Helminths group decreased Prevotella to Giardia group (p = 0.024) and Giardia/helminth coinfected nega3ng these differences (p = 0.019) (B) Giardia group had more anaerobic bacteria than other cohorts op3mizing condi3ons for Prevotella (p = 0.012) Giardia infec3ons had lower cellular amino acid metabolic processes than helminth infec3ons (p = 0.047) Increasing Giardia burden (fg/µl) correlates to decreasing intes3nal bacterial diversity 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 0 1 2 3 4 Giardia fg/ µl Shannon Alpha Diversity Spearman r = -0.5491 p = 0.0244 o Giardia > 1 fg/µl l Giardia< 1 fg/µl No Parasites Giardia Helminth Helminths 0 1 2 3 4 5 Shannon Alpha Diversity Prevotella propor3on (%) High Giardia Low Giardia No Parasites Prevotella propor3on (%) Giardia Helminths No Parasites Giardia Helminth B A Giardia Helminths No Parasites Giardia Helminth Giardia Non-Giardia Proportion of sequences (%) Proportion of sequences (%) High Giardia infected children had decreased cobalamin biosynthesis genes compared to No Parasites (p = 0.038)(A) with compensatory effects from Helminth infec3ons (p = 0.021)(B) Propor3on of sequences (%) Giardia Helminths No Giardia Parasites Helminth B A Propor3on of sequences (%) 697 697 Abstract Next genera3on sequencing (NGS) for microbiome analysis is commonly performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing or whole genome shotgun sequencing (WGS). We carried out both WGS and 16S sequencing on human fecal samples from a 122 Argen3nian cohort study focusing on two groups: helminth infected (Ascaris, Ancylostoma, Necator, Strongyloides, and Trichuris) versus noninfected (noparasite) individuals verified by mul3parallel real3me quan3ta3ve PCR. WGS approach provided higher resolu3on allowing classifica3on to the bacterial strain level and in some cases even substrain level. 16S sequencing could not provide resolu3on below genus level. Both methods demonstrated similar sensi3vity to detect Shannon alpha diversity differences. While there were no sta3s3cal differences within the helminth infected group (p = 0.999) or noparasite group (p = 0.400), WGS showed a significant increase in difference of means (DOM) as compared to 16S rRNA gene sequencing. DOM provides a measure of the change in propor3on of specific bacterial sequences for helminth and noparasite groups. This measure is useful for determining the capacity of an assay to discriminate between 2 experimental groups and small effect size. The WGS method provides rich metagenomic func3onal informa3on as compared to 16S rRNA sequencing. Metagenomic func3onal informa3on for 16S rRNA reads can be inferred using PICRUST so‘ware through taxonomic informa3on, but it lacks the direct evidence of genes found in WGS. On the other hand, 16S sequencing is computa3onally inexpensive, while WGS data are challenging to manage/analyse and require so‘ware with complex algorithms. Our results show that WGS offers higher taxonomic resolu3on and discrimina3on along with metagenomic func3onal informa3on while 16S provides a reasonable op3on if the taxonomic informa3on is the primary focus of a study. This study provides important informa3on for selec3ng the op3mal assay based on func3on and price with implica3ons in evolu3onary inves3ga3ons and tropical medicine. High Giardia Low Giardia No Parasites Propor3on of sequences (%)

697 - IBOL 2017 · Introduc)on • !>2#billion#GIparasite#infec3ons# worldwide#in#poorestand#resource7 deprivedcommunies • GIparasites#may#disruptnormal# intes3nal#microbiota#

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Page 1: 697 - IBOL 2017 · Introduc)on • !>2#billion#GIparasite#infec3ons# worldwide#in#poorestand#resource7 deprivedcommunies • GIparasites#may#disruptnormal# intes3nal#microbiota#

Introduc)on  •   >2  billion  GI  parasite  infec3ons  worldwide  in  poorest  and  resource-­‐deprived  communi3es  •  GI  parasites  may  disrupt  normal  intes3nal  microbiota  •  Decreased  microbial  biodiversity  is  associated  with  disease,  including:    

§  Malabsorp3on  §  Inflammatory  bowel  

diseases    •  Vitamin  B12  involved  in  metabolism  of  every  human  cell  •  Bacteria  have  the  enzymes  needed  for  vitamin  B12  biosynthesis  •  qPCR  is  rapid,  quan3ta3ve,  high-­‐throughput  and  is  a  more  reliable  species-­‐specific  method  

Materials  and  methods  •  Field  site:  Orán,  Argen3na    

•  Peri-­‐urban  community    •  Temperate  climate    

•  99  pa3ent  samples  •  Asymptoma3c  children  •  Ages  4-­‐6  years  old  •  No  recent  an3bio3cs  

•  qPCR  and  microscopy  for  presence  of  :    

Ascaris  lumbricoides                        Strongyloides  stercoralis  Ancylostoma  duodenale        Giardia  lamblia    Necator  americanus                      Cryptosporidium  species    Trichuris  trichiura                                Entamoeba  histoly;ca    •  NEBNext®  Microbiome  DNA  

Enrichment  Kit  •  NEBNext®  Ultra™  DNA  Library  

Prep  Kit  for  Illumina®  •  Illumina  NextSeq®  Whole  

genome  sequencing  •  Livermore  Metagenomics  

Analysis  Toolkit  (LMAT)  and  Diamond  so`ware  

•  Phred  quality  score  20  (99%  base  call  accuracy)  

•  Normalized  to  10,000  reads  for  bacterial  diversity  

Conclusions  •  Higher  Giardia  burdens  

correlate  to  less  bacterial  diversity  which  could  indicate  worse  disease  status  

•  These  findings  are  mostly  with  higher  Giardia  burdens  and  likely  due  to  changes  in  intes3nal  micro-­‐environments  due  to  Giardia  crea3ng  anaerobic  microenvironments  

•   Giardia  infected  group  had  significant  increases  in        

           Prevotella  species                      compared                  to  helminth  groups                        •  Coinfec3ons  negated  

those                      differences      •  Metagenomics  showed  

lower  cellular  amino  acid  processes  and  decreased  cobalamin  (Vitamin  B12)  biosynthesis  genes  in  Giardia  infected  children  and  related  to  high  Giardia  burden  

•  Useful  for  epidemiology  and  morbidity  studies  

•  Correlate  mechanism  of  decreased  Vitamin  B12  genes  to  growth  delays  in  children  infected  with  intes3nal  parasites  

•  Expanding  understanding  of  morbidity  and  malnutri3on  

 •  Future  direc3ons:  •  Correlate   quan3ty   of  

parasite   DNA   with   clinical  outcomes  

•  Associate  morbidity  to  changes  in  microbiome  

•  Treat  children  with  an3-­‐parasi3cs  and  evaluate  changes  in  microbiome  

Acknowledgements  Funding  for  this  project  was  provided  by  the  Na3onal  School  of  Tropical  Medicine,  Baylor  College  of  Medicine  and  New  England  Biolabs,  Inc.  

 Joanna  Bybee1,  Rojelio  Mejia2,Ruben  Cimino3,   Ashish  Damania2,  Rebecca  Jen3,  Patricia  Bryan3,  Alejandro  Krolewiek3,  Barton  E.  Slatko1  

1New  England  Biolabs  Inc.,  Ipswich    MA  USA  2Na)onal  School  of  Tropical    Medicine,  Baylor  college  of  Medicine,  Houston  TX  USA  

3Universidad  Nacional  de  Salta,  Salta  Province,  Argen)na    

     High  Giardia                          Low  Giardia                        No  Parasites            

Prop

or3o

n  of  se

quen

ces  (%)  

•  f  

Results    

•  Greater  than  1  fg/µl  Giardia  DNA  has  significant  decrease  in  bacterial  diversity  to  No  Parasite  group  (p  =  0.0244)  

•  Giardia  >1  fg/µl  group  had  more  abundant  Prevotella  than  No  Parasite  group  p  =  0.037  (A)  with  Helminths  group  decreased  Prevotella  to  Giardia  group  (p  =  0.024)  and  Giardia/helminth  co-­‐infected  nega3ng  these  differences  (p  =  0.019)  (B)  

•  Giardia  group  had  more  anaerobic  bacteria  than  other  cohorts  op3mizing  condi3ons  for  Prevotella  (p  =  0.012)  

•  Giardia  infec3ons  had  lower  cellular  amino  acid  metabolic  processes  than  helminth  infec3ons                    (p  =  0.047)  

•  Increasing  Giardia  burden  (fg/µl)  correlates  to  decreasing  intes3nal  bacterial  diversity  

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 100000

1

2

3

4

Giardia fg/µl

Sh

an

no

n A

lph

a D

ive

rs

ity Spearman r = -0.5491

p = 0.0244

o Giardia > 1 fg/µll Giardia< 1 fg/µl

No Parasites

GiardiaHelminth

Helminths0

1

2

3

4

5

Sh

an

no

n A

lph

a D

iversit

yPrevotella  propo

r3on

 (%)  

     High  Giardia                  Low  Giardia                        No  Parasites              

           

Prevotella  propo

r3on

 (%)  

Giardia        Helminths            No  Parasites              Giardia                                    Helminth                                

B  A  

GiardiaHelminthsNoParasitesGiardiaHelminth

GiardiaNon-Giardia

Proportionofsequences(%)

Proportionofsequences(%)

•  High  Giardia  infected  children  had  decreased  cobalamin  biosynthesis  genes  compared  to  No  Parasites  (p  =  0.038)(A)    with  compensatory  effects  from  Helminth  infec3ons                      (p  =  0.021)(B)  

Prop

or3o

n  of  se

quen

ces  (%)  

Giardia    Helminths      No                Giardia                                                              Parasites  Helminth  

B  A

Prop

or3o

n  of  se

quen

ces  (%)  

697  

697  

Abstract  Next  genera3on  sequencing  (NGS)  for  microbiome  analysis  is  commonly  performed  using  16S  rRNA  gene  sequencing  or  whole  genome  shotgun  sequencing  (WGS).  We  carried  out  both  WGS  and  16S  sequencing  on  human  fecal  samples  from  a  122  Argen3nian  cohort  study  focusing  on  two  groups:  helminth  infected  (Ascaris,  Ancylostoma,  Necator,  Strongyloides,  and  Trichuris)  versus  non-­‐infected  (no-­‐parasite)  individuals  verified  by  mul3-­‐parallel  real-­‐3me  quan3ta3ve  PCR.  WGS  approach  provided  higher  resolu3on  allowing  classifica3on  to  the  bacterial  strain  level  and  in  some  cases  even  sub-­‐strain  level.  16S  sequencing  could  not  provide  resolu3on  below  genus  level.  Both  methods  demonstrated  similar  sensi3vity  to  detect  Shannon  alpha  diversity  differences.  While  there  were  no  sta3s3cal  differences  within  the  helminth  infected  group  (p  =  0.999)  or  no-­‐parasite  group  (p  =  0.400),  WGS  showed  a  significant  increase  in  difference  of  means  (DOM)  as  compared  to  16S  rRNA  gene  sequencing.  DOM  provides  a  measure  of  the  change  in  propor3on  of  specific  bacterial  sequences  for  helminth  and  no-­‐parasite  groups.  This  measure  is  useful  for  determining  the  capacity  of  an  assay  to  discriminate  between  2  experimental  groups  and   small   effect   size.  The  WGS  method  provides   rich  metagenomic   func3onal   informa3on  as   compared   to  16S   rRNA  sequencing.  Metagenomic   func3onal   informa3on   for  16S   rRNA   reads   can  be   inferred  using  PICRUST   so`ware   through   taxonomic  informa3on,  but  it  lacks  the  direct  evidence  of  genes  found  in  WGS.  On  the  other  hand,  16S  sequencing  is  computa3onally  inexpensive,  while  WGS  data  are  challenging  to  manage/analyse  and  require  so`ware  with  complex  algorithms.  Our  results  show  that  WGS  offers   higher   taxonomic   resolu3on   and   discrimina3on   along  with  metagenomic   func3onal   informa3on  while   16S   provides   a   reasonable   op3on   if   the   taxonomic   informa3on   is   the   primary   focus   of   a   study.   This   study   provides   important  informa3on  for  selec3ng  the  op3mal  assay  based  on  func3on  and  price  with  implica3ons  in  evolu3onary  inves3ga3ons  and  tropical  medicine.  

     High  Giardia      Low  Giardia    No  Parasites            

Prop

or3o

n  of  se

quen

ces  (%)