6th Grade Visual Art Training6th Grade Visual Art Training“Underwater Sea Life“Underwater Sea Life””

Texas State Aquarium and Alaska Sea Life Center

““Art completes what Art completes what nature cannot bring to nature cannot bring to

finish.”finish.”

- Aristotle- Aristotle

• Throughout history countless artists used nature as the spark Throughout history countless artists used nature as the spark to the flame of their imagination.to the flame of their imagination.

• Winslow Homer as well as many other artists like Monet and Winslow Homer as well as many other artists like Monet and Whistler took inspiration from the ocean. Whistler took inspiration from the ocean.

• We chose this year to take our framework for 6We chose this year to take our framework for 6thth Grade visual Grade visual art training from the ocean life in the art training from the ocean life in the Great Barrier ReefGreat Barrier Reef, the , the Alaska Sea Life CenterAlaska Sea Life Center and the and the Texas State Aquarium.Texas State Aquarium.

Famous Artists that were drawn to the Famous Artists that were drawn to the ocean for inspiration: ocean for inspiration: Winslow HomerWinslow Homer

““Breezing Up”Breezing Up”

Famous Artists that were drawn to the Famous Artists that were drawn to the ocean for inspiration: ocean for inspiration: Katsushika Katsushika

HokusaiHokusai

““The Hollow of a Wave off the Coast at The Hollow of a Wave off the Coast at KanagwaKanagwa (from a series (from a series Thirty-six Views of Thirty-six Views of

Mount FujiMount Fuji)”)”

Famous Artists that were drawn to the Famous Artists that were drawn to the ocean for inspiration: ocean for inspiration: Paul KleePaul Klee

““The Golden Fish”The Golden Fish”

Famous Artists that were drawn to the Famous Artists that were drawn to the ocean for inspiration: ocean for inspiration: Claude MonetClaude Monet

““Low Tide at Pourville, near Dieppe”Low Tide at Pourville, near Dieppe”

Famous Artists that were drawn to the Famous Artists that were drawn to the ocean for inspiration: ocean for inspiration: Joseph Mallord Joseph Mallord

William TurnerWilliam Turner

““Keelmen Heaving in Coals by Moonlight”Keelmen Heaving in Coals by Moonlight”

Famous Artists that were drawn to the Famous Artists that were drawn to the ocean for inspiration: ocean for inspiration: Casper David Casper David

FrenchFrench

““The Chalk Cliffs of The Chalk Cliffs of Rugen”Rugen”

““Travel is fatal to prejudice, Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness, and many of our people need it and many of our people need it

sorely. Broad, wholesome, sorely. Broad, wholesome, charitable views can not be charitable views can not be

acquired by vegetating in one’s acquired by vegetating in one’s little corner of earth.”little corner of earth.”

- Mark Twain- Mark TwainFrom From Innocents AbroadInnocents Abroad, 1869, 1869

Two Visual Art Trainings Two Visual Art Trainings in 2009-2010in 2009-2010

• October 28October 28thth

– 6th Grade Level PLC 6th Grade Level PLC with Heather Campbellwith Heather Campbell

• January 26January 26thth – Video-Conference: Texas State Aquarium Video-Conference: Texas State Aquarium

or Alaska Sea Life Center or Alaska Sea Life Center with Tyson with Tyson Ledgerwood and Heather CampbellLedgerwood and Heather Campbell

School Wide Art Show 2009-2010School Wide Art Show 2009-2010

• The winners of the individual school art shows will be framed The winners of the individual school art shows will be framed and displayed atand displayed at the Western Heritage Museum on May the Western Heritage Museum on May 88thth 2010. 2010.

““The word The word artart, derived from an , derived from an ancient Indo-European root that ancient Indo-European root that

means “means “to fit togetherto fit together,” ,” suggests as much. Art is about suggests as much. Art is about fitting things together: words, fitting things together: words,

images, objects, processes, images, objects, processes, thought, historical epochs.”thought, historical epochs.”

- Jeffrey J. Schnapp- Jeffrey J. Schnapp

Director of Stanford Humanities LabDirector of Stanford Humanities Lab

Stanford UniversityStanford University

Hour #1Hour #1

““Hands On” Classroom Lesson #1Hands On” Classroom Lesson #1

“Ocean Animal Drawing”“Ocean Animal Drawing”

1.1. Cut out the stencil.Cut out the stencil.

2.2. Trace the stencil on the paper.Trace the stencil on the paper.

3.3. Draw the details – eyes, fins, tails, Draw the details – eyes, fins, tails, whiskers, gillswhiskers, gills

4.4. Trace the line with a sharpie.Trace the line with a sharpie.

5.5. Color inside the lines with color pencil.Color inside the lines with color pencil.

6.6. Sign your name in dark color pencil.Sign your name in dark color pencil.

7.7. Paint a colorful background with cool Paint a colorful background with cool colors.colors.

8.8. Work on a “how to draw” ocean animal on Work on a “how to draw” ocean animal on the small paper.the small paper.

Hour #2Hour #2

Video-ConferenceVideo-Conference

• Virtual Classroom LessonVirtual Classroom Lesson

• Questions and Answers from Questions and Answers from PresenterPresenter

• Sign-up for Video-Conference in your Sign-up for Video-Conference in your classroom.classroom.

Hour #3Hour #3

““Hands On” Classroom Lesson #2Hands On” Classroom Lesson #2

“Sea Life Symbol”“Sea Life Symbol”

1.1. Paint the entire paper in colors. Paint the entire paper in colors.

2.2. Keep the colors separate and avoid mud.Keep the colors separate and avoid mud.

3.3. Let dry.Let dry.

4.4. Cut out shape of a sea animal.Cut out shape of a sea animal.

5.5. Lay the shape on the colorful paper.Lay the shape on the colorful paper.

6.6. Paint blue tempera over the shape.Paint blue tempera over the shape.

7.7. Add lids on top of your shape and paper.Add lids on top of your shape and paper.

8.8. Trace white tempera around the lids.Trace white tempera around the lids.

9.9. Take off the lids and stencil shape.Take off the lids and stencil shape.

10.10.Put the lids back in the container and throw Put the lids back in the container and throw away your stencil.away your stencil.

Resource InformationResource Information• The Texas State Aquarium website The Texas State Aquarium website has has

teacher resources at this link:teacher resources at this link: http://http://www.texasstateaquarium.org/index.php?optionwww.texasstateaquarium.org/index.php?option==com_content&viewcom_content&view==article&idarticle&id=20&Itemid=4=20&Itemid=4

• The Alaska Sea Life Center websiteThe Alaska Sea Life Center website has has teacher resources at this link:teacher resources at this link:

• http://www.alaskasealife.org/New/education/index.http://www.alaskasealife.org/New/education/index.php?page=teacher-links.phpphp?page=teacher-links.php

• The Great Barrier Reef website The Great Barrier Reef website has teacher has teacher resources at this link: resources at this link: http://www.reefhq.com.au/http://www.reefhq.com.au/

What a 6th Grader Needs to What a 6th Grader Needs to Know aboutKnow about Oceans Oceans

Copyright Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority

Photographer R. Berkelmans

The World OceanThe World Ocean

• Earth is unique Earth is unique among the planets among the planets because of its because of its abundance of liquid abundance of liquid water.water.

• With over 71 percent With over 71 percent of Earth under the of Earth under the ocean, there is good ocean, there is good reason Earth is called reason Earth is called the blue planet.the blue planet.

The World OceanThe World Ocean

• The Atlantic, Pacific, The Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans and Indian Oceans are Earth’s three are Earth’s three largest bodies of largest bodies of salty water.salty water.

• In fact these oceans In fact these oceans are all connected.are all connected.

• Water flows from Water flows from one to another and one to another and circulates all around circulates all around the planet.the planet.

The World OceanThe World Ocean

• Ocean water may look like Ocean water may look like water in lakes and rivers, but water in lakes and rivers, but there is one important there is one important difference- the amount of difference- the amount of salt.salt.

• All water, even water in lakes All water, even water in lakes and rivers, contains some and rivers, contains some salt, but not nearly as much salt, but not nearly as much as the ocean.as the ocean.

• The salt left when you boil The salt left when you boil away a cup of ocean water is away a cup of ocean water is 85 percent sodium chloride, 85 percent sodium chloride, the same salt you might the same salt you might sprinkle onto your popcorn.sprinkle onto your popcorn.

• Ocean water is actually a Ocean water is actually a weak solution of many salts, weak solution of many salts, often in minor amounts.often in minor amounts.

The World OceanThe World Ocean

• Gases such as oxygen and Gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, are also carbon dioxide, are also present, along with organic present, along with organic (carbon containing) molecules.(carbon containing) molecules.

• Organic molecules are Organic molecules are produced mainly from decaying produced mainly from decaying organisms.organisms.

• Nearly all natural elements are Nearly all natural elements are found in ocean water, even found in ocean water, even gold!gold!

• Some of these elements are Some of these elements are considered nutrients essential considered nutrients essential to ocean life such asto ocean life such as– PhosphorousPhosphorous– NitrogenNitrogen– SilicaSilica– IronIron

Waves and TidesWaves and Tides

• Another constant of the ocean is Another constant of the ocean is waves.waves.

• Pretend you are standing on a cliff Pretend you are standing on a cliff high above the shoreline where wave high above the shoreline where wave after wave tumbles onto a beach.after wave tumbles onto a beach.

• Depending on the day, the surf might Depending on the day, the surf might crash in a foaming rage.crash in a foaming rage.

• Either way, waves continuously wash Either way, waves continuously wash onto the shore.onto the shore.

• Most waves are formed by wind Most waves are formed by wind blowing over the ocean’s surface, as blowing over the ocean’s surface, as wind energy is transferred to wave wind energy is transferred to wave energy.energy.

• A light breeze might cause small A light breeze might cause small ripples, but as wind speeds increase, ripples, but as wind speeds increase, so does the size of the waves.so does the size of the waves.

Waves and TidesWaves and Tides

• When you look at When you look at waves, it appears as if waves, it appears as if the water is moving the water is moving forward with each wave, forward with each wave, but in fact the water but in fact the water only moves up and only moves up and down in little circles as down in little circles as the wave passes by.the wave passes by.

• This is much like the This is much like the cheer known as “the cheer known as “the wave” travels around a wave” travels around a stadium.stadium.– People move up and down People move up and down

but still stay in their but still stay in their seats.seats.

Waves and TidesWaves and Tides• Scientists describe waves with a Scientists describe waves with a

few basic terms.few basic terms.– The top is the crestThe top is the crest– The bottom is the trough.The bottom is the trough.

• The distance between two wave The distance between two wave crests is called the crests is called the wavelength.wavelength.

• The vertical distance from the crest The vertical distance from the crest to the trough is the to the trough is the wave height.wave height.

• As a wave enter the shallow water As a wave enter the shallow water it slows down due to friction it slows down due to friction between the water molecules and between the water molecules and the bottom.the bottom.

• The wave energy propels the wave The wave energy propels the wave upward until its crest crashes upward until its crest crashes shoreward.shoreward.

• When a wave reaches the shore, its When a wave reaches the shore, its energy is transferred to the land, energy is transferred to the land, sculpting cliffs or eroding beaches. sculpting cliffs or eroding beaches.

Waves and TidesWaves and Tides• One of the most damaging One of the most damaging

types of ocean wave is the types of ocean wave is the tsunami.tsunami.

• Tsunamis are often Tsunamis are often incorrectly referred to as incorrectly referred to as tidal waves, although they tidal waves, although they are not caused by tides.are not caused by tides.

• Tsunami is a Japanese Tsunami is a Japanese word meaning “harbor word meaning “harbor wave”.wave”.

• These massive waves can These massive waves can devastate coastal areas.devastate coastal areas.

Waves and TidesWaves and Tides

• Tsunami's are usually triggered by vibrations – seismic waves – Tsunami's are usually triggered by vibrations – seismic waves – from volcanic eruptions or earthquakes , on land or underwater.from volcanic eruptions or earthquakes , on land or underwater.

• When they start, tsunamis are very small but very fast.When they start, tsunamis are very small but very fast. • They can travel hundreds of miles across the open ocean.They can travel hundreds of miles across the open ocean.

• They become most dangerous when they reach shallow water, They become most dangerous when they reach shallow water, where they rise into a towering wall of water and release their where they rise into a towering wall of water and release their enormous power onto the shore.enormous power onto the shore.

Waves and TidesWaves and Tides

• Tides rise and fall at Tides rise and fall at predictable intervals.predictable intervals.

• At high tide the water in At high tide the water in particular place may rise particular place may rise so high that it covers so high that it covers much, or maybe all, of much, or maybe all, of the beach and rocks.the beach and rocks.

• At low tide the water At low tide the water recedes, exposing large recedes, exposing large areas of the beach, and areas of the beach, and creating tide pools, creating tide pools, ready for you to explore.ready for you to explore.

• In most places there are In most places there are usually two daily tides.usually two daily tides.

Waves and TidesWaves and Tides

• What causes tides?What causes tides?

• The tides are caused by gravitational forces among the The tides are caused by gravitational forces among the moon, sun, and Earth.moon, sun, and Earth.

• These gravitational forces “pull” on the oceans making them These gravitational forces “pull” on the oceans making them rise.rise.

Ocean CirculationOcean Circulation• Winds and waves keep the Winds and waves keep the

ocean’s surface in constant ocean’s surface in constant motion.motion.

• Winds blowing consistently from Winds blowing consistently from a particular direction create a particular direction create ocean surface currents.ocean surface currents.

• These currents are like rivers in These currents are like rivers in the ocean.the ocean.

• Sailors navigating across the Sailors navigating across the oceans long ago noticed oceans long ago noticed predictable ocean currents such predictable ocean currents such as the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream.as the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream.

• Sailors discovered they could Sailors discovered they could make much better time sailing make much better time sailing from North America to Europe from North America to Europe using the Gulf Stream and the using the Gulf Stream and the westward moving winds than westward moving winds than they could during the return trip.they could during the return trip.

Ocean CirculationOcean Circulation

• Notice that the currents in Notice that the currents in the Northern Hemisphere the Northern Hemisphere move in a clockwise move in a clockwise direction, while the currents direction, while the currents in the Southern Hemisphere in the Southern Hemisphere move in the move in the counterclockwise direction.counterclockwise direction.

• When the wind blows over When the wind blows over the ocean, water is the ocean, water is deflected to the right in the deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern the left in the Southern Hemisphere.Hemisphere.

• This deflection is caused by This deflection is caused by the Earth’s rotation: the Earth’s rotation: it is it is called the Coriolis Effect.called the Coriolis Effect.

Ocean CirculationOcean Circulation• Currents can also move vertically in a Currents can also move vertically in a

process called upwelling.process called upwelling.

• Upwelling near the coast occurs when Upwelling near the coast occurs when wind blows warm surface water offshore, wind blows warm surface water offshore, allowing deeper, colder water to reach allowing deeper, colder water to reach the surface.the surface.

• This deeper, colder water tends to be This deeper, colder water tends to be rich in nutrients because dead organic rich in nutrients because dead organic matter is constantly sinking to the matter is constantly sinking to the bottom of the ocean.bottom of the ocean.

• When an upwelling brings cold, nutrient-When an upwelling brings cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface, microscopic rich water to the surface, microscopic algae, called phytoplankton, consume algae, called phytoplankton, consume the nutrients and flourish.the nutrients and flourish.

• Larger marine animals then feed on the Larger marine animals then feed on the phytoplankton.phytoplankton.

• This is why upwelling often supports This is why upwelling often supports large fisheries such as those off the west large fisheries such as those off the west coast of South America.coast of South America.

Ocean CirculationOcean Circulation• Ocean water is continuously on Ocean water is continuously on

the go, rising and sinking.the go, rising and sinking.

• Imagine a giant ocean conveyor Imagine a giant ocean conveyor belt moving water throughout belt moving water throughout the ocean.the ocean.

• It can take 1,000 years for a It can take 1,000 years for a drop of ocean water to sink to drop of ocean water to sink to the ocean bottom , resurface the ocean bottom , resurface and sink again.and sink again.

• Deep ocean circulation is driven Deep ocean circulation is driven by differences in water density.by differences in water density.

• Density is the mass, or amount Density is the mass, or amount of matter, packed into a certain of matter, packed into a certain volume.volume.

• You may have studied the You may have studied the equation D= M/V (density is equation D= M/V (density is equal to mass divided by equal to mass divided by volume).volume).

Ocean CirculationOcean Circulation• Both temperature and salinity Both temperature and salinity

affect the density of water.affect the density of water.

• Cold water is denser than warmer Cold water is denser than warmer water, and saltier water is denser water, and saltier water is denser than less salty water.than less salty water.

• More salt means More salt means – more dissolved mattermore dissolved matter– higher density.higher density.

• Salt also lowers the freezing point Salt also lowers the freezing point of water, so ocean temperatures of water, so ocean temperatures can drop below 0 degrees Celsius can drop below 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) without (32 degrees Fahrenheit) without the water freezing.the water freezing.

• Therefore, ocean water becomes Therefore, ocean water becomes denser denser – with decreasing temperatureswith decreasing temperatures– increasing salinities.increasing salinities.

Ocean CirculationOcean Circulation

• Here’s one example of how these two factors can help create movement Here’s one example of how these two factors can help create movement beneath the water.beneath the water.

• At the poles, frigid air cools the ocean surface.At the poles, frigid air cools the ocean surface.

• When ice forms, most of the dissolved salts in the ocean water does not get When ice forms, most of the dissolved salts in the ocean water does not get frozen into the ice crystals.frozen into the ice crystals.

• They are left behind in the water.They are left behind in the water.

• So the formation of sea ice further increases So the formation of sea ice further increases – the salt concentrationthe salt concentration– the density of the remaining cold surface water.the density of the remaining cold surface water.

• As a result , a blob of very cold, very salty, and very dense surface water As a result , a blob of very cold, very salty, and very dense surface water forms.forms.

Ocean CirculationOcean Circulation• This dense surface water This dense surface water

near the poles begins to near the poles begins to sink.sink.

• As it sinks, it is replaced As it sinks, it is replaced by surface water that had by surface water that had been warmed near the been warmed near the equator and transported equator and transported to the poles by currents.to the poles by currents.

• On the ocean’s conveyor On the ocean’s conveyor belt, warm surface water belt, warm surface water continuously circulates to continuously circulates to the poles where it cools, the poles where it cools, becomes very dense, and becomes very dense, and sinks to start another sinks to start another cycle.cycle.

The Ocean FloorThe Ocean Floor

• Ocean circulation is also Ocean circulation is also affected by the ocean floor.affected by the ocean floor.

• Deep water changes Deep water changes direction when it direction when it encounters features similar encounters features similar to those found on land.to those found on land.

• Just as rivers meander Just as rivers meander between riverbanks, so between riverbanks, so currents make their way currents make their way among chains of among chains of underwater mountains.underwater mountains.

• These submarine mountain These submarine mountain chains are riverbanks of chains are riverbanks of the ocean.the ocean.

The Ocean FloorThe Ocean Floor• Imagine you are navigating a Imagine you are navigating a

tiny submarine from near the tiny submarine from near the shore towards the open shore towards the open ocean, known as the pelagic ocean, known as the pelagic zone.zone.

• The first thing you notice is The first thing you notice is the nearly flat plain called the the nearly flat plain called the continental shelf.continental shelf.

• The shelf is the shallow edge The shelf is the shallow edge of a submerged continent, of a submerged continent, reaching depths of about 200 reaching depths of about 200 M (660 feet).M (660 feet).

• As you motor on, you notice As you motor on, you notice the seafloor dropping away.the seafloor dropping away.

The Ocean FloorThe Ocean Floor

• You have reached the You have reached the continental slope.continental slope.

• As you reach the bottom of As you reach the bottom of the slope, your sub hovers, the slope, your sub hovers, above the continental rise, above the continental rise, a wedge of sediment a wedge of sediment several kilometers thick.several kilometers thick.

• These sediments washed These sediments washed from the land, across the from the land, across the shelf, and down the slope shelf, and down the slope to settle at the bottom.to settle at the bottom.

• At the end of the rise, a At the end of the rise, a huge expanse of flat ocean huge expanse of flat ocean floor is before you.floor is before you.

The Ocean FloorThe Ocean Floor• You are now in the deep You are now in the deep

ocean basin about 4 KM (2.5 ocean basin about 4 KM (2.5 miles) deep, gliding over an miles) deep, gliding over an abyssal plain.abyssal plain.

• An abyssal plain is an An abyssal plain is an extremely flat, broad area.extremely flat, broad area.

• If your sub’s robotic arm If your sub’s robotic arm could scrape away about 500 could scrape away about 500 M (1,600 ft.) of sediment, M (1,600 ft.) of sediment, you’d find jagged volcanic you’d find jagged volcanic rocks.rocks.

• Originating from the land Originating from the land and from the remains of and from the remains of marine life from above, marine life from above, these sediments buried the these sediments buried the original volcanic ocean floor original volcanic ocean floor to form Earth’s flattest to form Earth’s flattest areas.areas.

The Ocean FloorThe Ocean Floor

• Before you go too far , you Before you go too far , you cruise over a deep-sea cruise over a deep-sea trench.trench.

• A trench is a long, narrow, A trench is a long, narrow, steep-sided depression in steep-sided depression in the ocean bottom.the ocean bottom.

• Deep-sea trenches are the Deep-sea trenches are the deepest places in the deepest places in the ocean.ocean.

• The Marianas Trench in The Marianas Trench in the Pacific is the deepest the Pacific is the deepest at about 11 km (7 miles). at about 11 km (7 miles).

• Deep-sea trenches form at Deep-sea trenches form at convergent boundaries convergent boundaries between plates.between plates.

The Ocean FloorThe Ocean Floor

• In the distance, a mid-ocean In the distance, a mid-ocean ridge, an underwater volcanic ridge, an underwater volcanic mountain range, looms up over mountain range, looms up over the abyssal plain, just as the the abyssal plain, just as the Rocky Mountains overlook the Rocky Mountains overlook the prairies.prairies.

• Mid-ocean ridges form an almost Mid-ocean ridges form an almost continuous chain through the continuous chain through the ocean basins.ocean basins.

• The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the longest mountain range in the longest mountain range in the world, longer than any mountain world, longer than any mountain range on land.range on land.

• It runs right down the middle of It runs right down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, and it is the Atlantic Ocean, and it is almost entirely submerged.almost entirely submerged.

• There are a few places, such as There are a few places, such as Iceland and the Azores, where the Iceland and the Azores, where the ridge pokes above the ocean's ridge pokes above the ocean's surface.surface.

The Ocean FloorThe Ocean Floor• It is in the Pacific Ocean It is in the Pacific Ocean

where you will find the where you will find the tallest mountain on the tallest mountain on the planet.planet.

• Most of this mountain is Most of this mountain is under the ocean.under the ocean.

• Only the top of Mauna Only the top of Mauna Kea, in Hawaii, sticks Kea, in Hawaii, sticks above the ocean’s surface.above the ocean’s surface.

• Mauna Kea is about 9.5 KM Mauna Kea is about 9.5 KM (about 6 miles) high.(about 6 miles) high.

• That is about 1 KM (.06 That is about 1 KM (.06 miles) taller than Mount miles) taller than Mount Everest, the tallest Everest, the tallest mountain on land.mountain on land.

The Ocean FloorThe Ocean Floor

• In tropical areas, In tropical areas, coral reefs can build coral reefs can build up around a volcanic up around a volcanic island.island.

• Over tens of Over tens of thousands of years, thousands of years, the island can the island can weather, erode, and weather, erode, and completely completely submerge, leaving submerge, leaving behind a ring-shaped behind a ring-shaped reef called a reef called a coral coral atoll.atoll.

Copyright Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority

Photographer L. Zell

Ocean LifeOcean Life• The ocean is teeming with life.The ocean is teeming with life.

• Marine life can be categorized Marine life can be categorized into three kinds of organisms.into three kinds of organisms.

– Benthos are organisms living Benthos are organisms living on, under, or attached to the on, under, or attached to the bottom.bottom.

• Giant kelp and snails are two Giant kelp and snails are two examples.examples.

– Nekton are free-swimming Nekton are free-swimming animals.animals.

• Fish and whales are examples.Fish and whales are examples.

– Plankton, are small, drifting Plankton, are small, drifting organisms.organisms.

• Plantlike plankton are called Plantlike plankton are called phytoplanktonphytoplankton

• Animal-like plankton are called Animal-like plankton are called zooplankton.zooplankton.

• Plankton, nekton, and benthic Plankton, nekton, and benthic organisms live throughout the organisms live throughout the ocean – from shallow coastal ocean – from shallow coastal regions to deep-sea trenches.regions to deep-sea trenches.

Copyright Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority

Photographer L. Zell

Ocean LifeOcean Life• All organisms need energy to All organisms need energy to

live and grow. live and grow.

• Food energy is passed from one Food energy is passed from one organism to another through a organism to another through a food chain.food chain.

• Most food chains start with Most food chains start with energy from the sun.energy from the sun.

• Phytoplankton living near the Phytoplankton living near the surface use the sun’s energy to surface use the sun’s energy to produce their own food through produce their own food through photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

• However, most organisms However, most organisms cannot make their own food; cannot make their own food; they mustthey must– eat other plants or animalseat other plants or animals– scavenge the bodies of dead scavenge the bodies of dead

organismsorganisms

Ocean LifeOcean Life• Here is a simple marine food chain:Here is a simple marine food chain:

Phytoplankton (diatom)Phytoplankton (diatom)

Zooplankton (copepod)Zooplankton (copepod)

Small fish (anchovy)Small fish (anchovy)

SunlightSunlight

Large predator (squid)Large predator (squid)

Ocean LifeOcean Life• Because most Because most

organisms eat and organisms eat and are eaten by more are eaten by more than one kind of than one kind of organism many organism many different food different food chains interconnect chains interconnect to form food webs.to form food webs.

• In marine In marine ecosystems, ecosystems, phytoplankton phytoplankton form the base of form the base of most food webs.most food webs.

• Large populations Large populations of phytoplankton of phytoplankton can support can support healthy marine healthy marine ecosystems.ecosystems.

Copyright Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority

Photographer R. Berklemans

Ocean LifeOcean Life• Like plants on land, Like plants on land,

phytoplankton require sunlight phytoplankton require sunlight to carry out photosynthesis, but to carry out photosynthesis, but they also need nutrients.they also need nutrients.

• On land, nutrients are provided On land, nutrients are provided by the soil.by the soil.

• In the ocean, the nutrients are In the ocean, the nutrients are found in the surrounding water.found in the surrounding water.

• The ocean water carries The ocean water carries essential nutrients such as essential nutrients such as – PhosphorusPhosphorus– NitrogenNitrogen

• Phytoplankton thrive only Phytoplankton thrive only where there is adequate light where there is adequate light and an adequate supply of and an adequate supply of nutrients.nutrients.

• Surface waters of the pelagic Surface waters of the pelagic zone have plenty of sunlight but zone have plenty of sunlight but are usually low in nutrients.are usually low in nutrients.

Copyright Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority

Photographer R. Berkelmans

Ocean LifeOcean Life

• Deeper parts of the ocean contain nutrients but very little or no Deeper parts of the ocean contain nutrients but very little or no sunlight.sunlight.

• Nutrients trapped deep in the ocean cannot be used by the Nutrients trapped deep in the ocean cannot be used by the phytoplankton unless they are brought to the surface.phytoplankton unless they are brought to the surface.

• Shallow coastal areas often have both light and nutrients.Shallow coastal areas often have both light and nutrients.

• The water may be enriched with nutrients brought in by rivers or by The water may be enriched with nutrients brought in by rivers or by upwelling from below.upwelling from below.

• This is why these coastal areas are home to 90 percent of marine This is why these coastal areas are home to 90 percent of marine species.species.

Ocean LifeOcean Life• Does that mean there is not life Does that mean there is not life

in the deep ocean?in the deep ocean?

• Definitely not?Definitely not?

• Deep water organisms are quite Deep water organisms are quite successful at living on the successful at living on the decaying marine life that is decaying marine life that is always raining down.always raining down.– Benthic organisms, such as Benthic organisms, such as

sponges and scallops, filter sponges and scallops, filter decaying particles from the decaying particles from the water.water.

– Crabs and worms scavenge the Crabs and worms scavenge the bottom for food.bottom for food.

• Deep sea fish take another Deep sea fish take another approach.approach.– Jawfish have huge mouths to Jawfish have huge mouths to

gobble up large preygobble up large prey– Anglerfish have a glowing or Anglerfish have a glowing or

bioluminescent fin shaped to lure bioluminescent fin shaped to lure in prey.in prey.

Copyright Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority

Photographer L. Zell

““Art is the cleverness of Odysseus; the Art is the cleverness of Odysseus; the intimate knowledge of materials in a intimate knowledge of materials in a

sculpture by Renaissance master Benvenuto sculpture by Renaissance master Benvenuto Cellini or a dress designed by Issey Miyake; Cellini or a dress designed by Issey Miyake; the inventive genius of a Leonardo da Vinci, the inventive genius of a Leonardo da Vinci,

Thomas Edison, or computer visionary Thomas Edison, or computer visionary Douglas Englebart; the verbal craft in Douglas Englebart; the verbal craft in everything from an aphorism (“Time is everything from an aphorism (“Time is Money”) to an oration (“Four Score and Money”) to an oration (“Four Score and

seven years ago, our fathers brought forth seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation”) to a on this continent a new nation”) to a

commercial slogan (“Just Do It”). commercial slogan (“Just Do It”).

In short, art isn’t to be found In short, art isn’t to be found onlyonly in galleries in galleries and museums; it is woven into the warp and and museums; it is woven into the warp and

woof of an entire civilization.”woof of an entire civilization.”

- Jeffrey J. Schnapp- Jeffrey J. SchnappDirector of Stanford Humanities LabDirector of Stanford Humanities Lab

Stanford UniversityStanford University

““Why then the world's mine Why then the world's mine oyster,oyster,

Which I with sword will open.”Which I with sword will open.”

- William Shakespeare- William Shakespeare

Story timeStory time

ReferencesReferences

• Text:Text:– ““What a 6th Grader Needs to Know”What a 6th Grader Needs to Know” by E.D. Hirsch Jr. by E.D. Hirsch Jr.

• Images:Images:– The pictures in the presentation are from the websites of: The pictures in the presentation are from the websites of:

• Reef HQ Reef HQ All Great Barrier Reef photos are property of The All Great Barrier Reef photos are property of The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. pages 21, 25, pages 21, 25, 35, 47-48, 51-5235, 47-48, 51-52

• Alaska Fisheries Science Center National Marine Mammal LaboratoryAlaska Fisheries Science Center National Marine Mammal Laboratory pages 1,14,16,18,23-pages 1,14,16,18,23-24,31,33-34,36-40,41,53,5824,31,33-34,36-40,41,53,58

• Alaska Sea Life CenterAlaska Sea Life Center pages 20 pages 20 • Texas State Aquarium Texas State Aquarium pages 1,20,37-39,46,49pages 1,20,37-39,46,49• Cleveland Art MuseumCleveland Art Museum pages 7,28pages 7,28• WebMuseumWebMuseum http://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/wm/net/ http://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/wm/net/ The Paul Klee “The Golden Fish” page 6 The Paul Klee “The Golden Fish” page 6