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Modern Amphibian Diversity- Anura

Anura 88%

Caudata 9%

Gymnophiona 3%Frogs

6,915 species (about the same number of mammals)

6,111 of these are frogs; 615 salamanders; 189 caecilians

all continents except Antarctica

mostly tropical

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saltation

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External morphology: Adult

Chiasson and Underhill 1994

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Frogs are highly specialized amphibians - specialized for what? Astragulus and calcaneum are fused forming a 4th main leg

segment

Fusion of radius & ulna into single element (same for tibia &

fibula)

Shortened vertebral column (9 or fewer pre-sacral vertebrae) Hindlimb longer than forelimb

Vocal sacs well developed in males of most species

No tail (in adults)

Tongue is large and protrusible 42 families (probably more)


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Skeletal characteristics of Anura

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Fusion of leg elementsin anurans, shortened

vertebral column, &

elongated hind limb

bones


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No fusion insalamanders &

more than nine

vertebrae


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Triadobatrachus versus modern frog

Mesozoic

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Protrusible tongue

Prey capture


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Vocal sacs in males


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Generalized life history

Larvae

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Fertilization is external except in a few species in 4 generaTherefore most are oviparous with aquatic eggs and larvae

Most are oviparous, with direct development of terrestrial eggs

2 families are viviparous (mostly lecithotrophy)

Many species exhibit bizarre forms of parental care

Modern Amphibian Diversity- AnuraReproduction

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Inguinal

Axillary

Inguinal is thought to be the ancestral character state

Anura Reproduction,Amplexus

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Anura Reproduction, Amplexus (males shaded)

glued

straddle

independent

cephalicinguinal axillary

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Internal Fertilization & Viviparity

AnuraReproduction, Internal Fertilization

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Neoteny

Why is there no neoteny in anurans?Most species are completely aquatic and neoteny (in salamanders,

anyway) involves the lack of a switch from aquatic to terrestrial

There are vast differences in the ecology of adult and larval anurans:

Tadpoles are almost exclusively plant eaters, adults are not. A plant

diet requires a large gut (why?) which leaves no room for ova,oviducts, etc.

Modern Amphibian Diversity- AnuraReproduction

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Aquatic larvae, when present,

lack true teeth, have keratinous

beaks, and have fold of skincovering gills

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Anura Size range: 7 mm to 33 cm & 7 lbs

Goliath FrogConrana goliath

Worlds smallest vertebrate

Paedophryne amauensis

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Relationships

Characters important in diagnosing groups:

pectoral girdle type

number of pre-sacral vertebrae

number & placement of spiracle in tadpoles

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Relationships

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Spiracle Anura Relationships

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Order Anura (Salienta)Frogs

2006 Dr. Peter Janzen

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Relationships

All other frogs

Ascaphus&Leiopelma

Leiopelomatidae

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Relationships

Leiopelomatidae

Range: New Zealand

Diagnostic Characters:

direct development inLeiopelma.

Phil Bishop

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Relationships

Ascaphus 2

species

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Relationships

Ascaphus&Leiopelma

All other frogs

Rhinophrynidae

Pipidae

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Introduction to select families

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Relationships

Pipidae 33 species

Xenopus laevis

African clawed frog

Pipa pipa

Surinam toad

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Anura Relationships

Pipidae continued

Range: South American and

Panamanian

tropics; sub-Saharan Africa.

Diagnostic Characters:

aquatic frogs that have inguinal

amplexus and that vocalize using the

hyoid apparatus to make clicks.Tounge absent

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Relationships

Rhinophrynidae

- 1 species

Rhinophrynis dorsalis

Mexican burrowing toad

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Rhinophrynidae


Relationships

Range E: Tropical and subtropical lowland North and

Central America.

Diagnostic Characters: contains a single species,Rhinophrynus dorsalis, which is of medium-size,

with a cone-shaped head and globular body,

reflecting its burrowing life history. Like the pipids,

it has inguinal amplexus

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Relationships

Bombinatoridae 10 species

RANGE: France and

Italy east to western

Russia and Turkey;China, Korea, and

northern Indochina;

Borneo and the

Philippines.

Diagnostic characters:aquatic, brightly colored,

biphasic life cycle

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Relationships

Alytidae 5 species

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Relationships

Bufonidae - 569 species

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BufonidaeTrue toads

2006 Brian Kubicki

Atelopus zetekiBufo americanus; American Toad

2001 Joyce Gross

Diversity: 33 genera, 494 speciesDistribution: Cosmopolitan
http://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Bufonidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Bufonidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Bufonidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Bufonidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Bufonidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Bufonidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Bufonidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Bufonidae.shtml

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Relationships

Ranidae 1,445 species

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Ranidae True frogs

Diversity: 35 genera11 subfamilies

Distribution: North America to Northern South America,

Europe, Asia, subsaharan Africa, IndonesiaMembers of this family are known as the true frogs and occur worldwide

Ranids have generalized frog body plans and generalized aquatic tadpole stage (although various types ofdirect development have evolved independently in many groups)

Most have firmisternal pelvic girdles (some have overlapping coracoids but are fused to one another)

and all have toothed upper jaw

Habitats for these groups vary from dry to temperate to tropical.
http://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Ranidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Ranidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Ranidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Ranidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Ranidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Ranidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Ranidae.shtml

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Li thobates clam itansGreen frog

1999 Joyce Gross

Li th b t h h l
http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Rana&where-species=clamitanshttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Rana&where-species=clamitanshttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Rana&where-species=clamitanshttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Rana&where-species=clamitanshttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Rana&where-species=clamitanshttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Rana&where-species=clamitanshttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Rana&where-species=sphenocephalahttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Rana&where-species=sphenocephalahttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Rana&where-species=sphenocephala

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Li thobates sphenocephala

Southern Leopard Frog
http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Rana&where-species=sphenocephalahttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Rana&where-species=sphenocephalahttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Rana&where-species=sphenocephalahttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Rana&where-species=sphenocephalahttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Rana&where-species=sphenocephala

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Relationships

Leptodactylidae - over 1400 species

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Relationships

Rhacaphoridae - gliding frogs

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Relationships

Dendrobatidae - poison arrow frogs

D d b tid P i f
http://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtml

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DendrobatidaePoison arrow frogs

Diversity: 9 genera, 252 species

Distribution: Central and South America

2006 Henk Wallays

Dendrobates reticulatus
http://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Dendrobatidae.shtml

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Dendrobatids

known as poison-arrow, arrow-poison, and dart-poison frogs.

generally small species, about 20 to 40 mm in snout-vent length. They are alsomostly diurnal, and observed hopping on the forest floor by day. A few speciesare arboreal, or at least partly so.

Many dendrobatids are brightly colored (and presumably poisonous to somedegree). As a group they are the most brightly colored of frogs. However, there

are many dull-colored species in the genus Colostethus, mostly brownish, thatdo not appear to be poisonous. Indians of the Ember Choc in Colombia rubtheir blowgun darts onto the backs of Phyllobates terribilis to load the darts withpoison (Myers et al., 1978).

The reproductive behaviors are diverse. In all species of dendrobatids for whichdata are known, the tadpoles are carried on the back of the adult. Generally thetadpoles are transported to a body of water, usually a stream, but also smallponds, the water-filled axils of bromeliads or some other small container, in the

case of some Dendrobates. The female has evolved the remarkable behavior ofdepositing unfertilized eggs in the axil to feed the developing tadpole.

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Relationships

Hylidae - tree frogs-- over 800 species

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HylidaeTree frogs


Distribution: See map
http://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Hylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Hylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Hylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Hylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Hylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Hylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Hylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Hylidae.shtml

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Hylids (treefrogs)

one of the largest families of frogs. There are

about 48 genera.

Toe pads
http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Hyla&where-species=chrysoscelishttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Hyla&where-species=chrysoscelis

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Hyla ch rysoscelisCopes Gray treefrog
http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Hyla&where-species=chrysoscelishttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Hyla&where-species=chrysoscelishttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Hyla&where-species=chrysoscelishttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Hyla&where-species=chrysoscelishttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Hyla&where-species=chrysoscelishttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Hyla&where-species=chrysoscelishttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Hyla&where-species=chrysoscelishttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Hyla&where-species=chrysoscelis

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Hyla c inereaGreen treefrog

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PelobatidaeSpadefoot toads


Distribution: Europe and North America

Eastern spadefoot

John White

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Spadefoot toads

keratinized spade on the

hind limbs which aid in burrowing

Pelobatids inhabit arid habitats and are known asexplosive breeders due to their seeming to explode

out of the ground after the first heavy rain in order to

mate. They produce tadpoles that develop rapidly in

temporary ponds, even in desert regions. They have short legs and stocky bodies with vertical

pupils

S hi h lb kii E t S d f t
http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Scaphiopus&where-species=holbrookiihttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Scaphiopus&where-species=holbrookiihttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Scaphiopus&where-species=holbrookii

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Scaphiopus holbrookii; Eastern Spadefoot

M d A hibi Di it A
http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Scaphiopus&where-species=holbrookiihttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Scaphiopus&where-species=holbrookiihttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Scaphiopus&where-species=holbrookii

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Relationships

Microhylidae 500 species
http://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Microhylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Microhylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Microhylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Microhylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Microhylidae.shtml

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MicrohylidaeNarrow mouthed frogs


Distribution: Eastern USA, Central and South America.

Africa, South East Asia
http://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Microhylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Microhylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Microhylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Microhylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Microhylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Microhylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Microhylidae.shtmlhttp://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Microhylidae.shtml

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Microhylids - Narrow-Mouthed Frogs

In size they range from tiny forms (10 mm) to moderately largeanimals (100 mm). In many the body form is tear-drop-shaped,with a narrow, pointed snout and rather rounded body. However,some are more treefrog like, with expanded digital tips, such asKaloula.

Many microhylids are burrowers, emerging only after heavyrains.

As a group they tend to be ant and termite-specialists.

terrestrial or arboreal frogs stout hind legs, short snout, andglobose bodies. They have a generalized teardrop shape.

Brevicepshave such short limbs relative to their volume that theyare unable to amplex; as a result they have developed anadhesive secretion from the epidermis to allow males andfemales to stick while mating takes place
http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Gastrophryne&where-species=carolinensis

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Gastroph ryne carol inensis;

Eastern Narrowmouth Toad
http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Gastrophryne&where-species=carolinensishttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Gastrophryne&where-species=carolinensishttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Gastrophryne&where-species=carolinensishttp://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&where-genus=Gastrophryne&where-species=carolinensis

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7 Anura