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Figure 24.15

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Figure 24.15c

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Figure 24.15d

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Figure 24.16

Low-gradecopper ore(CuS)

Sprinkling of acidic solution on CuS

Soluble Cu2Cu2

Precipitationpond

Copper metal (Cu0)

Acidic Fe2-rich solution

Acidic solutionpumped back totop of leach dump

H2SO4addition

Recovery of copper metal (Cu0)

Fe0 Cu2 Cu0 Fe2(Fe0 from scrap steel)

Oxidation pond

Leptospirillum ferrooxidans

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

1. CuS 2 O2 Cu2 SO42

Cu2 8 Fe2 SO42 8 H2. CuS 8 Fe3 4 H2O

Copper ore can be oxidized by oxygen-dependent (1) and oxygen-independent(2) reactions, solubilizing the copper:

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Figure 24.17

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Figure 24.18

Atmosphere

Water

Sediment

Photochemical andother oxidations

Uptake byaquatic animals

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Figure 24.19

Encodes MerR, a transcriptional repressor and activator

Encodes MerD, regulation

mer operon

Mercury metabolism

Periplasm

Cytoplasmicmembrane

Mercuricreductase

Organomercurylyase

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Figure 24.19a

Encodes MerR, a transcriptional repressor and activator

Encodes MerD, regulation

mer operon

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Figure 24.19b

Mercury metabolism

Periplasm

Cytoplasmicmembrane

Mercuricreductase

Organomercurylyase

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Figure 24.20

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Figure 24.21

Oil droplets Bacteria

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Fi 24 22

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Figure 24.22

Fi 24 23

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Figure 24.23

DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(an organochlorine)

Malathion, mercaptosuccinicacid diethyl ester(an organophosphate)

Site of additionalCl for 2,4,5,-T

2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid Atrazine, 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylaminotriazine

Monuron,3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea

(a substituted urea)

Chlorinated biphenyl (PCB),shown is 2,3,4,2,4,5-hexachlorobiphenyl

Trichloroethylene

Reductive

Dechlorination

Fi 24 24

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Figure 24.24

Acetate

DioxygenaseSuccinate

Acetate

2,4,5,-TTo citric acid cycle

Reductive

Dechlorination

Fi 24 25

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Figure 24.25

Polyethylene Polypropylene Polyvinyl chloride(PVC)

Polystyrene Polyurethane Teflon

PHV PHB