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Teleosts III: Advanced Teleosts Division: Teleostei

Subdivision: Euteleostei Series: Percomorpha Order:

Perciformes Pleuronectiformes Tetraodontiformes

7 important SUBORDERS for our purposes:

Order: Perciformes - lots of them!

(20 suborders, 160 families, 10,000 spp.)

Percoidei (perches & relatives)

Labroidei (wrasses & relatives)

Blennoidei (blennies & relatives)

Gobioidei (gobies & relatives)

Scombroidei (barracudas, mackerels, tunas, & billfishes)

Acanthuroidei (surgeonfishes and relatives)

Stromateioidei (butterfishes, driftfishes & relatives)

Order Perciformes •  biggest vertebrate order: 10,000+ spp

•  mainly in shallow marine habitats, but many in shallow freshwater –  coral reefs: gobies, wrasses, sea basses, blennies, damselfish,

cardinalfish, & many others –  shallow freshwater: cichlids, centrarchids, & percids

lower teleosts Perciformes spines absent in fins in D, A, P2 scales cycloid ctenoid D fin 1, often w/ adipose fin 2, no adipose fin P2 abdominal thoracic P2 rays 6+ 1 spine, 5 rays swimbladder physotomous physoclistous principal C fin rays often 18-19 not more than 17

Characteristics of Perciforms

Perciformes:

Massive Diversification!

Suborder Percoidei

Families: •  Polyprionidae •  Serranidae •  Centrarchidae •  Apogonidae •  Sciaenidae •  Kyphosidae •  Chaetodontidae •  Pomacanthidae •  Carangidae

(79 families, 3000+ spp.)

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Suborder Percoidei: basal members

perches (Percidae)

temperate basses (Moronidae)

Polyprionidae (wreckfishes) (5 spp.)

giant sea bass

Serranidae (sea basses & groupers) (475 spp.) (DNA studies indicate there actually

2 families: Serranidae (sea basses) & Epinephelidae (groupers)

Apogonidae (cardinalfishes) (273 spp.)

Centrarchidae (sunfishes & black basses) (31 spp.)

Big money: $250,000 for most largemouth bass!

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Sciaenidae (croakers, drums) (270 spp.) Kyphosidae (sea chubs) (45 spp.)

Carangidae (jacks) (140 spp.) Carangidae (jacks) continued…

Pomacanthidae (angelfishes) (82 spp.) Chaetodontidae (butterflyfishes) (122 spp.)

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tilefishes (Malacanthidae)

other interesting Percoidei

dolphinfishes (Coryphaenidae)

remoras (Echeneidae)

Suborder Labroidei •  Labridae (wrasses)

•  Scaridae (parrotfishes)

•  Cichlidae (cichlids)

•  Pomacentridae (damselfishes)

•  Embiotocidae (surfperches)

•  Stichaeidae (pricklebacks)

•  Pholidae (gunnels)

Labridae (wrasses) (453 spp.) Labridae (wrasses)

giant humphead wrasse 400+ pounds!

cleaner wrasse: 10 cm

Scaridae (parrotfishes) (88 spp.)

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Cichlidae (cichlids) (1350 spp.)

Embiotocidae (surfperches) (23 spp.)

Pomacentridae (damselfishes) (348 spp.)

Stichaeidae (pricklebacks) (76 spp.) Pholidae (gunnels) (15 spp.)

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Zoarcidae (eelpouts) (230 spp.) wolf eel (Anarhichadidae)

Suborder Blennioidei (6 families, 818 spp.) Blenniidae (blennies) (360 spp.)

Clinididae (kelpfishes) (74 spp.) Suborder Icosteodei Gobiesocidae (clingfishes)

(140 spp.)

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Suborder Callionymoidei Callionymidae (dragonets)

(182 spp.) Suborder Gobioidei •  Gobiidae (gobies) -- world’s largest family of fishes: 2,000 spp.!

(9 families)

Gobiidae (gobies) (1950 spp.) Suborder Acanthuroidei •  Acanthuridae (surgeonfishes)

(6 familes, 129 spp.)

(80 spp.)

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other Acanthuroidei rabbitfishes (Siganidae)

Moorish idol (Zanclidae)

louvar (luvaridae)

Suborder Scombroidei •  Scombridae (tunas & mackerels) •  Istiophoridae (billfishes) •  Xiphiidae (swordfish)

(6 families)

(147 spp.)

barracudas (Sphyraenidae)

(21 spp.) Scombridae (tunas & mackerels) (51 spp.)

Scombridae (tunas & mackerels) Scombridae

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Scombridae (tunas & mackerels)

Istiophoridae (billfishes) (11 spp.) Istiophoridae (billfishes)

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Xiphiiidae (swordfish)

Xiphias gladius

(1 sp.)

•  Stromateidae (butterfishes)

Suborder Stromateioidei (6 families, 70 spp.)

(15 spp.)

man-of-war fish (Nomeidae) medusafishes (Centrolophidae)

Perciform derivatives – representative families Order Pleuronectiformes (flatfishes)

Cynoglossidae (tonguefishes)

Order Tetraodontiformes (puffers, triggerfishes, & relatives)

Balistidae (triggerfishes)

Diodontidae (porcupinefishes)

Tetraodontidae (pufferfishes)

Paralichthyidae (sand flounders) Pleuronectidae (righteye flounders)

Order Pleuronectiformes

Paralichthyidae Cynoglossidae Pleuronectidae

(14 families, 678 spp.)

•  adults asymmetrical, w/ both eyes on one side

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Paralichthyidae Pleuronectidae Pleuronectidae

Pacific halibut

(60 spp.)

Pleuronectidae diamond turbot

Paralichthyidae (105 spp.)

Cynoglossidae (tonguefish) (127 spp.) Order Tetraodontiformes - puffers, triggerfishes & relatives

Balistidae – triggerfishes Tetraodontidae – pufferfishes

Diodontidae – porcupinefishes Ostraciidae – trunkfishes

Molidae – ocean sunfishes (Molas)

(9 families, 357 spp.)

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Balistidae (triggerfishes) (40 spp.) Tetraodontidae (puffers) (98 spp.)

Diodontidae (porcupinefishes) (19 spp.) boxfishes (Ostracidae) (154 spp.)

molas (Molidae) (4 spp.)

Now you know them all!

Right??

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Now comes a brand new paper based on 10 DNA markers !!!