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04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Learning Theories & Technology Learning Theories & Technology IntegrationIntegration
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
A “Process”A “Process”
Educational Technology is a combination of Educational Technology is a combination of the processes and tools involved in the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: Computers and the most current tools: Computers and their related technologies.their related technologies.
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Directed InstructionDirected Instruction
DirectedDirected– BehaviorismBehaviorism– Information ProcessingInformation Processing
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
BehaviorismBehaviorism
Skinner - Behaviors and Skinner - Behaviors and ConsequencesConsequences– Stimulus – ResponseStimulus – Response– Reinforcement/PunishmentReinforcement/Punishment
Outcome orientedOutcome orientedBelieved strongly in Believed strongly in “learning machines” “learning machines” (computers) that could (computers) that could monitor behavior and monitor behavior and deliver reinforcementsdeliver reinforcements
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Contribution of BehaviorismContribution of Behaviorism
Classroom managementClassroom management– Behavior ModificationBehavior Modification
Programmed instructionProgrammed instruction– Drill & Practice with reinforcementDrill & Practice with reinforcement
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Information ProcessingInformation Processing
Memory & StorageMemory & Storage
Sensory>STM>LTMSensory>STM>LTM
Biological basis of learningBiological basis of learning
Dual ProcessingDual Processing
Practice, practice, practicePractice, practice, practice– Distributed rather than massedDistributed rather than massed– Elaborative rather than roteElaborative rather than rote
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Directed ModelsDirected Models
Focus on teaching sequences of skills Focus on teaching sequences of skills from lowest – highestfrom lowest – highest
Clear objectives and matching testsClear objectives and matching tests
Individual more than group workIndividual more than group work
Lectures, Skill worksheets, activities and Lectures, Skill worksheets, activities and texts with specific expected responsestexts with specific expected responses
Based on Skinnerian modelBased on Skinnerian model
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Theory into the ClassroomTheory into the Classroom
Directed Instructional StrategiesDirected Instructional Strategieswork well when...work well when...Students are motivated to learnStudents are motivated to learn
Instruction well designed and routineInstruction well designed and routine
Special needs childrenSpecial needs children
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Problems with Directed InstructionProblems with Directed Instruction
Can students problem solve?Can students problem solve?
Can students apply skills?Can students apply skills?
What’s this got to do with my life?What’s this got to do with my life?– IsolationIsolation– Not authenticNot authentic
Can students cooperate with others?Can students cooperate with others?– Cultural differencesCultural differences
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Constructivist TheoristsConstructivist TheoristsJohn DeweyJohn Dewey 1859-1952 1859-1952
Political liberal - PhilosopherPolitical liberal - PhilosopherCurriculum should arise from Curriculum should arise from student’s interestsstudent’s interestsCurriculum should be integratedCurriculum should be integratedEducation is growth not an end in Education is growth not an end in itselfitselfEducation occurs though it’s Education occurs though it’s connection to real lifeconnection to real lifeLearning should be hands-onLearning should be hands-on
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Jean Piaget Jean Piaget
(1896-1980)(1896-1980)
4 stages of cognitive 4 stages of cognitive developmentdevelopment
Learning by Learning by assimilation or assimilation or accommodationaccommodation
Teaching with Teaching with concrete examplesconcrete examples
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Lev VygotskyLev Vygotsky
(1896-1934) (1896-1934) Cognitive development is directly Cognitive development is directly linked to social developmentlinked to social development– Individual differencesIndividual differences– Personal creativityPersonal creativity– Influence of cultureInfluence of culture– Language useLanguage use
Zone of proximal development – Zone of proximal development – Scaffolding by adultsScaffolding by adults
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Jerome BrunerJerome Bruner
Still alive!Still alive!
Children’s stages of cognitive Children’s stages of cognitive development development
Benchmarks of cognitive Benchmarks of cognitive developmentdevelopment
Discovery Learning Discovery Learning
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Constructivist ModelsConstructivist Models
Focus on learning through posing Focus on learning through posing problems, possible answers, developing problems, possible answers, developing products and presentationsproducts and presentations
Abilities to problem solve Abilities to problem solve
Research Skills & ExplorationResearch Skills & Exploration
Stress group work over Individual workStress group work over Individual work
Alternative, authentic assessments e.g. Alternative, authentic assessments e.g. portfoliosportfolios
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Theory into the Classroom: Theory into the Classroom: ConstructivismConstructivism
Solve real life problemsSolve real life problems
Student’s construct knowledge themselves Student’s construct knowledge themselves NOT simply by receiving it from NOT simply by receiving it from knowledgeable teachersknowledgeable teachers
Theorists vary on their opinions of how Theorists vary on their opinions of how much structure student projects should much structure student projects should have.have.
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Problems with ConstructivismProblems with Constructivism
It is difficult for teachers to certify It is difficult for teachers to certify individuals skill learningindividuals skill learning
Prerequisite skills may be lackingPrerequisite skills may be lacking
Students may not choose the most Students may not choose the most effective instructioneffective instruction
Not all topics suit constructivist methodsNot all topics suit constructivist methods
Skills may not transfer to practical Skills may not transfer to practical situationssituations
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
How Constructivism Impacts How Constructivism Impacts CurriculumCurriculum
Elimination of a standardized curriculumElimination of a standardized curriculum
Use curricula customized to the students' Use curricula customized to the students' prior knowledgeprior knowledge
Emphasizes hands-on problem solving. Emphasizes hands-on problem solving.
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
How Constructivism Impacts How Constructivism Impacts AssessmentAssessment
Elimination of grades and standardized Elimination of grades and standardized testingtesting
Assessment part of the learning processAssessment part of the learning process
Students play a large role in judging their Students play a large role in judging their own progressown progress
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Technology IntegrationTechnology Integration
““Integrating educational technology is the Integrating educational technology is the process of determining which electronic process of determining which electronic
toolstools and which methods for implementing and which methods for implementing them are appropriate for given classroom them are appropriate for given classroom situation and problems.”situation and problems.”
M.D.Roblyer 2002M.D.Roblyer 2002
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Technology Integration – Technology Integration – Directed ModelsDirected Models
To remedy identified weaknessesTo remedy identified weaknesses
To promote fluency or automaticity of To promote fluency or automaticity of prerequisite skillsprerequisite skills
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Technology Integration - Technology Integration - ConstructivistConstructivist
To foster creativityTo foster creativity
To increase transfer of knowledge to To increase transfer of knowledge to problem solvingproblem solving
To foster group cooperationTo foster group cooperation
To allow for multiple intelligences e.g. To allow for multiple intelligences e.g. GardnerGardner
04/19/2304/19/23 Musgrove – Broward CollegeMusgrove – Broward College
Technology Integration – all Technology Integration – all theoriestheories
Generates motivation to learnGenerates motivation to learn
Optimize scarce personnel and material Optimize scarce personnel and material resourcesresources
To make it easier for students to create To make it easier for students to create and adjust assignmentsand adjust assignments
To develop information literacy and visual To develop information literacy and visual literacyliteracy