4 quadrants: Right Upper Quadrants(RUQ): Liver, gallbladder,
right kidney Left Upper Quadrants(LUQ): Stomach, spleen, pancreas,
left kidney Right Lower Quadrants(RLQ): Appendix, right ovary Left
Lower Quadrants(LLQ): Left ovary
Slide 4
Mitosis: 2 diploid cells The division of a cell(asexual, any
cell) Meiosis: 4 haploid cells Division of sex cells How many
chromosomes do we have? 23 pairs of chromosomes a total of 46
Diffusion: is the movement of molecules from an area of greater
concentration to an area of lesser concentration Osmosis: may be
simply defined as the diffusion of water through a selectively
permeable membrane(move from more water to less water) Filtration:
is the movement of water and solutes across the cell- membrane
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Identify the layers of the skin: 1. Epidermis (on the top) the
outer, non-sensitive, nonvascular layer of the skin 2. Dermis (in
the middle) is the inner layer of skin, the dermis contains most of
the skin's specialized cells and structures 3. Subcutaneous (on the
bottom)- is below the dermis, filled with fat, blood vessels, and
nerves
Slide 8
Sebaceous glands: secrete sebum(oil) to lubricate the hair,
prevent dying of the skin and hair Parts of hair: Hair follicle: is
the cavity which contains the hair Hair root: is part of the hair
that is embedded in the dermis which contains the cells called
matrix, where mitosis takes place Hair shaft is visible part of the
hair Nails: Nail root: Is deep in the dermis, new cells produce
keratin (a strong protein)
Slide 9
Functions of the Integumentry system: Protects against invasion
of bacteria by serving as a barrier Perception in cooperation with
the nervous system(72 feet of nerves) and the sense of touch
including pain, heat, cold, and pressure The skin is capable of
absorbing some material from its surface into glands (transdermal
patch, lidocaine) The excretion consists primarily of eliminating
water and salt plus waste products, fluids must be replaced to
maintain a proper fluid balance The skin also combines the
ultraviolet rays from sunlight with the skin to produce vitamin
D
Slide 10
Urticaria(hives) This is caused from a self-limiting reaction
to allergens, from stress or viral infection Herpes simplex 1 is
associated with lesions in the oral and nasal area Herpes simplex 2
is associated with genital lesions Malignant Melanoma: A neoplasm
that develops from the pigment producing melanocytes Ulcer: a deep
loss of the skin surface Acne Vulgaris: inflammation of the
sebaceous glands and oversupply of sebum oil
Slide 11
Athlete's foot: is a fungal infection of the skin(feet)
Warts(verrucae) are caused by a family of virus known as human
papillomavirus Pediculosis: Parasitic lice(head lice, body lice and
pubic lice)
Slide 12
Healing stages of inflammation Hemostasis: platelets cells act
Inflammation: erythema, swelling and warmth often associated with
pain Proliferation or Granulation: red tissue Remodeling or
Maturation: interior finishing
Slide 13
The primary purpose of the skeletal system is to: Support the
body Bones are 20% water The rest is minerals(calcium, phosphorous,
and magnesium) and organic matter(collagen, and protein fiber) The
opening in the spongy bone are filled with: Red bone marrow Yellow
marrow is: the marrow that functions as fat storage
Simple(closed): complete bone break in which there is no
involvement with the skin surface Compound(open): involves the skin
Greenstick: Broke under pressure but will not break all the way
through Impacted: broken ends are jammed into each other
Communicated: bone fragments Impacted: broken ends are jammed into
each other
Slide 20
Spiral fracture: twisting force Colles fracutre: breaking and
dislocating of the distal end of the radius
Slide 21
Osteoarthritis: The breakdown of cartilage of the bones
Rheumatoid Arthritis: a chronic systemic inflammation disease
attacking joints and surrounding tissue(autoimmune) Gouty
arthritis: results in severe joint pain, most often in the big toe,
this is from deposits of uric acids and salts Osteoporosis: The
thinning of bone tissue
Slide 22
Scoliosis: spine is curved from side to side(lateral curve)
Lordosis: curvature of the lumbar spine referred to as swayback
Kyphosis: Bowing of the thoracic level of the back
Slide 23
Herniated disc: intervertebral disk has been forced through its
outer surface Carpal tunnel syndrome: This condition results from
the compression of the median nerve at the Bursitis: painful
inflammation of the bursa(sac located around a joint) Sprain: More
commonly known as torn ligament, is damage to one or more
Slide 24
Major functions of muscles: The 650 muscles in the body:
support movement, help to maintain posture and circulate blood,
protect organs Cardiac muscle: heart Skeletal muscle: most attached
to bones Smooth muscle: in walls of hollow organs
Slide 25
A tendon connects muscle to bone A ligament connects bone to
bone
Slide 26
Deltoid: a triangle muscle Gluteus:
Slide 27
Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Diaphram:
Slide 28
Strains : are injuries that involve the stretching or tearing
of a musculo-tendinous (muscle and tendon) Tip: sprain is torn
ligament Atrophy: is the partial or complete wasting away of a part
of the body. Tendonitis: This is a painful inflammation of the
tendon Fibromyalgia Syndrome: This is a chronic musculoskeletal
condition with chronic muscle pain, fatigue, sleep problems, and
painful tender points or trigger points
Slide 29
The circulatory system is composed of four main parts: 1. a
pump the heart 2. the plumbing the blood vessels 3. the circulating
fluid blood 4. the fluid system lymphatic system
Slide 30
Systemic circulation: Oxygenated blood pumped through the body
Pulmonary circulation: Deoxygenated blood pumped from the heart to
the lungs
Slide 31
Slide 32
Aorta
Slide 33
Veins: jugular, inferior and superior vena cava,
Slide 34
Artery for taking accurate blood pressure: Brachial Major
arteries for taking pulse:
Slide 35
Veins for venipuncture's:
Slide 36
Functions of blood vessels: Arteries: Takes blood away from the
heart Veins: Takes blood toward the heart Valves: prevent back flow
Capillaries: Are the smallest of blood vessels. They serve to
distribute oxygenated blood from arteries to the tissues of the
body and to feed deoxygenated blood from the tissues back into the
veins(single cell layer)
Slide 37
Myocardial Infarction(MI): is a complication of coronary artery
disease that results from occlusion(partial or complete) of the
artery, causing myocardial tissue destruction Cerebrovascular
Accident(CVA): a condition commonly known as a stroke, CVA is the
sudden impairment of the flow of blood to the brain, interrupting
the supply of oxygen and causing serious damage of brain tissue
Embolism: an embolus is defined as foreign matter that enters and
circulates in the blood stream
Slide 38
Hypertension: A common condition in which the force of the
blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may
eventually cause health problems, such as heart disease
Embolus(thrombus): A blockage that obstructs a blood vessel
Arteriosclerosis: A degeneration and hardening of the walls of
arteries Cardiac arrest: Is a sudden stop in effective blood
circulation due to the failure of the heart
Slide 39
Phlebitis: Inflammation of a vein Arrhythmia: Is a group of
conditions in which the heartbeat is irregular, too fast, or too
slow Congestive heart failure(CHF): Condition of inadequate heart
action with retention of tissue fluids Aneurysm: A widening,
external dilation caused by the pressure of blood on weakened
arterial walls
Slide 40
The function of immunity: is primarily provided by specific
cells and organs of the circulatory system(helps fight infection)
Structures of the Immune system: Bone marrow: Thymus: lives in your
chest, between your breast bone and your heart Lymph nodes: Spleen:
Tonsils: Adenoids: Appendix:
Slide 41
Tonsils: The lymph tissue of the tonsils intercept antigens
invading the upper respiratory tract Lymph nodes: Filters pathogens
for lymph Components of the immune system: T cells(wbc): directly
attack invading organisms B cells: help T cells attack
Slide 42
Antibodies: A protein substance carried by cells to counteract
the effect of an antigen Antigen: Things that the immune system
recognizes as non-self Vaccinations: active and passive immunity:
Active is given in a booster to provide memory cells and antibodies
for longer periods and passive is an injection given when already
exposed to given temporary immunity to counter the immediate attack
of pathogens(ex: rusty nail and tetanus)
Slide 43
Influenza: an acute infection characterized by fever, cough,
pain and URI HIV/AIDS: The virus invades the helper T cells and
macrophages, hiding in their membranes Mono: Caused by the
Epstein-Barr virus, affects the lymphocytes Chronic fatigue
syndrome: The virus or bacteria enters the body and limits the
immune system Autoimmune Disease: A condition wherein the persons
antibodies react against their own normal tissue Lupus(autoimmune)
This is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs when your body's
immune system attacks your own tissues and organs
Slide 44
Structures of the respiratory system:
Slide 45
Asthma- a chronic disorder characterized by swelling,
inflammation, and constriction of the bronchi and bronchioles,
indication of wheezing Tuberculosis(TB): Is a contagious bacterial
infection that involves the lungs, but may spread to other organs
Upper respiratory infection(URI) An illness caused by an acute
infection of the respiratory tract Pneumonia: Is an acute infection
of the principle tissues of the lungs, which may impair the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxides Respiratory Syncytial
Virus(RSV): A virus that causes infections of the lungs and
respiratory tract. Common in children
Slide 46
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD)- group of lung
diseases(emphysema and chronic bronchitis)that block airflow as you
Epistaxis(nosebleed)- Is the loss of blood through the nose
Bronchitis: Inflammation of the mucus membranes of the bronchial
tree Sudden Infant Death Syndrome(SIDS): This is a mysterious
condition that kills apparently healthy infants
Slide 47
Dyspnea: Difficult breathing(shortness of breath) Pursed lip
breathing: is one of the simplest ways to control shortness of
breath. It provides a quick and easy way to slow your pace of
breathing, making each breath more effective Tachypnea: Rapid
breathing Wheezing: Is a continuous, coarse, whistling sound
produced in the respiratory airways
Slide 48
The digestive process can be divided into four phases: 1.
Ingestion: food is taken in 2. Digestion: preformed by all the
organs of the digestive tract 3. Absorption: by the small
intestines 4. Elimination: by the large intestines, colon, and
rectum
Slide 49
Structures of the Digestive System
Slide 50
The salivary glands: excrete the fluid known as saliva The
pancreas: secretes directly into the bloodstream a substance called
insulin The liver: secretes bile(water and rbcs), this gives fecal
material its yellow-brown color, its sole purpose is the
concentration and storage of bile The gallbladder: When the body
needs bile to digest food, the gallbladder releases bile to
supplement that is being produced by the liver(storage of
bile)
Slide 51
Diverticultis: Occurs when one or more diverticula in your
digestive tract become inflamed or infected Hemmorrhoids: Are
swollen and inflamed veins in your anus and lower rectum. Celiac
disease: Dilation of the small and large intestine Appendicitis: Is
a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix
Hepatitis: Is a medical condition defined by the inflammation of
the liver Ulcers: Occurs when part of the lining of the stomach or
intestines becomes deeply eroded Hernia(know the different
locations) a projection of an internal organ from its normal
location Crohns disease: Is a type of inflammatory bowel disease
that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract
Slide 52
Structure of the Nervous System
Slide 53
The nerve cell or neuron is the functioning unit in this system
1-The central nervous system(CNS): Which consists of the brain and
the spinal cord 2-The peripheral nervous system: Which includes all
the nerves of the CNS to every organ and the rest of the body
Slide 54
1. The sympathetic division: accelerates activity in the
smooth, involuntary muscles of the bodys organs, "fight-or-flight"
reaction to emergencies, increases heart rate and blood pressure 2.
The parasympathetic division: reveres the action and slows down
activity, rest and digest body's calming and relaxing
functions
Slide 55
Frontal lobe: Personality, reason, speech Parietal lobe: Taste,
and skin sensations Occipital lobe: Sight Temporal lobe: Hearing
and memory Cerebellum: Balance and coordination Midbrain: Relay
station for impulses Brainstem(medulla and pons) Heart rate and
respirations Hypothalamus: Endocrine functions, BP, and temperature
regulation Pituitary gland: Secretes many hormones Cerebrospinal
fluid(CSF): Watery cushion or shock absorber, provides
nutrients
Slide 56
Alzheimers Disease: This is a progressive, degenerative disease
that attacks the brain, gradual memory loss, personality change
Meningitis: Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord Headaches:
Vascular, muscle contraction Epilepsy: Seizure with abnormal
electrical impulses from neuron to brain Hemiplegia:
Unilateral(one-side) Paraplegia Loss of motor function on the lower
extremities Quadriplegia: Paralysis affecting all body systems
Herpes zoster: An acute usually unilateral(on-side) inflammation of
the dorsal root ganglion(known as shingles) Sciatica: pain that
radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve
Slide 57
Slide 58
The endocrine system: is made up of glands that produce and
secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that
regulate the activity of cells or organs 1. The pituitary gland:
growth and development 2. The thyroid: Prolactin,
Adrenocorticotropic(ACTH) 3. The parathyroid(s) Produce calcium and
vitamin D contents 4. The pancreas: secrete insulin 5. The
adrenals: steroid hormones: cortisol 6. The ovaries: estrogen and
progesterone 7. The testes: Testosterone 8. The thymus: T-cells
that make up our immune system 9. The pineal body: melatonin(helps
control your sleep and wake cycles
Slide 59
Diabetes Mellitus: In type 1 diabetes, beta cells in the
pancreas produce little or no insulin Type 2 diabetes is a lifelong
(chronic) disease in which there are high levels of sugar (glucose)
in the blood Hypothyroidism: Disorder of the thyroid gland that is
associated with too little thyroid hormone Hyperthyroidism: This is
an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of
thyroid hormones Cushings disease: this is an endocrine disorder of
the adrenal glands, produce to much cortisol Addisons disease: is a
disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough
of their hormones cortisol(lack if pigmentation, gums are black)
1.Growth hormone: insufficient production during childhood results
in dwarfism, or overproduction, gigantism(from pituitary
gland)
Slide 60
Slide 61
Kidneys: Filer the blood and form urine Ureters: Passageway for
urine from kidneys to the bladder Bladder: Temporary storage of
urine Urethra: Passageway of urine to the outside of the body
Slide 62
Kidney stones: Renal Calculi(kidney stones): are formed by
chemicals in the urine, forming crystals that stick together
Cystitis: Inflammation of the bladder Pyelonephritis(kidney
infection): Inflammation of the kidneys, pelvis, and nephrons, this
is the most common kidney infection Incontinence: this is the
uncontrollable loss of urine Renal failure: this is a critical
illness that results in the sudden cessation of the kidney
function
Slide 63
Each sex has special sex glands, or gonads, which produce sex
cells(gametes) Female System: Ovum Male System: Spermatozoan
Slide 64
Female Structures: Breasts: Lactation Ovaries: Production of
eggs, estrogen, and progesterone Uterine tubes: Site of
fertilization Uterus: Nourishment and protection of the fetus
Vaginal: Birth canal
Slide 65
Male structures: Penis: Sex organ Testes: Production of
testosterone and sperm Scrotum: Muscular sac containing the
testicles Epididymis, this propels sperm Vas deferens: Passageway
of semen Prostate: preserves sperm Urethra: Passageway for urine
and semen
Slide 66
Ovarian Cyst: this is a sac of fluid on an ovary, it is usually
nonmalignant and small Premenstrual syndrome(PMS): This condition
of characteristics appears from 7 to 14 days before menstruation
and usually subsides with the onset Menopause: The permanent
cession of menstruation Endometriosis: The presence of endometrial
tissue outside the uterus, affecting the ovaries, ligaments, and
peritoneal tissues Human Papillomavirus(HPV) Genital warts are soft
growths on the skin and mucus membranes of the genitals Pelvic
Inflammatory Disease(PID)- this is a acute or chronic infection of
the reproductive tract, including the cervix, uterus, fallopian
tubes, and ovaries
Slide 67
Epididymitis: This is inflammation of the epididymis and is an
uncommon infection, it may spread to the testicle Prostatitis:
Inflammation of the prostate Benign prostatic hypertrophy: This is
an enlargement of the prostate gland