7R SCIENCE FINAL REVIEW Human Body

On loose leaf, write the answers to the following checklist of topics. You can write in words and draw labeled pictures. For 1 – 10, about the Human Body, write the answers in the spaces provided. Student will be able to: ___ Define cell, tissue, organ and system. State the order from smallest to largest and give examples. cell – the basic unit of structure and function in living things tissue – a group of similar cells performing the same function organ – a structure composed of different tissues that performs a specific job organ system – several organs working together to perform a major function organism – a living thing made of many organ systems ___ Define homeostasis and give example of how the body tries to maintain it. homeostasis – maintaining stable internal conditions when your body becomes dehydrated, you feel thirsty when your temperature is too low, you shiver to warm up when your temperature is too high, you sweat to cool down ___ Describe how various human body systems relate to each other. skeletal and muscular systems work together to move the body digestive and circulatory systems work together to get nutrients to body cells respiratory and circulatory systems work together to get oxygen to body cells excretory and circulatory systems work together to remove waste from the body nervous and endocrine systems regulate the other body systems Skeletal Muscular Systems ___ Give the functions for the skeletal and muscular system and how they work together to accomplish

movement.

skeletal – support, store minerals, make red blood cells, protects organs, and place where muscles attach

muscular – causes movement in the body muscles attach to bones by tendons and contract to pull on bones

___ Tell the difference between a ligament and a tendon. ___ Define joint and give examples of a hinge joint and ball and socket joint. ___ Tell the difference between skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle and gives examples for each. Circulatory System ___ Give the functions of the circulatory system and identify a diagram of it. ___ Define oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

ligament – connects bone to bone

tendon – connects muscle to bone cartilage – covers and protects the ends of bones

hinge: ball and socket:

elbow, knee shoulder, hip

skeletal muscle: pulls on bone

smooth muscle: peristalsis in the digestive tract organs

(esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines)

lungs, kidneys, bladder, blood vessels

cardiac: beating heart

de-oxygenated blood – contains CO2

oxygenated blood – contains O2

carries oxygen and nutrients to body cells

carries carbon dioxide and wastes

away from body cells

___ Describe the difference between veins, arteries and capillaries. ___ Explain what happens in the capillaries and why they are so important. capillaries are very narrow – nutrients diffuse out of the capillary and into the body cells, wastes diffuse out of the body cell and into the capillary ___ Describe the four parts of the blood and their functions: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and

plasma. ___ Define pulse. ___ Describe how the human heart functions.

red blood cells – carry oxygen platelets – clot blood white blood cells – fight disease plasma – liquid part of blood

pulse – artery expands and contracts as blood is pumped through the body

deoxygenated blood enters the heart

and is pumped to the lungs

CO2 leaves blood, O2 enters blood

oxygenated blood returns to the heart

and is pumped to all the body cells

artery – carries blood away from the heart

vein – carries blood towards the heart

Respiratory System ___ Give the functions of the respiratory system and identify a diagram of it. ___ Explain how breathing and respiration relate. ___ Identify the equation for respiration. ___ Give the functions for the organs of the respiratory system including the nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs

and diaphragm and list the order through which oxygen travels. nose – filters, moistens, and warms air entering the body

trachea – windpipe

bronchi – tubes that enter the lungs

lungs – as the body inhales, the lungs fill with air; as the body

exhales, lungs push air out of the body

diaphragm – muscle that controls breathing ___ Show how the balloon model represents the respiratory system.

breathing – air moves in and out of lungs

respiration – energy is released from food

balloon is like the lungs

inflate = inhale

deflate = exhale

blue rubber = diaphragm

takes O2 into the body removes CO2 from the body

glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy

Excretory System ___ Give the functions of the excretory system and identify a diagram of it. ___ Identify specific excretory organs and describe what they do, including

kidneys, skin and lungs. Digestive System ___ Give the functions of the digestive system and identify a diagram of it. ___ Tell the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion. mechanical digestion – food is broken down into smaller pieces

(teeth rips food, stomach churns and breaks apart food)

chemical digestion – food is dissolved into nutrients

(enzymes in the mouth and small intestine dissolve food) ___ Describe the importance of enzymes.

enzymes - chemically dissolve food

breaks food into usable nutrients

absorbs nutrients into the blood

gets solid waste ready to be eliminated

removes liquid and gas wastes

from the body

kidneys (D) – remove excess water and salt from blood

(makes urine)

skin (C) – removes excess water and salt from blood (makes sweat)

lungs (A) – removes CO2 from blood

___ Give functions for the organs of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Nervous System ___ Give the functions of the nervous system and identify a diagram of it. ___ Give examples of a stimulus and its response. ___ Identify and describe the function of the three parts of the brain

cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla (brainstem).

cerebrum – thinking, senses

cerebellum – balance

medulla – breathing, heart rate

mouth – digestion begins here saliva dissolves carbohydrates into sugar

esophagus – food tube

stomach – acid dissolves proteins

small intestine – digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats absorption of all nutrients into blood (villi)

large intestine – absorption of water into blood

rectum – stores solid waste

receives stimuli from the environment

carries electric messages to central nervous system for processing

sends electric messages to muscles and glands

maintains homeostasis regulates and coordinates other organ systems

When you touch a hot stove, your arm jerks away from the burner. STIMULUS RESPONSE

___ Identify a neuron and its importance. Endocrine System ___ Give the functions of the endocrine system and be able to identify a diagram of it. regulates and controls other body systems

maintains homeostasis ___ Explain the importance of hormones. hormones - chemical messengers affect target cells

neuron – nerve cell carries electric signals in body

Human Body

1. Describe how sweating helps to maintain homeostasis. 2. The basic unit of structure and function in the human body is the ______________. Two or more cells

working together are called a __________________. Layers or tissue all working together for a common

function is referred to as an __________________. Many organs all working together to perform certain

jobs are called an ________________ ___________________.

3. Explain how the biceps and triceps work together to move the arm. 4. Describe the difference between the three types of blood vessels pictured in this diagram.

5. Sequence the path of oxygen through the Respiratory System, label each part.

cell

organ system organ tissue

arm straightens:

biceps relaxes, triceps contracts

arm flexes: triceps relaxes, biceps contracts

artery – carries blood away from heart

capillary – site of diffusion vein – carries blood to heart

1 – nose: filters, moistens, and warms air

2 – trachea: windpipe

3 – bronchi: branches into the lung

4 – lung: exhales and inhales 5 – alveoli: where diffusion of gases occurs

homeostasis – maintaining stable internal conditions sweating regulates temperature by cooling the body

6. Describe the difference between mechanical and chemical Digestion and give example of where each occurs. 7. Which two body systems coordinate and regulate all the activities of the body? _________________________ and _________________________ 8. Completely explain (using the names of the organs) how the circulatory and digestive systems work together. 9. Completely explain how the respiratory system works with the excretory system to remove carbon dioxide. 10. List three endocrine glands.

mechanical – breaks down food into small parts (teeth)

chemical – enzymes dissolve food (small intestine, saliva, stomach acid)

digestive: breaks food into small nutrients

circulatory: receives nutrients from villi of small intestine and takes the nutrients to the body cells

nervous endocrine

respiratory: lung is a respiratory organ where CO2 diffuses out

of the blood and into the alveoli

excretory: lung is an excretory organ that exhales CO2 out of

the body

pituitary – master gland

thyroid – regulates metabolism

parathyroid – regulates calcium

adrenal gland – “fight or flight” stress

thymus – regulates immune system

pancreas – insulin regulates sugar in blood

ovaries – estrogen in females testes – testosterone in males