8-k; tFg;G r%f mwptpay; Kjy; gUtk; tuyhW - waytosuccess.org term-8th-social.pdf · 8-k; tFg;G r%f mwptpay; Kjy; gUtk; ntw;wpf;F top [email protected] - 2 -

8-k; tFg;G r%f mwptpay; Kjy; gUtk; ntw;wpf;F top

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tuyhW

1. nkhfyhah;fs; tUif

gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. Kfyha kd;dh; ghgh; gilnaLg;gpd;NghJ ,e;jpah gy;NtW rpw;wuRfshf Jz;lhf;fg;gl;L

rz;il rr;ruTld; fhzg;gl;lJ.

2. nly;yp Nguurpd; filrp Ry;jhd; ,g;uh`pk; Nyhbahy; gpuGf;fis fl;Lg;gLj;j ,aytpy;iy.

3. ,uh[Gj;jpuh;fspd; jiytuhd ,uhzhrq;fh mjpf typikg; ngw;W tpsq;fpaNjhL nly;ypiaf; ifg;gw;Wk; Mh;tj;Jld; fhzg;gl;lhh;.

4. ghgiu ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLj;J tUk;gb Myk;fhd; NyhbaplkpUe;J xU fbjKk;> gQ;rhgpd; MSeh; njsyj;fhd; NyhbaplkpUe;J xU fbjKk; te;jJ.

5. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; tpraefu> ghkpdp NguuRfs; jq;fspilNa rz;il rr;ruTfspy; <Lgl;bUe;jd.

6. [hfpUjPd; Kfk;kJ ghgh; ,e;jpahtpy; Kfyha NguuRf;F mbj;jskpl;lhh;. ,th; fp.gp 1483 Mk; Mz;L kj;jpa MrpahtpYs;s ckh;N\f; kph;\h vd;gtUf;F %j;j kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;.

7. ghgh; JUf;fpiar; rhh;e;j ij%h; ,dj;ijAk;>jha; topapy; kq;Nfhypa ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;j nrq;fp];fhd; ,dj;ijAk; topj;Njhd;wyhf nfhz;bUe;jhh;.

8. ghgh; je;ijapd; kiwtpw;F gpd; jdJ 11-Mk; tajpy; gh;fhdhtpd; Ml;rpg;nghWg;ig Vw;whh;.

9. fp.gp.1526 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy;21-Mk; ehs; tuyhw;W Gfo;kpf;f ghdpg;gl; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; nly;ypia Ml;rpnra;j ,g;uh`pk; Nyhbia Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

10. Kjy; ghdpg;gl; Nghhpy; ghghpd; gPuq;fpg;gil Kf;fpag;gq;F tfpj;jJ. 11. fp.gp.1527-Mk; Mz;L fhd;th Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; ghgh; ,uhzhrq;fhit ntw;wpf;nfhz;lhh;.

12. fp.gp.1528-Mk; Mz;L re;Njhp Nghhpy; khst kd;dh; Nkjpdpuha; vd;w kd;diu ntw;wpf;nfhz;lhh;.

13. fp.gp 1529-Mk; Mz;L fhf;uh Nghhpy; Kfk;kJ Nyhbia Njhw;fbj;J Kfyhag;Nguurpid ,e;jpahtpy; epiyehl;bdhh;.

14. ghghpd; NguuR fpof;Nf gPfhh; Kjy; Nkw;Nf gQ;rhg;> fhG+y;> fhe;jfhh; kw;Wk; gjf;\hd; tiu gutpapUe;jJ.

15. fp.gp 1530Mk; Mz;L ghgh; ckhA+id jdJ thhprhf epakdk; nra;j gpd;G fhykhdhh;.

16. “JRf;-fp-ghghp” my;yJ ghghpd; epidTfs; vd;gJ ghgh; JUf;fpankhopapy; vOjpa RarhpijahFk;.

17. ghgh; ,e;jpahit 200 Mz;LfSf;F Nky; Ml;rp nra;J Kfyha Nguurpw;F mbj;jskpl;lth; Mthh;.

18. ghghpd; kuzj;jpw;F gpd; mthpd; %j;j kfdhfpa ckhA+d; fp.gp 1530-Mk; Mz;L Kfyha kd;duhf nghWg;Ngw;whh;.

19. ckhA+d; jdJ 20-Mk; tajpy; gjf;\hdpy; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

20. fhk;uhd;> m];fhhp> `pz;lhy; MfpNahh; ckhA+dpd; rNfhjuh;fs; Mth;.

21. ,uh[Gj;jpuh;fSk;>F[uhj;ij rhh;e;j gfJ}h;\hTk; ckhA+Df;F mr;RWj;jyhf ,Ue;jdh;.

22. fp.gp 1539-Mk; Mz;L nrsrh vd;w ,lj;jpy; eilngw;w Nghhpy; n\h;fhdplk; ckhA+d; Njhy;tpAw;whh;. mhpaizia ,oe;J ckhA+d; 15 Mz;Lfs; ehNlhbahf tho;e;jhh;.

23. fp.gp 1542-Mk; Mz;by; mkuf;Nfhl;il vd;w ,lj;jpy; mf;gh; gpwe;jhh;.

24. fp.gp 1555-k; Mz;L nly;yp kw;Wk; Mf;uhit ifg;gw;wp 15 Mz;LfSf;F gpwF ckhA+d; kPz;Lk; muruhdhh;. ckhA+d; vd;why; mjph;\;lrhyp vd;W nghUs;.

25. tuyhw;W mwpQh; Nyd;G+ypd; fUj;Jg;gb> ckhA+d; tho;f;if KOtJk; jLkhwpdhh;. ,Wjpapy; fp.gp 1556 Mk; Mz;L caphpoe;jhh;.

26. ckhA+d; jdJ kfd; mf;gUf;F ghJfhg;ghsuhf iguhk;fhid epakpj;jhh;.

27. n\h;\htpd; cz;ikahd ngah; /ghpj; vd;gjhFk;. ,th; cN\d; vd;gthpd; kfd; Mthh;.

28. N[hj;g+iu Ml;rpnra;j Mg;fhdpa fth;dh; ,tUf;F n\h;fhd; vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhh;.



29. n\h;fhd; gPfhhpd; muruhd gpd; jd;id n\h;\h vd;W mioj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;. ,tuhy; epWtg;gl;l NguuR R+h; tk;rk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

30. fp.gp. 1540-Mk; Mz;L fd;Ndhrpg;Nghhpy; kPz;Lk; ckhA+id ntd;W nly;yp kw;Wk; Mf;uhit ifg;gw;wp jd;id muruhf mioj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;.

31. fypQ;rhh; Nfhl;il Kw;Wifapd; NghJ vjph;ghuhj tpjkhf epfo;e;j ntb tpgj;jpy; fp.gp. 1545 Mk; Mz;L n\h;\h kuzkile;jhh;.

32. n\h;\h K];yPk; kjj;jiyth;fspd; MNyhridfis Nfl;f kWj;jhh;.

33. n\h;\htpd; mikr;ruitapy; Kf;fpa ehd;F mikr;rh;fs; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jdh;.

jpthdp-,-tprhuj; - tuT nryT nghWg;ghsh; jpthdp-,-Mhp\; - ,uhZt nghWg;ghsh; jpthdp-,-urhyj; - ntspAwT kw;Wk; J}jufg; nghWg;ghsh; jpthdp-,-,d;\h - muR Mizfs; kw;Wk; fbj Nghf;Ftuj;J nghWg;ghsh;

34. n\h;\h eph;thf eyidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L Nguuir gy rh;f;fhh;fshf gphpj;jhh;. rh;f;fhh;fs; gy gh;fhdhf;fshfTk; gphpf;fg;gl;ld.

35. xt;nthU gh;fhdhTk; gy fpuhkq;fis nfhz;bUe;jd. fpuhkNk khepy eph;thfj;jpd; filrp mq;fkhf tpsq;fpaJ.

36. n\h;\h ,uaj;Jthhp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. NkYk; tptrhapfSf;F epychpik Fwpj;J gl;lh toq;fg;gl;lJ.

37. n\h;\htpd; epy rPh;jpUj;jj;ij khkd;dh; mf;gh; gpd;gw;wpdhh;. vdNt n\h;\h mf;ghpd; Kd;Ndhb vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

38. n\h;\h myhTjPd; fpy;[p gpd;gw;wpa ,uhZt Kiwapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis gpd;gw;wpdhh;.

39. n\h;\htpd; ,uhZtk; fhyhl;gil> Fjpiug;gil> gPuq;fpg;gil kw;Wk; ahidg;giliaf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

40. Mg;fhdpa Nghh;tPuh;fis n\h;\h cah;gjtpapy; mkh;j;jpdhh;. Fjpiug;gilapy; FjpiufSf;F R+L NghLk; Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.

41. n\h;\h fhyhl;gilapy; tPuh;fs; gw;wpa gjpNtl;bid guhkhpj;jhh;. mjdhy; ,uhZtj;jpy; Vw;gLk; jtWfs; mfw;wg;gl;ld.

42. n\h;\h rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk; vd;w fUj;jpidf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;.

43. n\h;\htpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; xw;wh;Kiw khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;L Nguurpd; midj;J gFjpfspYk; ,ufrpa xw;wh;fs; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;L midj;J nra;jpfSk; muRf;F njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

44. n\h;\h rhiyfspd; ,UGwq;fspYk; epoy; jUk; kuq;fis el;L Nghf;Ftuj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpdhh;. 45. n\h;\h Gof;fj;jpypUe;j fyg;G ehzaq;fis ,uj;J nra;J nts;sp kw;Wk; nrg;G

ehzaq;fSf;F xg;gPl;L tpfpjhrhuj;ij eph;zak; nra;jhh;.

46. ehzaq;fspy; n\h;\h jdJ ngahpid Njtehfphp vOj;jpy; nghwpf;fr; nra;jhh;.

47. n\h;\htpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhu epiy Nkk;ghL mile;jjhy; ,th; “etPd ehza Kiwapd; je;ij” vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

48. gPfhhpYs;s rrhuk; gFjpapy; n\h;\h jdJ fy;yiwia ,e;jpa - fl;ll fiyg; ghzpapy; cUthf;fpdhh;.

49. n\h;\h nly;ypapy; Gfo;ngw;w Guhzfpyh vd;w rpwe;j fl;llj;ij cUthf;fpdhh;.

50. [yhYjPd; Kfk;kJ mf;gh; fp.gp.1542-Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; 23Mk; ehs; mkuf;Nfhl;ilapy; gpwe;jhh;. jdJ 13-tJ tajpy; iguhk;fhd; JizAld; Nguuruhf KbR+l;lg;gl;lhh;.

51. fp.gp 1556-y; Gfo;kpf;f ghdpg;gl; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; n`K mf;guhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. ,jdhy; Kfyhahpd; Ml;rp nly;yp kw;Wk; Mf;uhtpy; kPz;Lk; epiyehl;lg;gl;lJ.

52. mf;ghpd; tsh;g;Gj;jha; khfk; mdhfh ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; eph;thfj;ij fl;LgLj;jpdhh;. ,f;fhyk; “me;jg;Gu murhq;f fhyk;” vdg;gl;lJ.

53. mf;ghpd; NguuR Nkw;Nf Mg;fhdp];jhd; Kjy; fpof;Nf tq;fhsk; tiuapYk; tlf;Nf ,kak; Kjy; njw;Nf Nfhy;nfhz;lh tiuapYk; gutp ,Ue;jJ.

54. mf;gh; ,uh[Gj;jpuh;fSf;F murpd; cah;gjtpapy; epakdk; nra;jhh;. ,uh[khd;rpq;> ,uh[gfthd; jh];> ,uh[hNjhlh;khy;> gPh;ghy; Nghd;Nwhh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; Mth;.



55. mf;gh; K];ypk; my;yhjth;fsplk; ey;yhjuitg; ngw xw;Wikia tsh;f;f [prpah kw;Wk; Gdpjg; gaz thpia uj;J nra;jhh;.

56. ,uh[hNjhlh;khy; ghftj Guhzj;ij ghurPf nkhopapy; nkhopg;ngah;j;jhh;.

57. mGy;ghry; mapdp mf;ghp kw;Wk; mf;gh; ehkh vd;w tuyhw;W Gfo;kpf;f E}y;fis vOjpdhh;.

58. mGy;igrp ,jpfhr E}y;fshfpa ,uhkhazk; kw;Wk; kfhghujj;ij ghurPf nkhopapy; nkhopngah;j;jhh;. rpwe;j ,irQhdpahd jhd;Nrd; mf;ghpd; mitia myq;fhpj;jhh;.

59. mf;gh; fp.gp 1575 Mk; Mz;L ,ghjj; fhdh vd;w njhOif ,y;yj;ijf; fl;b gy;NtW kjj;jiyth;fis mioj;J rkaj;jpd; ew;$Wfis Ma;T nra;jhh;.

60. fp.gp 1582 Mk; Mz;L G+uz rfpg;Gj;jdikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Njrpa rkaj;ij cUthf;Fk; jPd; ,yh`p vdg;gLk; nja;tPf kjj;jpid ntspapl;lhh;.

61. epyk; Kiwahf mstPL nra;ag;gl;L tpisr;rypy; 1/3 gFjp thpahf tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ.

62. kd;rg; vd;why; „juk;‟ my;yJ „jFjp‟ vd;W nghUs;gLk;. kd;rg;jhhp Kiw Kfyhahpd; ,uhZtk; kw;Wk; nghJ eph;thf Kiwf;F mbg;gilahf mike;jJ.

63. mf;gh; gNjg;G+h; rpf;hpia F[uhj; ntw;wpapd; epidthff; fl;bdhh;. NkYk; Gye;jh;thrh> mf;ghp k`hy;> [`hq;fphp k`hy;> gQ;r k`hy;> N[hj;gha; muz;kid Nghd;wtw;iwf; fl;bdhh;.

64. ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; gd;Kf rpwg;Gw;w Nguurh; mf;gh; fp.gp 1605 Mk; Mz;L jdJ 63-tJ tajpy; kiwe;jhh;.

65. mf;ghpd; kiwitj; njhlh;e;J mtuJ %j;j kfd; [`hq;fPh; my;yJ cyfpid nty;gth; vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaUld; fp.gp 1605-Mk; Mz;L mhpaiz Vwpdhh;.

66. [`hq;fPhpd; %j;j kfd; ,sturh; F];U je;ijf;F vjpuhf fpsh;r;rp nra;jhh;. Ie;jhtJ rPf;fpa FU mh;[Pd;Njt; ,sturUf;F MjuT mspj;jjhy; ,UtUk; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

67. [`hq;fPhpd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;bypUe;J tpy;ypak; `hf;fpd;]; kw;Wk; rh; jhk]; Nuh MfpNahh;fs; Kfyha muritf;F tUif Ghpe;jdh;.

68. fp.gp 1615-Mk; Mz;L R+uj; efhpy; tzpfk; nra;a rh; jhk]; Nuh [`hq;fPhplk; mDkjpg; ngw;whh;.

69. [`hq;fPh; jdJ Ra rhpijia JRf;-,-[`hq;fphp vd;w ngahpy; vOjpAs;shh;.

70. [`hq;fPh; gjtp Vw;Fk; NghJ „ePjpr;rq;fpyp kzp‟ vd;w xU Gjpa ePjp toq;Fk; Kiwapid mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.

71. ePjpkzp \hgh;[; muz;kidapy; xU Kidapy; fl;lg;gl;L kWKid aKid Mw;wq;fiuapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j fy;J}zpy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

72. nkfUd;dp\h fp.gp 1611 Mk; Mz;L Nguurh; [`hq;fPiu kze;jhh;. ,jdhy; E}h;k`hy; vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngahpidAk;> E}h;[`hd; my;yJ cyfpd; xsp vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngah;fisAk; ngw;whh;.

73. [`hq;fPh; Nguuruhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; cz;ikahd mjpfhuk; E}h;[fhdplNk ,Ue;jJ. fp.gp 1611 Kjy; fp.gp 1626 tiuapyhd fhyj;ij E}h;[`hdpd; fhyk; vd;Nw miof;fyhk;.

74. [`hq;fPh; =efhpy; \hypkh; kw;Wk; ep\hj; G+e;Njhl;lq;fis cUthf;fpdhh;.

75. [`hq;fPhpd; kfdhd Fh;uk; tuyhw;wpy; \h[`hd; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

76. \h[`hd; fp.gp 1592 Mk; Mz;L yh$hpy; gpwe;jth;. Fh;uk; cyfpd; murd; (\h[`hd;) vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

77. Nguurh; \h[`hdpd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; nkhfyhah;fspd; nghw;fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ. ,th; fl;ll fiyapd; ,sturh; vd;Wk; nghwpahsh; Nguurh; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

78. \h[`hd; jhd; fl;ba khspiff;F rptg;G fw;fSf;F gjpyhf nts;is gspq;F fw;fis gad;gLj;jp \h[`hdhghj; vd;w Gjpa jiyefiu cUthf;fpdhh;.

79. \h[`hd; by;ypapy; fz;izf;ftuf;$ba nrq;Nfhl;ilia cUthf;fpdhh;.

80. cyfpNyNa kpfg;nghpa gs;sp thry;fspy; xd;whd [Pk;kh kR+jp kw;Wk; Kj;J kR+jpia nts;is gspq;F fw;fshy; fl;bdhh;.

81. VO cyf mjpraq;fspy; xd;whd jh[;k`hy; aKid Mw;wq;fiuapy; Mf;uh efhpy; jdJ md;G kidtp Kk;jh[pd; epidthf fl;lg;gl;ljhFk;.

82. 22 Mz;Lfspd; fbd ciog;gpy; 20 ,yl;rk; nrytpy; c];jhj; ,\h vd;w jiyikr; rpw;gpapd; Nkw;ghh;itapy; jh[;k`hy; fl;lg;gl;lJ.



83. tpiy kjpg;gw;w mhpa tifahd fw;fis ehl;bd; gy gFjpfspypUe;Jk; Nrfhpj;J cyf kf;fNs tpaf;Fk; kapyhrdj;ij cUthf;fp mjpy; Nfh`pD}h; ituj;ij gjpf;fr; nra;jhh;.

84. \h[`hdpd; kapyhrdj;ij ghurPf gilnaLg;ghsh; ehjph;\h fp.gp.1739-Mk; Mz;L vLj;Jr; nrd;whh;.

85. fpgp.1657-y; \h[`hd; Neha;tha;g;gl;ljhy; mthpd; ehd;F kfd;fSf;Fs; thhpRhpikg;Nghh; eilg;ngw;wJ.

86. \h[`hdpd; %d;whtJ kfdhfpa xsuq;frPg; fp.gp.1658-Mk; Mz;L jd; je;ijiaf; ifJ nra;J tPl;Lf;fhtypy; itj;jhh;.

87. ,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j ngh;dpah;> buhth;dpah; kw;Wk; kDrp Nghd;Nwhh; kpfr;rpwe;j tuyhw;Wf;Fwpg;Gfis gjpT nra;jdh;.

88. Nguurh; \h[`hdpd; %d;whtJ kfdhfpa xsuq;rPg; Kfyha tk;rj;jpd; typik tha;e;j kd;duhf fUjg;gLfpwhh;. mth; Myk;fPh; vd;w rpwg;Gg; gl;lj;jpid R+l;bf;nfhz;lhh;.

89. xsuq;frPg; rkag; gw;Wkpf;f rd;dp K];ypk; gphpitr; Nrh;e;jth;. ,th; ,];yhkpd; Gdpj E}yhd Fuhid jpdKk; gbj;J te;jhh;.

90. K];yPk; my;yhjth;fs; kPJ n[rpah kw;Wk; Gdpjg; gaz thpapid kPz;Lk; tpjpj;jhh;.

91. xsuq;frPg; xd;gjhtJ rPf;fpa FUthd Nj[;gfJ}iu nfhd;whh;. ,jdhy; gj;jhtJ rPf;fpa FUthd Nfhtpe;j; rpq; Kfyhah;fis gopthq;f rPf;fpah;fis vjph;g;G r%fkhf khw;wpdhh;.

92. FU Nfhtpe;j; rpq; „fy;rh‟ vd;w ,uhZt mikg;ig cUthf;fp xsuq;frPg;ig ,Wjptiu vjph;j;jhh;.

93. kuhj;jpa jiyth; rpth[pia mlf;f jf;fhzj;jpd; MSeuhd nrap\;lfhid xsuq;rPg; mDg;gpdhh;.

94. xsuq;frPg; 25 Mz;Lfs; jf;fhz gilnaLg;gpy; fhyj;ij tPzhf;fpajhy;> NguuR rpije;J fUT+yk; fhypahdJ.

95. jf;fhz Gw;WNeha;; xsuq;frPg;ig mopj;jjJ. fp.gp 1707-y; xsuq;frPg; ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.

96. mf;ghpd; fhyj;jpy; NguuR 15 Rghf;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Rghtpid eph;thfk; nra;jth; RNgjhh; vdg;gl;lhh;. fpuhkpdp fpuhkj;jpd; eph;thf mjpfhhpahf ,Ue;jhh;.

97. mf;gh; [g;jp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. epyk; Kiwahf mstPL nra;ag;gl;L epythp eph;zak; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

98. ghguhy; cUthf;fg;gl;L> mf;guhy; epiyepWj;jg;gl;l nkhfyhag;NguuR xsuq;frPg; Ml;rpapd; NghJ epiyf;Fiye;J KbTw;wJ.

I. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. 1. Kjy; ghdpg;gl; Nghh; eilngw;w Mz;L ……… MFk;.

m) fp.gp.1536 M) fp.gp.1526 ,) fp.gp.1506 2. n\h;\h ………d; Kd;Ndhb vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

m) mf;gh; M) ckhA+d; ,) \h[`hd; 3. ………… murhpd; muz;kizapy; ePjpr;rq;fpyp fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ.

m) xsuq;frPg; M) [`hq;fPh; ,) ghgh; 4. FU mh;[Pd; Njt;………. rPf;fpa FU Mthh;.

m) Ie;jhtJ M) xd;gjhtJ ,) gj;jhtJ II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 1. ckhA+d; vd;why; mjph;\;lrhyp 2. ,uz;lhk; ghdpg;gl; Nghhpy; mf;guhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lth; n`K 3. \h[`hd; Ml;rpfhyk; Kfyhah; Ml;rpapd; nghw;fhyk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. 4. jhd;Nrd; mf;gh; mitapy; ,Ue;jhh;.

III. nghUj;Jf. 1. ,uhzhrq;fh - m. 1582 2. jPd;-,yh`p - M. tUtha;Kiw 3. ,uz;lhk; ghdpgl; Nghh; - ,. Nkthh; ehl;L murh; 4. ,uh[hNjhlh;khy; - <. 1556 IV. xU thh;j;ijapy; tpilasp. 1. fd;th Nghh; vg;nghOJ eilg;ngw;wJ?

fp.gp. 1527

tpilfs; 1. , 2. m 3. < 4. M



2. [`hq;fPhpd; Rarhpij vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? JRf;-,-[`hq;fphp

3. mf;ghpd; ghJfhtyh; ahh;? iguhk;fhd;

4. “cyfpd; xsp” vd miof;fg;gLgth; ahh;? E}h;[`hd;

V. FWfpa tpilasp. 1. ghgh; ,e;jpahtpy; vt;thW Kfyhag;Nguuir epWtpdhh;?

1. gQ;rhg; MSeh; njsyj;fhd; Nyhb ghgiu ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ gilnaLf;f mioj;jhh;. 2. fp.gp 1526-y; eilngw;w Kjy; ghdpg;gl; Nghhpy; ghgh; ,g;uh`pk; Nyhbia Njhw;fbj;jhh;. 3. ghgh; nly;ypRy;jhdpaiu Njhw;fbj;J Kfyhag;Nguurpw;fhd mbj;jsj;ij ,e;jpahtpy; epWtpdhh;.

2. [`hq;fPh; Ml;rpapy; E}h;[`hdpd; gq;fpid tiuf.

1. fp.gp 1611-Mk; Mz;L [`hq;fPh; E}h;[`hid kze;jhh;. 2. E}h;[`hd; „E}h;k`hy‟ ; kw;Wk; „cyfpd; xsp‟ vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lhh;. 3. [`hq;fPh; muruhf ,Ue;jNghJk; cz;ikahd mjpfhuk; E}h;[`hdplNk ,Ue;jJ.

3. n\h;\htpd; ehza rPh;jpUj;jk; gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf.

1. n\h;\h gioa fyg;G ehzaq;fis uj;J nra;jhh;. jq;fk;> nts;sp ehzaq;fis ntspapl;lhh;. 2. nts;sp kw;Wk; nrg;G ehzaq;fSf;F xg;gPl;L tpfpjhrhuj;ij eph;zak; nra;jhh;. 3. vdNt ,th; etPd ehza Kiwapd; je;ij vdg;gLfpwhh;.

4. Kfyhag; NguuR tPo;r;rpaile;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fspy; VNjDk; ehd;F $Wf.

1. Kfyha Nguurpy; Kiwahd thhpRhpikf; nfhs;if ,y;yhjjhy; thhpRhpikg;Nghh;fs; Vw;gl;ld. 2. xsuq;frPg;gpd; rkaf;nfhs;if Kfyhag; NguuR tPo;r;rpaila Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mike;jJ. 3. kuhj;jpah; vOr;rp> ehjph;\h> mfkJ mg;jhypapd; gilnaLg;G Kfyhag;Nguuir mopTwr;nra;jJ.

VI. tphpthd tpilasp. 1. ahUila fhyk; “Kfyhah;fspd; nghw;fhyk;” vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ? Vd;?

1. Kfyhah;fspd; nghw;fhyk;: 1. Nguurh; \h[fhdpd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; Kfyhah;fspd; nghw;fhyk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. 2. Kfyha NguuR \h[`hdpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; Gfopd; cr;rpia mile;jJ. 3. fl;ll fiyapd; tpe;ijfs; Kfyha Nguurpd; nghUshjhu nropg;gpid giwrhw;WfpwJ.

2. fl;ll fiyapd; ,sturh;: 1. \h[`hd; fl;ll fiyapd; ,sturh; kw;Wk; nghwpahsh; Nguurh; vd;Wk; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. 2. \h[`hd; rptg;G fw;fSf;F gjpyhf nts;is gspq;F fw;fis gad;gLj;jpdhh;.

3. [Pk;kh kR+jp: 1. \h[`hd; nts;is gspq;F fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l [Pk;khkhR+jpia fl;bdhh;. 2. ,J cyfpy; cs;s kpfg;nghpa gs;sp thry;fspy; xd;whFk;.

4. jh[;k`hy;: 1. jh[;k`hy; aKid Mw;wq;fiuapy; Mf;uh efhpy; mike;Js;sJ. 2. \h[`hd; jdJ md;G kidtp Kk;jh[pd; epidthf fl;lg;gl;ljhFk;. 3. VO cyf mjpraq;fspy; jh[;k`hy; xd;whf fUjg;gLfpwJ. 4. c];jhj; ,\h vd;w jiyik rpw;gpapd; Nkw;ghh;itapy; 22 Mz;L fhy fbd ciog;gpy; 20

,yl;rk; nrytpy; ,e;j moFkhspif fl;lg;gl;lJ. 5. kapyhrdk;:

1. tpiy kjpg;gw;w fw;fis ad;gLj;jp kapyhrdj;ij cUthf;fp mjpy; Gfo;ngw;w Nfh`pD}h; ituj;ij gjpf;fr;nra;jhh;.

2. nkhfyhah;fspd; Ml;rpKiwia tpsf;Ff. 1. ika eph;thfk;:

1. nkhfyhah;fspd; Ml;rpKiw ,uhZtk; rhh;e;j ty;yhl;rpahFk;. 2. Nguurh; ,iwtdpd; epoyhf fUjg;gl;lhh;. 3. mikr;ruitapy; trPh; my;yJ jiyik mikr;rh; Kf;fpa mikr;ruhf fUjg;gl;lhh;.

2. khfhz eph;thfk;: 1. eph;thf trjp fUjp NguuR gy;NtW khfhzq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jd.



2. NguuR 15 Rghf;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. 3. Rghtpid eph;thfk; nra;jth; RNgjhh; vdg;gl;lhh;. 4. Rghf;fs; gy;NtW rh;f;fhh;fs; my;yJ khtl;lq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. 5. rh;f;fhh;fs; gy gh;fhdhf;fshfTk;> gh;fhdhf;fs; fpuhkq;fshfTk; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

3. tUtha; eph;thfk;: 1. Nguurpd; Kf;fpa tUtha; epy thpahFk;. 2. epyk; Kiwahf mstPL nra;ag;gl;L epythp eph;zak; nra;ag;gl;lJ. 3. epyj;jpd; tsj;jpid mbg;gilahf nfhz;L epyk; %d;W tifahf ghFghL nra;ag;gl;lJ. 4. nkhj;j tUthapy; 1/ 3 gq;F epythpahf ngwg;gl;lJ.

4. ,uhZt eph;thfk;: 1. ,uhZtk; jiug;gil> Fjpiug;gil> ahidg;gil> gPuq;fp gilapid cs;slf;fp ,Ue;jJ. 2. kd;rg;jh;fs; Fjpiug;gilia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mth;fspd; juk; eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ.

5. ePjpeph;thfk;: 1. jiyikf;fhrp NguurUf;F ePjp ghpghydk; nra;a cjtpdhh;. 2. Gdpj E}yhd Fuhdpd; cjtpf;nfhz;L tof;Ffs; tprhhpf;fg;gl;ld. 3. if> fhy; ntl;lg;gLjy; rhjhuz jz;lidahf fUjg;gl;lJ.

2. kuhj;jpah;fs;

gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. jf;fhzk; kw;Wk; kuhj;jpa gFjpfspy; tho;e;j kf;fs; kuhj;jpah;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;.

2. jf;fhzj;ij Ml;rp nra;j \pah gphpitr; rhh;e;j murh;fsplk; kuhj;jpah;fs; gzpahw;wp te;jdh;.

3. nfhhpy;yh vd;w Kiwia Nghh; Kiwia kuhj;jpah;fs; ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jdh;.

4. nfhhpy;yh Nghh; Kiw Kiw rhuh Nghh; KiwahFk;. kuhj;jpah;fs; kiyfSf;fpilNa xspe;Jnfhz;L jpBnud;W vjphpfis jhf;Fk; KiwahFk;.

5. gf;jp ,af;fj; jiyth;fshd Jf;fhuhk;> uhk;jh]; kw;Wk; thkd;gz;bj; Nghd;Nwhh; flTs; gf;jpiaAk;> typikahd Njrj;ij cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w czh;itAk; Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;.

6. G+dhtpw;F mUfpYs;s rptNdhp Nfhl;ilapy; fp.gp.1627 Mk; Mz;L rpth[p gpwe;jhh;. ,tuJ ngw;Nwhh; \h[pghd;];Ny kw;Wk; [p[hgha; Mth;.

7. \h[p ghd;];Ny Jf;fhgha; vd;gtiu ,uz;lhtJ jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhz;ljhy; Kjy; kidtp [p[hgha; kw;Wk; kfd; rpth[pia Gwf;fzpj;jhh;.

8. jhjh[pgha; nfhz;lNjt; rpth[papd; fhg;ghsh; Mdhh;. ,thpd; FU Fjpiug;gapw;rp kw;Wk; eph;thfg; gapw;rpfis gapw;Wtpj;jhh;.

9. rpth[p Gue;jh;> nua;fhh;> Njhh;dh kw;Wk; fy;ahz; Nfhl;ilfis gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhdplkpUe;J fp.gp 1646-y; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

10. gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhd; rpth[pia capUlNdh my;yJ rhfbj;Njh nfhz;L tUk;gb mg;ry;fhd; vd;gtiu fp.gp 1659-y; mDg;gpdhh;.

11. Kfyha kd;duhf nghWg;Ngw;w xsuq;frPg; jdJ jf;fhz MSeh; nrap\;lfhid fp.gp 1660y; rpth[pia mlf;;f mDg;gpdhh;.

12. xsuq;frPg; rpth[pia mlf;f uh[h n[a;rpq; vd;gtiu mDg;gpdhh;. rpth[pia Kfyhah; gil R+o;e;Jnfhz;ljhy; fp.gp 1665Mk; Mz;L Gue;jh; cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl;lhh;.

13. xsuq;frPg; rpth[pia kiy vyp vd;Wk; jf;fhz Gw;WNeha; vd;Wk; mioj;jhh;.

14. fp.gp 1674-Mk; Mz;L nua;fhh; Nfhl;ilapy; rpth[papd; KbR+l;L tpoh eilngw;wJ. mjpy; rpth[p „rj;ugjp‟ vdw gl;lj;ij R+l;bf;nfhz;lhh;.

15. rpth[papd; NguuR ikR+h;> nfhq;fd; kw;Wk; k`huh\;buh tiu gutpapUe;jJ. 1680-Mk; Mz;L rpth[p nua;fhhpy; caph; Jwe;jhh;.

16. rpth[p jdf;F eph;thfj;jpy; cjtp nra;a 8 egh;fis nfhz;l mikr;ruit xd;iw mikj;jhh;. ,J m\;lg;gpujhd; vdg;gl;lJ.

17. m\;lg; gpujhd;:

1. gP\;th - gpujk mikr;rh; 2. ke;jphp - fhyKiw mikr;rh; 3. rr;rpth - cs;Jiw mikr;rh; 4. Rke;j; - ntspAwT mikr;rh; 5. Nrdhjpgjp - ,uhZt mikr;rh; 6. mkj;jpah - epjp mikr;rh;



7. gz;bl; uht; - rkaj; jiyth; 8. epahajP\;-jiyik ePjpgjp

18. rpth[papd; NguuR Rauh[;ak; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.

19. rpth[p [kPd;jhhp Kiwia xopj;jhh;. tpisr;rypy; Ie;jpy; ,uz;L gFjp murpd; gq;fhf gq;fhf eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ.

20. epythpj;jpl;lk; mf;gh; fhyj;jpy; ,uh[hNjhlh;khy; gpd;gw;wpa Kiwia xl;b mike;jpUe;jJ. rTj;> rh;Nj\;Kfp vd;w ,uz;L Kf;fpa thpfs; tR+ypf;fg;gl;ld.

21. gl;Nly; vd;w mjpfhhp Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffis tprhhpj;jhh;. midj;J chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffspy; Nky;KiwaPl;bid epahajP\; vd;w mjpfhhp tprhuiz nra;jhh;.

22. rpth[papd; ,uhZtj;jpy; fhyhl;gil> Fjpiug;gil> gPuq;fpg;gil> ahidg;gil> xl;lfg;gil kw;Wk; fg;gw;gil ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jd. Fjpiug;gil Kf;fpa gilg;gphpthf fUjg;gl;lJ.

23. ,uhZtk; Xhplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F nry;Yk; NghJ vt;tpj Nrjj;ijAk; Vw;glj;Jf;$lhJ vd Mizaplg;gl;bUe;jJ.

24. rpth[papd; kuzj;ij njhlh;e;J mtuJ %j;j kfd; rhk;gh[p Nguuruhf nghWg;Ngw;whh;.

25. \hF fp.gp 1708Mk; Mz;L kuhj;jpa Nguuruhf nghWg;Ngw;whh;. mjw;F ghyh[p tp];tehj; vd;gth; %yf;fhuzkhf tpsq;fpdhh;.

26. ghyh[p tp];tehj;ij gP\;th my;yJ gpujk mikr;ruhf \hF epakdk; nra;jhh;.

27. kuhj;jpa Nguurpy; gpujk mikr;rh;fs; gP\;thf;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldh;. fp.gp 1713Mk; Mz;by; gP\;thf;fspd; Ml;rp njhlq;fpaJ.

28. kuhj;jpa kd;dh; \hFtpd; Ml;rpf;Fgpd; ghyh[p tp];tehj; Kjy; gP\;ththf nghWg;Ngw;whh;.

29. gP\;thf;fspy; jiyrpwe;jth; gh[puht; Mthh;.mth; Kw;Nghf;F nfhs;ifia filgpbj;jhh;.

30. gP\;th ghyh[p gh[puht; %d;whtJ gP\;th Mthh;. mth; gQ;rhigf; ifg;gw;wp ml;lhf; Nfhl;ilapy; kuhj;jpa nfhbia gwf;ftpl;lhh;.

31. tuyhw;W Gfo;kpf;f ghdpg;gl; rkntspapy; fp.gp 1761y; rjhrptuht; jiyikapyhd kuhj;jpa gilfis re;jpj;jhh;. ,J %d;whk; ghdpg;gl; Nghh; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

32. kuhj;jpah;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;Gf; nfhs;if kw;wk; nfhs;isabj;jy; nfhs;if Njhy;tpf;F top tFj;jJ.

33. ghurPfj;jpy; Njhd;wpa jiyrpwe;j Nghh;tPuuhf ehjph;\h tpsq;fpdhh;.,th; fp.gp 1739-Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpah kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;.

34. ehjph;\h nly;ypapy; jq;fp jdJ kdk; Nghdgb R+iwahbdhh;. Nfh`pD}h; ituk; kw;Wk; kapyhrdj;ijAk; nfhs;isapl;lhh;. ,th; 1747-y; jdJ giltPuh;fshNyNa nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;

35. ehjph;\htpd; gilnaLg;G ,e;jpahit ,uj;j g+kpahf khw;wpaJ. 36. Mg;fhdp];jhdpy; tho;e;J te;j mg;jhyp ,dg;gphptpd; jiyth; mfkJ \h mg;jhyp Mthh;.

,th; 1767Mk; Mz;L rPf;fpah;fSf;F vjpuhf gQ;rhg; kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;.

37. mfkJ \h mg;jhypapd; gilnaLg;G kuhj;jpa kw;Wk; Kfyhah;fspd; Ml;rpf;F ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpajhy; Mq;fpNyah;fs; jq;fs; ,iwahz;ikia ,e;jpahtpy; epiyehl;bdh;.

I. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. 1. rpth[papd; fhg;ghsh;…….

m) jhjh[p nfhz;l Njt; M) \h[p ghd;];Ny ,) gh[puht; 2. rpth[papd; mikr;ruitf;FOthd m\;lg;gpujhdpy; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;j mikr;rh;fspd; vz;zpf;if…..

m) 7 M) 8 ,) 9 3. Kjy; gP\;th ………. Mthh;.

m) ghyh[p tp];tehj; M) ghyh[p gh[puht; ,) gh[puht; 4. Gue;jh; cld;gbf;if ……. vd;gtUf;Fk; rpth[pf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;lJ.

m) uh[hn[a;rpq; M) mg;ry;fhd; ,) nrap];lfhd;

II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 1. kuhj;jpah;fs; nfhhpy;yh Nghh; Kiwia gpd;gw;wpdhh;fs;. 2. gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhd; rpth[pia mlf;f mg;ry;fhd; vd;gtiu mDg;gpdhh;. 3. kuhj;jpa Nguurpy; gpujk mikr;rh; gP\;thf;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;. 4. xsuq;frPg;gpd; kuzj;jpw;F gpwF Kjyhk; gfJ}h; \h Kfyha kd;duhdhh;.



III. nghUj;Jf. 1. gh[puht; - m. ghurPfk; 2. ehjph;\h - M. m\;lg;gpujhd; 3. epahajP\; - ,. Mg;fhdpa murh; 4. mfkJ \h mg;jhyp - <. Kw;Nghf;F nfhs;if IV. xU thh;j;ijapy; tpilasp. 1. %d;whtJ ghdpg;gl; Nghh; ve;j Mz;L eilg;ngw;wJ?

fp.gp 1761 2. ,e;jpah kPJ ehjph;\h ve;j Mz;L gilnaLj;jhh;?

fp.gp.1739 3. Gue;jh; cld;gbf;if ve;j Mz;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ?

fp.gp 1665 4. “kiy vyp” vd;wiof;fg;gl;lth; ahh;?

rpth[p V.FWfpa tpilasp. 1. rpth[pf;Fk; mg;ry;fhDf;Fk; ,ilNa eilg;ngw;w Nkhjiyg; gw;wp RUf;fkhf tpsf;F.

1. gP[g;g+h; Ry;jhd; rpth[pia capUlNdh my;yJ rhfbj;Njh nfhz;L tUk;gb mg;ry;fhd; vd;gtiu mDg;gpdhh;.

2. mg;ry;fhd; rpth[pia fOj;ij newpj;J nfhiy nra;a Kad;whh;. 3. rpth[p jdJ cilapy; kiwj;J itj;jpUe;j Gyp efj;jhy; mg;ry;fhid nfhiy nra;jhh;.

2. rpth[p nrap];lfhid vt;thW vjph;j;jhh;?

1. xsuq;frPg; jf;fhz MSeh; nrap];lfhid 1660-Mk; Mz;L rpth[pia mlf;f mDg;gpdhh;. 2. G+dh vd;w ,lj;jpy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j nrap];lfhid nfhy;y rpth[p khWNtlk; G+z;L nrd;whh;. 3. rpth[p nrap];lfhid jhf;f Kw;gl;lNghJ fl;iltpuy; Jz;bf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; caph; jg;gpdhh;.

3. %d;whk; ghdpg;gl; Nghhpy; kuhj;jpah;fs; Njhy;tpAw fhuzq;fs; ahit?

1. mfkJ \h mg;jhypapd; ,uhZtk; rpwe;j gapw;rp ngw;W fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; tpsq;fpaJ. 2. kuhj;jpah;fspd; jiyth;fs; mfkJ \h mg;jhypf;F ve;j tpjj;jpYk; ,izahdth;fs; my;y. 3. kuhj;jpah;fSf;F Njitahd cjtpfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

4. ehjph;\htpd; ,e;jpag; gilnaLg;G gw;wp Fwpg;G vOJf.

1. ehjph;\h fp.gp 1739Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpah kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;. 2. ,e;jpahtpd; ,aw;if nry;tj;ij nfhs;isabf;f ehjph;\h tpUk;gpdhh;. 3. ,e;jpahit Ml;rp nra;j KfkJ \h ehl;bid MSk; jpwikaw;wth; vd;gij czh;e;J

,e;jpahtpd; gilnaLf;f KbT nra;jhh;. VI. tphpthd tpilasp. 1. rpth[papd; tho;f;if kw;Wk; rhjidfs; gw;wp tpthp.

rpth[papd; tho;f;if tuyhW: 1. G+dhtpw;F mUfpy; cs;s rptNdhp Nfhl;ilapy; fp.gp 1627 Mk; Mz;L rpth[p gpwe;jhh;. 2. rpth[papd; ngw;Nwhh; \h[p ghd;];Ny kw;Wk; [p[hgha; Mth;. 3. jhjh[p nfhz;l Njt; rpth[papd; fhg;ghsh; Mthh;. 4. rpth[p jd; FUtpd; %yk; Fjpiug;gapw;rp kw;Wk; eph;thfg;gapw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. rpth[papd; rhjidfs;: 1. rpth[papd; NguuR ikR+h;> nfhq;fd; kw;Wk; k`huh\;buh tiu gutpapUe;jJ. 2. [kPd;jhhp Kiwia rpth[p xopj;jhh;. 3. ,e;J kjr;rl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ePjpeph;thfk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 4. fl;Lg;ghlhd epue;ju ,uhZtj;ijg; guhkhpj;jhh;. 5. ,uhZtj;jpy; Fjpiug;gil Fjpiug;gil Kf;fpa ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jJ.

2. kuhj;jpah;fspd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fis tpsf;Ff. kuhj;jpah;fspd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;: 1. kuhj;jpah;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;G nfhs;if> nfhs;isabj;jy; nfhs;if Njhy;tpf;F toptFj;jJ.

tpilfs; 1. < 2. m 3. M 4. ,



2. kuhj;jpah;fspd; ,uhZtj;ijtpl mfkJ \h mg;jhypapd; ,uhZtk; rpwe;j gapw;rp ngw;W fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; tpsq;fpaJ.

3. kuhj;jpah;fspd; jiyth;fs; mfkJ \h mg;jhypf;F ve;j tpjj;jpYk; ,izahdth;fs; my;y. 4. kuhj;jpah;fs; jq;fs; ,dj;jth;fspd; Mjuit ,oe;jdh;. 5. %d;whk; ghdpg;gl; NghUf;F gpwF kuhj;jpa Nguuir jpwikaw;w gP\;thf;fs; Ml;rp nra;jdh;.

3. INuhg;gpah;fs; tUif

gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilNa kpfg; goq;fhye;njhl;Nl ,Ue;j

thzpgj;njhlh;G mnyf;]hz;lh; tUifahy; NkYk; tYtile;jJ.

2. ,e;jpag;nghUl;fshd gl;L> eWkzg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; k];ypd; ifj;jwp MilfSf;F INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; ey;y Njit Vw;gl;lJ.

3. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J kpsF> gl;il> kpsfha;> ,Q;rp> Njq;fha;> rh;f;fiu> rhag;nghUl;fs; Nghd;wit INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjpahapd.

4. Vw;Wkjp kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjp Mg;fhdp];jhd;> kj;jpa Mrpah kw;Wk; fh];gpad; fly; Nghd;w %d;W topj;jlq;fs; %yk; eilg;ngw;wJ.

5. fp.gp.1453Mk; Mz;L Ml;Nlkhdpa JUf;fpah;fs; fhz;];lhd;bNehgps; efuj;ij ifg;gw;wp INuhg;gpa tzpfh;fSf;F ,ilA+W je;jdh;.

6. INuhg;gpah;fs; vg;gbahtJ ,e;jpag;nghUl;fis ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy; ,e;jpahtpw;F fly; top fhZk; Kaw;rpapy; ,wq;fpdh;.

7. ,e;jpahtpw;F fly; top fz;Lgpbf;Fk; Kjypy; ,wq;fpath;fs; Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fs; Mthh;.

8. Nghh;r;RfPrpa kd;duhd ,sturh; n`d;wp khYkpfSf;F gapw;rp mspf;f mwptpay; Kiwapy; mike;j gs;sp xd;iwj; njhlq;fpdhh;. ,jdhy; khYkp n`d;wp vdg;gl;lhh;.

9. Nghh;r;Rfy; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j ghh;j;jNyhkpah la]; vd;gth; fp.gp 1487-k; Mz;L Kjd;Kjypy; fly; gazj;jpid Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

10. ghh;j;jNyhkpah la]; Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; njd;NfhbKidf;F Gay; Kid vd;W ngahpl;lhh;. ,jid fle;jhy; gy Gjpa gFjpfis fhzyhk; vd;gjhy; “ed;dk;gpf;if Kid” vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

11. Nghh;r;RfPrpa khYkpahd th];Nfhlfhkh ed;dk;gpf;if Kidia fle;J Nk-27> 1498-Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F flw;fiuapy; mike;Js;s Nfhopf;NfhL te;jile;jhh;.

12. fs;spf;Nfhl;il kd;dh; rhkhpd; th];Nfhlfhik tuNtw;W Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fs; ,e;jpahTld; thzpgk; nra;aj; njhlq;fpdhh;.

13. fs;spf;Nfhl;il> nfhr;rpd;> fz;zZ}h; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; thzpgj;jyq;fis mikj;J tpahghuj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;.

14. ,e;jpahtpy; Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fspd; thzpgj;ij ftdpf;f gpuhd;rp];Nfh-B-my;nka;lh vd;gth; Kjy; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

15. gpuhd;rp];Nfh-B-my;nka;lh ,e;jpag;ngUq;flypy; Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fspd; nry;thf;if cWjp nra;jhh;. ,tuJ nfhs;if “ePyePh;f;nfhs;if” MFk;.

16. my;Gfh;f;F gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhdplkpUe;J fp.gp 1510-Mk; Mz;L Nfhthit ifg;gw;wp mjid jiyefukhf khw;wpdhh;.

17. ghurPf tisFlhtpy; Mh;k;]; vd;w ,lj;jpy; JiwKfk; xd;wpidf; my;Gfh;f;F fl;bdhh;.

18. 1000 Mz;LfSf;F gpwF Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fspd; Ml;rp ,e;jpahtpy; tPo;r;rpaila njhlq;fpaJ.

19. my;Gfh;f;F gpd; te;jth;fs; jpwikaw;wth;fs;. ,th;fshy; Nghh;r;RfPrpahpd; nry;thf;if fl;bf;fhf;f Kbatpy;iy.

20. Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fs; tYf;fl;lhakhf kjkhw;w eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;L ,e;jpah;fis fpwpj;jt kjj;jpw;F khw;wpdhh;fs;.

21. tp[aefu NguuR fp.gp 1565-y; eilngw;w jiyf;Nfhl;il NghUf;Fgpd; tPo;r;rpAwj; njhlq;fpaJ.

22. lr;R> Mq;fpNyah;fspd; tUif Nghh;r;RfPrpahpd; nry;thf;if ,e;jpahtpy; tPo;r;rpaila nra;jJ.

23. fp.gp. 1602-Mk; Mz;L `hye;J ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j kf;fs; xd;W Nrh;e;J lr;R fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp vd;w epWtdj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;.



24. lr;Rfhuh;fs; fp.gp.1610-Mk; Mz;L Gypfl; vd miof;fg;gLk; goNtw;fhl;by; jq;fs; thzpg jyj;ij epWtp Nfhl;il xd;iwf;fl;bdhh;. ,J lr;Rf;fhuh;fspd; jiyikaplkhFk;.

25. R+uj;> GNuhr;> fhk;Ng> mfkjhghj;> ghl;dh> fhrpk;g[hh; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; thzpgj;jyq;fis lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; epWtpdh;.

26. fp.gp 1623-Mk; Mz;L mk;gha;dh vd;w ,lj;jpy; lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; Mq;fpy tpahghhpfis nfhd;wdh;. ,J mk;gha;dh gLnfhiy vdg;gl;lJ.

27. fp.gp.1588Mk; Mz;L cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa Nghh;f;fg;gyhd “];ghdpa Mh;klh” vd;w fg;giy Mq;fpNyah;fs; Njhw;fbj;jjd; %yk; INuhg;ghtpy; ,q;fpyhe;J fly;typik ngw;w ehlhfpaJ.

28. 100 ,yz;ld; tpahghhpfs; xd;W Nrh;e;J Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpia Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;.

29. Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpf;F brk;gh;-31>1600-Mk; Mz;L ,q;fpyhe;J murp Kjyhk; vyprngj; tpahghuk; nra;tjw;fhd mDkjpia toq;fpdhh;.

30. tpy;ypak; `hf;fpd;]; vd;w Mq;fpy khYkp> [`hq;fPhpd; muritf;F tUif Ghpe;jhh;.

31. fp.gp 1615Mk; Mz;L rh;jhk]; Nuh vd;w kw;nwhU Mq;fpy kw;Wk; [`hq;fPh; muritf;F tUif Ghpe;jhh;.

32. fp.gp 1639-Mk; Mz;L gpuhd;rp]; Nl vd;w Mq;fpy mjpfhhp re;jpufphp murhplkpUe;J xU epyg;gFjpia tpiyf;F thq;fp jw;fhy nrd;id efiu epWtpdhh;.

33. ,uz;lhk; rhh;y]; Nghh;r;Rfy; ,sturp fhj;jhpd; vd;gtiu jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;. fp.gp 1640-Mk; Mz;L Gdpj [hh;[;Nfhl;il fl;lg;gl;lJ.

34. fp.gp 1699-Mk; Mz;L Kfyha kd;dh; xsuq;frPg;gpd; mDkjp ngw;W fy;fj;jhtpy; kw;nwhU thzpg ikaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

35. ,q;fpyhe;J kd;dh; %d;whk; tpy;ypaj;jpd; epidthf tpy;ypak; Nfhl;il fl;lg;gl;lJ.

36. nld;khh;f; ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j kf;fs; Nldpah;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;.

37. Nldpah;fs; fp.gp 1620-Mk; Mz;L juq;fk;ghbapYk;> 1676-Mk; Mz;L tq;fhsj;jpYs;s rPuhk;G+h; vd;w ,lj;jpYk; thzpg ikaq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

38. gpuhd;]; kd;dh; gjpdhd;fhk; Y}apapd; mikr;ruhd fhy;gh;l; vd;gthpd; Kaw;rpahy; gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp fp.gp 1664-Mk; Mz;L Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

39. gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fs; fp.gp 1668-Mk; Mz;L R+uj;jpYk;> fp.gp 1669-Mk; Mz;L kR+ypg;gl;bdj;jpYk; thzpgj;jyq;fis epWtpdh;.

40. fp.gp 1674Mk; Mz;L jQ;rhT+h; kd;dhplkpUe;J nrd;idf;F njw;Nf xU epyg;gFjpia ngw;W ghz;br;Nrhpia lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; epWtpdh;.

41. lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; fp.gp 1725-Mk; Mz;L kh`piaAk;> fp.gp 1739-Mk; Mz;L fhiuf;fhiyAk; ngw;wdh;.

42. fp.gp 1742Mk; Mz;L bA+g;Ns gpnuQ;R fth;duhf nghWg;Ngw;whh;. ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; gpnuQ;R Mjpf;fk; NkYk; tsh;r;rp mile;jJ.

43. Mq;fpNyah;fSf;Fk; gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fSf;Fk; Mjpf;fg;Nghl;b Jtq;fpaJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpy; fh;ehlf Nghh;fshf gpujpgypj;jJ.

44. fh;ehlf Nghh;fspd; ,Wjpapy; Mq;fpNyah;fs; ntw;wpg;ngw;W ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fs; Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;bdh;. gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fs; ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNawpdh;.

I. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. 1. khngUk; thzpg ikakhd ………….. Ml;Nlhkhdpa JUf;fpah;fshy; fp.gp 1453-y; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

m) Mg;fhdp];jhd; M) fhd;];lhd;bNehgps; ,) gYrp];jhd; 2. ………..Kjy; Nghh;r;RfPrpahpd; MSeuhthh;.

m) gpuhd;rp];Nfh-b-my;nka;lh M)my;Nghd;]h-b-my;Gfh;f;F ,) ghh;j;jNyhkpNah la]; 3. Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L……

m) fp.gp 1600 M) fp.gp 1644 ,) fp.gp 1664 4. ,e;jpahtpy; gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fs; jiyikaplkhf ………. tpsq;fpaJ.

m) re;jpueh$h; M) ghz;br;Nrhp ,) kh`p II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 1. Nghh;r;RrPrpah;fs; Nfhthit gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhdplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpdhh;. 2. tpy;ypak; `hf;fpd;]; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;l NghJ ,e;jpahtpd; Kfyha kd;dh; [`hq;fPh; Mthh;.



3. fp.gp 1615 Mz;L rh; jhk]; Nuh ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jhh;. 4. fp.gp 1742 Mk; Mz;L bA+g;Ns vd;gth; gpnuQ;R fth;duhf nghWg;Ngw;whh;. III. nghUj;Jf. 1. th];Nfhlfhkh - m. ,q;fpyhe;J 2. kh`p - M. gpnuQ;R FbNaw;wk; 3. eWkzj;jPTfs; - ,. Nghh;r;RfPrpa khYkp 4. Kjyhk; N[k;]; - <. fpof;fpe;jpa jPT IV. xU thh;j;ijapy; tpilasp. 1. gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp vg;nghOJ Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ?

fp.gp. 1664 2. gpuhd;rp];Nl vd;gth; ahh;?

Mq;fpy mjpfhhp 3. Gdpj [hh;[; Nfhl;il vq;F mike;Js;sJ?

nrd;id 4. ed;dk;gpf;if Kid ve;jf; fz;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ?

Mg;gphpf;fh V. FWfpa tpilasp. 1. Nghh;r;RfPrpahpd; Mjpf;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; tPo;r;rpaila %d;W fhuzq;fis $Wf.

1. my;Gfh;f;Ff;F gpd; te;jth;fs; jpwikaw;wth;fs;. 2. Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fs; Vuhskhd ,e;jpah;fis fpwpj;Jt kjj;jpw;F khw;wpdhh;fs;. 3. Nghh;r;RfPrpah;fs; tp[aefu NguuRld; kl;LNk cwT nfhz;bUe;jjdhy; ,g;NguuR tPo;r;rpaila

njhlq;fpaTld; Nghh;r;RfPrpaUk; jk; typikia ,oe;jdh;. 2. Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp vt;thW gk;ghiag; ngw;wJ?

1. ,q;fpyhe;J murh; Nghh;r;Rfy; ehl;L ,sturp fhj;jhpd; vd;gtiu jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;. 2. fhj;jhpDf;F rPh;thpirahf gk;gha; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. 3. gk;ghia rhh;y]; Mq;fpyfpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpf;F Mz;nlhd;Wf;F 10-gTz;L thliff;F tpl;lhh;.

3. ,e;jpahtpy; gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fspd; thzpg ikaq;fis Fwpg;gpLf.

ghz;br;Nrhp> re;jpueh$h;> kh`p> fhiuf;fhy; 4. my;Gfh;f;F gw;wp rpWFwpg;G vOJf.

1. Nghh;r;RfPrpahpd; ,uz;lhtJ MSeuhf my;Gfh;f;F gjtpNaw;whh;. 2. gP[g;G+h; Ry;jhdplkpUe;J 1510-Mk; Mz;L Nfhthitf; ifg;gw;wp mjid jiyefukhf khw;wpdhh;. 3. ,th; ,e;jpahtpy; Nghh;r;RfPrpa Mjpf;fj;ij cz;ikahf epiyehl;bath; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;.

VI. tphpthd tpilasp. 1. ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdpapd; tsh;r;rp gw;wp tpthp.

1. Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp E}W ,yz;ld; tpahghhpfshy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. 2. Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpf;F 1600-Mk; Mz;L ,q;fpyhe;J murp Kjyhk; vyprngj; tpahghuk;

nra;tjw;fhd mDkjpia toq;fpdhh;. 3. fp.gp 1639-Mk; Mz;L gpuhd;rp]; Nl vd;w Mq;fpy mjpfhhp re;jpufphp murhplkpUe;J xU

epyg;gFjpia tpiyf;F thq;fp jw;fhy nrd;id efiu epWtpdhh;. 4. ,uz;lhk; rhh;y]; Nghh;r;Rfy; ,sturp fhj;jhpd; vd;gtiu jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;. 5. fp.gp 1640-Mk; Mz;L Gdpj [hh;[;Nfhl;il fl;lg;gl;lJ. 6. ,q;fpyhe;J kd;dh; %d;whk; tpy;ypaj;jpd; epidthf tpy;ypak; Nfhl;il fl;lg;gl;lJ. 7. Mq;fpNyah;fs; jPtpukhf ,e;jpahTld; tpahghu eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;ldh;. 8. Mq;fpyfpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; Mjpf;fk; 1858-Mk; Mz;L tiu ,e;jpahtpy; tphpTgLj;jg;gl;lJ.

2. lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; kw;Wk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa thzpg ikaq;fis gw;wp vOJ.

lr;Rfhuh;fspd; thzpg ikaq;fs;: 1. eWkzj;jPTfspd; kPJ mjpfk; ehl;lk; nfhz;ldh;. 2. ,e;jpahtpy; rpd;Ruh> ehfg;gl;bdk;> R+uj; kw;Wk; kR+ypg;gl;bdj;jpy; thzpg ikaq;fis epWtpdh;.

tpilfs; 1. , 2. M 3. < 4. m



3. fp.gp.1610-y; goNtw;fhl;by; Nfhl;il xd;iw Vw;gLj;jpdh;. ,J lr;Rfhuh;fspd; jiyikaplkhFk;. 4. GNuhr;> fhk;Ng> mfkjhghj;> ghl;dh> fhrpk;g[hh; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; thzpgj;jyq;fis epWtpdhh;. gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fspd; thzpg ikaq;fs;: 1. gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fs; fp.gp 1668-y; R+uj;jpYk;> fp.gp.1669-y; kR+ypg;gl;bdj;jpYk; epWtpdh;. 2. ghz;br;Nrhp gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fspd; jiyikaplkhf khwpaJ. 3. fp.gp.1690-y; re;jpueh$hpYk;> fp.gp.1725-y; kh`piaAk;> fp.gp.1739-y; fhiuf;fhiyAk; ngw;wdh;.

4. Mq;fpy-gpnuQ;R Mjpf;fg;Nghl;b (fh;ehlfg; Nghh;fs;)

gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. Mq;fpy kw;Wk; gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpfs; ,e;jpahTld; tpahghuk; nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;jpd;

mbg;gilapy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld.

2. fp.gp.1740 - fp.gp.1763 ,ilg;gl;l fhyq;fspy; Mq;fpNya gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fspilNa %d;W Nghh;fs; eilngw;wd. ,it fh;ehlf Nghh;fs; vdg;gl;ld.

3. Mw;fhL fh;ehlfj;jpd; jiyefh; MFk;. Mq;fpNyah;fSk;> gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fSk; jq;fis gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ldh;.

4. fh;ehlf Nghh;fspd; Kbtpy; gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fs; ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaw;wg;gl;ldh;. fh;ehlfk; Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; te;jJ.

5. Kjy; ikR+h;g;Nghh; INuhg;ghtpy; eilngw;w M];jphpa thhpRhpik Nghhpd; gpujpgypg;ghFk;.

6. ghz;br;Nrhp fth;dh; bA+g;Ns ,e;jpahtpy; gpnuQ;R Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;Ltij Nehf;fkhf nfhz;bUe;jhh;. ,J NghUf;F tpj;jpl;lJ.

7. gpnuQ;R fth;duhd bA+g;NsAk; nkhhp\pa]; fth;duhd yh Nghh;nlhdhy;]; cld; Nrh;e;J nrd;idia Kw;Wifapl;ldh;. ,jid fh;ehlf ethg; md;thUjPd; tpUk;gtpy;iy.

8. bA+g;Ns Mq;fpNyaUf;F nrhe;jkhd Gdpj Nltpl; Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;w Kaw;rpj;jhh;. vdNt INuhg;ghtpy; eilngw;w te;j M];jphpa thhpRhpikg;Nghh; fp.gp 1748- Mk; Mz;L KbTw;wJ.

9. Kjy; fh;ehlfg;Nghh; ma;yh \Ngy; cld;gbf;ifapd; gb 1748-y; Kbtile;jJ. ,jd;gb Mq;fpNyaUf;F kPz;Lk; nrd;id fpilj;jJ.

10. i`juhghj;jpYk;> fh;ehlfj;jpYk; Vw;gl;l thhpRhpikNghh; ,uz;lhtJ fh;ehlf Nghuhf khwpaJ.

11. i`juhghj;jpd; ep[hk; m\g;\h kiwtpw;F gpd; mtuJ kfd; ehrph;[q; kWk; Ngud; Krgh; [q;fpw;Fk; ,ilNa thhpRhpikg;Nghh; Vw;gl;lJ.

12. K\gh; [q; kw;Wk; re;jhrhfpg;ig gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fs; Mjhpj;jdh;. ehrh;[q; kw;Wk; md;thUjPd; Mq;fpNyah;fspd; cjtpia ehbdh;.

13. thhpRhpikg;Nghl;bapdhy; 1748Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhtJ fh;ehlf Nghh; Muk;gkhfpaJ.

14. gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fspd; cjtpNahL K\gh; [q; kw;Wk; re;jhrhfpg; 1749-y; Mk;G+hpy; eilngw;w Nghhpy; md;thUjPid nfhd;wdh;. re;jhrhfpg; fh;ehlf ethg;ghdhh;.

15. ehrh;[q; kw;Wk; K\gh;[q; ,UtUk; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. gpnuQ;R jsgjp G];]p> ryngj; [q;fpid i`juhghj; ep[hkhf epakdk; nra;jhh;.

16. ,uhgh;l; fpist; fh;ehlfj;jpd; jiyefuhfpa Mw;fhl;il Kw;Wifapl;L ifg;gw;wpdhh;. ,th; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpia rpf;fiy jPh;j;J mjw;Fg; Gj;Japh; mspj;jhh;.

17. ,uhgh;l; fpist; Mw;fhl;il Kw;Wifapl;L> KfkJ mypia Mw;fhl;bd; ethg;ghf;fpdhh;. vdNt ,uhgh;l; fpist; Mw;fhl;L tPuh; vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

18. ,uz;lhtJ fh;ehlfg;Nghh; 1755-Mk; Mz;L ghz;br;Nrhp cld;gbf;ifapd;gb KbTf;F te;jJ.

19. KfkJ mypia Mw;fhl;bd; ethg;ghf Mq;fpNyah;fSk;> gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fSk; mq;fPfhpj;jdh;.

20. fp.gp 1756-Mk; Mz;L INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l Vohz;Lg;Nghhpd; vjpnuhypahf ,e;jpahtpy; %d;whk; fh;ehlfg;Nghh; eilg;ngw;wJ.

21. G];]p> fTz;-b-yhyp ,UtUk; ,ize;J nrd;idiaj; jhf;fpdh;. Mdhy; Mq;fpy jsgjp rh; mah;$l; gpnuQ;Rg; gilia fp.gp 1760-Mk; Mz;L te;jthrp Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

22. fp.gp 1761 Mk; Mz;L gpnuQ;Rj; jsgjp fTz;-b-yhyp ghz;br;Nrhpia Mq;fpNyahplk; xg;gilj;jhh;. ,jdhy; gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fspd; Mjpf;fk; rhpe;J> Mq;fpNyah;fs; cah;tile;jdh;.

23. %d;whk; fh;ehlfg;Nghh; 1763-Mk; Mz;L ghhp]; rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifapd; gb KbTf;F te;jJ.



24. gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fs; ghz;br;Nrhp> fhiuf;fhy;> re;jpu eh$h;> kh`p epyg;gFjpfis jpUk;gg;ngw;wdh;.

25. Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; jha;ehl;bd; MjutpidAk;> nghUshjhu cah;epiyiaAk; ngw;wpUe;jJ ntw;wpf;fhd xU fhuzkhFk;.

26. gpnuQ;Rjsgjp G];]p> fTz;-b-yhyp nrd;idapd; kPJ gilnaLj;jJ ngUk; jtwhf Kbe;jJ.

27. fh;ehlfg;Nghhpy; <Lgl;ljpdhy; ,q;fpyhe;J KOikahd ntw;wpiag; ngw;wJ. ,JNt ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; Nghf;if khw;wpaJ. ,e;jpahit MSk; rf;jpahf ,q;fpyhe;J tYg;ngw;wJ.

28. fp.gp. 1757-Mk; Mz;L Mq;fpNyah;fSf;Fk;> rpuh[;-cj;-njsyhtpw;Fk; Vw;gl;l kdNtWghL gpshrpg;Nghhpy; Kbe;jJ.

29. tq;fhsj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; gpuhd;]; epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; epyg;gFjpfspy; Nfhl;ilfisf; fl;b typikg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ld.

30. Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; jdf;F mspf;fg;gl;bUe;j tpahghu rYiffis jtwhf gad;gLj;jpaJ. ,J rpuh[;-cj;-njsyhtpd; Mj;jpuj;ij J}z;baJ.

31. rpuh[;-cj;-njsyh ngUk; gilAld; nrd;W fy;fj;jhit ifg;gw;wp Mq;fpNya Nghh;tPuh;fs; 146 Ngiu gpbj;J rpiwapy; milj;jhh;.

32. rpiwapy; ,Ue;jth;fspy; 23 Ngh; kl;LNk mLj;j ehs; capUld; ,Ue;jdh;. ,e;epfo;T tuyhw;wpy; fy;fj;jh “,Ul;liw Jaur; rk;gt epfo;r;rp” vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

33. fp.gp 1757-Mk; Mz;L [Pd; 23Mk; ehs; rpuh[;-cj;-njsyh> ,uhgh;l; fpist; MfpNahhpd; gilfs; fy;fj;jhtpw;F mUNf cs;s gpshrp vd;w ,lj;jpy; Nghhpy; <Lgl;ld.

34. kPh;[hgh; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; nghk;ikahf tq;fhsj;jpy; nray;gl;lhh;.

35. kPh;fhrpk; tq;fhs ethg; MdgpwF ,e;jpa tpahghhpfSf;F cjtpLk; Nehf;fpy; mth;fs; nrYj;jp te;j Rq;f thpia uj;J nra;jhh;.

36. Mq;fpNyag;gil kPh;fhrpk;ik Njhw;fbj;jJ. Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l kPh;fhrpk; mNahj;jpia Ml;rp nra;j ethg; \P[h cj; njsyhtplk; milf;fykhdhh;.

37. ,uz;lhk; \h Myk;> \P[h cj; njsyh kw;Wk; kPh;fhrpk; Mfpa %d;W kd;dh;fSk; xd;W Nrh;e;J Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Ml;rpia ,e;jpahtpy; KbTf;F nfhz;L tu Nghuhbdhh;fs;.

38. ,uz;lhk; \h Myk;> \P[h cj; njsyh kw;Wk; kPh;fhrpk; MfpNahh;fspd; $l;Lg;gil 1764-Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh;22-Mk; ehs; gf;]hh; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Mq;fpNyag; gilia vjph;f;nfhz;ld.

39. \{[h cj; njsyhTk;> ,uz;lhk; \h MyKk; Mq;fpNyahplk; ruzile;jdh;. Mq;fpNyah;fs; gpshrpg;Nghhpy; ngw;w ntw;wp> gf;rhh; Nghhpy; epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

40. fp.gp 1765-Mk; Mz;L gf;]hh; Nghhpd; Kbtpy; myfhghj; cld;gbf;if Mq;fpNyah;fSf;Fk; ,uz;lhk; \h Myk; kw;Wk; \P[h cj; njsyhtpw;Fk; ,ilNa ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ.

41. \{[h cj; njsyh Nghh; ,og;gPl;L njhifahf 50 ,yl;rk; &ghia Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F toq;fTk; kw;Wk; fhuh> myfhghj; Mfpa epyg;gFjpfis toq;fTk; xj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;.

42. fh;ehlf epyg;gFjp> tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> xhprh Mfpa gFjpfs; Mq;fpNyah;fspd; MSifapd; fPo; te;jJ.

43. gf;]hh; Nghh; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;ij ,e;jpahtpy; cah; mjpfhuk; gilj;j xU epWtdkhf cah;j;jpaJ.

44. gf;]hh; NghUf;F gpwF ,uhgh;l; fpist; tq;fhs fth;duhf 1765-y; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

45. ikR+hpy; i`jh; myp typik kpFe;j Nguuir cUthf;fp ,Ue;jhh;. NkYk; mth; gpuhd;R ehl;Lld; ey;Ywtpy; ,Ue;jhh;. ,J KjyhtJ Mq;fpy-ikR+h; NghUf;F top tFj;jJ.

46. fp.gp 1766-Mk; Mz;L i`jh; mypf;F vjpuhf ,q;fpyhe;J kuhj;jpaNuhLk;> i`juhghj; ep[hNkhLk; Xh; cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lJ.

47. fp.gp.1767-Mk; Mz;L i`jh; myp kw;Wk; ep[hik Mq;fpNyah;fs; nrq;fk; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jdh;.

48. Mq;fpNyah;fs; fp.gp.1769-Mk; Mz;L i`jh; mypNahL kjuh]; mikjp cld;gbf;ifapy; <Lgl;ldh;.

49. kjuh]; (nrd;id) cld;gbf;ifapd; gb ,U ehLfSk; jhq;fs; ifg;gw;wpa ,lq;fis jpUk;g mspf;f xj;Jf;nfhz;ld.

50. i`jh; myp rhjhuz Viof;FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. jd; fbd ciog;gpdhy; giltPuh; epiyapypUe;J cah;e;J ,uhZtj;jpd; jiytuhdhh;.



51. i`jh; myp ,e;Jf;fisAk; K];yPk;fisAk; rkkhf fUjpdhh;.ePjp gpwohJ murhl;rp elj;jpdhh;.

52. ,uhgh;l; fpist; KjyhtJ Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ngUk; ntw;wp tPuuhfTk;> ,uz;lhtJ Ml;rpf;fhyj;jp;y; rpwe;j eph;thfpahfTk; tpsq;fpdhh;.

53. Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp Copah;fs; vt;tpjj;jpYk; ,e;jpah;fsplkpUe;J md;gspg;G ngwf;$lhJ vdf; $wpdh;.

54. fk;ngdp Copah;fs; kw;Wk; mth;fspd; tpjitfSf;F cjt fpistpd; epjp xd;iw cUthf;fpdhh;.

55. ,uz;lhk; \h MykplkpUe;J tq;fhsj;jpd; chpikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; chpikfis ngw;w gpwF ,uhgh;l;fpist; tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ul;il Ml;rpKiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.

56. tq;fhs ,ul;il Ml;rpKiw fp.gp 1772-Mk; Mz;L uj;J nra;ag;gl;lJ. tq;fhsk; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; Neub fl;Lg;ghl;by; te;jJ.

I. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. 1. fh;ehlfg;Nghh;fs; ………….. Mz;LfSf;F ,ilNa eilngw;wJ.

m) 1736-1740 M) 1740-1744 ,) 1746-1763 2. gpshrpg;Nghh; ……… Mz;L eilngw;wJ.

m) 1784 M) 1757 ,) 1765 3. Mq;fpNya Nguuir ,e;jpahtpy; Njhw;Wtpj;jth; ………..Mthh;.

m) ,uhgh;l; fpist; M) bA+g;Ns ,) kPh;[hgh; 4. rh; mah;$l;……… Nghhpy; fTz;b yhypia Njhw;fbj;jhh;.

m) nkl;uh]; M) nrapz;l jhk]; ,) te;jthrp II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 1. fh;ehlfj;jpd; jiyefuk; Mw;fhL MFk;. 2. Mw;fhl;L tPuh; vd ,uhgh;l; fpist; miof;fg;gl;lhh;. 3. gf;]hh; Nghh; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpia ,e;jpahtpy; cah; mjpfhu epWtdkhf Vw;gLj;jpaJ. 4. yh Nghh;nlhdha;]; nkhhp\pa]; gpnuQ;R MSeh; Mthh;. III. nghUj;Jf. 1. KjyhtJ fh;ehlfg;Nghh; - m. myfhghj; xg;ge;jk; 2. %d;whtJ fh;ehlfg;Nghh; - M. fy;fj;jh mUfpy; cs;s fpuhkk; 3. gpshrp-ma;-yh - ,. rhg;Ngy; 4. gf;]hh; Nghh; - <. ghhp]; cld;gbf;if IV. xU thh;j;ijapy; tpilasp. 1. Kjy;-Mq;fpNya-ikR+h; Nghh; ve;j cld;gbf;ifapd; gb Kbtile;jJ?

kjuh]; mikjp cld;gbf;if 2. gpshrpg;NghUf;F gpwF tq;fhsj;jpd; ethg; ahh;?

kPh;[hgh; 3. gf;]hh; Nghh; ve;j Mz;L eilngw;wJ?

fp.gp 1764 V. fPo;f;fz;l tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp. 1. ,Ul;liw Jaur; rk;gtk; vd;why; vd;d?

1. rpuh[;-cj;-njsyhtpd; Mizfis Mq;fpNya muR Vw;f kWj;jJ. 2. Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; jdJ tpahghu rYiffis jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jpaJ. 3. vdNt rpuh[; cj; njsyh Mq;fpNya Nghh;tPuh;fs; 146 Ngh;fis xNu miwapy; milj;jhh;. 4. mLj;jehs; mth;fspy; 23 NgNu capUld; ,Ue;jdh;. ,J ,Ul;liw Jaur; rk;gtk; vdg;gl;lJ.

2. Mq;fpNyah;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; ntw;wp ngw;wjw;fhd %d;W fhuzq;fis $Wf.

1. Mq;fpNyah;fs; jha;ehl;bd; MjuT kw;Wk; nghUshjhu cah;epiyia ngw;wpUe;jdh;. 2. Mq;fpNyahpd; flw;gil mth;fspd; ntw;wpf;F cWJizahf ,Ue;jJ. 3. Mq;fpNya mjpfhhpfspd; xw;Wik czh;Tk; Mq;fpNyah;fspd; ntw;wpf;F KOKjw; fhuzkhFk;.

tpilfs; 1. , 2. < 3. M 4. m



3. ,uhgh;l; fpist; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiwiag; gw;wp eP mwptJ ahJ?

1. ,uhgh;l; fpist; tq;fhsj;jpy; ,ul;il Ml;rpKiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. 2. ,ul;il Ml;rpapd; gb Mq;fpy muNrh my;yJ ethg;Ngh kf;fs; eydpy; mf;fiw fhl;ltpy;iy. 3. ,ul;il Ml;rpKiw fp.gp.1772-Mk; Mz;L uj;J nra;ag;gl;lJ.

4. KjyhtJ Mq;fpNya-ikR+h; NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?

1. i`jh; myp cUthf;fpa typik kpFe;j Nguuir Mq;fpNyah; tPo;j;j vz;zpzh;. 2. i`jh; myp gpuhd;NrhL nfhz;bUe;j ey;YwT Mq;fpNya eph;thfj;jpd; fz;fis cWj;jpaJ. 3. ,J Mq;fpy ikR+h; NghUf;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mike;jJ.

VI. tphpthd tpilasp. 1. ,uz;lhtJ kw;Wk; %d;whtJ fh;ehlfg; Nghh;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fisAk;> epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk;

tpisTfisAk; $Wf. ,uz;lhk; fh;ehlfg;Nghh; (1748 - 1754) 1. NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:

1. i`juhghj; fh;ehlf thhpRhpikg;Nghh; Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mike;jJ. 2. i`juhghj; ep[hk; kfd; ehrph; [q;Ff;Fk; Ngud; K\gh; [q;Ff;Fk; ,ilNa Nghl;beilngw;wJ. 3. fh;ehlf ethg; kfd; md;thUj;jPDf;Fk; kUkfd; re;jh rhfpg;gpw;Fk; ,ilNa Nghl;b Vw;gl;lJ. 4. K\gh; [q; kw;Wk; re;jh rhfpg;ig gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fs; Mjhpj;jdh;. 5. ehrh;[q; kw;Wk; md;thUj;jPid Mq;fpNyah;fs; Mjhpj;jdh;.

2. Nghhpd; epfo;Tfs;: 1. gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fspd; cjtpNahL K\gh; [q; kw;Wk; re;jhrhfpg; Mk;G+h; Nghhpy; md;thUjPid

Njhw;fbj;J nfhd;wdh;. vdNt re;jh rhfpg; fh;ehlf ethg;ghdhh;. 2. i`juhghj; Nghhpy; ehrh;[q; kw;wk; K\gh; [q; ,UtUk; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. 3. ryngj; [q;fpid i`juhghj; ep[hkhf gpnuQ;R jsgjp G];]p epakpj;jhh;. 4. ,uhgh;l; fpist; re;jh fhfpg;ig Njhw;fbj;J> Mw;fhl;il ifg;gw;wp KfkJ mypia

ethg;ghf;fpdhh;. Nghhpd; tpisTfs;;:

1. 1755-Mk; Mz;L ghz;br;Nrhp cld;gbf;ifapd; gb ,uz;lhk; fh;ehlfg;Nghh; KbTf;F te;jJ. 2. ,jd;gb Mq;fpNyah;fSk; gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fSk; ,e;jpa RNjrp rhk;uh[;aq;fspd; cs;tptfhuq;fspy;

jiyapLtJ ,y;iy vd KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. 3. ,U ehLfSk; ifg;gw;wpa epyg;gFjpfis me;je;j ehLfSf;F mspj;J tpLtJ vdTk;

xg;Gf;nfhz;ldh;. 4. Mw;fhl;bd; ethg;ghf KfkJ mypia ,UtUk; Mjhpj;jdh;.

%d;whtJ fh;ehlfg;Nghh; (1756-1763) fhuzk;:

1. fp.gp 1756Mk; Mz;L INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l Vohz;L Nghhpd; vjpnuhypNa Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mike;jJ.

Nghhpd; epfo;Tfs;: 1. G];]p kw;Wk; fTz;b-yhyp nrd;idia jhff;pdh;. 2. fp.gp 1760-y; gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fis Mq;fpy jsgjp rh; mah;$l; te;jthrpapyp Njhw;fbj;jhh;. 3. 1761-y; fTz;-b-yhyp ghz;br;Nrhpia Mq;fpNyahplk; xg;gilj;jhh;. 4. ,jdhy; gpnuQ;R Mjpf;fk; rhptile;J Mq;fpNyah;fs; cah;tile;jdh;.

Nghhpd; tpisTfs;: 1. %d;whk; fh;ehlfg;Nghh; ghhp]; cld;gbf;ifapd; gb KbTf;F te;jJ. 2. gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fs; jq;fs; ,oe;j gFjpfis kPz;Lk; ngw;wdh;. 3. gpnuQ;Rfhuh;fs; jq;fs; nry;thf;if ,oe;jdh;. Mq;fpNyah;fs; typikaila njhlq;fpdh;.



Gtpapay;

1. ts Mjhuq;fSk; mjd; tiffSk;

gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. ekJ Gtpf;Nfhs; ghiwf;Nfhsk;> ePh;f;Nfhsk;> tspf;Nfhsk; vd;w %d;W Kf;fpa $Wfshy;

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2. ghiwf;Nfhsk;> ePh;f;Nfhsk;> tspf;Nfhsk; ,tw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; ve;j xU nghUSk; kdpjDf;Fg; gadspg;gjhf ,Ug;gpd; mJ tsMjhuk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

3. tsh;r;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; ts Mjhuq;fs;> ,ayhw;wy; ts Mjhuq;fs; vd;Wk; tsh;r;rpAw;w ts Mjhuq;fs; vd;Wk; ,uz;L gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

4. kf;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gl Kbahj R+oypy; cs;s tsMjhuq;fs; ,ayhw;wy; tsMjhuq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh irgPhpah kw;Wk; mz;lhh;bf;fh ts Mjhuq;fs;

5. kdpjh;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ts Mjhuq;fs; tsh;r;rpAw;w ts Mjhuq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh epyf;fhp> ,Uk;Gj;jhJ

6. GJg;gpj;jy; mbg;gilapy; ts Mjhuq;fis GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj my;yJ ,Ug;G tsq;fs; vd;Wk; GJg;gpf;ff;$ba my;yJ tw;whj tsq;fs; vd;Wk; ,U gphpTfshf gphpf;fyhk;.

7. GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj ts Mjhuq;fs; tw;wf;$ba ts Mjhuq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

8. jw;NghJ mjpfkhf gad;gLj;jpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; fdpkq;fs; cNyhff; fdpkq;fs;> cNyhfkw;w fdpkq;fs;> vhpnghUs; fdpkq;fs; Mfpad MFk;.

9. cNyhff; fdpkq;fs; vd;gJ cNyhj; jhJf;fs; mlq;fpa %yg;nghUl;fs; MFk;. 10. cNyhfkw;w fdpkq;fs; vd;gJ cNyhfj;jhJf;fs; mw;w %yg;nghUl;fs; MFk;. vhpnghUs;

fdpkq;fs; vd;gJ Mw;wiy cUthf;Fk; fdpkq;fs; MFk;.

11. xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;F me;ehl;bd; vhpnghUs; fdpkq;fNs kpf Kf;fpag;gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.

12. njhopw;rhiyfs;> tPLfs;> mYtyfq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; nray;ghLfSf;F vhpnghUs; fdpkq;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.

13. epyf;fhp> vz;nza;> ,aw;if thA kw;Wk; mZrf;jp fdpkq;fs; Mfpait tpiutpy; jPh;e;J NghFk; Kf;fpakhd vhpnghUs; fdpkq;fs; MFk;.

14. epyf;fhp gy kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfshf cUthd fdpkk; MFk;. vdNt ,J Gij vhpnghUs; vdg;gLfpwJ.

15. Gtp mikg;gpy; Vw;gl;l khWjy;fspdhy; fhLfs; gbTg;gLiffspy; Gije;J ntg;gk; kw;Wk; mOj;jk; fhuzkhf epyf;fhpahf khw;wk; mile;jd.

16. cyfpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd epyf;fhp tay;fs; mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs;> ,u\;ah> n[h;kdp> If;fpa muR Nghd;w ehLfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

17. Mrpahtpd; Kf;fpa epyf;fhp tay;fs; rPdh kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ.

18. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s nea;Ntypapy; epyf;fhp mjpfkhf ntl;b vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F ypf;idl; my;yJ gOg;G epyf;fhp mjpf mstpy; fpilf;fpwJ.

19. vz;nza; flYf;fbapYs;s gbTg;ghiwfshd Nrw;Wkz; gbTfs;> nkd;fdpfy; kw;Wk; kzw;ghiw Nghd;w mLf;Ffspy; fhzg;gLk;.

20. Gtpapd; mbapy; Gije;Js;s jhtuk; kw;Wk; Rz;zhk;G XLs;s tpyq;Ffspd; gbkq;fs; Gtpapd; ntg;gk; kw;Wk; mOj;jj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

21. tpyq;Ffspd; gbkq;fs; vz;nzahf khwp ghiw ,Lf;FfspYk; ghiwj;JisfspYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

22. vz;nza; mLf;fpw;FNky; Nyrhd i`l;Nuh fhh;gd; ,aw;if thA tbtpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

23. vz;nza; gbTfs; epyg;gFjpfspYk; fly; gFjpfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

24. ,e;jpahtpy; Kf;fpakhd vz;nza; tay;fs; m];]hk; epyg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

25. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa „Kk;ig i`‟ vd;Dk; vz;nza; tay; flw;gFjpapy; mike;Js;sJ.



26. jkpo;ehl;by; fhtphp nly;lh gFjpfspy; vz;nza; tsk; fz;lwpag;gl;L cw;gj;jp Jtq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

27. ANudpak;> Njhhpak; Nghd;w fdpkq;fs; mZrf;jpia cw;gj;jp nra;ag; gad;gLfpd;wd. ekPgpah> f[f];jhd;> fdlh Nghd;w ehLfspy; ANudpak; mjpf mstpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

28. ,e;jpahtpy; jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; Nfus flw;fiu kzw;gug;Gfspy; ,y;kidl; mjpfsT fhzg;gLfpwJ.

29. cyfpNyNa mjpfsT mZrf;jpia cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehL MFk;. mZrf;jp vhpnghUis mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;Jk; ehL gpuhd;R MFk;.

30. ,e;jpahtpy; nrd;id> ,uh[];jhd;> jhuhg;G+h;> fhf;uhghh;> eNuhuh> $lq;Fsk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; mZkpd;epiyaq;fs; cs;sd.

31. GJg;gpf;ff;$ba ts Mjhuq;fs; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLtJld; ,aw;ifahfNt GJg;gpf;fg;LfpwJ. v.fh fhw;whw;wy;

32. ePh;kpd;rf;jp vd;gJ GJg;gpf;ff;$ba ts Mjhuq;fSs; kpf tsh;r;rpaile;j tskhFk;.

33. rPdhtpy; cs;s ahq;brp Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf mike;jpUf;Fk; Kg;gs;sjhf;F mizapy; cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa ePh; kpdrf;jp epiyak; mike;Js;sJ.

34. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa ePh; kpd;rf;jp epiyak; gf;uheq;fy; mizapy; cs;sJ.

35. R+hpa Mw;wy; tPLfs; kw;Wk; mYtyff; fl;blq;fspy; ePh; R+lhf;Fjy; Nghd;w gy topfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

36. xspkpd; Nthy;lh kpd;fyk; R+hpa rf;jpia Nrkpg;gjw;F Njitg;gLfpwJ.

37. cyfpy; mjpf msT R+hpa Mw;wiy cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL n[h;kdp MFk;.

38. fhw;W Ntfkhf njhlh;e;J tPRk; gFjpfspy; fhw;whw;wy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F tpirg;nghwp cUis kpfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

39. INuhg;gh fz;lk; fhw;W Mw;wiy mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;JfpwJ. nld;khh;f;fpd; 20% kpd;rhuk; fhw;W Mw;wy; %ykhfg; ngwg;gLfpwJ.

40. ,e;jpahtpy; kfhuhl;buk; kw;Wk; jkpo;ehl;by; fhw;W Mw;wy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

41. jkpo;ehl;by; fd;dpahf;Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Muy;tha;nkhop vd;Dk; gFjpapy; cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa fhw;wiy epWtdk; cs;sJ.

42. kuq;fs;> gaph;fs;> Ntshz; fopTg;nghUl;fs; caphp Mw;wYf;F Kff;pa Mjhukhfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.

43. tsUk; ehLfspy; ku vhpnghUNs Kf;fpa Kf;fpakhdjhf jpfo;fpwJ.

44. rhz vhpthA my;yJ kPj;Njd; khl;L rhzj;jpypUe;J caphpvhpnghUs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

45. jw;NghJ fUk;gpypUe;Jk; Mkzf;F tif jhtuq;fspypUe;Jk; caphp vhpnghUs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

46. kdpjh;fspd; tho;T kw;wk; Kd;Ndw;wk; Mfpait ,aw;if tsq;fis rhh;e;Nj ,Ug;gjhy; ,j;jifa tsq;fis gad;gLj;Jjy; mtrpakhFk;.

47. GJg;gpf;ff;$ba tsq;fis KOikahf gad;gLj;j rpwe;j Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp mtrpakhfpwJ.

48. kdpjh;fs; jq;fsJ tho;f;iff;F ts Mjhuq;fisNa rhh;e;J cs;sdh;.

49. Xh; ,lj;jpy; fpilf;fg;ngWfpw ts Mjhuq;fisg; nghWj;Nj kdpjh;fspd; njhopy;fs; eph;zapf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

I.rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. 1. kdpjh;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ts Mjhuq;fs; ………

m) tsh;r;rpAw;w tsk; M) ,ayhw;wy; tsk; ,) Nghf;F tsk; 2. fdpk tsq;fs; vd;git ……….

m) GJg;gpf;f$ba tsq;fs; M) GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj tsq;fs; ,) caphpay; tsq;fs; 3. fhw;W Mw;wiy mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; fz;lk; …….

m) INuhg;gh M) njd; mnkhpf;fh ,) mz;lhh;bf;fh 4. ekJ khepyj;jpy; ntl;bnaLf;fg;gLk; epyf;fhp ……..

m) gOg;G epyf;fhp M) Md;j;uirl; ,) fpuhigl; 5. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa ePh;kpd;rf;jp epiyak; mike;Js;s ,lk;…….

m) gf;uh eq;fy; M) Nkl;^h; ,) jhNkhjh;



II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 1. ,aw;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; ve;j xU nghUSk; kdpjh;fSf;F gadspg;gjhf ,Ug;gpd;> mJ ts

Mjhuk; vdg;gLk;. 2. Gtpapd; fdpkr; Ruq;fq;fspypUe;J xUKiw ntl;b vLf;ffg;gl;lij kPz;Lk; ek;khy; cUthf;f

my;yJ jpUk;gg;ngw ,ayhJ. 3. xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;F ts Mjhuq;fs; kpf Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. 4. ANudpak; xU mZrf;jp fdpkkhFk;. 5. mad kz;lyk; R+hpa Mw;wiy kpf mjpf mstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;a VJthf cs;sJ. III.nghUj;Jf. 1. tlfly; - m. mZrf;jp 2. Muy;tha;nkhop - M. vz;nza; tay;fs; 3. vz;nza; kw;Wk; epyf;fhp - ,. ahq;brp 4. Kg;gs;sjhf;F miz - <. Gij vhpnghUs; 5. Njhhpak; - c. fhw;whiy IV. RUf;fkhd tpilasp. 1. Fwpg;G vOJf. m) GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj tsq;fs; M) ,ayhw;wy; ts Mjhuq;fs;

m) GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj tsq;fs;: 1. GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj tsMjhuq;fs; tw;wf;$ba tsMjhuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. 2. ,t;tsq;fs; cUthf vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; fhyj;ijtpl Ntfkhf ek;khy; Efug;gLfpd;wd. 3. ,tw;iw ek;khy; cUthf;fNth my;yJ jpUk;gg; ngwNth ,ayhJ. 4. v.fh fdpk tsq;fs;

M) ,ayhw;wy; ts Mjhuq;fs;: 1. kf;fshy; gad;gLj;j Kbahj epiyapy; cs;s ts Mjhuq;fs; ,ayhw;wy; ts Mjhuq;fs;

vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. 2. v.fh. irgPhpah kw;Wk; mz;lhh;bf;fh Nghd;w ehLfspy; fhzg;gLk; tsq;fs;.

2. fhw;whiy gw;wp vOJf.

1. fhw;W Ntfkhf njhlh;e;J tPRk; gFjpfspy; fhw;whw;wy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. 2. ,jw;F tpirg;nghwp cUis kpfTk; gad;gLfpwJ. 3. INuhg;gh fz;lk; fhw;W Mw;wiy mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;JfpwJ. 4. nld;khh;f;fpd; 20% kpd;rhuk; fhw;W Mw;wy; %ykhfg; ngwg;gLfpwJ. 5. ,e;jpahtpy; kfhuhl;buk; kw;Wk; jkpo;ehl;by; fhw;WMw;wy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

3. tsq;fis kpFe;j ftdj;Jld; gad;gLj;j Ntz;abjd; fhuzk; ahJ? 1. kdpjh;fspd; tho;T kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wk; Mfpait Gtpapd; ,aw;if ts Mjhuq;fis rhh;e;J

,Ug;gjhy; mj;jifa gad;gLj;Jjy; mtrpak;. 2. kdpjh;fshy; GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj tsMjhuq;fis kpf ftdj;Jld; ifahs Ntz;Lk;. 3. GJg;gpf;ff;$ba tsq;fis KOikahfg; gad;gLj;j rpwe;j Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp

mtrpakhfpwJ.

V. tphpthd tpilasp. 1. epyf;fhp kw;Wk; vz;nza; cUthjy; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

1. epyf;fhp cUthjy;: 1. epyf;fhp gy kpy;ypad; tUlq;fshf cUthd fdpkk; MFk;. 2. epyf;fhp “Gij vhpnghUs;” vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 3. fhLfs; gbTg; gLiffspy; Gije;J>ntg;gk; kw;Wk; mOj;jk; fhuzkhf Gije;J Nghd

jhtuq;fs; epyf;fhpahf khw;wk; mile;jd. 2. vz;nza; cUthjy;: 1. vz;nza; flYf;fbapYs;s gbTg;ghiwfshd Nrw;W kz; gbTfs;> nkd;fdpfy; kw;Wk;

kzw;ghiw Nghd;w mLf;Ffspy; fhzg;gLk;. 2. Gtpapd; mbapy; Gije;Js;s jhtuk; kw;Wk; Rz;zhk;G XLs;s tpyq;Ffspd; gbkq;fs; Gtpapd;

ntg;gk; kw;Wk; mOj;jj;jpw;F cl;gLj;Jfpd;wd. 3. ,it vz;nzahf khwp ghiw ,Lf;FfspYk; ghiwj;JisfspYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

tpilfs; 1. M 2. c 3. < 4. , 5. m



2. GJg;gpf;ff;$ba ts Mjhuq;fisg; gw;wp vOJf. 1. ePh;kpd;rf;jp: 1. ePh;kpd;rf;jp vd;gJ GJg;gpf;ff;$ba ts Mjhuq;fSs; kpf tsh;r;rpaile;j tskhFk;. 2. ePh;kpd;rf;jp ePh;tpOk; gFjpfspypUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. 3. rPdhtpy; cs;s ahq;brp Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf Kg;gs;sjhf;F mizapy; cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa

kpd;rf;jpepiyak; mike;Js;sJ. 2. R+hpa Mw;wy;: 1. xspkpd; Nthy;lh R+hpa rf;jpia Nrkpg;gjw;F Njitg;gLfpwJ. 2. cyfpy; mjpf msT R+hpa Mw;wiy cwgj;jp nra;Ak; ehL n[h;kdp MFk;. 3. R+hpa Mw;wy; tPLfs; mYtyff; fl;blq;fspy; ePh; R+lhf;Fjy; Nghd;w gy topfspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. 3. fhw;W Mw;wy;: 1. fhw;W Ntfkhf njhlh;e;J tPRk; gFjpfspy; fhw;whw;wy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. 2. ,jw;F tpirg;nghwp cUis kpfTk; gad;gLfpwJ. 3. INuhg;gh fz;lk; fhw;W Mw;wiy mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;JfpwJ. 4. nld;khh;f;fpd; 20% kpd;rhuk; fhw;W Mw;wy; %ykhfg; ngwg;gLfpwJ. 5. ,e;jpahtpy; kfhuhl;buk; kw;Wk; jkpo;ehl;by; fhw;WMw;wy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. 4. caphp Mw;wy;: 1. kuq;fs;> gaph;fs;> Ntshz; fopTg;nghUl;fs; caphp Mw;wYf;F Kf;fpa Mjhukhfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. 2. tsUk; ehLfspy; ku vhpnghUNs Kf;fpa Kf;fpakhdjhf jpfo;fpwJ. 3. rhz vhpthA my;yJ kPj;Njd; khl;L rhzj;jpypUe;J caphp vhpnghUs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

2. ts Mjhuq;fSk; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffSk;

gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. kdpjh;fs; ts Mjhuq;fis rhh;e;Nj tho;fpd;wdh;. ,aw;if tsq;fs; Gtpapy; rPuw;W

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

2. fpilf;Fk; ts Mjhuq;fSf;F Vw;g nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; khWgLfpd;wd.

3. Gtpapy; kdpjh;fspd; njhopy;fis ntt;NtW gFjpfspy; fpilf;Fk; ts Mjhuq;fNs eph;zapf;fpd;wd.

4. czT Nrfhpj;jy;> Ntl;ilahLjy;> gaph; tsh;j;jy;> kPd;gpbj;jy;> Ruq;fj;njhopy; cjphpghfq;fis xd;wpizj;jy;> tpahghuk; Nghd;w gy njhopy;fs; mlq;Fk;.

5. kdpjh;fspd; eltbf;iffs; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

6. njhopy;fis Kjy; epiyj; njhopy;fs;> ,uz;lhk;epiyj; njhopy;fs;> %d;whk; epiyj; njhopy;fs;> ehd;fhk; epiyj; njhopy;fs;> Ie;jhk; epiyj; njhopy;fs; vd Itifg;gLk;.

7. Kjy; epiyj; njhopy;fspy; kdpjh;fs; ,aw;if ts Mjhuq;fNshL Nehpilahf ,ize;J nray;gLfpd;wdh;. ,tw;iw goikahd njhopy; eltbf;if vdyhk;.

8. czT Nrfhpj;jy;> Ntl;ilahLjy;> fhy;eil Nka;j;jy;> fdpkk; ntl;bnaLj;jy;> Ntshz;ik> kuk; ntl;Ljy; Nghd;wit Kjy; epiyj; njhopy;fs; vdg;gLk;.

9. Kjy; epiyj; njhopy;fs; “rptg;G fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs;” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.

10. kdpjh;fs; %yg;nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp KiwfSf;F cl;gLj;jp mtw;iw KbTw;w nghUshf khw;Wtjd; %yk; %yg;nghUl;fspd; gad;ghl;bidAk; kjpg;gpidAk; ngUf;Ffpd;wdh;.

11. fUk;gpypUe;J jahhpf;fg;gLk; rh;f;fiu> ,Uk;Gj;jhJtpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; ,Uk;G> v/F Nghd;wit ,uz;lhk; epiyj; njhopYf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.

12. cw;gj;jp nray;fs; ,uz;lhk; epiyj; njhopy;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. ,uz;lhk;epiyj; njhopy;GhpAk; gzpahsh;fs; “ePy fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs;” vdg;gLfpd;wdh;.

13. tzpfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; jfty;njhlh;G Nritfs; %d;whk; tFg;G epiyj;njhopy;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

14. njhopy;El;gj;jpy; rpwg;Gkpf;f njhopy;El;g gzpahsh;fSk;> tq;fpg; gzpahsh;fSk; %d;whk; epiyj; njhopy;fspy; <LgLj;Jfpd;wdh;.

15. %d;whk; epiyj; njhopy;fspy; gzpGhpNthiu “ntsph;rptg;G fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs;” vd;W miof;fpNwhk;.



16. fy;tpj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw> kUj;Jtk;> nghOJNghf;F> Nfspf;iffs;> eph;thfk;> Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; tsh;r;rp Mfpad ehd;fhk; epiyj;njhopy;fs; MFk;.

17. ehd;fhk; epiyj; njhopyhsh;fs; “nts;is fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs;” vdg;gLfpd;wdh;. 18. MNyhrid toq;FNthh; kw;Wk; jpl;lk; tFg;Nghh; Nghd;w cah;epiyapy; cs;Nshh; Ie;jhk;

epiyj; njhopyhsh;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wdh;.

19. Ie;jhk; epiyj; njhopyhsh;fs; “jq;f fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs;” vdg;gLfpd;wdh;.

20. Ie;jhk; epiyj; njhopyhsh;fs; ngUefuq;fspNyNa mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;.

21. tsh;e;J tUk; ehLfspy; Kjy;epiyj; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiy njhopy;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

22. tsh;r;rpaile;j ehLfspy; %d;W> ehd;F kw;Wk; Ie;jhk; epiyj; njhopy;fspYk; kf;fs; mjpfkhf <Lgl;Ls;sdh;.

I. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. 1. Kjy; epiyj; njhopy;………

m) kuk; ntl;Ljy; M) tq;fp Ntiy ,) MNyhrid toq;Fjy;

2. ………..njhopy;GhpNthiu “nts;is fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs;” vd miof;fpNwhk;. m) ehd;fhk; epiy M) ,uz;lhk; epiy ,) %d;whk; epiy

3. njhopw;rhiyfs; tsh;r;rpaile;j cjtp GhpAk; Nrit ………… m) Nka;j;jy; M) Nghf;Ftuj;J ,) Ntl;ilahLjy;

4. Ie;jhk; epiyj;njhopy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs; …… m) fpuhkq;fs; M) gs;spfs; ,) ngUefuq;fs;

5. jpl;lk; tFg;Nghh; mlq;fpa njhopy;epiy …….. m) Kjy;epiyj;njhopy; M) Ie;jhk; epiyj; njhopy; ,) %d;whk; epiyj; njhopy;

II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 1. ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapd; mbg;gilapy;> Kf;fpa nghUshjhu eltbf;iffis Ie;J gphpTfshf

gphpf;fyhk;. 2. Kjy;epiyj;njhopypy;> kf;fs; ,aw;if tsMjhuq;fNshL Nehpilahf ,ize;J nray;gLfpd;wdh;. 3. %yg;nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nray;fSf;F cl;gLj;jp> KbTw;w nghUshf khw;Wk; nray;Kiw

,uz;lhk; epiyj;njhopy;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 4. %d;whk; epiyj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s gzpahsh;fs; ntsph; rptg;G fOj;J gl;ilahsh;fs; vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

5. tsh;e;J tUk; ehLfs; %d;whk;> ehd;fhk; kw;Wk; Ie;jhk; epiyj;njhopy;fis tpl Kjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyj; njhopy;fNs mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

III. nghUj;Jf. 1. ePy fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs; - m. kPd;gpbj;jy; 2. nghOJNghf;F - M. %d;whk; epiy 3. tzpfk; - ,. ,uz;lhk; epiy 4. Kjy; epiy - <. njhopy; El;gk; njhpe;j kw;Wk;

njhopy;El;gk; njhpahj 5. gzpahsh;fs; - c. ehd;fhk; epiy IV. FWfpa tpilasp. 1. Kjy; epiyj; njhopy;fs; ahit?

1. czT Nrfhpj;jy; 2. tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahLy; 3. fhy;eilfis Nka;j;jy; 4. fdpkq;fis ntl;bnaLj;jy; 5. kPd;gbj;jy; 6. Ntshz;ik

2. %d;whk; epiyj;njhopy;fs; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.

1. tzpfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;wk; jfty;njhlh;G Nritfs; %d;wk; epiyj;njhopy;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. 2. tq;fpg;gzpahsh;fs;> rpwg;G njhopy;El;g gzpahsh;fs; %d;whk; epiyj; njhopyhsh;fs; Mth;. 3. %d;whk; epiyj; njhopypy; gzpGhpNthh;fs; “ntsph; rptg;G gl;il gzpahsh;fs;” vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

tpilfs; 1. , 2. c 3. M 4. m 5. <



3. Ie;jhk; epiyj;njhopy;fs; gw;wp vOJf.

1. muR kw;Wk; jdpahh; Jiwfspy; cs;s jPh;khdpf;Fk; jpwDs;s mwpTiu toq;FNthh; kw;Wk; rl;lg;G+h;t mjpfhhpfs; Ie;jhk; epiyj; njhopypy; mlq;Fth;.

2. ,th;fs; ngUefuq;fspNyNa mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. 3. Ie;jhk; epiyj; njhopyhsh;fs; “jq;f fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs;” vd miof;fg;gLth;.

V. tphpthf tpilaspf;f. 1. kdpjh;fspd; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspd; tiffisg; gw;wp tpsf;Ff. 1. Kjy; epiyj; njhopyhsh;fs;:

1. ,aw;if ts Mjhuq;fNshL Nehpilahf ,ize;J nray;gLfpd;wdh;. 2. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf czT Nrfhpj;jy;> kPd;gpbj;jy;> Ntshz;ik Mfpad Kjy;epiyj;njhopy;fshFk;. 3. Kjy; epiyj; njhopyhsh;fs; “rptg;G fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs;” vdg;gLfpd;wdh;.

2. ,uz;lhk; epiyj; njhopyhsh;fs;: 1. %yg;nghUl;fis KbTw;w nghUl;fshf khw;Wfpd;wdh;. 2. cw;gj;jp nray;fs; ,uz;lhk; epiyj; njhopy;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. 3. vLj;Jfhl;lhf fUk;gpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; rh;f;fiu . 4. ,uz;lhk; epiyj; njhopyhsh;fs; “ePy fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs;” vdg;gLfpd;wdh;.

3. %d;whk; epiyj; njhopyhsh;fs;: 1. tzpfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;wk; jfty;njhlh;G Nritfs; %d;wk; epiyj;njhopy;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd. 2. tq;fpg;gzpahsh;fs;> rpwg;G njhopy;El;g gzpahsh;fs; %d;whk; epiyj; njhopyhsh;fs; Mth;. 3. %d;whk; epiyj;njhopy; gzpGhpNthh;fs; “ntsph; rptg;G gl;il gzpahsh;fs;” vdg;gLfpd;wdh;.

4. ehd;fhk; epiyj; njhopyhsh;fs;: 1. fy;tpj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw> kUj;Jtk;> nghOJNghf;F> Nfspf;iffs;> eph;thfk;> Muha;r;rp kw;Wk;

tsh;r;rp Mfpa R+oy;fspy; NritGhpNthh; ehd;fhk; epiyj;njhopy;fs; vdg;gLk;. 2. ehd;fhk; epiyj; njhopyhsh;fs; “nts;is fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs;” vdg;gLfpd;wdh;.

5. Ie;jhk; epiyj; njhopyhsh;fs;: 1. muR kw;Wk; jdpahh; Jiwfspy; cs;s jPh;khdpf;Fk; jpwDs;s mwpTiu toq;FNthh; kw;Wk;

rl;lg;G+h;t mjpfhhpfs; Ie;jhk; epiyj; njhopypy; mlq;Fth;. 2. ,th;fs; ngUefuq;fspNyNa mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. 3. Ie;jhk; epiyj; njhopyhsh;fs; “jq;f fOj;Jg;gl;il gzpahsh;fs;” vd miof;fg;gLth;.

Kjy;epiyj; njhopy; I 3. Kjy;epiyj; njhopypd; tiffs;

gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. kdpj ehfhpf tuyhw;wpy; kpf Kf;fpa mq;fkhf tpsq;FtJ Ntshz;ik MFk;.

2. Ntl;ilahLjy;> Nka;j;jy; Nghd;w nray;fis kdpjd; Neubahf ,aw;ifiar; rhh;e;J ngw;whh;. ,J Kjd;ikj; njhopy; vd miof;fyhk;.

3. czTg;nghUis Nrfhpj;jy; kw;Wk; Ntl;ilahLjy; Nghd;w njhopy;fs; goikahd njhopy;fshFk;.

4. kf;fs; jq;fSf;F Njitahd czit ,aw;ifaplkpUe;J Nrfhpj;jdh;.

5. goq;fs; kw;Wk; fpoq;Ffisf; fhLfspypUe;J Nrfhpj;Jk; rpy Neuq;fspy; Ntl;ilahbAk; czTg;nghUl;fis Nrfhpj;jdh;.

6. Ntl;ilahLjy; Nghd;w nray;fs; kw;wtUld; njhlh;G ,y;yhj ,lq;fspy; trpf;Fk; kuGtop Fbkf;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh Mg;gphpf;f fhLfspy; trpf;Fk; G\;nkd; ,dj;jth;fs;

7. Ntl;ilahLjy; Kjd;ikj; njhopypd; xUtif MFk;. Ntl;ilahLk; kf;fs; Ntl;ilahba tpyq;fpdq;fspd; ,iwr;rp kw;Wk; Njhypid ngWfpd;wdh;.

8. Ntl;ilahLjy; Nghd;w njhopy;fs; njhlh;G nfhs;s Kbahj ,lq;fspy; jdpj;J thOk; kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. v.fh Mg;gphpf;f gpf;kpf;fs;> fdlhtpd; v];fpNkh];

9. gRikahd> Gjpa Nka;r;ry; epyq;fisj; Njb gUt fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g ehNlhbfshf ke;ijfNshL kf;fs; xU gFjpapypUe;J kw;nwhU gFjpf;F ,lefh;T nra;th;.

10. Mg;gphpf;fh kw;Wk; kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; Nka;r;ry; njhopy; nra;gth;fs; gUtepiyf;F Vw;gTk;> fpilf;Fk; Nka;r;ry; epyj;jpw;F Vw;wthWk; ,lefh;T nra;fpd;wdh;.



11. tl mnkhpf;fh> njd; mnkhpf;fh kw;Wk; M];jpNuypahtpy; jPtdq;fs; tpistpf;fg;ngUk; gz;izfs; cs;sd.

12. kPd; gpbj;jy; MWfs;> Vhpfs; kw;Wk; flw;fiug;gFjpfspy; eilngWk; Kf;fpakhd Kjy;epiyj; njhopyhFk;.

13. cs;ehl;L kPd; gpbj;jy; njhopyhdJ> rpwpastpy; vspa Kiwapy; eilngWfpwJ. 14. fk;Nghbahtpy; cs;s Nlhd;Nyrhg; cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa cs;ehl;L VhpahFk;.

15. flypy; kPd;gpbg;gJ vd;gJ kpfTk; rpf;fyhd nrayhFk;. fz;lj;jpl;Lg; gFjpfspYk;> Mokw;w gFjpfspYk; gpshq;ld; vdg;gLk; kPd; czT ngUkstpy; fpilf;fpwJ.

16. njhopw;fg;gy;fs; vdg;gLk; ngUq;fg;gy;fs; khjf;fzf;fpy; kPd; gpbg;gjw;fhf flypNyNa nray;gLfpd;wd.

17. [g;ghd;> ngU> fdlh> tlfly; gFjp kw;Wk; tlNkw;F ml;yhz;bf; fly; Mfpa gFjpfs; Kf;fpa kPd;gpbj;jsq;fshFk;.

18. jpkpq;fyk; kw;Wk; fly; eha;fis Ntl;ilahLjy;> Kj;J Fspj;jy; Nghd;w njhopy;fSk; fly;fspy; eilngWk; njhopy;fshFk;.

19. kukhdJ vhpnghUshfTk;> ,Uf;iffs; nra;aTk;> fhfpjk; kw;Wk; fhfpjf;$o; njhopw;rhiyfspYk; gad;gLfpwJ.

20. kpj ntg;g kz;ly fhLfspy; nkd;ikahd kuq;fSk;> xNu tif Crpapiy fhl;L kuq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh ,u\;ah> mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs;

21. cyfpy; njhopw;rhiyfSf;F gad;gLk; kuq;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F kpjntg;g fhLfspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;wd.

22. ntg;g kz;ly fhLfspy; tpiy kjpg;Gkpf;f Njf;F kw;Wk; fUq;fhyp kuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

23. Ruq;fj; njhopy; kw;Wk; Ntshz;ikj; njhopYk; Kjd;ik njhopy;fNs MFk;.

I. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. 1. [huth]; vdg;gLk; njhd;nghJkf;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; ………

m) me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; M) Mg;gphpf;fh ,) fdlh 2. fdlhtpy; fhzg;gLk; v];fpNkhf;fs; ……….

m) Ntl;ilahLgth;fs; M) czT Nrfhpg;gth;fs; ,) Nka;j;jy; njhopy; Ghpgth;fs; 3. kPd; czT……….f;F mUfhikapy; ngUksT fpilf;fpd;wJ.

m) fz;lj;jpl;L M) fz;lr;rhpT ,) ngUq;fly;Fop 4. cyfpy; njhopw;rhiyfSf;Fg; gad;gLk; kuq;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F …….fhLfspypUe;J

ngwg;gLfpd;wd. m) kpj ntg;g kz;ly fhLfs; M) mad kz;ly fhLfs; ,) J}e;jpuf;fhLfs;

5. ngUkstpy; eilngWk; Kjd;ikj;njhopy; ……….. m) czT Nrfhpj;jy; M) Ntl;ilahLjy; ,) Ruq;fj;njhopy;

II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 1. kdpjd; Neubahf ,aw;ifiar; rhh;e;J nray;gLk; njhopy;fs; Kjy; epiyj;njhopy;fs; vd

miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 2. Nka;r;ry; njhopypy;> Nka;r;ry; epyq;fspy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd tpyq;Ffis Nka;g;gh;. 3. czT Nrfhpj;jy; kw;Wk; Ntl;ilahLjy; Nghd;wit Kjy;epiyj; njhopy;fSs; goikahd

njhopy;fshFk;. 4. kpj ntg;g kz;lyf; fhLfspy; nkd;ikahd kuq;fs; kw;Wk; fhl;Lkuq;fs; fhzg;gLtjhy;

kpfg;gutyhfg; gad;gLfpwJ. 5. flypy; kPd;gpbg;gJ vd;gJ kpfTk; rpf;fyhd nrayhFk;. III. nghUj;Jf. 1. G\;nkd; - m. madf; fhLfs; 2. [g;ghd; - M. Mg;gphpf;fh 3. Njf;F - ,. kPd;g;gpbj;jsk; 4. Crpapiyf;fhLfs; - <. fhy;eil czT 5. jPtdk; - c. nkd;ikahd kuq;fs;

tpilfs; 1. M 2. , 3. m 4. c 5. <



IV. FWfpa tpilasp. 1. Kjd;ikj; njhopy;fspd; ngah;fis vOJf.

Ntshz;ik> Ntl;ilahLjy;> czT Nrfhpj;jy;> Nka;j;jy;> kPd;gpbj;jy; 2. „Nka;j;jy;‟ vd;why; vd;d?

gRikahd> Gjpa Nka;r;ry; epyq;fisj; Njb gUt fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g ehNlhbfshf ke;ijfNshL kf;fs; xU gFjpapypUe;J kw;nwhU gFjpf;F ,lefh;T nra;th;. ,JNt „Nka;j;jy;‟ vdg;gLk;.

3. czT Nrfhpf;Fk; njhopy; eilngWk; rpy ,lq;fisAk;> kf;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. Mg;gphpf;f fhLfspy; trpf;Fk; G\;nkd; ,dj;jth;fs; 2. me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghhpd; gok;ngUk; kf;fshd [hh;th];

4. cs;ehl;L kPd;gpbj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

1. cs;ehl;L kPd;gpbj;jy; njhopyhdJ> rpwpastpy; vspa Kiwapy; eilngWfpwJ. 2. cs;ehl;L kPd;gpbj;jypy; rhjhuz kPd;tiyfNs kPd;gpbf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd. 3. fk;Nghbahtpy; cs;s Nlhd;Nyrhg; cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa cs;ehl;L VhpahFk;.

5. “madf;fhLfis tpl> kpj ntg;g kz;lyf;fhLfs; kuk; ntl;Lk; njhopYf;F ngUkstpy;

gad;gLfpwJ”. Vd;? 1. kpjntg;g kz;lyf;fhLfspy; nkd;ikahd kuq;fs; kw;Wk; xNu tif Crpapiyf; fhLfSk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 2. cyfpy; njhopw;rhiyfSf;Fg; gad;gLk; kuq;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F kpj ntg;g kz;ly

fhLfspypUe;J ngwg;gLfpd;wd. V. tphpthd tpilasp. 1. flypy; eilngWk; kPd;gpb njhopiyg; gw;wp vOJf.

1. flypy; kPd;gpbg;gJ vd;gJ kpfTk; rpf;fyhd nrayhFk;. 2. fz;lj;jpl;Lg; gFjpfspYk;> Mokw;w gFjpfspYk; gpshq;ld; vdg;gLk; kPd; czT ngUkstpy;

fpilf;fpwJ. 3. njhopw;fg;gy;fs; vdg;gLk; ngUq;fg;gy;fs; khjf;fzf;fpy; kPd; gpbg;gjw;fhf flypNyNa

nray;gLfpd;wd. 4. [g;ghd;> ngU> fdlh> tlfly; gFjp kw;Wk; tlNkw;F ml;yhz;bf; fly; Mfpa gFjpfs; Kf;fpa

kPd;gpbj;jsq;fshFk;. 5. cyfpy; jw;NghJ kPd;fisg;gpbj;J bd;fspy; milf;Fk; nray;fs; fg;gypNyNa eilngWfpwJ.

2. Kjy;epiyj; njhopypd; tiffisg; gw;wp fl;Liu vOJf. 1. czT Nrfhpj;jy;:

1. kf;fs; jq;fSf;F Njitahd czit ,aw;ifaplkpUe;J Nrfhpj;jdh;. 2. kw;wtUld; njhlh;G ,y;yhj ,lq;fspy; trpf;Fk; kuGtop Fbkf;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

v.fh Mg;gphpf;f fhLfspy; trpf;Fk; G\;nkd; ,dj;jth;fs; 2. Ntl;ilahLjy;:

1. Ntl;ilahLjy; Kjd;ikj; njhopypd; xUtif MFk;. 2. Ntl;ilahLk; kf;fs; Ntl;ilahba tpyq;fpdq;fspd; ,iwr;rp kw;Wk; Njhypid ngWfpd;wdh;. 3. kw;wth; njhlh;G nfhs;s Kbahj ,lq;fspy; jdpj;J thOk; kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ.

v.fh Mg;gphpf;f gpf;kpf;fs;> fdlhtpd; v];fpNkh]; 3. Nka;j;jy;:

1. gRikahd> Gjpa Nka;r;ry; epyq;fisj; Njb gUt fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g ehNlhbfshf ke;ijfNshL kf;fs; xU gFjpapypUe;J kw;nwhU gFjpf;F ,lefh;T nra;th;. ,JNt „Nka;j;jy;‟ vdg;gLk;.

2. v.fh Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; krha; ,dj;jth;fs; 4. kPd;gpbj;jy;:

1. kPd; gpbj;jy; MWfs;> Vhpfs; kw;Wk; flw;fiug;gFjpfspy; eilngWk; Kf;fpakhd Kjy;epiyj; njhopyhFk;.

2. cs;ehl;L kPd;gpbj;jy; njhopyhdJ> rpwpastpy; vspa Kiwapy; eilngWfpwJ. 3. cs;ehl;L kPd;gpbj;jypy; rhjhuz kPd;tiyfNs kPd;gpbf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd. 4. fk;Nghbahtpy; cs;s Nlhd;Nyrhg; cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa cs;ehl;L VhpahFk;.



5. kuk; ntl;Ljy;: 1. kukhdJ vhpnghUshfTk;> ,Uf;iffs; nra;aTk;> fhfpjk; kw;Wk; fhfpjf;$o; njhopw;rhiyfspYk;

gad;gLfpwJ. 2. kpj ntg;g kz;ly fhLfspy; nkd;ikahd kuq;fSk;> xNu tif Crpapiy fhl;L kuq;fSk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh ,u\;ah> mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs; 3. cyfpy; njhopw;rhiyfSf;F gad;gLk; kuq;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F kpjntg;g fhLfspypUe;J

ngwg;gLfpd;wd.

4. Ruq;fj;njhopy;

gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. Ruq;fj;njhopy; vd;gJ xU ehl;bd; Kf;fpakhd Kjy;epiyj;njhopyhFk;. Ruq;fj;njhopy; xU

ehl;bd; njhopy;tsh;r;rpf;F kpfTk; Mjuthf cs;sJ.

2. Ruq;fj;njhopy; vd;gJ GtpapypUe;J tpiy kjpg;Gkpf;f fdpkq;fisAk;> Gtp mikg;gpay; rhh;e;j nghUl;fisAk; Njhz;bnaLf;Fk; nrayhFk;.

3. goq;fhy kf;fs; fdpkq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; fUtpfs;>fuLKulhd MAjq;fisAk; jahhpj;jdh;.

4. Ruq;fj;njhopy; ngUkstpy; eilngWfpwJ. fhuzk; njhopyfq;fs; fdpktsq;fis ngUkstpy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

5. fdpktsq;fs; GJg;gpf;fKbahj tskhFk;. vdNt Ruq;fj;njhopy; xU „nfhs;isj;njhopy;‟ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

6. fdpkq;fis mit cs;slf;fpa jhJf;fisf; nfhz;L cNyhff; fdpkk;> cNyhfkw;w fdpkk; kw;wk; vhpnghUs; fdpkk; vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

7. vhpnghUs; fdpkq;fs; cNyhfkw;w fdpk tsq;fshFk;. mit kpf Kf;fpakhd vhpnghUs; tsq;fshFk;.

8. jhJf;fs; Njhz;b vLf;fg;gl;Lr; Rj;jpfhpf;fg;gl;L kjpg;Gs;s nghUs;fshf gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

9. fdpkj; jhJf;fs; ghiwfspd; ntbg;GfspYk;> ,ilKwpTfspYk;> ,izg;Gg; gFjpfspYk; gbTfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

10. ghiwfspD}Nl Fiwe;j msT jhJg;gbtq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; mJ Fiwe;j msT jhJg;gLif vd;Wk;> mjpfsT ,Ug;gpd; ngUksT jhJg;gLif vdTk; tifg;gLj;jg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

11. jhJf;fs; mLf;FfshfTk;> tz;ly;fshfTk; gba itf;fg;gLtjhy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. 12. fdpkq;fs; fpilf;fg;ngWk; ,lj;ijg; nghWj;Jg; Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpNyh my;yJ mjw;F mLj;j

gFjpapNyh fpilf;Fk; fdpkq;fs; ntl;b vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

13. Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; ntl;b vLf;fg;gLk; Kiwfs; Ruq;fj; njhopy; jpwe;j ntsp Kiw> gl;ilfshf vLj;jy; Kiw kw;Wk; tz;ly; gphpj;jy; Kiw vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

14. jpwe;j ntspKiwapy; Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpNyNa fpilf;Fk; fdpkq;fs; Njhz;b vLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

15. gl;ilfshf vLj;jy; Kiwapy; Nkw;gbe;j ePs; tbtpy; kz; kw;Wk; ghiwfis mfw;wpagpd; fdpkq;fs; ntl;b vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

16. tz;ly; gphpj;jy; Kiw vd;gJ fdpkq;fis rypj;Njh> Row;wpNah njspa itf;fg;gl;L gphpj;J vLf;fg;gLk; KiwahFk;.

17. Fthhpapq; vdg;gLk; ntl;bnaLj;jy; Kiw Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; Nghd;w fl;llg; nghUs;fisg; Gtp Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J vLf;Fk; KiwahFk;.

18. epyj;jb Ruq;fj;njhopy; Kiwapy; jhJf;fs; Gtpf;F cl;gFjpapy; mjpf Moj;jpypUe;J ntl;bnaLf;Fk; nray;Kiw Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

19. ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffs; epyj;jb Ruq;fj;njhopYf;F kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

20. epyf;fhp Ruq;fq;fspy; ,aw;if thA fhzg;gLtjhy; jPg;gpbf;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd.

21. JisapLjy; Kiw %ykhf fr;rh vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thA Mfpa vhpnghUs; fdpkq;fs; Jisj;J vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

22. vz;nza; fpzWfspy; ,Ue;J Jisj;J vz;nza; vLf;f vz;nza; hpf; vdg;gLk; xUtif Nkiliag;gad;gLj;Jth;.

23. Jisapl;L vz;nza; vLf;Fk; vz;nza; tay;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fis mq;F fhzg;gLk; nlhpf; vdg;gLk; ,ae;jpuq;fspdhy; Md NfhGuk; Nghd;W Njhw;wkspf;Fk; fl;likg;Gfisf; nfhz;L mwpayhk;.



24. Nkf;dill;> N`kill;> ypNkhidl; kw;Wk; rpliul; Mfpait ,Uk;Gj; jhJtpd; tiffshFk;.

25. ,Uk;Gj; jhJ cyfpy; mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehL> fdlh> M];jpNuypah> rPdh> gpNurpy;> ,e;jpah kw;Wk; f[f];jhd; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; mjpf ,lq;fspy; gutpAs;sd.

26. nrk;G jpwe;jntsp Ruq;fj;njhopy; Kiw %yk; vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. v.fh mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs;

27. ghf;i]l; mYkpdpaj;jpd; jhJ MFk;. ghf;i]l; jpwe;j ntsp Ruq;f Kiw %yk; vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. v.fh M];jpNuypah> gpNurpy;

28. jfuj;jpd; jhJ Nfrpliul; MFk;. ,J tz;ly; gphpj;jy; Kiw %ykhf gphpj;njLf;;fg;gLfpwJ. v.fh kNyrpah> nghyptpah

29. jq;fk; ngUk;ghYk; tz;ly; gphpj;jy; Kiw %yk; gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ. fhul; vd;w nrhy; jq;fj;jpd; J}a;ikia njhpe;J nfhs;s gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

30. cyfpy; jq;fk; mjpf mstpy; njd; mnkhpf;fh> fdlh> mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs;> M];jpNuypah kw;Wk; fhdh Mfpa ehLfspy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

31. cg;G> nghl;lhrpak;> iel;Nul;> ry;gh;> ikf;fh> ghiw cg;G kw;Wk; gh];Ngl; Nghd;w fdpkq;fs; cNyhfkw;w fdpkq;fs; MFk;.

32. khzpf;fk; kw;Wk; ituk; Nghd;wit cNyhfkw;w fdpktifiar; rhh;e;jjhFk;.

33. fe;jfk; Ruq;fKiw %yk; ntl;bnaLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J gsPh; kQ;rs; epwj;jpy; fhzf;fpilf;Fk; fdpkkhFk;.

34. fduf ,urhad njhopyfq;fs;> Ntjpapay; nghUs;fs; jahhpf;f fe;jfj;ij gad;gLj;JfpwJ.

35. mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs;> nkf;rpNfh> ,j;jhyp kw;Wk; [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfs; fe;jfj;ij mjpfk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehLfs; MFk;.

36. ikf;fh fUg;G epwKila fdpkkhFk;. ,J xspGFk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ.

37. ikf;fh kpf vspjpy; mLf;FfshfTk;> gl;ilfshfTk; gpsTgLk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. ,J kpd;rf;jp jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

38. mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs;> ,e;jpah> ehh;Nt> gpNurpy; kw;Wk; u\;ah Mfpa ehLfs; Kf;fpa cw;gj;jp ehLfshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.

39. M];ng];lh]; jpwe;jntspr; Ruq;fspypUe;J ntl;b vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J vspjpy; jPgpbj;Jf;nfhs;sh nghUl;fs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

40. fdlh> u\;ah> gpNurpy;> njd; mnkhpf;fh Nghd;w ehLfspy; M];ng];lh]; mjpf msT ntl;b vLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

41. epyf;fhp> vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thA Mfpa %d;Wk; kpf Kf;fpakhd vhpnghUs; fdpk tsq;fshFk;.

I. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. 1. tz;ly; gbTfNshL fhzg;gLk; fdpkk; …..

m) jq;fk; M) ,Uk;G ,) epyf;fhp

2. mYkpdpaj;jpd; jhJ ……… m) fe;jfk; M) ghf;i]l; ,) epyf;fhp

3. Nkf;dill; jhJit nfhz;l fdpkk;…… m) ,Uk;G M) rpliul; ,) jq;fk;

4. ,J xU cNyhfkw;w fdpkkhFk;. m) ngl;Nuhypak; M) fe;jfk; ,) jfuk;

II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 1. Ruq;fj;njhopy; xU nfhs;isj;njhopy; vdTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. 2. jpwe;jntspr; Ruq;fKiw vd;gJ Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; ntl;b vLf;Fk; Kiw vdTk;

miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

3. fdpkq;fs; xU GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj tsq;fs; 4. ikf;fh kpd;rf;jp jahhpf;Fk; njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

5. nlhpf; vd;gJ vz;nza; tay;fspy; NfhGuk; Nghd;w Njhw;wKila fl;lilg;GfshFk;.



III. nghUj;Jf. 1. vhpnghUs; - m. jfuk; 2. kNyrpah - M. jq;fk; 3. tz;ly; gphpj;njLj;jy; - ,. fl;llg;nghUs; 4. Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; - <. rpyp 5. nrk;G - c. epyf;fhp IV. FWfpa tilasp. 1. fdpkq;fs; Gtpapy; vt;thW fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;wd?

1. fdpkj; jhJf;fs; ghiwfspd; ntbg;GfspYk;> ,ilKwpTfspYk;> ,izg;Gg; gFjpfspYk; gbTfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

2. fdpkq;fs; J}a;ikahfNth my;yJ ghiwfspd; kw;w nghUl;fSld; fye;J jhJf;fshfNth fpilf;fpwJ.

2. epyj;jb Ruq;fj;njhopy; Kiw gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.

1. epyj;jb Ruq;fj;njhopy; Kiwapy; jhJf;fs; Gtpf;F cl;gFjpapy; mjpf Moj;jpypUe;J ntl;bnaLf;Fk; nray;Kiw Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

2. ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Kd;ndr;rhpf;if eltbf;iffs; epyj;jb Ruq;fj;njhopYf;F kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

3. epyf;fhp Ruq;fq;fspy; ,aw;if thA fhzg;gLtjhy; jPg;gpbf;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd. 3. epyf;fhpapd; gy tiffs; ahit?

Me;j;uirl; epyf;fhp> ypf;idl; gOg;G epyf;fhp> Me;j;uirl; gOg;G epyf;fhp 4. vhpnghUs; fdpkq;fs; ahit?

epyf;fhp> vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thA 5. tz;ly; gphpj;jy; Kiw vd;why; vd;d?

1. tz;ly; gphpj;jy;Kiw vd;gJ fdpkq;fis rypj;Njh> Row;wpNah njspa itf;fg;gl;Lg; gphpj;J vLf;fg;gLk; KiwahFk;.

2. ,k;Kiw Mw;W gLiffspy; mjpf mspy; fhzg;gLk;. V. tphpthd tpilasp. 1. Ruq;fj;njhopypd; tiffis tpthp. 1. Ruq;fj;njhopy; jpwe;j ntsp Kiw:

jpwe;j ntspKiwapy; Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpNyNa fpilf;Fk; fdpkq;fs; Njhz;b vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. 2. gl;ilfshf vLj;jy; Kiw:

gl;ilfshf vLj;jy; Kiwapy; Nkw;gbe;j ePs; tbtpy; kz; kw;Wk; ghiwfis mfw;wpagpd; fdpkq;fs; ntl;b vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

3. tz;ly; gphpj;jy; Kiw: tz;ly; gphpj;jy; Kiw vd;gJ fdpkq;fis rypj;Njh> Row;wpNah njspa itf;fg;gl;L gphpj;J vLf;fg;gLk; KiwahFk;.

4. Fthhpapq; my;yJ ntl;bnaLj;jy; Kiw: Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; Nghd;w fl;llg; nghUs;fisg; Gtp Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J vLf;Fk; KiwahFk;.

5. epyj;jb Ruq;fj; njhopy; Kiw: jhJf;fs; Gtpf;F cl;gFjpapy; mjpf Moj;jpypUe;J ntl;bnaLf;Fk; nray;Kiw Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

6. JisapLjy; Kiw: fr;rh vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thA Mfpa vhpnghUs; fdpkq;fs; Jisj;J vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

2. cNyhff; fdpkq;fs; gw;wp xU fl;Liu tiuf. 1. ,Uk;Gj;jhJ:

1. Nkf;dill;> N`kill;> ypNkhidl; kw;Wk; rpliul; Mfpait ,Uk;Gj; jhJtpd; tiffshFk;. 2. ,Uk;Gj; jhJ cyfpy; mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehL> fdlh> M];jpNuypah> rPdh> gpNurpy;> ,e;jpah

kw;Wk; f[f];jhd; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; mjpf ,lq;fspy; gutpAs;sd.

tpilfs; 1. c 2. m 3. M 4. , 5. <



2. nrk;G: 1. nrk;G jpwe;jntsp Ruq;fj;njhopy; Kiw %yk; vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. 2. v.fh mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs;> nkf;rpNfh> rhk;gpah

3. ghf;i]l;: 1. ghf;i]l; mYkpdpaj;jpd; jhJ MFk;. 2. ghf;i]l; jpwe;j ntsp Ruq;f Kiw %yk; vLf;fg;gLfpwJ. 3. v.fh M];jpNuypah> gpNurpy;>[ikf;fh

4. jfuk;: 1. jfuj;jpd; jhJ Nfrpliul; MFk;. 2. ,J tz;ly; gphpj;jy; Kiw %ykhf gphpj;njLf;;fg;gLfpwJ. 3. v.fh kNyrpah> nghyptpah

5. jq;fk;: 1. jq;fk; ngUk;ghYk; tz;ly; gphpj;jy; Kiw %yk; gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ. 2. fhul; vd;w nrhy; jq;fj;jpd; J}a;ikia njhpe;J nfhs;s gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. 3. v.fh njd; mnkhpf;fh> fdlh> mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs;> M];jpNuypah kw;Wk; fhdh

Fbikapay;

1. Njrpa xUikg;ghL

gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. ghujk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ,e;jpah xU kpfg;nghpa ehlhFk;. gy kjq;fspd; gpwg;gplkhf

,e;jpah jpfo;fpwJ.

2. Mhpah;fs;> fpNuf;fh;fs;> F\hzh;fs;> `_zh;fs;> mNugpah;fs;> kq;Nfhypah;fs;> nkhfyhah;fs;> INuhg;gpah;fs; MfpNahh; ,e;jpahtpy; Gjpa ,dq;fs; Njhd;Wtje;F toptFj;jdh;.

3. ,e;jpah gy ,dq;fspd; mUq;fhl;rpakhf Njhw;wkspf;fpwJ.

4. ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuk; cyfpy; kpfr;rpwe;jjhfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. fyhr;rhuk; vd;gJ gz;gl;l rKjhaj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhFk;.

5. ,e;jpah gy fyhr;rhuq;fspd; xd;wpizg;G %yk; fyhr;rhu xw;Wikia ngw;Wj; jpfo;fpwJ. ,J gd;Kf gz;ghl;L rKjhaj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.

6. ,e;jpahtpd; tpLjiyf;Fg; gpwF kf;fs; NgRk; nkhopia mbg;gilahf khepyq;fs; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.

7. ,e;jpahtpy; 845 nkhopfs; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; 22 nkhopfs; murpayikg;G rl;lj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

8. Njtehfphp tbtpyhd ,e;jp vOj;J ,e;jpahtpd; mYty; nkhopahfTk;> Mq;fpyk; mYtyf ,izg;G nkhopahf cs;sJ.

9. ,e;jpah ,yf;fpaq;fspd; fUT+ykhfj; jpfo;fpwJ. Ntjq;fs;> ,uhkhazk;> kfhghujk;> tptpypak;> Fuhd; kw;Wk; jpUf;Fws; Nghd;wit ,e;jpah;fspilNa Gfo;ngw;Ws;sd.

10. jkpopy; vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L> gjpnzd;fPo;f;fzf;F> Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fs;> nghpa Guhzk;> fypq;fj;Jg;guzp> Njthuk;> ehyhapu jpt;tpa gpuge;jk; Nghd;wit rpwg;Gkpf;f E}y;fshFk;.

11. rk];fpUj nkhopapy; thy;kPfpapd; ,uhkhazk;> fhspjhrhpd; NkfJ}jk; kw;Wk; rhFe;jyk; ,yf;fpaj;Jiwapy; Gfo;ngw;wjhFk;.

12. ,e;jpah;fs; nkhop> rkak;> rhjp NtWghLfspd;wp ,yf;fpa tsj;jpid Efh;e;J ,d;GWfpd;wdh;. ,it ,e;jpa xUikg;ghl;il tsh;g;gjpy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wp tUfpd;wd.

13. jPghtsp> ,uhketkp> fpU\;z n[ae;jp> Jh;fh G+i[ kw;Wk; kfhrq;fuhe;jp Mfpa ,e;J tpohf;fs; ehL KOtJk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

14. kpyhJ egp> gf;hPj; kw;Wk; ,ukyhd; Nghd;w ,Ryhkpa tpohf;fSk;> Gdpj nts;sp> <];lh; kw;Wk; fpwp];Jk]; Nghd;w tpohf;fSk; rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

15. rPf;fpah;fs; FUehdf; n[ae;jpiaAk;> Gj;jh;fs; (ngsj;jh;fs;) Gj;j G+h;zpkhitAk;> rkzh;fs; kfhtPh; n[ae;jpiaAk; nfhz;lhb tUfpd;wdh;.



16. rka tpohf;fs; kf;fspilNa rNfhjuj;Jtj;ijAk;> el;igAk;> rka rfpg;Gj; jd;ikAk; tsh;e;J tUfpd;wJ.

17. ekJ ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhf tpUe;Njhk;gy;> <if> mayhUld; ey;YwT> rNfhjuj;Jtk;> rkjh;kk;> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghpNahh;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy; Mfpait mike;Js;sd.

18. njd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; mhprpia czthfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. tl ,e;jpa kf;fs; NfhJik kw;Wk; gUg;ig czthfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.

19. fhyepiyf;F Vw;g kf;fs; fk;gsp> gUj;jp> nraw;ifapiofs;> Njhy; kw;Wk; gl;bdhy; nra;ag;gl;l Milfs; cLj;jp kfpo;fpd;wdh;.

20. ,e;jpa ehL gy;NtW gilnaLg;GfSf;F cl;gl;l NghjpYk; ,e;jpag;gz;ghL ngUk; khw;wk; ,y;yhky; ,d;Wk; tpsq;FfpwJ.

21. m[e;jh kw;Wk; vy;Nyhuh Xtpaq;fs; Gfo;ngw;wit.fhe;jhuf;fiy ,e;jpahtpd; rpw;gf;fiyapd; ngUikia giw rhw;WfpwJ.

22. fhrp> gj;hpehj;> Nfjhh;ehj;> `hpj;Jthh; kw;Wk; G+hp Nfhtpy;> K];ypk; jh;fhf;fs;> fpwpj;jt Myaq;fs;> rhQ;rp ];J}gp> kTz;l; mG> rutz ngyNfhyh Nghd;wit ,e;jpaf; fl;ll fiyf;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.

23. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhtpy;> jQ;rhT+h; gpufjP];tuh; Myak;> kfhgypGuk; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs;> fhQ;rpGuk; ifyhr ehjh; Nfhtpy; kw;Wk; rhe;Njhk; Myak; Nghd;wit fiy fl;ll fiyf;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.

24. fh;ehlfk; kw;Wk; ,e;J];jhd; ,irg;ghzp ,e;jpahit gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;lit MFk;.

25. gujehl;bak;> Fr;Rg;Gb> fjf;> kzpg;Ghp kw;Wk; xbrp Nghd;wit ,e;jpahtpd; Gfo;ngw;w ehl;baq;fshFk;.

26. nkhop> czT> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> cil> kjk;>rkak; Nghd;wtw;why; NtWgLfpd;wdh;. midtUk; xNu ngauhy; „,e;jpah;fs;‟ vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

27. gy;NtW NtWghLfs; ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;jpah;fs; vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.

28. midj;J kf;fSk; ,e;jpah; vd;w xw;Wik czh;Tld; xw;Wikahf tho;fpd;wdh;. ,J Njrpa xUikg;ghl;il tsh;f;fpwJ.

29. ghuk;ghpak;> gz;ghl;L xw;Wik> rka rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> rka rhh;gw;w jd;ik> Njrpa rpd;dq;fs;> ,iwahz;ik> rka rhh;gpd;ik> rk jh;kk; Nghd;wit Njrpa xUikg;ghl;il tsh;f;fpd;wd.

30. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; etk;gh; 19-Mk; ehs; Nrpa xUikg;ghl;L jpdkhf filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. 31. ,e;jpah Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wikf;F Gfo; ngw;w ehlhFk;.

32. tFg;G thjk;> nkhopthjk;> rhjpg;ghFghL> nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;> tl;lhu Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; xUikg;ghl;il ghjpf;fpd;wd.

33. tFg;G thjk; vdg;gLtJ xU r%fk; kw;w r%fj;jpdUf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Raey jPtpug; Nghf;fhFk;.

34. 1956-Mk; Mz;L nkhop mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpah gy khepyq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;ld.

35. rhjp ghFghl;L Kiw vd;gJ nrhe;j rhjpia cah;thdjhff; fUJtjhFk;.

36. ,e;jpa r%f mikg;G rhjp Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;.

37. rhjpKiw r%f kjpg;gPl;bidAk;> r%f gphptpidAk; Vw;gLj;jp rKjhaj;jpy; NtWghLfs;> Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; kw;wk; r%f xw;Wikia rPh; Fiyf;fpd;wd.

38. nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;T vd;gJ rKjhaj;jpy; cs;s kf;fsplk; nry;tj;ij rkkhf gq;fPL nra;a ,ayhikahFk;.

39. nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;T kf;fs; njhif> fy;tpawptpd;ik> NghJkhd ,aw;if tskpd;ik Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ.

40. tl;lhu Vw;wj;jho;T vd;gJ gy;NtW gFjpfspy; thOk; kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; r%f nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;Tfis Fwpg;gjhFk;.

41. tWik> Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk;> Fiwthd tho;f;ifj;juk;> Fiwthd jdpegh; tUkhdk; Nghd;wit tl;lhu Vw;wj;jho;lTfSf;F fhuzkhFk;.

42. nkhop kw;Wk; rkak; rKjha tsh;r;rpapy; jilf;fy;yhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ> khwhf gbf;fl;Lfshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.



43. ,e;jpa kf;fshfpa ehk; goq;fhy ngUikfis epidT $h;e;J mij cyf ehLfspd; ghh;itapy; epiyehl;l ,e;jpahit jd;dpfuw;w ehlhf tpsq;fr;nra;a Kaw;rp vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

I. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. 1. ,e;jpahtpy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhopfspd; vz;zpf;if …….MFk;.

m) 15 M) 18 ,) 22 2. ,e;jpahtpd; mYty;nkhop ……….. MFk;.

m) Mq;fpyk; M) jkpo; ,) ,e;jp 3. ,e;jpahtpy; khepyq;fs; ………mbg;gilapy; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

m) nkhop M) ,yf;fpak; ,) gz;ghL 4. Njrpa xUikg;ghl;L jpdkhf filg;gpbf;fg;gLk; ehs; …… MFk;.

m) 14> etk;gh; M) 19> etk;gh; ,) 1> etk;gh; II. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. 1. ,e;jpah ghujk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 2. Fiff;Nfhtpy;fs; khky;yuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. 3. ,e;jpa r%f mikg;G rhjpKiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. 4. Gj;jh;fs; Gj;j G+h;zpkh tpohitf; nfhz;lhLfpd;wdh;. III. nghUj;Jf. 1. fhspjhrh; - m. Gdpj E}y; 2. tptpypak; - M. rkzh; Nfhtpy; 3. mG kiy - ,. mkph;jru]; 4. nghw;Nfhtpy; - <. NkfJ}jk; IV. FWfpa tpilasp. 1. “gz;ghL” tiuaW.

1. ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuk; cyfpy; kpfr;rpwe;jjhfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. 2. fyhr;rhuk; vd;gJ gz;gl;l rKjhaj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhFk;. 3. ,e;jpah gy fyhr;rhuq;fspd; xd;wpizg;G %yk; fyhr;rhu xw;Wikia ngw;Wj; jpfo;fpwJ. 4. ,J gd;Kf gz;ghl;L rKjhaj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.

2. ,e;Jf;fspd; rpy jpUtpohf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

jPghtsp> ,uhketkp> fpU\;z n[ae;jp> Jh;fh G+i[ kw;Wk; kfhrq;fuhe;jp 3. njd;dpe;jpa Nfhtpy;fspy; rpytw;wpd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd; Nfhtpy; 2. jQ;rhT+h; gpufjP];tuh; Myak; 3. kfhgypGuk; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; 4. fhQ;rpGuk; ifyhr ehjh; Nfhtpy;

4. Njrpa xUikg;ghl;il ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit?

1. tFg;G thjk; 2. nkhopthjk; 3. rhjpg;ghFghL 4. nghUshjhu Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; 5. tl;lhu Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;

V. tphpthd tpilasp. 1. ,e;jpah “Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik” cs;s ehL vd;gij tpsf;Ff. 1. ,e;jpah gy ,dq;fspd; mUq;fhl;rpafk;:

1. ghujk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ,e;jpah kjq;fspd; gpwg;gplkhf ,e;jpah jpfo;fpwJ. 2. Mhpah;fs;> fpNuf;fh;fs;> F\hzh;fs;> `_zh;fs;> mNugpah;fs; Nghd;Nwhhpd; FbNaw;wq;fspd; %yk;

gy Gjpa ,dq;fs; Njhd;wpd. 3. vdNt ,e;jpah gy ,dq;fspd; mUq;fhl;rpakhf Njhw;wkspf;fpwJ.

2. Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik: 1. nkhop> czT> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> cil> kjk;>rkak; Nghd;wtw;why; NtWgLfpd;wdh;. 2. ,Ug;gpDk; midtUk; xNu ngauhy; „,e;jpah;fs;‟ vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

3. gpw xw;Wikfs;:

tpilfs; 1. < 2. m 3. M 4. ,



fyhr;rhu xw;Wik> nkhop xw;Wik> ,yf;fpa xw;Wik> 4. tpohf;fs;:

1. rka tpohf;fs; kf;fspilNa el;igAk;> rka rfpg;Gj; jd;ikiaAk; tsh;j;J tUfpd;wd. 2. Mq;fpy Gj;jhz;il midtUk; rka NtWghL fUjhky; nfhz;lhb tUfpd;wdh;.

5. czTk; cilAk;: czT cilfspy; kf;fs; NtWgl;l NghjpYk; gz;ghl;L epiyapy; rpwg;Gld; tpsq;Ffpd;wdh;.

2. Njrpa xUikg;ghl;il tsh;f;Fk; fhuzpfis tpsf;Ff. Njrpa xUikg;ghL:

1. gy;NtW NtWghLfs; ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;jpah;fs; vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. 2. midj;J kf;fSk; ,e;jpah; vd;w xw;Wik czh;Tld; xw;Wikahf tho;fpd;wdh;. 3. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; etk;gh; 19-Mk; ehs; Nrpa xUikg;ghl;L jpdkhf filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

Njrpa xUikg;ghl;il tsh;f;Fk; fhuzpfs;: 1. gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;ghpak; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L xw;Wik 2. rka rfpg;Gj;jd;ik 3. rka rhh;gw;w jd;ik 4. Njrpa rpd;dq;fs;> Njrpaf;nfhb> Njrpa fPjk; 5. ,iwahz;ik> rka rhh;gpd;ik> rk jh;kk;

2. r%f-nghUshjhu gpur;ridfs;

gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. ,e;jpahtpd; r%fg; gpur;ridfspy; Kf;fpakhdit vOj;jwptpd;ik> Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs;

gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd mePjp Nghd;witfshFk;.

2. vOjNth gbf;fNth ,ayhj epiy vOj;jwptpd;ik vdg;gLk;. vOj;jwptpd;ik kf;fspd; mwpahikf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ.

3. vOj;jwpT msT kw;Wk; fy;tp tsh;r;rp ehl;bd; tsh;r;rpia eph;zak; nra;Ak; fhuzpfshFk;.

4. vOj;jwptpd;ikahy; ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp jilgLtNjhL kl;Lky;yhJ> murpay; kw;Wk; r%f> nghUshjhu gpur;ridfisAk; cUthf;FfpwJ.

5. vOj;jwptpd;ik ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; jilf;fy;yhf mikfpwJ.

6. 1948 - 1949-Mk; Mz;L gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FO jha;nkhop %yk; fy;tp fw;gJ vOj;jwpT mstpid cah;j;Jk; vdf;$wpAs;sJ.

7. 1968 -Mk; Mz;L fy;tpf;nfhs;if ehL KOtJk; xNu khjphpahd fy;tp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

8. 1986 -Mk; Mz;bd; Njrpa fy;tpf;nfhs;if Muk;gf; fy;tpia fl;lhakhf;fpaJ. NkYk; Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

9. 1992-Mk; Mz;bd; Njrpaf;nfhs;if “fUk;gyifj;jpl;lk;” %yk; gs;spfSf;F mbg;gil trjpfs; nra;J ju toptif nra;jJ.

10. 1991-Mk; Mz;L Nguhrphpah; jhNt mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Fiwe;jgl;r fw;wy; msT %yk; Muk;g gs;spf;fy;tp tsh;r;rp mile;Js;sJ.

11. Njrpa vOj;jwpT FO> taJ te;Njhh; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jJ.

12. midtUf;Fk; fy;tp ,af;f jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; Muk;gf;fy;tpia cyfshtpa mstpy; Nkk;gLj;j rKjhaj;jpd; xj;Jiog;NghL Kaw;rpfs; vLj;J eilKiwg;gLj;jp tUfpwJ.

13. rh;th rpf;\h mgpahd; jpl;lj;jpd;gbmidj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; 2010-Mk; Mz;bw;Fs; Muk;gf;fy;tp toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

14. jkpof muR “midtUf;Fk; fy;tp” toq;Fk; Nehf;NfhL nfhz;L tug;gl;Ls;s midtUf;Fk; fy;tp vd;w jpl;lk; rpwg;Gld; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.

15. 2011-fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb> jkpofj;jpy; vOj;jwpT 80.33% MFk;. mth;fspy; Mz;fs; 86.81% ngz;fs; 73.86% Mth;.

16. If;fpa ehLfs; rig 1990-Mk; Mz;bid gd;dhl;L vOj;jwpT tUlkhfTk;> nrg;lk;gh; 8-Mk; Njjpia cyf vOj;jwpT jpdkhfTk; mwptpj;Js;sJ.

17. njhopw;rhiyfspy; gzpGhpAk; 14 tajpw;F cl;gl;lth;fs; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; Mthh;fs;.



18. cyfpNyNa ,e;jpahtpy; jhd; mjpf Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; cs;sdh;.

19. Foe;ijfSf;F Kiwahd czT> cil> fy;tp > ,Ug;gplk; Nghd;witfs; fpilf;fhjjhy; Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fs; cUthfpd;wdh;.

20. Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fs; filfs;> cztfq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopw;$lq;fspy; rpWrpW gzpfis nra;J tUfpd;wdh;. mJ tWik> fy;tpawptpd;ik Nghd;wit Njhd;w toptFf;fpwJ.

21. 1949-Mk; Mz;L Foe;ijfs; gzp rl;lj;jpd;gb> Foe;ijfs; gzp Ghpa 14 taJ epuk;gpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; gpd;dh; ,J 17-MfTk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.

22. 1951-Mk; Mz;L Njhl;lj;njhopyhsh; rl;lj;jpd;gb 12 tajpw;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfs; Njhl;lj;njhopypy; mkh;j;jg;gLtJ jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.

23. 1986-Mk; Mz;L Foe;ij njhopyhsh; rl;lj;jpd;gb njhopw;rhiyfspYk;> Ruq;fq;fspYk; gzpGhpa 14 taJ epuk;gpath;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf;$wg;gl;lJ.

24. 1987-Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l Njrpa Foe;ij njhopyhsh; nfhs;ifapd;gb Foe;ij njhopyhsh;Kiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ.

25. ,e;jpahtpd; Kd;dhs; gpujkh; jpUkjp. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp mth;fshy; 1976-Mk; Mz;L nfhj;jbik njhopyhsh; Kiwia xopf;f rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

26. ,e;jpa ehl;bd; kf;fs;njhifapy; ngz;fs; rhpghjpahf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; rKjhaj;jpy; Mz;fSf;Fr; rkkhf elj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.

27. Mzhjpf;fk;> cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk;> tpjit Kiw> ngz;rpRf;nfhiy> tujl;rizKiw> Kiwahd fy;tp kWg;G Nghd;wit ngz;fSf;F vjpuhf mePjpfshFk;.

28. 1829-Mk; Mz;L rl;lj;jpd;gb cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; xopf;fg;gl;lJ.

29. 1856-Mk; Mz;L tpjitfs; kWkzr;rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.lhf;lh;.Kj;Jnyl;Rkp mk;ikahhpd; Kaw;rpapdhy;> 1929-Mk; Mz;L rhujh rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;L Foe;ijjpUkzk; jilnra;ag;gl;lJ.

30. 1956-Mk; Mz;L ,e;J thhpRhpik rl;lj;jpy;> ngw;Nwhhpd;; nrhj;jpy; ngz;fSf;Fk; rkgq;F cz;L vdf;$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

31. 1961-Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l tujl;riz jilr;rl;lj;jpd;gb> tujl;riz Nfl;gJ jz;lidf;Fhpa Fw;wkhFk;.

32. 1976-Mk; Mz;bd; rk Cjpa rl;lj;jpy; rk gzpf;F rk Cjpak; Mz;fSf;F epfuhf ngz;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

33. njhl;by; Foe;ij jpl;lk; ngz;Foe;ijfis rpRnfhiyapy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;fpwJ.

34. 1978-Mk; Mz;il I.eh rig cyf ngz;fs; Mz;lhf mwptpj;Js;sJ.

35. Vo;ik> Ntiyapy;yhj;jpz;lhl;lk;> tpiythrp cah;T kw;Wk; kf;fs;njhif ngUf;fk; Mfpad Kf;fpa nghUshjhu gpur;ridfs; MFk;.

36. cyf tq;fpapd; $w;Wg;gb> tWik vd;gJ “Fiwe;jgl;r tho;T epiyia mila ,ayhj epiyik” MFk;.

37. ,e;jpa rKjhak; Vio> gzf;fhuh; vd;W ,U gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

38. ,e;jpa kf;fs; njhifapy; 1 / 3 tWikf;Nfhl;bw;F fPNo cs;sdh;. 39. kf;fs; njhifg;ngUf;fk;> kf;fspd; Fiwthd tUkhdk;> tpiythrp cah;T> Ntiyapy;yh

jpz;lhl;lk; kw;Wk; vOj;jwptpd;ikAk; tWikf;fhd fhuzq;fshFk;.

40. murhq;fk; tWikia xopf;f tWik xopg;Gj;jpl;lj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

41. Kjy; Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd;gb tptrhaj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;J czTg;gpur;ridia jPh;f;f eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lJ.

42. ehd;fhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; kf;fspd; tho;epiyia cah;j;jTk; nghUl;fspd; tpiyia Fiwf;fTk; Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

43. Ie;jhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd;gb czT cw;gj;jpapy; tWik xopg;G eltbf;iffSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

44. VohtJ Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd;gb czT cw;gj;jpapy; Ra rhh;G epiyia cUthf;fp tWikia xopf;f eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

45. gj;jhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd;gb jdpegh; tUkhdj;ij ,ul;bg;ghf;f eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.



46. ,e;jpa murhq;fk; [t`h; Nuh[;fhh; Nah[dh jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; Ntiyapy;yhNjhUf;F Ntiy tha;g;ig toq;fp tWik xopg;G eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhz;lJ.

47. Kd;dhs; gpujkh; jpUkjp. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp mth;fshy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l 20 mk;r jpl;lj;jpd;gb fpuhkg;Gwj;jpy; tWikia xopj;J r%f ePjp fpilf;f toptif nra;ag;gl;lJ.

48. Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk; vd;gJ gzpGhpa tpUg;gKk;> cly; jFjpAk; ,Ue;Jk; Ntiy fpilf;fhky; ,Ug;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

49. tptrha ehlhd ,e;jpahtpy; tptrhak; rhh;e;j Ntiytha;g;Gfs; Fiwe;j mstpNyNa cs;sd.

50. kf;fs; njhifg;ngUf;fk; Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lj;jpw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;.

51. ,e;jpa murhq;fk; Njrpa fpuhkg;Gw Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lj;jpd;gb kf;fSf;F mjpfg;gl;r Ntiyfpilf;f toptFj;jJ.

52. 1979-Mk; Mz;L muR nfhz;L te;j fpuhkg;Gw ,isQh; Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lk; ,isQh;fSf;F njhopw;Gul;rp toq;fp Ra Ntiytha;g;gpw;F top tFj;jJ.

53. 1989-Mk; Mz;L muR nfhz;L te;Js;s [t`h; Nuh[;fh; Nah[dh vd;w jpl;lk; fpuhkg;Gw kf;fSf;F fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd; %yk; epjp cjtp toq;fp tUfpwJ.

54. mj;jpahtrpa nghUs;fspd; cw;gj;jp> Njit mg;nghUspd; tpiyia eph;zak; nra‟fpwJ.

55. cw;gj;jp FiwthfTk;> Njit mjpfkhfTk; ,Ue;jhy; tpiy cah;T Vw;gLfpwJ.

56. kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fKk;> nghUs;fspd; cw;gj;jp FiwTk; tpiy cah;Tf;F fhuzkhFk;.

57. murhq;fk; nghJ tpepNahf Kiwapd; %yk; kf;fSf;F Njitahd nghUl;fs; epahakhd tpiyapy; fpilf;f eltbf;if vLj;J tUfpwJ.

58. nghUl;fis gJf;Fgth;fSf;F vjpuhfTk;> fs;s tpahghuj;jpy; <LgLgth;fSf;F vjpuhfTk; muR fLikahd eltbf;iffs; vLj;J tUfpwJ.

59. vjph;ghuhj tpjkhf Vw;gLk; kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rpNa kf;fs;njhif ngUf;fk; MFk;.

60. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s kpfg;nghpa gpur;rid kf;fs; njhifg;ngUf;fk; MFk;.

61. cyf ehLfspy; kf;fs;njhif mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpah ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.

62. ,e;jpah cyf kf;fs;njhifapy; 16.84% ngw;Ws;sJ.

63. kf;fspd; gpwg;Gtpfpjk; mjpfkhfTk;> ,wg;G tpfpjk; Fiwe;Js;sJ. kUj;Jtk;> mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g Kd;Ndw;wj;jpdhy; ,wg;G tpfpjk; Fiwthf cs;sJ.

64. rpR kuzk; mjpf mstpy; Fiwe;jhYk;> Mz; Foe;ij fl;lhak; Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUJtjhYk; kf;fs;njhifg;ngUf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

65. kf;fs;njhifg;ngUf;fk; ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia ntFthf ghjpf;fpwJ.

66. kf;fs;njhifg;ngUf;fk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; ghjpg;igAk;> Rfhjhu rPh;Nfl;ilAk; cUthf;FfpwJ. 67. [_iy 11-Mk; ehs; cyf kf;fs; njhif ehshf gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

68. murhq;fk; kf;fs;njhifia fl;Lg;gLj;j FLk;g fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwia kf;fspilNa gug;gp tUfpwJ.

69. ngz; fy;tpia Cf;Ftpj;J kf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jp tUfpwJ.

70. ehl;by; cs;s midj;J gpur;ridfSk; Kiwahf jPh;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkdpy;> kf;fs; midtUf;Fk; Kiwahd fy;tp fpilf;f toptif nra;jpl Ntz;Lk;.

I. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. 1. Njrpa fy;tpf;nfhs;if ………… Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

m) 1968 M) 1986 ,) 1996 2. KjyhtJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,yf;F ………MFk;.

m) njhopy;Jiw M) njhopy;El;gk; ,) tptrhak; 3. cyf vOj;jwpT jpdk; …….. MFk;.

m) nrg;lk;gh;-8 M) mf;Nlhgh;-2 ,) [_iy-15 4. 1829-Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lk;…….. I xopj;jJ.

m) rpR kuzk; M) Foe;ijj; jpUkzk; ,) rjp

II. Nfhbl;l ,lj;ij epug;Gf. 1. gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FO jha; nkhopia gapw;W nkhopahf;f tpUk;gpaJ. 2. 1990-Mk; Mz;il cyf vOj;jwpT tUlkhf If;fpa ehLfs; rig mwptpj;jJ.



3. 1986-Mk; Mz;L Foe;ij njhopyhsh; rl;lk; Foe;ijfis njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk; Ruq;fj; njhopypy; gzpakh;j;j jiltpjpj;jJ.

4. tpjit kWkzr;rl;lk; 1856 Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. III. nghUj;Jf. 1. rhujh rl;lk; - m. 1992 2. rk Cjpar; rl;lk; - M. 1976 3. fUk;gyif rl;lk; - ,. jpUkjp.,e;jpuhfhe;jp 4. 20 mk;r jpl;lk; - <. 1929 IV. FWfpa tpilasp. 1. vOj;jwptpd;ik vd;why; vd;d?

1. vOjNth gbf;fNth ,ayhj epiy vOj;jwptpd;ik vdg;gLk;. 2. vOj;jwptpd;ik kf;fspd; mwpahikf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ. 3. vOj;jwptpd;ik ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; jilf;fy;yhf mikfpwJ.

2. ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F muR Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s eltbf;iffs; rpytw;iwf; $Wf.

1. 1829-Mk; Mz;L rl;lj;jpd;gb cld;fl;il Vwk; goff;k; jilnra;ag;gl;lJ. 2. 1856-y; tpjitfs; kWkz rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. 3. 1956-y; ngw;Nwhh; nrhj;jpy; ngz;fSf;f rkgq;F vd;W $wg;gl;lJ. 4. 1961-y; tujl;riz jLg;Gr; rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

3. “tWik” tpsf;fk; jUf.

1. cyf tq;fpapd; $w;Wg;gb> tWik vd;gJ “Fiwe;jgl;r tho;T epiyia mila ,ayhj epiyik” MFk;.

2. murhq;fk; tWikia xopf;f tWik xopg;Gj;jpl;lj;jpid (PAP) mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. 4. Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lj;jpidg; Nghf;f muR Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s Kaw;rpfs; ahit?

1. ,e;jpa murhq;fk; Njrpa fpuhkg;Gw Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lj;jpd;gb kf;fSf;F mjpfg;gl;r Ntiyfpilf;f toptFj;jJ.

2. 1979-Mk; Mz;L muR nfhz;L te;j fpuhkg;Gw ,isQh; Ntiytha;g;G jpl;lk; ,isQh;fSf;F njhopw;Gul;rp toq;fp Ra Ntiytha;g;gpw;F top tFj;jJ.

3. 1989-Mk; Mz;L muR nfhz;L te;Js;s [t`h; Nuh[;fh; Nah[dh vd;w jpl;lk; fpuhkg;Gw kf;fSf;F fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd; %yk; epjp cjtp toq;fp tUfpwJ.

V. tphpthd tpilasp. 1. Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg;gpd;> ehL vjph;nfhz;Ls;s r%f gpur;ridfis tpthp. 1. vOj;jwptpd;ik:

1. vOj;jwptpd;ik vd;why; vd;d? 1. vOjNth gbf;fNth ,ayhj epiy vOj;jwptpd;ik vdg;gLk;. 2. vOj;jwptpd;ik kf;fspd; mwpahikf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ. 3. vOj;jwptpd;ik ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; tsh;r;rpf;Fk; jilf;fy;yhf mikfpwJ.

2. Foe;ij njhopyhsh; gpur;ridfs;: 1. njhopw;rhiyfspy; gzpGhpAk; 14 tajpw;F cl;gl;lth;fs; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; Mthh;fs;. 2. Foe;ijfSf;F Kiwahd czT> cil> fy;tp > ,Ug;gplk; Nghd;witfs; fpilf;fhjjhy;

Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fs; cUthfpd;wdh;. 3. cyfpNyNa ,e;jpahtpy; jhd; mjpf Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; cs;sdh;.

3. ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd mePjp: 1. ,e;jpa ehl;bd; kf;fs;njhifapy; ngz;fs; rhpghjpahf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; rKjhaj;jpy;

Mz;fSf;Fr; rkkhf elj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. 2. Mzhjpf;fk;> cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk;> tpjit Kiw> ngz;rpRf;nfhiy>tujl;rizKiw>

Kiwahd fy;tp kWg;G Nghd;wit ngz;fSf;F vjpuhf mePjpfshFk;.

2. kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit? mjidf; fl;Lg;gLj;j muR vLj;J tUk; eltbf;iffis tpthp. 1. kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;jp;w;fhd fhuzq;fs;: 1. kf;fspd; gpwg;Gtpfpjk; mjpfkhfTk;> ,wg;G tpfpjk; Fiwe;Js;sJ.

tpilfs; 1. < 2. M 3. m 4. ,



2. kUj;Jtk;> mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopyEl;g Kd;Ndw;wj;jpdhy; ,wg;G tpfpjk; Fiwthf cs;sJ. 3. rpR kuzk; mjpf mstpy; Fiwe;jhYk;> Mz; Foe;ij fl;lhak; Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUJtjhYk;

kf;fs;njhifg;ngUf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ. 4. kf;fs;njhifg;ngUf;fk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; ghjpg;igAk;> Rfhjhu rPh;Nfl;ilAk; cUthf;FfpwJ. 2. kf;fs; njhifia fl;Lg;gLj;j muR Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s eltbf;iffs;: 1. murhq;fk; kf;fs;njhifia fl;Lg;gLj;j FLk;g fl;Lg;ghl;L Kiwia kf;fspilNa gug;gp

tUfpwJ. 2. ngz; fy;tpia Cf;Ftpj;J kf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jp tUfpwJ. 3. gyjhu kzk;> ghy; tpthfj;ij muR jil nra;Js;sJ. 4. rpW FLk;gj;jpw;F muR Cf;fj;njhif toq;fp tUfpwJ.

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8-k; tFg;G r%f mwptpay; Kjy; gUtk; tuyhW - waytosuccess.org term-8th-social.pdf · 8-k; tFg;G r%f mwptpay; Kjy; gUtk; ntw;wpf;F top [email protected] - 2 -