8. Platinum Platform (329 to End)

8/9/2019 8. Platinum Platform (329 to End)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/8-platinum-platform-329-to-end 1/48

329Plat inum Platform

Introduction:

The Asif Jah dynasty ruled over Central Deccanfor over two centuries from 1724 to 1948 with their head-quarters at Hyderabad. The Hyderabad State was carvedout of Mughal Empire which disintegrated after the deathof Aurangzeb in 1707. Taking advantage of the weak Cen-tre, the Nizam-ul-Mulk Asif Jah I founded the HyderabadState. Though he showed nominal allegiance to the MughalEmperor being content with the title, Nizam, he enjoyedindependent authority over a vast territory from Bijapurin the west to the Bay of Bengal in the east and Aurangabadin the north to Arcot in the south. He put down his adver-saries with an iron hand and kept the foreign East Indiacompanies, both the English and the French, at a distance.But after his death in 1748, the Hyderabad and the Carnaticoffered a very convenient and alluring ground for the am-bitious foreign Companies who by now were convincedthat they should be able to exercise political influence overthe local rulers for their commercial advantages. The En-glish and the French competed with each other taking upthe cause of one or the other contenders to the positions of the Nawab of Carnatic and the Nizam of Hyderabad whichfell vacant almost at the same time. Though the French

had some significant initial successes in Carnatic andHyderabad, they lost ground to the English by 1768 whenNizam Ali Khan who finally emerged victorious in the warof succession, handed over Coastal Andhra though for atemporary lease to start with but later it was regularized aspermanent accession to the British India by 1823. NizamAli Khan also ceded the Rayalsima region to the English topay off his dues to the English Company under the Sub-sidiary Alliance. Thus Hyderabad State, in a span of onehundred years, was reduced to a mere land locked countrycovering a few Sarkars stretched over present Telingana,

north-east Karnataka and south-east Maharashtra.The second half of 19 th century, the dozing feudal

State received destabilizing tremors in the form of Mod-ernization. And the 20 th century heralded a new era of con-flict, both internal and external, leading to the extinctionof the State which was all through enjoying a prestigiousstatus and position among the Princely States under theBritish hegemony. Thus the second half of the dynastic

The Hyderabad State under the Nizams - An assessment- Dr. Y. Sudershan Rao*

rule of the Nizams rose new hopes but finally resulted intotal disillusionment. The present paper attempts to assess

the political history of the Hyderabad State under theNizams.

The paper dwells on the subject in two parts cov-ering the two important historical phases of the dynasticrule of the Asif Jahis.

Part I

Mir Qamruddin Chin Qilij Khan, Fateh Jung,Nizam-ul-Mulk, who was the Mughal Viceroy of Deccanwas in fact interested to go back to Delhi to fish in thetroubled waters after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. H ealso rose to a very high position but he found that his po-sition was unstable since the intrigues and treacheries werethe order of the day. Getting disgusted with the happen-ings in the Court under weak and pleasure-seeking succes-sors to the Mughal Throne he had to compromise with theDeccan Viceroyalty leaving all hopes, once and for ever,for a good position at the Mughal Court. He almost fledfrom Delhi for his safety to Deccan under threat. But, hewas shocked to find his own Deputy, Mubariz Khan de-claring himself the Subedar of Deccan. However, Chin QilijKhan defeated the rebel taking help from Peshwa Baji RaoI in the battle of Shakar Kheda in 1724.

The Asif Jah I was known for his cruelty. Perhaps,he might have inherited this genetic streak from his father,Ghaziuddin Feroz Jung who led the siege of Golkonda andcaused ghastly daylight murders of civilians including thePrime Minister and other chief officials in 1687 1 and dev-astated the capital city of Golkonda. The city could neverbe the same after this siege. The Nizam I sent the severedhead of his rebel deputy to the Mughal Court to prove hisown valour and strength as a caution to his adversaries in

the Court and also to send a message to the Mughal Em-peror that he was prepared to accept only nominal Mughalsuzerainty. The Emperor, of course, had no choice. Afterthe Nadir Shah’s invasions, authority of the Mughal Em-pire was restricted to their capital city, Delhi. He also dealtwith the chaos in Carnatic where even a small Qiledar pro-claimed himself Nawab of Carnatic. It is said that the Nizamsummoned all of them to his Court and ordered his guardsto whip every one till he “would still call himself a nawab’. 2

*Prof of History (Rtd), Kakatiya University, Warangal.



330 Plat inum Platform

Revamping the administrative structure of theState, he appointed Foujdars in the Sarkars to work underhis direct control. He brought all the Zamindars, Jagirdarsand local chiefs under the control of these Foujdars as-sisted by their deputies who were ruthless in their admin-istration of the Sarkars, became notorious in many waysthrough their brutal and inhuman activities. Most of theZamindars were Hindus who enjoyed the titles of Rajas

claiming their origins during the Qutb Shahi rule. Thenew administration was very harsh to them and coercedthem to yield more revenue and meet the wily demands of the Nizam ’s deputies. They interfered in the internal ad-ministration of the Zamindary and suppressed any protestwith an iron hand. The Nizam was suspicious about theZamindars that they had sympathies for the Qutb Shahiswho created these Zamindaries. So, he appointed his ownconfidents as Foujdars who enjoyed the tit le of nawab tosupervise and check the Zamindars. Generally these Nawabsalways preferred to stay at capital to safeguard their inter-ests and positions and to seek more benefits pleasing theNizam because he usually showered gifts to sycophants.These nawabs left the administration to their deputies inthe Sarkars who held unbridled sway over the Zamindarsand peoples. One such deputy named Rustum Khan wasin-charge of Chicacole (Srikakulam) and RajahmundrySarkars from 1732 to 1739. He felt that it was his fore-most duty to punish any protest from the Zamindars bytheir total extirpation. Those who escaped death were pro-claimed traitors and rewards were announced for theirheads. He constructed kulla-minars (pyramidal structures)with the heads of all adherents of the rebelling Zamindarson the lines of Nadir Shah which was hitherto not knownin Deccan. This is only a specimen to illustrate the charac-ter of the First Nizam ’s administration. We come acrossseveral heinous and treacherous acts committed by theNizam’s officials against the local chiefs and others whomattered in public affairs. They were also harassing thelocal gentry for costly gifts and bribes to allow them to livein peace. Even the European trading companies were afraidof approaching him for any trade concessions. They had

to bribe the Court officials even to get a brief audience of the Nizam. Thus the Nizam terrorized both internal andexternal forces and established himself firmly in the saddle.It was a ‘reign of terror ’.3

However, with the death of the Nizam I in 1748at a ripe age of 91, Hyderabad throne became a bone of contention among his seven children and his favorite grand-son, Muzaffar Jung. The foreign companies were eagerlywaiting for such an opportunity to interfere in the succes-sion issue on the side of one or the other contender. But,

in fact, the English and the French companies were turnedout to be the main contenders. The Hyderabad and theCarnatic served as open arenas to test their respectivestrengths. Gradually, they rose in their status from ‘auxilia-ries’ to ‘principals’. Salabat Jung who had a short stint as aruler had even given away the northern sarkars, now knownas coastal Andhra, to the French. This was the first everinstance in India that a foreign trading company could get

a territorial possession, though short-lived. And a purelycommercial establishment transformed itself into a rulingagency of its native Government.

During the French occupation, the region hadwitnessed untold miseries due to wars among the local chiefspropelled by the French. Heavy demands were made inrespect of revenue collections and the burden, in turn, fellon the people. According to the English sources, “For sevenyears (of French rule under the sanad of Salabat Jung) thecompletest anarchy ever recorded in the history of Hindoostan prevailed over all the five Sarkars. The forms,nay, even the remembrances of civil Government seemedto be wholly lost. ”4 The rest of the State was no better if not worse.

Meanwhile, Nizam Ali, brother of Salabat Jung,was approaching Clive at Madras to assist him to “subvertthe latter ’s Government in his favour. ”5 In return he prom-ised to the English that he would transfer all the Frenchpossessions to the English company. 6 Salabat Jung wasunder the French protection. So the English sent forces toexpel the French from the northern Sarkars under Col Fordeto assist Raja Ananda Razu of Vizianagaram with whomthey signed an agreement to make a collective effort toexpel the French. 7 Nizam ali Khan snatched the reins of the Government from his brother, Salabat Jung, as hisDewan and de facto ruler in 1759 and assumed the titleNizam-ul-Mulk Asif Jah II in 1762 after throwing hisbrother into prison and got him murdered. 8 Such usurpa-tions of throne by killing one ’s own brothers, half brothersand close cousins, or even a father or foster father was notuncommon with the Muslim polity. Pursuing the familytrait of treachery, he even disowned Raja Ananda Razu whowas instrumental in defeating the French and turning theEnglish tide in his favour. As against the earlier understand-ing of granting the French possessions to the Raja, NizamAli Khan appointed one Ibrahim Khan to the managementof sarkars. 9 Dejected Raja died of heart attack. But theEnglish were pressurizing Nizam Ali to grant this regionto the English Company. In return, Nizam Ali sought helpof the English in getting back Bidar and Berar from theMarathas.




Nizam Ali ’s long rule from 1759 to 1803 wit-nessed the rise of the English from a mere trading group toa mighty ruling power with their decisive successes in theBattle of Buxar (1764) and the Mysore wars. Later, the restof the major native powers were subdued with a diplo-matic move known as Subsidiary Alliance. Nizam Ali wasthe first native power to sign the treaty fondly hoping forthe support of the English for his designs against the

Marathas which was never fulfilled. But the Alliance re-sulted in total subjugation of the native powers withoutshedding a drop of blood. The English army entered andstationed in the forts or capital cities of the native princesthe capitals and maintained by the native rulers for their‘protection ’. But Asif Jah III had to give away permanentlythe regions assigned to the English for the payment of dueson account of the maintenance of Resident English troops.The English also diplomatically convinced him to disbandhis own army as an economy measure because they wereunder the protective umbrella of the ‘mighty’English forces.

The Nizam fell a prey to the bait that they could save ex-penditure on account of the native troops. He disbandedthe combatant forces and kept only a small contingent of Palace Guards. Thousands of native soldiers were retrenchedand most of them took to banditry for their livelihood. Amighty native ruler was now reduced to a prisoner in hispalace and the English Resident enjoyed all the power andprestige.

Thus the reigns of Asif Jahs III & IV, HyderabadState lost the luster and the ruling elite were engaged in

leisure sport neglecting the land and the people. Utter pov-erty, sheer ignorance, absolute slavery were the forte of theirsubjects. Between the peoples of Hyderabad and other partsof India, the gaps widened in the life-styles and living stan-dards. The progress of Hyderabad was stalled for over threegenerations of the dynasty, while significant developments– social, political, economic, educational, religious and cul-tural— were taking place in other parts of the Countrywith amazingly faster pace. Those who could not keep pacewith these developments were to remain backward for ever.

Part II

While the Nizams were becoming puppets in thehands of their English Masters, a parallel line of authorityenjoying considerable influence in the English circles andcommanding respect from the political elite in the Statewas developing in the office of Prime Minister. Mir TurabAli Khan, Nawab Salar Jung I succeeded his uncle, Siraj-ul-Mulk as the Prime Minister in 1853 during the reign of Asif Jah IV. He served three Nizams while his tenure dur-ing Asif Jah V was more significant. He revamped the ad-

ministrative system, judicial system etc on the lines of theBritish India. Among his numerous attempts to modern-ize the State, two measures need our special attention hav-ing impact on the present scenario. The new administra-tive set up required the English educated personnel to manthe new system. Of course, the English educated Muslimswere appointed to higher positions and the traditional lo-cal Muslims who could transact administrative business in

Persian became obsolete. They developed a grudge againstthe new administrative class. Their resentment took theshape of an agitation against appointments of Non-Mulkisto Government jobs. Resident Richard Meade was insti-gating the nobles, “Do you want to make Salar Jung theNizam? What has he done? He has only brought ruin tothe State! He has imported the Madarasis, Parsis andMusalmans from the north. ”10

The second measure was to revamp the revenuepolicy and increase Excise income by auctioning areas where

toddy could be procured. Due to the neglect of agricul-ture for over a century by now, the landlords found theagriculture less attractive and soon transformed themselvesas Excise Contractors employing rude elements to assistthem in collection and distribution of liquor and toddy.The new gadies emerged as instruments of oppression. Thealready impoverished subjects were further sunk in theState-managed drinking bouts. This forced habit had gradu-ally become a characteristic feature of the people of theNizam’s State.

Fateh Jang Nawab Mir Mahboob Ali Khan Siddiqi,Asif Jah VI (1869-1911) was groomed by Salar Jung I. Hewas barely three when his father died. So Salarjung was thevirtual ruler of Hyderabad for 14 years. The young Asif Jah was groomed under the protection of a very distin-guished father-like figure. Salar Jung is remembered eventoday for his developmental activities and introduction of modern industry. The public, quasi and private sectorscame up in Hyderabad heralding a new era of moderniza-tion. The Railways, hospitals, educational institutions, roadtransport, mines etc facilitated the intermixing of the lo-

cals with the peoples of other regions who came and settledhere while some youth from aristocratic families went tothe newly opened Muslim Aligarh University and to someEuropean educational institutions for higher studies.Though these were admirable positive steps for awakeningthe people of Hyderabad, only a small and negligible num-ber that too from the elitist class were benefited.

The British Government also felt the need tochange the mind-set of the Indian Princes by giving themwestern education and train them in the manners of the




West on a civilizing mission. English tutors were appointedto “improving the training and mental equipment and edu-cation” of the princes, prince-lings and heirs-apparent. 11

The attempts of modernization of Hyderabad werefar from being rational or secular. The Western educationincluding technical and professional courses was introducedthrough Urdu medium. The new judicial system alsoadopted Urdu. Urdu was the mother tongue of a minoritypopulation. If the others wanted to take the advantage of the modern education, they should invariably be taughtin Urdu. Mohammed Murtuza who was educated inHyderabad and was employed in Government service cameout with his stirring pamphlet Rooh-e-Taraqi (the Soul of Progress) in the year 1904 emphasizing that education couldbe useful when it was imparted not through English, butthrough Urdu. 12 He further advocated that a separate Uni-versity should be established for Hyderabad known as theNizam University in which English was not to be the me-

dium of instruction and that Urdu should be the mediumof instruction. The Hindus though constituted a majorityhad no facilities to get the benefits of modern education.The Hindu students who were studying in their mothertongue were deprived of any government scholarships. 13

The modern education in Hyderabad was thus wroughtwith the reactionary and fundamentalist ideas. Under thesecircumstances, the Hindus had no alternative to Urduwhich was the official language, the language of the ruler.The Hindu elite adopted Urdu for general conversationeven among themselves and took pride in their proficiencyof Urdu and Persian which was a purely a foreign tongue.Telugu was spoken by the lower strata of the society with acombination of Urdu words. The Urdu-Telugu mix be-came the language of the region. Telugu lost its pristineglory of the pre-Asif Jahi period which was waiting for arevival through a concerted effort of the Telugu speakingpeople reinforced by the emerging national consciousness.Nationalism in other parts of India used the language of the land as means for its spread among the people of theregion, but the case was different in Hyderabad where the

language had to gain currency through the means of Na-tionalism. The establishment of libraries and reading rooms,publication of booklets in Telugu, collection of inscrip-tions in the region, newspapers, magazines and journals,arts, cultural activities, folk performances etc were employedto spread Telugu among the people. Speaking in Telugueven in private was being heckled even by the Hindus whosemother tongue was different. This had led to the foundingof Andhra Jana Sangh in 1921 with Tekmal Ranga Rao asits Secretary. 14

But the exposure to the modern education, life-style, political ideas could not transform the Muslim eliteto think beyond their religious beliefs to treat the othercompatriots on equal footing with them. Even, the lastNizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, who had received the West-ern education and was also exposed to the modern politi-cal happenings around, could not come out of the ironcurtain allowed himself to be a puppet in the hands of

Communalists. Once it was certain that the withdrawal of the English was imminent , he still dreamt of an indepen-dent Islamic State of Hyderabad with the help of a fewIslamic communalists, the Razakars, who created a ‘reignof terror ’ in the State. Thus, the Asif Jahi rule began andended with barbaric spells of violence unleashed on theinnocent masses of other communities in the State.

Conclusion:

The first half of the Asif Jahi rule started with aterrific repression of the local chiefs who were mostly HinduZamindars created by the Qutb Shahis. Before the fall of Golkonda, a workable amity was achieved by both the rul-ing and the ruled communities. Qutb Shahis were knownfor their liberal ideas and having found the inevitability of a peaceful coexistence of the communities, they could suc-cessfully muster the support of the Hindu elite sections byappointing them to high civil and military positions in thegovernment and promoting the native language, literatureand arts. But the first Nizam unleashed the ‘reign of terror ’and an era of suppression and repression continued till his

death. But this so called political stability which was main-tained forcibly with deterrent barbaric punishments metedout to the local chiefs had suddenly disappeared and theregion fell into utter chaos after the death of the Nizam I.The war of succession typical with the Muslim rulers shook the entire Deccan and the foreign companies which wereonly waiting for an opportune time had jumped into thefray supporting the rival contenders which finally resultedin the predominance of the English Company in the Southand the Deccan.

Nizam Ali who conspired against his own brotherSalabat Jung entered into a secret understanding with Cliveat Madras and Ananda Razu, the Rajah of Vizianagaram,to depose his own brother whom he put in prison andcaused his murder. It was not uncommon with the Mus-lim rulers to assume the prestigious office, no matter byany questionable means – treachery, murder, deceit, etc.He soon ignored Ananda Razu who paved the way for hissucceeding to the Hyderabad throne. In his anxiety to wrestBerar from the Marathas, he entered into a treaty with the




English and leased out the coastal belt in lieu of the En-glish support against the Marathas which never camethrough. The Subsidiary Alliance made the Nizams pup-pets in the hands of the English Company and later theBritish. There was no effective government as the nawabs,zamindars, local chiefs, and the officials were wasting theirtime in leisure sports.

In the latter half of the Asif Jahi rule, Salar Jung I,the Prime Minister, did make a serious attempt t omodernize the administrative and judicial structure,introduce western education but with only Urdu as mediumof instruction, set up railways and road transport, exploitmineral resources, establish modern industry etc. But thesedevelopmental programs brought into Hyderabad variousclasses of people- elite, or technicians, labor- from otherparts of India which resulted in an agitation against Non-Mulkis. Surprisingly, the local Muslim elite objected to theappointment of western educated Muslims who hailed fromoutside Hyderabad. The economy was in shambles andthe State relied more on the income generated by the newExcise policy which in turn created new class of ExciseContractors who maintained goondas to protect theirmonopoly in the regions assigned to them for trading inliquor and toddy with exclusive rights. The weakness of common man was exploited fully and threw the poorersections into utter poverty. The Government preferred tosustain on the Excise collections as the land revenuecollections became marginal on account of the decline of agriculture. The attempts of modernization and new

Industries were disproportionate to the size of the Stateand its population

More than the impoverishment, the people wereslowly realizing the discriminatory treatment meted outto the majority community by the State. They were de-prived of equal status with the ruling community whichwas a minority. The language, culture and religion of themajority community were subjected to disrespect. Themajority community were treated as second rate citizensby the State. Any effort to claim equal dignity with theother community patronized by the State was consideredtreason and the State imposed repression on any one whoquestioned the State ’s discrimination. Through the meansof Nationalism, the promotion of Telugu language andculture had to be spread. The Hindus encountered anotherreign of terror of the Razakars who made the last Nizam apuppet in their hands. The people of the region sufferedpoverty, ignominy, insult, ignorance for over two centuriesunder the rule of the Nizams and still the rural erstwhileHyderabad State is groaning under the unbearable weight

of poverty and deprivation accumulated over two centu-ries of neglect and misrule . Unlike their fellow country-men living in British India, the people of Hyderabad Statecould however claim that they were never under a foreignrule. It might be considered a boon in terms of psycho-logical satisfaction but it turned out to be a bane becausethey were pushed backwards by centuries. If the develop-ment pace was adequate during the Nizams ’ rule, the

Telangana region might not hold justification for specialattention and treatment even after 60 years of democraticgovernance.

References :1 K V Bhupala Rao, The Illustrious Prime Minsiter Madanna,Hyderabad, (1981 ?), pp 245-248.2 Philip Woodruff, The Men Who Ruled India cit ed inRajendra Prasad, The Asif Jahs of Hyderabad, New Delhi,1984, p 42.3

Meckenzie ’s Kaifiyats : Mogaliturru, Nuzividu &Peddapuram.4 Records of Fort St George : Military Consultations. Vol51, dt 13 th Aug 1754, p 5985 Lanka Sundaram, Revenue Adminsitration of NorthernSarkars, Journal of Andhra Historical Research Society, VolVI Part 2 Oct 1931, p.906 Col G B Malleson, The Decisive Battles of India 1746-1840, London, 1940 p 787

Robert Orme, History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Industan, Madras 1861-62, Vol II, p.3758 Sarojini Regani, Nizam British Relations, Hyderabad, 1962

pp 120, 124.9 Records of Fort St George : Country Correspondence(Military) Lr No 279 from Ananda Razu recd. 11 th Oct1759 Vol 7B, pp 288-291.10 Rajendra Prasad, op.cit. p 102.11 D R Mankekar, Accession to Extinction, New Delhi, Vikas,

1978 cited in Rajendra Prasad, op.cit. p 97.12 The Freedom Struggle of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Vol III,1957, p 176 13 Ibid, p 18.14 Ibid, Vol IV, p.43




*Jã≤ ÃãìO\ò „á⁄ÃÑ¶ã~ü, `≥Å∞QÆ ∞ J^è Œ ºÜ« ∞# qÉè ÏQÆO, `≥ÅOQÍ qâ◊ q^•ºÅÜ« ∞O, x*Ï=∂ÉÏ=∂^£.

ÃÇ· Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ãO™ê÷# ≥Å∞QÆ ∞ Ñ¨„uHÍ ~°OQÆK« i„`«Ñ¨ Ù@Ö’¡

áê„uˆ HÜ«ÚÅ r=# åºQÍÅ ~åQÍÅ∞ qxÑ≤™êÎ~Ú. J|∞ƒ~°áê@∞#∞ Hõ eyOKÕ P<å\˜áê„uˆ HÜ« ÚÅ áêO_ç`«ºO, ^•x`À áÈ\© Ñ¨_Õ"åi=ºH˜Î`«O =∞#e `«#‡Ü« Úe KÕ™êÎ~Ú. D "åºYºÖ’ P=yO[O`«Juâ◊Ü≥ ∂H˜ ÎÖËŒ ∞. P<å\˜ÃÇ· Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ãO™ê÷#OÖ’ ≥Å∞QÆ ∞ Ñ¨„uHõÅ∞™ê÷Ñ≤Oz JÏ=O`« ∞ P^•Ü« ∂x á⁄Ok#"å~° ∞ ÖË~° ∞. J\Ï¡ ˆ Q PÜ« ∂Ñ„uHõÅ`À ZO`À H˘O`«„Ñ¨Ü≥ ∂[<åx á⁄O^Œx"å~° ∂ ÖË~° ∞. P<å\˜`≥Å∞QÆ∞ Ñ¨„uHõÅ∞ ã¨=∂[ Ç≤Ï`« "Õ ∞ `«=∞ =∞`«=∞x |uHÍ~Ú.

''„ÃÑãπ —— J#=∂@‰õ Ω WOw¡+¨µÖ’ – ≥Å∞QÆ ∞Ö’ qaè#"≥∞ÿ# "åº=Ç¨ iHõJ~åúÅ∞ L<å~Ú. WOw¡+¨ µÖ’ ''„ÃÑãπ —— JO>Ë Ñ¨„uHÍ~°OQÆO. ≥Å∞QÆ ∞Ö’ „ÃÑãπJ<ÕÑ¨•x „Ñ≤O\OQ∑„ÃÑãπJ# J~° ÷OÖ’<Õ WÑ¨ Ê\˜ H©"å_» ∞`« ∞<å~° ∞. ''„ÃÑãπ—— (WOw¡+¨ µ) |ÅÑ¨_®ÅO>Ë ''„ÃÑãπ ——(`≥Å∞QÆ∞) J=ã¨~° "Õ ∞ Hõ^•! HÍh <å\˜ãÖ™ê÷#OÖ’ 19= â◊`åaÌ L`«Î~å~°úO =~°‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® „Ñ≤O\ÕQ∑ „ÃÑãπÅ∞ ÖË=Ù. P`«‡‰õÄ~ãO™ê÷#OÖ’ =∂„`«"Õ ∞ 1870= Œâ◊ HõO <å\˜ HXHõJK« ∞Û Ü« ∞O„`«OP~°OÉè í "≥ ∞ÿOk. •x ¿Ñ~° ∞ ''„|Ç¨ Ï‡q^•º qÖÏãÖ—— JÑ¨ Ê\˜ ˆ H =∞„^•ã¨ ∞Ö’JK« ∞Û‰õ Ä@q∞ J<ÕÑ¨x ÖÏÉè í™ê\˜ "åºáê~°™ê÷~ÚH˜ ZkyO^ŒxP~° ∞„^Œ=O\Ñ¨ iâ’^è Œ ‰õ ΩÅ ~°K«#Å∞ Õ @`≥Å¡O KÕã¨ ∞Î<å~Ú. „ÃÑã¨ ∞ûÅ∞ÖËx ÃÇ· Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ ãÖ™ê÷#OÖ’ JOK≥ÅOK≥Å∞QÍ Zky# ''`≥Å∞QÆ∞„ÃÑãπ ——Ö’x H˘x qâı ëêe qâı ¡+≤OK«_» "Õ ∞ D „Ñ¨ãOQÆÑ„`«O L^Õ Ìâ◊ ºO.

ÃÇ· Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ãO™ê÷#OÖ’ `≥Å∞QÆ ∞ ÖË^• W`«~°Ñ„uHõÅ=∞Ç¨ Ï`«ºOÃÑ·''"≥ ∞~Ú<£¢ã‘ ì"£∞—— [~°e[O „QÆO^è •ÅÖ’ J=ã¨~° "≥ ∞ÿ#ã=∂Kå~°O ÅaèOK«^Œ∞. JÑ¨Ê\˜H© WÑ¨Ê\˜H© ZÑ¨Ê\˜H© ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ [~° e[O K« i„`« ‰õΩ \©HÍ `å`«Ê~° º „QÆO^ä ŒOQÍ K≥Ñ¨ CHÀ^Œy# <åkQ∑ Hõ$+¨‚=¸iÎ ''[~°e[O W<£ WO_çÜ«∂—— =O\˜ Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHÍÅÖ’#∂ ÃÇ· Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ãO™ê÷# Ñ¨„uHõÅ „Ñ¨™êÎ=# qÑ¨ÙÅOQÍ HõxÑ≤OK«^Œ∞.`≥ÅOQÍ ™êOã¨ $u HÀ^Œ º=∞OÖ’ Ñ¨ Ù#~åq+¨ ¯~° Å Ñ¨~° O JO‰õ ΩiOz#

J#O`«~°"Õ∞ WHõ¯_ç [~°e[O K«i„`«ÃÑ· q#∂`« HÍOuˆ~YÅ∞„Ñ¨ã¨ iã ∞Î<å~Ú. ÃÇ· Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ãO™ê÷#OÖ’ `≥Å∞QÆ ∞ Ñ¨„uHõÅ∞ x~° Ç≤ ÏOz#

Éèí∂q∞Hõ#∞ JOK«<å "Õ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ JÑ¨Ê\˜ WHõ¯_ç ã≤÷uQÆ`«∞Å∞ H˘Å=∂<åÅ∞ HÍ"åe. „a\˜+≤O_çÜ«∂Ö’ Ñ¨\˜+¨ª"≥∞ÿ# K«\ÏìÅ∞,Ñ¨Hõ_» ƒOnQÍ "å\˜x J=∞Å∞Ö’ ÃÑ>Ë ìÜ« ∞O„`åOQÆO LO_Õk. áêÅ<å=º=ã¨ ÷ Ñ¨\ÏìÅÃÑ·#_çKÕk. HÍh ãÖ™ê÷<åÅ Ñïã≤ ÷u Ñ¨ ÓiÎQÍ aè#O.

ÃÇ· Ï^Œ ~åÉÏ^£ ãÖ™ê÷ #OÖ’ `≥Å∞QÆ∞ Ñ¨ „uHõ Å∞(Telugu Press in Hyderabad State)

– _®II QÆ ∞=∞‡#QÍi ÉÏÅNx =¸iÎ*

WHõ ¯_çáêÅ# Ü« ∂=`« ∂Î''Ü« ∞^è • ~å*Ï `«^è • „Ñ¨ *Ï—— J#

^•@ÖË^Œ ∞. "≥ ∞ÿã¨ ∂~ü, u~° ∞"å#∂¯~ü, |~À_® =O\˜ãO™ê÷<åÅ∞ Hq∞#Ç¨ ~ÚOÑ¨Ù HÍ=K«∞Û. ÃÇ·Ï^ŒãÖ™ê÷# K«i„`«Ö’ ãOã¨ ¯~° Å∞ Hõ#|_»å~Ú HÍh, Jq Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ J=∞Öˇ ·# ^•YÖÏ^˘~° Hõ=Ù. áêÅ‰õ ΩÅ∞ „Ñ¨*Ï K≥ ·«<åºx Ñ¨QÆ \˜HõÅÖ’#∂ TÇ≤ ÏOK«ÖË HáÈÜÕ ∞"å~° ∞. 1891 #∞O_ÕãO™ê÷# Ñ¨„uHõÅÃÑ·=ÚO^Œã¨ ∞Î PO ∆ Å∞ "≥Ú^ŒÅÜ«∂º~Ú. P ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’<KÕÜ« ∞_»O P~°OÉè í "≥ ∞ÿOk. 20= â◊`åaÌ=∞e ŒâßÉÏÌÅ <å\˜ HÑ„uHÅãOYº ÃÑiyOk. J^Õ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ POHõ∆ Å f„=`«ÃÑiyOk. ZHõ¯_ç=~° ‰õ Ω KÕ~° ∞‰õ Ω# ^ŒO>ËÑ¨„uHõÖ’¡U^≥·<å H©ÅHõ "≥ ∞ÿ# JOâ◊O

~åÜ«∞^ŒÅK«∞‰õΩO>Ë ÉÏÉˇ Ç¨ï‰J#∞=∞u J=ã¨~°=∞ÜÕ ∞º^Œ @. ≥ÅOQÍ Ç¨ ÏŸzq∞<£J#^Œy# ~åq<å~åÜ«∞Ô ~_ç ¤QÍi J#∞Éè í=O Wk.

Ñ¨ Ù\˜ ì# Ñ¨„uHÍ tâ◊ √=Ù ÉÏÖÏiëêìÅ#∞ ^•@∞H H˘x Jx"å~° º"≥ ∞ÿ# J#∞‰õ ÄÖÏÅ∞, ™œHõ~åºÅ∞ HÍ"åe. „OQ„ÃÑãπ, W`«~°WOw¡+¨ µ Ñ¨„uHõÅ∞, ~° "åÏ–ÑÖÑ≤ ©™œHõ~åºÅ∞, g`Àáê@∞ Ñ¨„uHõÖ’ „Ñ¨K«∞~° á⁄Ok#ãOã¨ÊOkOKÕáê~î° Hõ =~° æO† J~Ú`ÕP<å\˜ ÃÇ· Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ ãÖ™`≥Å∞QÆ ∞ Ñ¨„uHõÅ‰õ Ω W"Õg ÖË=Ù. „Ñ≤O\ÕQ∑„ÃÑã¨ ∞û ÖË HõáÈ=_O`À`≥#∞QÆ ∞ Ñ¨„uHõ#∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤Oz# |∞kÌ~åA ™È^Œ~°∞Å∞ =∞^Œ~åã¨∞ o§„ÃÑã¨∞û H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕâß~°∞. W LO_» HõáÈÜÕ ∞q. Ñ¨Å∞ Ñ¨„uHõ e x*ÏO ãÖ™ê÷#OÖ’ x¿+kèOKå~ ∞JO^Œ∞=Å¡Ñ„uHÍ ™ê÷Ñ¨‰õ ΩÅ∞ WOw¡+¨ µ Ñ¨„uHõÅ ã=∂Kå~°O g∞P^è •~°Ñ_ÕJ=HÍâ◊O «‰õ Ω¯=. ~° "åÏ ™œHõ~åºÅ∞ JãÖË=Ù. ÔÅ∞Ñ¨\ÏìÅ<Õ #=Ú‡H˘x Ñ¨Ü« ∞xOK«=Åã≤# Ñ¨ iã≤ ÷u. Ñ¨„uHõÅ `«∞ã¨HÍÅOÖ’ áê~î°‰õΩÅ‰õΩ JO^ÕãO™ê÷#OÖ’x `≥ÅOQÍ Éè ∫QÀoHõ„áêO`«OÖ’ 200 „QÍ= Ω=∂„`« "Õ ∞ áÈ™êìÑ¶ ‘ã¨ ∞ ™œHõ~° ºO LO_Õk. Wx W|ƒO^Œ ∞Å`À ááê~î° ‰õΩÅ xi¡Ñ¨ Î«, áêÅ‰õΩÅ Jz"Õ`«, J~Ú<å `≥Å∞QÆ ∞ Ñ¨„uÅ∞Ñ¨Ù\Ïì~Ú, zQÆ ∞iOKå~Ú, K≥ ·`«<åºx Ñ¨ Ù+≤ÊOKå~Ú, q= ÎÑ¶ ¨ÖÏe™êkèOKå~Ú.

QÆ`«â◊åaÌ˘e ŒâßaÌ«~å`ÕJO>Ë1910 J#O`«~° "Õ ∞`≥Å∞QÆ ∞ Ñ¨„uHõ D ãÖ™ê÷#OÖ’ J=`« iOz LO@∞O^Œx ÑÅ∞= ∞Ñïâ’^è Œ ‰õ ΩÅ „Ñ¨QÍ_è » qâßãÖ. J~Ú`Õ ''âı^Œ ºK«O„kHõ —— J<Õ¿Ñ~°1880 ÅÖ’<Õ XHõÑ„uHõP~°OÉè í "≥ ∞ÿO^Œx H˘O^Œ~° ∞ Ñ¨ iâ’^èŒ ‰õ




K≥|∞`« ∞<å~° ∞. WO^Œ ∞‰õ Ω =∞ix P^è •~åÅ∞ J=ã¨~°O. 1913Ö’áêÅ=¸~° ∞Ö’ „áê~°OÉè í "≥ ∞ÿ# ''Ç≤ Ï`«É’kèx—— QÆ ∞iOz =∂„`«O Z=iH©ãO^ÕÇ¨ Å∞ ÖË=Ù. W^˘Hõ=∂ãÑ¨„uHõ. J~Ú`Õ=¸ã¨^è À~° ∞Å∞ÖËx Ñ¨„uHõ. P HÍÅOÖ’<Õ=º=™êÜ« ∞O, Ñ¨ i„â◊=∞Å∞, "å˜ [º~°OQÍe QÆ∞iOz# qq^è •Oâße D Ñ¨„uHõ„Ñ¨K« ∞iOzOk. Ñ¨„uHõx_çqÑ¨^ŒÇ¨ ~°∞ Ñ¨Ù@Å‰õΩ Ñïq∞`«"≥∞ÿOk. ãÖ=`«û~° K«O^• áêuHõ~° ∂áêÜ« ∞Å∞. ãÖáê^Œ ‰õ Ω_» ∞ Nx"åã¨â◊~° ‡ |Ç¨ ï=ÚY „Ñ¨ *Ï=O`« ∞_» ∞.J`«_» ∞ ÑÖ_ç`« ∞_» ∞, #@∞_» ∞, "≥ · Œ ∞º_» ∞, #=ÖÏHÍ~° ∞_» ∞. â◊~° ‡ ~° zOz#''PâßÖËâ◊=Ú—— J<Õ#=Å J=Ú„k`«=Ú, |Ç¨ ïâß Wk `≥ÅOQÍ`˘e #=Å HÍ=K« ∞Û. Ñ¨„uHÍ náêx Ñ¨ i~° H˜ ∆ OKÕO^Œ ∞‰õ Ω Nx"åã¨â◊~° ‡ ÉÏQÍ Ñï„â◊q∞OKå~° ∞. P^Œ ∞‰õ Ω<ÕÇ¨ Ï™êÎÅ∞ Hõ~° ∞=Ü« ∂º~Ú. =¸_Õ à◊ §=ÚK« Û@QÍ Ç≤ Ï`«É’kèx K« i„`«Ö’ KÕ iáÈ~ÚOk. "åã¨ Î "åxH˜, „Ñ¨ã¨ ∞Î`«O Ç≤ Ï`«É’kèx „Ñ¨`« ∞Å∞ ˘~° Hõ=Ù. ZÑ¨ C_À JO>Ë1950ÅÖ’ ã¨ ∞~°=~°O "å~° ∞ ã¨∞*Ï`«Ñ„uHõÖ’ ~° zOz# "åºãÖ P^è•~°OQÍ Ç≤ Ï`«É’kèxP#"åà◊ √§ qkè`«=∞=Ù`« ∞<å~Ú.

`≥ÅOQÍ ™êOã¨¯ $uHõ K«i„`«Ö’ 1921† 1922ãO=`« û~åÅ∞ =∞Ç¨ Ï`« Î~°Ñ¶ ¨ ∞\ÏìÅ‰õ Ω ™êH∆ ÍºÅ∞QÍ =∂~å~Ú. ãÖ™ê÷#Ñ¨ Ù`≥Å∞QÆ ∞ ^Œ#Ñ¨ Ù P`« ‡Q“~°= Ñ¨`åHõQÍ 1921Ö’ PO„^è Œ[#ãOÑ¶ ¨ ∞OJ=`« iOzOk. 1922–06 ≥Å∞QÆ ∞"åi Jaè=ºH˜ Î H„Ñ¨ fHõÅ∞QÍ Ô ~O_» ∞ "å~°Ñ„uHõÅ∞ Pq~° ƒùqOKå~Ú. "å\˜Ö’ XHõ \˜ lÖÏ¡ HO„^ŒO #∞O_ç=∞~˘Hõ \˜ JK« Û"≥ ∞ÿ# ÑÖˇ¡ @∂~° ∞Ö’#∂ P~°OÉè í=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. ''hÅyi—— "å~°Ñ„uHõ1922 PQÆãπ ì22 #∞O_ç#Å¡Q˘O_» #∞O_ç"≥Å∞=_çOk. Hõq, ~°K«~Ú`«, áê„uˆ HÜ« Ú_» ∞, ~å[H©Ü« ∞ J=QÍÇ¨Ï# ™êkèOz#Q˘Ñ¨Ê HÍ~°ºHõ~° Î +¨|gã¨ ∞ ~å=∞#~°ã≤OÇ¨ ~å=Ù hÅyi ™ê÷Ñ¨‰õ ΩÅ∞.PÜ« ∞# PO„^è Œ[#ãOÑ¶ ¨ ∞O P~°OÉè í ã¨=∂"ÕâßÖ’¡#∂ áêÖÁæ#@∞ì=∂_»áê\˜ Ç¨ Ï#∞=∞O`«~å=Ù QÍi ''`≥ÅOQÍ PO„^è À^Œ º=∞O—— J<Õ„QÆO^è ŒO K≥|∞`ÀOk. ãÖ™ê÷#Ñ¨ Ù ˘e ~å[H©Ü« ∞ Ñ¨„uHõQÍ ''hÅyi——xQÆ∞iÎOK«=Åã≤LO@∞Ok. hÅyi H˘x ™êÇ¨ Ï™êÅ∞ KÕã≤Ok, H˘x „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÍÅ∂ KÕã≤Ok. HÀ™êÎO„^è Œ„áêO`«OÖ’ «# ãÖK«Å# Hõ^ä ŒÅ`À ÃÑ#∞ `« ∞á¶ ê#∞ ã¨$+≤ ìOz# QÆ∞_çáê\˜"≥OHõ @K«ÅO ~°K«#e hÅyi„Ñ¨K« ∞iOK«_»O ™êÇ¨ Ïã¨ "Õ ∞. B`åûq∞‰õ ΩÅ`À ~°K«#Å∞ KÕ~ÚOz "å\˜xã=iOz „Ñ¨K« ∞iOK«_»O „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ "Õ ∞! =∂_»áê\ =O\˜ „Ñ¨=ÚY∞Å∞ hÅyiH˜ ^ŒO_çQÍ JO_»^ŒO_»Å∞ JOkOKå~° ∞. J~Ú<å ™ê=∂#ºáê~î°‰õΩÅ „Ñüã¨ÊO^Œ# ™ê=∂#ºOQÍ<Õ LO_Õk. +¨|gã¨∞=ÚÃÑ·Ê=¸_» ∞ ãÖ=`« û~åÅ =Ü« ∞ã¨∞Ö’<ÕHõ#∞=¸âß~°∞. PÜ« ∞#=∞$u`À hÅyi Ñ¨„uHÍnÑÖ H˘O_≥ H˜¯Ok. =∞~À „Ñ¨ã≤^Œ ú Ñ¨„uHõ''`≥#∞QÆ ∞——. =~°OQÆÅ∞¡lÖÏ¡=∂#∞HÀ@ åÅ∂HÍ =∂~° ∞=¸Å „QÍ=∞O W#∞QÆ ∞iÎ#∞O_ç''`≥#∞QÆ∞—— Ñ¨„uHõ#∞ S^Œ∞ ãÖ=`« û~åÅ∞ #_çáê~° ∞XkÌ~åA ™È^Œ~°∞Å∞, ã‘`å~å=∞K«O„^Œ~å=Ù, ~åÑ¶ ¨∞= ~°OQÍ~å=Ù.1922 PQÆãπ ì27= Õn<å_» ∞ Ñ¨„uHõ`˘e ãOzHõ"≥Å∞QÆ ∞ K« ∂ã≤Ok.`≥#∞QÆ ∞ P~°OÉè íO XHõKåi„`å`« ‡HõÑ¶ ¨ ∞@ì=∞x á⁄`« ∂Î i "ÕOHõ >Ëâ◊ ~°~å=Ù

~åâß~°∞. `≥Å¡ HÍy`«O HÀã¨ "≥∞ÿ<å ã¨ ˆ ~ ˆ Hã=Ú„^ŒO =~° ‰õ Ω "≥ àÏ§e`«áêÖÏ ™êìOÑ¨ÙÅ H˘~°‰õ Ω =∂#∞HÀ@ =~° ‰õΩ ™êQÆ=Åã≤O^Õ, =∞ø=ã¨« ∞Å∞ Jã¨ÖËÖË=Ù. J~Ú<å Ñ¨ @∞ì^ŒÅ`À Ñ¨„uHõ#∞ x ÏOKå ∞XkÌ~åA ™È^Œ~° ∞Å∞. W^ŒÌ~° ∂ JYO_» ÑÖ_ç`«∞Å∞, Öˇ H˜ ¯OK«^Œy# Hõ=ÙÅ HÀ=Ö’ KÕi#"å~°∞. LÉèíÜÑ¨Ùã¨ÎHÍÅ∞ ~°zOKå~°∞. ''`≥#∞Qq#∂`«`«Å∞<å~Ú. ÉÏQÍ K«kqOKÕãÖH˜∆Ñ¨Î–ã¨=∞„QÆ ™ê÷Ü«ÚÖ’¡ "å~°ÎÅ∞keOK Hõq`«O, ã¨∂÷ÅOQÍ JO`«„ã¨û=OuQ„áÈ`åûÇ¨ ÏHõ`« O, Ñ¨ ÙÅ∞=Ù~° ∞ "åºã¨ Hõ~° ÎÅ∞, Hõ=ÙÅ∞ `≥#∞QÆ∞ kHõQÍ`≥Å∞QÆ∞"åiH˜ ÑïK«Ü«∞ =∞Ü« ∂º~° ∞. XkÌ~åA ™È^Œ„Ñ¨`« ∞Å#∞ JK« ∞Û"Õ ¿ã"å~°∞. JO^Œ ∞Ö’ ã¨QÆO Lz`«ÑOÑ≤ ©=º=ã ÷„HÕ^Œ<Õ K≥Å∞¡ÉÏ@∞ JÜÕ ∞º=x K≥a`Õ«Ñ¨Ê HÍ^Œ ∞.

''QÀÅH˘O_»Ñ¨„uHõ ——#∞ QÆ∞iOz ÑÖ_ç`«∞

™ê=∂#∞ºÅ‰õ Ä ≥Å∞ã¨ ∞. JO^Œ ∞=Å¡P Ñ¨„uHõ`åÅ∂‰õ Ω H˘x qâ ëêÅ=∂„`« "Õ ∞ K≥ ¿ÑÊO^Œ ∞‰õ Ω „Ñ¨Ü« ∞u™êÎ#∞. Ô ~_ç ¤Ç¨ ã¨ ìÖ’¡Ñ~° º"Õ Hõ ∆ HõÉÏ^è Œ º`«Ö’ L# „Ñ¨`åÑ¨Ô~_ç¤QÍ~°∞ QÀÅH˘O~å[|Ç¨ Ï^Œ ∂~ü"≥OHõ @ ~å=∂Ô~_ç¤„áÈ`åûÇ¨ÏO, „¿Ñ~ JO^Œ ∞‰ Ω HÍ~°O. PÜ« ∞# ã¨ ∂K«###∞ãïOz 1926 "Õ ∞ 10= `Õn<å_ ∞QÀÅH˘O_»^≥ ·"å~°Ñ„uHõQÍ P~°OÉè í "≥ ∞ÿOk. „@∂Ñ¨Ù |* ∞Ö’ Ñ„uHõHÍ~åºÅÜ« ∞O LO_Õk. „Ñ¨`åÑ¨ Ô ~_ç ¤ •~° ≈xHõ`«QÀÅH˘O_Ñ¨ Ù<å~å~ÚQÍ =∂iOk. Éè ÏQÆº#QÆ~°OÖ’x |Ç¨ ï=ÚY áê~å≈eÉÏQÍ QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. JO^Œ i`À#∂ ÑïK«Ü« ∂Å∞ ÃÑOK ∞‰õΩ "åi`À QÀÅH˘O_»Ö’ ~°K«#Å∞ KÕ~ÚOKå~° ∞. ≥Å∞QÆ ∞ Hõ^ä •xHõ"åºã¨,<å@Hõ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞Å‰õΩ QÀÅH˘OÑ„uHõÅÖ’ W\©=eHÍÅOÖ’ „Ñ¨=ÚYOQÍ Hõ#|_» ∞`« ∞# q+¨Ü« ∞K«~° Û#1930Ö’ QÀÅH˘O_»Ö’ P~°OaèOKå„QÆO^ä •ÅÜ« ∞O P~°OÉè í "≥ ∞ÿ`ÕKåÅ∞, JHõ ¯_ç HQÀÅH˘O_»Ñ„uHõLz`«OQ=KÕÛk. ãÖáê^Œ‰õΩÅ =ºH˜Î`åÅ„Ñ¨Éè Ï"åx K« ∂Ñ¨Ù`åÜ« ∞x K≥|∞`å~°∞. Wk „Ñ¨`åÑ¨ Ô ~_ç ¤–QÀÅHÅq+Ü«∞OÖ’ #∂~°∞ âß`«O "åã¨Î=∞x J~° ú=∞=Ù`ÀOk. „ Ô ~_ç ¤ "å=∞Ñ¨ Hõ ∆ Éè Ï"åÅ‰õ Ω JO`«QÍ W+¨ ìÑ_Õ "å~° ∞ HÍ^Œ ∞. ™êOã¨ ¯ $uHõãOã¨ ÷QÍP~°OÉè í"≥ ∞ÿ# PO„^èŒ=∞Ç¨ ã¨Éè í `«# P~°OÉèí Jã≤‡`#∞ =∂~°∞~å[H©Ü«∞ ãÖã¨÷QÍ ~° ∂á⁄O^Œ_»O PÜ« ∞#‰õ Ω ~°∞zOK«ÖËŒ∞. `≥Å∞ ∞ÉèÏëê qHÍãÖ q+¨Ü« ∞OÖ’ PÜ«∞#k ~årÖËx ^è À~° . `≥ÅOQP`«‡Q“~°=O „Ñ¨™êÎ=# =zÛ#Ñ¨ Ù_»∞ JO^Œ iHõO>Ë =ÚO^Œ ∞QÍ PÜ ∞<ã¨ ÊOkOKå~° ∞. QÀÅH˘O_»Hõ=ÙÅ ãÖzHõ D ã¨`åºxH˜"åã¨ ÎqHã¨ ‡~° ˜ Hõ.

QÀÅH˘O_»#∞O_ç 1948Ö’ „Ñ¨`åÑ¨Ô ~_ç¤x„+¨ ¯q∞OK«O –x[OQÍ<Õqëê^ŒO. Ñ¨„uHõ1947Ö’ k#Ñ¨„uHõQÍ =∂iO ÎÜ« ∂[=∂#ºO =zÛOk. QÀÅH˘O_»#∞O_ç|Ü« ∞@‰õ Ω =zÛ# «~å




ã¨ ∞~°=~°O ''„Ñ¨ *Ï"å˜ —— ¿Ñ~° ∞`À =∞~À Ñ¨„uHõ#∞ P~°OaèOKå~° ∞. DÑ„uHõÉÏÖÏiëêì e ^•@ÖË HõáÈ~ÚOk.

QÀÅH˘O_»HõO>Ë=ÚO^Õ''`≥ÅOQÍ—— ¿Ñ~° ∞`À XHõk#Ñ¨„uHõP~°OÉè í "≥ ∞ÿOk. Wk |Ç¨ ïâß 1947Ö’ P~°OÉè í "≥ ∞ÿ LO@∞Ok. „Ñ¨`« ∞Å∞^˘~°Hõ_»O ÖË^Œ∞. |∞Hõ¯Ñ¨@ìO ~å=∂#∞*ÏKå~°∞ºÅ∞ D Ñ¨„uHõãOáê^Œ ‰õ ΩÅ∞. Ñ¨„uHõ Ju H˘kÌ HÍÅO #_ç zOk. |∞Hõ ¯Ñ¨ @ì O "å~° ∞

WOw¡+¨ µÖ’#∂ ÉÏQÍ ~å¿ã"å~° ∞. Œ Hõ ¯<£„HÍxHõÖò ãÖáê^Œ ‰õ ΩÅ∞QÍ#∂ L<å~° ∞.k#Ñ¨„uHõQÍ `«#^≥ ·# „Ñ¨`Õ ºHõ`« e ™êkèOK« ∞‰õ Ω# Ñ¨„uHõ

''g∞ *Ï<£ ——. Wk 1943–44Ö’ l.ZO. HõÅHõ`åÎ "åÖÏ J<Õx*ÏOJaè=∂x ÃÑ@∞ì|_çÀ „áê~°OÉè í "≥ ∞ÿOk. J_»q ÉÏÑ≤~åA ãOáê^Œ ‰õ ΩÅ∞.`≥ÅOQÍ ≥Å∞QÆ ∞ [~° e[OÖ’ Ñ¨Å∞ H˘`« Î Œ<åÅ‰õ Ω g∞*Ï<£áê^Œ ∞Å∞ "Õã≤Ok. ãÖáê^Œ H©Ü« ∂Å∞, Ñ¨ Ùã¨Î Hõ ã¨ g∞Hõ ∆ Å∞, „Ñ¨ãOQÍÅ∞, "å~° ÎÅ∞, "åºYºÅ∞, ™êÇ≤ Ï`« º ãO|O^è Œ "≥ ∞ÿ# W`«~°~°K«#Å∞, ™êOã¨ ¯ $uHÍOâßÅ∞ W\Ï¡Z<À JOâße H˘`« Î Œ#O`À „Ñ¨K«∞iOK«_»O g∞*Ï<£ Ñ¨^ŒúuQÍ LO_Õk. ÉÏÑ≤~åA QÍ~° ∞ |Ç¨ ï=ÚY „Ñ¨ *Ïâße. Hõq`å ã¨$[#Ö’=∞Ç¨ Ï`«Î~° Éè Ï=Ù‰õ Ω_»∞. ãÖáê^Œ ‰õΩ_» ∞QÍ L^•~°„Ñ¨ *Ï™ê=∞º"åk.JO^Œ∞ˆH Jx Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å∂ P Ñ¨„uHõÖ’ Hõ#|_Õq. ~åOÉè í@¡ Hõ $+¨ ‚=¸iÎ, q^•<£qâ◊ O, u~° ∞=∞Å ~å=∞K«O„^Œ =O\˜ÑO_ç`« ∞Å∞ g∞*Ï<£Ö’ Ñ¨xKÕâß~° ∞. g∞ *Ï<£ ã¨ ‡ $`« ∞Å∞ ~åOÉè í@¡ ™⁄O`« Hõä ŒÖ’q™êÎ~°OQÍ ^˘~° ∞‰õ Ω`å~Ú.

ã¨=∞Ü«∂ÉèÏ=O HÍ~°OQÍ q∞QÆ`å Ñ¨„uHõÖ’¡x H˘x qâı ëêÅ∞ K≥|∞`«∂ D „Ñ¨ãOQÆÑ„`åx =Úy™êÎ#∞.

1922–23 ãÖ=`«û~åÅÖ’ =~°OQÆÅ∞¡ #∞O_ç HÀHõÅã‘å~å=∞â◊~°‡ J<ÕÑO_ç`« ∞_çãOáê^Œ Hõ`« OÖ’ ''PO„^è•Éè í ∞º^ŒÜ« ∞O——Ñ„uHõ=zÛOk. PÜ« ∞# ''áê=x—— J<Õ#=Å#∞ ~° zOKå~° ∞. Éè Ï+Ñ¨ @¡x|^Œú`«#∞ „Ñ¨Hõ\Õz# Ñ¨„uHõ Wk. `≥Å∞QÆ∞ ~°K«#e qiqQÍ„Ñ¨K« ∞iOK«_»O ^•~å ã‘Ü«∞ ™êOã¨¯ $uHõ"å`å=~° x~å‡O™ê^è Œ º=∞=Ù`« ∞O^Œx HÀHõÅ Jaè„áêÜ« ∞O. =~°OQÆÅ∞¡#∞O_ÕHõOÉè íOáê\˜JÑ¨ Ê#âß¢ã≤ÎãÖáê^Œ Hõ`« OÖ’ ''Ñ¨ ÓÅ`À@—— J<ÕÑ„uHõ=KÕ Ûk. WkK«O^Œ=∂=∞ ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ LO_Õ^Œx ^Õ=ÙÅÑ¨ e¡ ~å=∂#∞[~å=Ù QÍiJaè„áêÜ« ∞O. `≥ÅOQÍ UÔ H· Hõ Éè Ï=Hõq HÀ^•\˜~å=∞Hõ$ëê‚~å=Ù Hõq`«Å∞ Ñ¨ ÓÅÉÏ@Ö’ "≥Å∞QÆ ∞ K« ∂âß~Ú. 1926Ö’ "≥ ∞^Œ H± lÖÏ¡=_Õ ¤Ñ¨ e¡J<ÕÑÖˇ ¡#∞O_ç''^Õâ◊|O^è Œ∞—— J<Õ=∂ãÑ„uHõ=zÛOk.P<å\˜H˜ =_Õ¤Ñ¨ e¡ H˜ q^Œ∞º`ü, ~°"åÏ ™œHõ~åºÅ∞ UgÖË=Ù. QÆ`«^ŒâßaÌÖ’<Õ~° "åÏ ™œHõ~åºÅ∞ U~° Ê_®¤~Ú. ''=¸Å^è Œ#O`À HÍ‰õ ΩO_®=¸Å|∞∞O——`À P~°OÉè í "≥∞ÿ# Ñ¨„uHõ^Õâ◊|O^è Œ ∞. ãOã¨ ¯ $`åO„^è •Ö’¡K« Hõ¯x áêO_ç`åºx ãÖáêkOz# #~°ã≤OÇ¨ Kå~°∞ºÅ∞ D Ñ¨„uHõãÖáê^Œ ‰õΩ_» ∞. WO^Œ∞Ö’ ãÖã¨¯ $`« áê~îåÅ É’^èŒ<å qÉèÏQÆ=¸ LO_Õk. 1923Ö’ ''â‹ ·==∞`« „Ñ¨Kåi˜ —— J<ÕÑ„uHõP~°OÉèí "≥∞ÿOk.

H˘_ç"≥∞Å ~å[eOQÍ~å^Œ∞ºÅ∞ D Ñ„uHõ#∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤„uHqâı ëêÅ∞ ZO.Zãπ. ~å[eOQÆO QÍi P`«‡Hõ^ä ŒÖ’ ^•~° ∞‰õ Ω`å~Ú

ã¨ ∞„Ñ¨ã≤Œ úâ‹ ·= ÑO_ç`« ∞_» ∞ zkÔ ~=∞~î °O g~°Éè í„^Œâ◊~° ‡ ''qÉè í ∂u— ¿Ñ~° ∞`À XHõ =∂ã¨Ñ¨„uHõ#∞ #_çáê~° ∞. x_» ∞^Œ"ÀÅ∞ OHõ @~å=O\„Ñ¨ã≤Œ úÑ¨ iâ’^è Œ ‰õ ΩÅ∞ D Ñ¨„uHõ„áê=∂˜ Hõ`«#∞ „Ñ¨â◊Oã≤OKå~ ∞Ñ¨ iâ’^è Œ ‰õ Ω_» ∞, q=∞~° ≈‰õ Ω_» ∞ "≥ÅÌO_»„Ñ¨Éè ÏHõ~å=∂`« º ãOáê^Œ Hõ`« OÖ

1950 P~°OÉèíOÖ’ ''[Ü«∞ÉèÏ~°`ü——qâı ëêÅ#∞ qÑ¨ÙÅOQÍ q=iOz# `˘e `≥ÅOQÍ Ñ¨„uHõWk1950–51ÅÖ’ "≥ ∞^ŒH±lÖÏ¡ ãÖQÍÔ ~_ç ¤#∞O_ç''ÑÖˇ ¡ @∂~° ∞——=∂ã¨Ñ¨„uHõH˘O`« HÍÅO áê@∞ #_çzOk. Ñ¨Öˇ ¡ @∂i ã¨=∞ã¨ ºÅÃ,Ñïã≤ ÷« ∞Å Ñ¨ @¡Œ $+≤ ìxeÑ≤Ok.

ÃÇ· Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ãO™ê÷#OÖ’ P<å\˜`≥Å∞QÆ ∞ Ñ¨„uHõÖ’¡™êÇ Ïf~°OQÍxH˜ãÖ|OkèOz# Ñ¨„uHõÅ∞ H˘x „Ñ¨=ÚYOQÍ L< "å\Ö’ ˘Å∞`«''ã¨ ∞*Ï`« —— Ñ¨„uHõ#∞ QÆ ∞iOz „Ñ¨™êÎqOKåe. 192Ñ¨ã¨ ∞=∂=ÚÅ #~°ã≤OÇ¨ Ïâ◊~°‡ ãÖáê^Œ Hõ`«OÖ’ Wk P~°OÉè í "≥ ∞ÿOã¨∞~°=~°O „Ñ¨`åÑ¨Ô~_ç¤, =∂_»áê\˜„Ñ¨=ÚYOQÍ „áÈ`åûÇ¨ x JOkOKå~° ∞. U „Ñ¨=∂ÏÅ`À K« ∂ã≤<å''ã¨ ∞*Ï`« —— Q˘Ñ¨ Ê ™êÇ≤ Ï`« º Ñ„uHõ. J`« ∞º`« Î=∞ ™ê÷~Ú "åº™êÅ∞ ∞Ö„Ñ¨K« ∞~° á⁄O^•~Ú. =¸_»∞ ãÖ=`« û~åÅ `«~å`«Ñ„uHõxezáÈ~ÚOk. uiy 1950ÅÖ’ QÆ_çÜ« ∂~°O ~å=∞Hõ $+¨ ‚â◊~° ‡ ãOáê^Œ Hõ`« OÖ

D Ñ„uHõ#∞ uiy x~° Ç≤ ÏOKÕ„Ñ¨Ü« ∞`åÅ∞[iQÍ~Ú. D <ÕÑ¨äŒ ºOÖPO„^èŒ™ê~°ã¨ `«Ñ¨ i+¨`« ∞Îã¨Ñ¨ Î=∞ "åi¬HÀ`« û= „Ñ¨`ÕºHõãÖzHQÍ''`≥ÅOQÍ—— „Ñ¨`Õ ºHõãOzHõ#∞ "≥Å∞=iOKå~° ∞. 1947Ö’ =~OQÆÅ∞#O_ç=zÛ# ''â’Éè í —— 1941–42Ö’ ã≤ HO^Œ~åÉÏ^£#∞O_ç"≥Å∞=_#''`≥Å∞QÆ ∞`« e¡ —— 1954Ö’ Hõ sO#QÆ~üÖ’ ™ê÷Ñ≤OK«|_ç=¸_Õ=¸_» ∞ãOzHõÅ`À PyáÈ~Ú# ''™ê~°ã¨`« *’ºu—— ‰õ Ä_® K« Hõ¯x ™ Ï`«Ñ„uHõÖË.

`≥ÅOQÍ ≥Å∞QÆ ∞ [~°e[OÖ’ ZO^Œ~À „Ñ¨ã≤Œ ∞úÅ∞<å ∞ H˘O^Œ~°∞ =~° ú=∂#∞Å∞, L`åûÇ¨Ï=O`«∞Å∂Ñ¨„uHõÅ ¿Ñ~° ∞¡"Õ~° ∞ J~Ú<å, Ñ¨„uHõÅ ãÖHõÅÊO =∂„`«OÅ∞ ∞ÉèÏ+¨, ãOã¨ ¯ $`« ∞Å qHÍãÖ, Ñ¨„uHõÅ ÅHõ ∆ ºO ≥ÅOQÍ „Ñ¨ *ÏhHõÑ¨ ÙK≥·`«#ºO.




Ñ„uHõ¿Ñ~°∞

`≥ÅOQÍ Ñ¨ „uHõÅ∞ – q+¨Ü« ∞^Œ $+≤ ì`À qÉèí [# KÕã≤ #Ñ¨ Ù_» ∞

ãOáê^Œ ‰õ ΩÅ ¿Ñ~° ∞ „Ñ¨K« ∞~° P~°OÉè í"≥ ∞ÿ#ãO=`« û~°O „Ñ¨K« ∞~° á⁄Ok# T~°∞ „Ñ¨K« ∞~° f~ ∞

1. `≥#∞QÆ ∞ XkÌ~åA ™È^Œ~° ∞Å∞ 1922 W#∞QÆ ∞iÎ "å~°Ñ¨„uHõ

2. hÅyi +¨|gã¨ ∞ ~å=∞#~°ã≤OÇ¨ ~å=Ù 1922 #Å¡Q˘O_» "å~°Ñ„uHõ3. QÀÖÁ¯O_» ã¨ ∞~°=~°O „Ñ¨`åÑ¨Ô ~_ç ¤ 1926 ÃÇ· Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ J~° ú "å~°Ñ¨„uH4. `≥ÅOQÍ |∞Hõ¯Ñ¨@ì O ~å=∂#∞*ÏKå~° ∞ºÅ∞ 1941 ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ÅOQÍ

`˘e k#Ñ¨„uH5. g∞*Ï<£ J_»q ÉÏÑ≤~åA 1943–44 ÃÇ· Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ k#Ñ¨„uHõ

"å~åÎÑ¨ „uHõ Å∞ :

Ñ„uHõ¿Ñ~°∞ ãÖáê^Œ ‰õ ΩÅ ¿Ñ~° ∞ „Ñ¨K« ∞~° P~°OÉè í"≥ ∞ÿ#ãO=`« û~°O „Ñ¨K« ∞~° á⁄Ok# T~°∞ „Ñ¨K« ∞~° f~ ∞

1. ã¨ ∞*Ï`« U.Z<£. â◊~° ‡ 1927 ÃÇ· Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ =∂ã¨Ñ„uHõ2. PO„^è•Éèí ∞º^ŒÜ« ∞O HÀHõÅ ã‘`å~å=∞â◊~°‡ 1923 =~°OQÆÅ∞¡ =∂ã¨Ñ¨3. â’Éè í ^Õ=ÙÅÑ¨ e¡ ~å=∂#∞[~å=Ù 1947 =~°OQÆÅ∞¡ =∂ã¨Ñ¨„uHõ4. ™ê~°ã¨ `«*’ºu É’~Ú#Ñ¨ e¡ "≥OHõ@~å=∂~å=Ù 1954 Hõ sO#QÆ~ü =∂ã¨Ñ¨„uHõ5. `≥#∞QÆ ∞`« e¡ ~åK«=∞à◊ § ã¨`« º=f^Õq 1941 ã≤ HO^Œ~åÉÏ^£ =∂ã¨Ñ¨„uHõ

™êÇ≤ Ï`« º Ñ¨ „uHõÅ∞ :

*****




Hõ $+¨‚Ü« ∞Aˆ ~^•O`«~° æ« "≥ ∞ÿ# '~° ∞„^•^è•ºÜ«∞O— Ñ¨~°=∞t=Ù˜ ‚

'„â◊ √`«¿ã#∞—_çQÍ, aÅ‡–Hõ=K«–^èŒ#∞~åúi J~Ú# 'Hõ∆ Ü«∞n~°∞—_çQÍJ<Õ Hõq^è •Å Ü« Ú^•úkèÑuQÍ =i‚OzOk. ~° ∞„^Œ ∞_» ∞ g~° ∞_» ∞. J~Ú`Õ,J`«_çÖ’x '=∞#∞º=Ù— (HÀÑÖ) r=„Ñ¨QÆu ™ê^è Œ HõO, Ö’Hõ Hõ àÏºHÍ~° HõO.JO^Œ ∞ˆ H '#=∞¿ãÎ~°∞„^Œ =∞#º=...— JO@∂, J`«_çHÀáêxH˜=∞#„áê~° ÷#. g~° ∞_≥·# ~°∞„^Œ∞_ç ÃÑ·Éè íH˜ Î J`«_ç Éè í ‰õ ΩÎ ©‚g~° ∞_çx KÕã¨ ∞ÎOk. D g~°`« O |Ç¨ ï~° ∂Ñ≤. ^ŒÜ« ∂g~° ∞Å∞, ^èŒ~° ‡g~° ∞Å∞, ^•#g~°∞Å∞,Ü« Ú^Œ ú g~° ∞Å∞ – WÖÏ ZO^Œ Ô ~O^Œ~À K« i„`«Ö’ P Ñ¨~°=∞g~° ∞x Éè í ‰õ ΩÎÅ∞.

ã¨ ∞n~° … "≥ ∞ÿ# P~°º*ÏuK«i„`«Ö’ Z<À Kåi„`« Hõ Ñ¶ ¨ ∞\ÏìÅÖ’ D t=Éè í H˜ ÎXHõL`« ∞ÎOQÆ`«~°OQÆOÖÏ L"≥`«∞Î# ÖË zOk. J<ÕHõ„Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ∞ ™êkèOzOk, Ñ¶¨ÖÏÅ∞ „Ñ¨™êkOzOk. =∞#‰õΩã¨ g∞Ñ¨QÆ`«OÖ’ JÖÏ t=Éè í H˜ Îq∞#∞=Ú\˜ ì# =∞~˘Hõ=∞Ç¨ ÏŸ[˚ Å Ñ¶ ¨ ∞@ì "Õ ∞=∞# HÍHõfÜ«∞Ü«ÚQÆO. x*ÏxH˜ q+¨µ‚‰õΩO_ç#∞Å HÍÖÏxˆH„áê~°OÉè í "≥ ∞ÿ# D â‹ ·=„Ñ¨Éè íO[#O, Kåà◊ √Hõ º Ü« ÚQÆOÖ’Oz HÍHõ fÜ« ÚÅ LK«Ûã≤÷uH˜ =KÕÛãïH˜ =∞iO`« „Ñ¨ã¨∞Êù@"≥∞ÿ, ˆH=ÅO =ºH˜ Î=ÚH˜ÎH˜™ê^èŒ#OQÍ =∂„`« "Õ∞QÍHõ, ã=∂[x~å‡OÖ’, ãÖã¨¯~°Ö’ XHõ„Ñ¨^è •#áê„`« =Ç≤ÏOzOk. Ju=ÚYºOQÍ P<å_» ∞ Ç≤ ÏO^Œ ∂^ÕâßxH˜J`« º=ã~°"≥∞ÿ# ã¨^Õâßaèx"Õâ◊*ÏÅ#∞, H∆ Í„`åyx ~°QÆ eÛOk. J@∞ Hõ#_»^Õâß# |ã¨ "Õâ◊ ~° ∞_çKÕ'g~°â‹ ·=—=∞`«„Ñ¨=~° Î#, W@∞ PO„^è ŒÕâß#ÑO_ç`«„`«Ü« ∞OKÕã¨ ∞ã≤ ÷~°OKÕÜ« ∞|_ç# "≥ ·kHõâ‹ · "åKå~°O, eOQÆ^è •~° ÏkãÖ„Ñ¨^•Ü« ∂#∞ëêª# „Ñ¨Kå~åÅ∞ WO^Œ ∞‰õ Ω „áÈkKÕ™ê~Ú.

P<å\ã=∂[OÖ’ „ÉÏÇ¨ Ï‡∞Å∞ "≥ Ú^ŒÅ∞H˘x Jx =~å‚Å„Ñ¨[ÅÖ’#∂ Q˘Ñ¨ Ê H∆Í„`«`Õ [ã ∞û#∞ U^À ~°∂ÑÖÖ’, U^À ~°OQÆOÖ’JÑ¨ Ó~°OQÍ „Ñ¨HÍtOÑ¨ *Ëã≤Ok D t=Éèí H˜ Î. HÍHõ fÜ« ∞ „Ñ¨Éè í ∞=ÙÅP™ê÷#OÖ’x ÉÏÇ¨Ï`«Î~° xÜ≥∂QÍÅÖ’ xÜ«∞q∞`«∞Öˇ·#ã~° ‰õ ΩÖÏÅ"å~° ∂ D â‹ ·=gzHõ™ÈH˜=∞Ç¨ g~° ∞Öˇ ·xeKå~° ∞. P<å\˜ ˆ H L`« Î~°ÉèÏ~°`åx P„Hõq∞Oz, ^ŒH˜ ∆ÏkÃÑ· H=ÚOK« ∞H˘ã¨ ∞Î# `«∞~° ∞+¨ ¯ ÃÑ#∞`«∞áê#∞‰õ Ω J_» ∞¤ Hõ@ì "Õ¿ãO^Œ ∞‰õ Ω J`« º=ã~°"≥ ∞ÿ# åºQÆ, â∫~åºk g~°QÆ∞ÏÅ#∞ L^Œº=∞OÖÏ ÖËz# â‹·=O „Ñ¨™êkOzOk. D„Ñ¨Éè Ï"åÅx\˜ h „ÑüaOaOz#k 12= â◊`å|ÌO "≥ Ú^ŒÅ∞H˘x 14=â◊å|ÌO =~°‰õΩ, P ÃÑ·# 15= â◊`å|ÌOÖ’x Ô ~_ç ¤~åAÅ HÍÅO=~°‰õΩ qã¨ÎiOz# HÍHõfÜ«∞ â‹·=™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO. JO>Ë, ˆH=ÅO HÍ=º™êÇ≤Ï`«º"Õ∞QÍHõ, âßã¨<åÅ∞, =∞ødHõ "åV‡Ü«∞~°∂áêÖˇ·#Kå@∞=ÙÅ∞, ˆ QÜ«∂Å∞, QÍ^ä •QÍ<åÅ∞ =O\˜=h P HÍÅOÖ’x g~°« zÇ¨ Å#∞, PKå~åÅ#∞, Hõ @∞ìÉÏ@¡#∞ `≥eÜ« ∞*Ëã¨∞Î<å~Ú.

HÍHõ fÜ« ÚÅ HÍÅÑ¨ Ù â‹ ·="åV‡Ü«∞O „ÑüaOaOz# 'g~ `« — ^èÀ~°– _®II =Å∂¡ i q[Ü« ∞ Ç¨ Ï#∞=∞O`« ~å=Ù*

*J™Èã≤ÜÕ ∞\ò „á⁄ÃÑ¶ã~üPÑ¶ πWOw¡+π, N "åã¨q WO[hiOQ∑HÍÖË r, `å_ÕÑ¨ e¡QÆ∂_≥O. ãOáê^Œ ‰õ Ω_» ∞, 'ã¨∞Ñ¨ ^ä Œ —™êOã¨¯ $uHõ Ñ¨„uHõ

J<ÕHõq^è•Å ^≥·=ÉèíH˜Î, "≥·~åQÆ

PQÆ "≥ ∂Hõ Î "≥ ∞ÿ# PÅÜ« ∂~° Û#, Ñ¨ Ó*Ïq^è •<åÅ∞, P~å^è Œ#Å∞, „=`ãÖ„Ñ¨^•Ü«∂Å∞ =O\˜=h â‹·= – "ã¨=∂#OQÍ<Õ LO_ç „Ñ¨[Å#∞ #_çÑ≤ãÖ|O^è Œ"≥∞ÿ# áÈHõ_»Å∞, ^è À~°∞Å∞ Z‰õΩ¯= ·"åKå~åÅ„Ñ¨ÉèÏq`«"≥∞ÿ#@∞¡QÍ `≥Å∞™ÈÎOk. 't="≥∞uÎ — P_» @O, 'g~°OQÆ "ÕÜ« ∞_»O, 'Jâ◊ ≈~°Éè íâ◊~°Éèí — JO@∂ Hõ^ŒO „`˘Hõ ¯_»O, '=¸_ÀH#∞`≥~°=_»O— =O\˜<Õ \ H© =∞# <åÅ¯ÅÃÑ· #iÎã¨ ∞Î# <å#∞_» ∞Öˇ<À HÍÅO<å\˜â‹·=„Ñ¨Éè Ï"å# Ñ¨Ù\˜ì#"Õ.

***

HÍHõfÜ«∞ „Ñ¨`åÑ¨~°∞„^Œ=∞O„u=~° æOÖ’x"å_çQÍ‰õ Ä_® L# =∞Ç¨ â‹ ·=Ù_» ∞ â◊~°Éè ÏO‰õ Ω_» ∞. W`_» ∞J#O`«~°O "å#„Ñ¨ã¨ ∞÷_≥ ·F~° ∞QÆÅ∞¡ã¨ g∞Ñ¨J~° ºOÖ’ «Ñã¨ ∞ûKÕâß_» ∞„H©.â◊. 1323 ãÖIIÖ’, ã¨∞n~°…"≥„Ñ¨`åÑ¨~°∞„^Œ∞_»∞ „Ñ¨*ÏˆH∆=∞OÖÁOyáÈ~Ú |OnQÍ _è ç b¡ Hfã¨ ∞H˘xáÈ|_» ∞ « ∞#Ñ¨ C_» ∞, J_»qÖ’x`«# P„â◊=∞O#∞O_çP ^Œ $â◊ ºO K« ∂z, â◊~°Éè ÏO‰õ Ω_» ∞, P áêÑÑ¨ Ù_è çe¡x `«# KåÑÖ`À <åâ◊#O KÕÜ«∞=∞x P"Õâ◊O`À t=Ù_ HÀ~å_»∞:

KåÑ¨ =ÚQÍ #ˆQO„^Œ =Ú#∞ [„H˜ x ÉÏ=ÚQÍQÆ<åiQÍ áêÑ¨ ~°O ÉÁ#iÛ «ÅÑ¨ <£„kÑ¨ Ù~°O|∞Å QÍÅÊ"Õ=∞Ç ÏŸ nÌ Ñ≤ `«f„=HÀÑ¨=Ú# ^Õ=`« Öˇ Å¡#∞uOÑ¨<å\˜ qÖò áêÑ¨ Ñ¨ Ù _è ç e¡ g∞^Œ`≥QÆÉÏÑ¨QÆ ^Õ â◊ ~°Éè ÏOHõ eOQÆ=∂!JO>Ë, L`« Î=Ú_≥ ·# „Ñ¨ *ÏáêÅ‰õ ΩxÑ¨@¡, ^Õâ◊™ê`«O ºO

Ñ¨ @¡XHõq~åyÖ’‰õ Ä_® Q˘Ñ¨ Ê ÉÏ^è Œ º`«#∞ Hõ eyOz, è Œ~° ‡â◊„`« ∞=Ù„HÀ^è •x ~°yeÛ#k <å\˜f„= â‹ ·"åKå~°x+¨ª.

***

QÆ Ñu^Õ=K«„Hõ=iÎ HÍÅO#∞O_ç, ~å˜ ~° ∞„^Œ=∞^Õq =~° ‰ Ω(„Ñ¨`åÑ¨~° ∞„^Œ ∞_çáêÅ#=~° ‰õ Ω‰õ Ä_®) HÍHõ fÜ« ∞ ™ê„=∂[º "≥ ·Éè í "åxHZO`À „áÈkKÕã≤#"å_» ∞ `« ∞à◊¥§~°∞ t=^Õ=Ü«∞_» ∞ =∞O Hõq, ~å[hu HÀq^Œ ∞_» ∞, Jx\˜ h q∞Oz Ñ¨~°=∞ =∂¿ÇÏâ◊ ~°∞ ∞'Ñ¨ Ù~° ∞ëê~° ÷™ê~°=Ú—, 't=^Õ= nè=∞˜â◊« Hõ=Ú— DÜ« ∞# „QÆO •Å∞K≥|∞`« ∞<å~° ∞. 'PO„^è Œ Hõq`å Ñ≤`å=∞Ç¨ ï_» ∞— Jx `˘eQÍ iÎOÑ|_ç#k W`«_Õ. <≥Å∂¡ i =∞#∞=∞ã≤kú~åA `«~°Ñ¨Ù# QÆ Ñu^Õ=Ù




ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞OHÀi uHõ¯# ™È=∞Ü«∂l ~åÜ«∞ÉÏ~åxH˜ =zÛ#Ñ¨C_»∞,QÆÑü^Õ=Ù_ç H˘Å∞=ÙÖ’ D t=^Õ=Ü«∞º#∞ ãÖ^Œi≈Oz,'Ç¨ÏiÇ¨ Ï~°<å^äŒ ∞_ç — Éè í ‰õ ΩÎ_≥ ·# uHõ¯#ÜÕ∞ –

=ã¨ ∞=∞f<å^äŒ ! D`« _ôâ◊~° ∞_»∞QÍx =∞#∞[=∂„`« ∞O_»∞ QÍ_» ∞ Ñ¨ ÖÏ‡é∞ x`« xÜ« ∞#∞=∞`«O|∞# h=Ù ~å[ºO|∞ <≥ q∞‡ <Õ Å∞...

JO@∂ t=^Õ=Ü«∞º#∞ ™êH∆Í`«∞Î 'Dâ◊~°∞_»∞— JO@∂ H© iÎOKå_» ∞. P HÍÅOÖ’ QÀà◊ H©=∞~î åxH˜JkèÑuQÍ L# 'qâı â◊~° t=^Õ t‰õ ΩÅ∞—‰õ Ä_® W`«_Õ#x H˘O^Œ~° ∞ Ñ¨ iâ’^è Œ‰õ ΩÅ Jaè„áêÜ«∞O. D '`« ∞à◊¥§~° ∞—"åˆ ~ J#O`«~°O '`åà◊ ¥§i—"åiQÍ „Ñ¨ã≤kúK≥O^•~° ∞.

XHõ=OHõ f„= t=Éèí‰õΩÎÅ∞QÍ LO_ç, JO`«~°OQÆOÖ’ "≥·~åQÆº„Ñ¨=$uÎ #=ÅOaOz, „áêÑÖzHõ r=#OÖ’, ~å[º=º=Ç¨ ~åÅÖ’ =∞Ç¨ â∫~åºx „Ñ¨^Œ i≈Oz#"å~° ∞ HÍHõ fÜ« ∞ =∞O„`« ∞Å∞, ¿ã<å#∞Å∞. HÍHõfÜ«∞ „Ñ¨`åÑ¨~°∞„^Œ∞_ç =∞Ç¨ =∞O„uQÍ,QÆ[Ñ¶ ¨ ∞@¿ã#Å‰õΩ JkèÑuQÍ qâ◊ „Ñ¨ã≤Œ ∞ú_≥·# WO^Œ ∞Å∂i J#Ü« ∞=∞O„u W@∞=O\˜ "å_Õ:

J`« ∞º`« Î =∞OÉˇ · # Ü«∞`åº„â◊ =∞ã¨ ∞÷O_» ∞ HÍ~°[#‡ ãÖQÆu =Ç≤ ÏOK≥ñ

...ã¨ ÷ Å yi =# ^Œ∞~° æ[Å HÀ@ =∞Å∞¡ ñ_≥·

„QÆ ‰õΩ¯# Éˇ ‰õΩ¯ ^Œ ∞~° æ =ÚÅ∞ Q˘xÜ≥∞ <ÀÑ≤ `«∞~° HõÅ Ô Qez „Ñ¨ `åÑ¨ ~° ∞„^Œ =∞#∞[<åÜ« ∞‰õ Ω HÀ@ <Õ=∞~° Hõ ñ QÍñK≥

##∞K« ∞ñ ÉÁQÆ_»OQÆ <≥QÆ_≥xÜ« ∞º=x xO^Œ ∞ Å∂i Ü«∞#Ü« ∞ ^Õ =Ùñ _»#∂# |Å∞ñ_» ∞ D J#Ü«∞ Ñ≤_» ∞ÑïÎ ™È=∞<å^äŒ ∞_çt+¨ µº_» ∞. g~°â‹ · "åKå~°

„=`«∞_»∞. „Ñük#O x`«º„=`«OQÍ 8=∞Ok =∂¿ÇÏâ◊~°∞Å#∞J#=∞O„u JiÛOKÕ"å_»∞. P`«_»∞ P „=`«x~°Ç¨ÏHÀãÖ=∂¿ÇÏâ◊ ~° ∞Å‰õ Ω '_ÀH˜Ñ¨é∞] — „QÍ=∞O „Ñ¨`åÑ¨~° ∞„^Œ„Ñ¨Éè í ∞=ÙKÕWÑ≤ ÊOz#@∞¡âßã<å^è •~°O. „H©.â◊.1323= ãÖIIÖ’ HÍHõ fÜ« ∞ =∞Ç¨ ™ê„=∂[ºã¨ ∂~° ∞º_» ∞ Jã¨ Îq∞OKå_»∞. F~° ∞QÆÅ∞¡#∞ `« ∞~° ∞+¨ µ¯Å∞ 'ã¨ ∞ÖÏÎ<£Ñ¨ Ó~ü —QÍ=∂iÛ"Õ™ê~°∞. ~å[ºOÖ’ "åi JHõ $`åºÅ‰õΩ JO`« ∞ÖËHõáÈ~ÚOk. Ç≤ ÏO^Œ ∂ã=∂*ÏxH˜HÍà◊~å„u =O\˜P ã=∞Ü« ∞OÖ’, `«# ÑO_» ∞=Ü« ∞ã¨ ∞û#∞‰õÄ_® Öˇ Hõ ¯KÕÜ«∞HõJ#Ü« ∞=∞O„u,P`«_çã¨ g∞Ñ¨|O^è Œ∞=Ù H˘Åx ~°∞„^Œ^Õ=Ù_»∞, =Úã¨∞#∂i „áÈÅÜ«∞<åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞, H˘Ñ¨CÅ„áÈÅÜ« ∞, =∞OzH˘O_» QÆ Ñu, ˆ ~K«~° ¡ ã≤OQÆ=∞<åÜ« ∞‰õ Ω_» ∞ =O\˜=∞Ç¨ ™êq∞Éè í ‰õ ΩÎÖˇ ·# HÍHõ fÜ«∞ ¿ã<å#∞Å∞ ‰õ Ä_ç, uiy J#uHÍÅOÖ’<ÕF~° ∞QÆÅ∞¡ ÃÑ·ÃÇ· ÏO^Œ=^è Œ [O ZQÆ ∞~° ∞"Õâß~° ∞. 'ãÖ`«=∂QÆ ∞Å∂~° ∞—âßã#O D q+¨Ü« ∞"≥ ∞ÿJ<Õ Hõq=~åÅ∞ `≥Å∞Ñ¨ Ù`ÀOk. J#Ü« ∞#∞'PO„^èŒÉèí∂=∞O_»ÖÏ^èŒºHõ∆ ã≤OÇ¨ ã¨# „ÑüëêªÑ¨<åKå~°∞º_»∞— Jh

'Ü« ∞=#ãÖÇ¨ ~°qÅÜ« ∞HÍÖÏy— Jh ZO`À H© iÎOKå~° ∞. '=∂O_„|Ç¨Ï‡~åHõ∆ã≤—, '~°ÔH¯ã¨ QÆOQxÜ≥ ∂QÍkèÑu— ™êÇ≤ ÏQÆOQÆÜ« ∞º=∞O„u t"å~å^è Œ<å`«`« Ê~° ∞_Õ. W`«_ç *Ï˝«∞_≥ ·# ™êÇ≤ Ï˜ =∂K«Ü« ∞¿ã<åx 'Ñ¨~°=∞ =∂¿ÇÏâ◊~° —, 'Hõe ÚQ g~°Éè í„^Œ —, '[=∞eHõÉè ’QÆ eOQÆ — a~° ∞^•Å`À „Ñ¨ã≤Œ ∞ú_≥ ·# â‹ · "åKå~°Ñ~° ∞_» ∞Jig~°Éè íÜ« ∞OHõ~° ∞_» ∞. WHõ, „Ñ¨`åÑ~° ∞„^Œ ∞_çH˘Å∞=ÙÖ’ Jâ◊ ™êÇ≤ ÏÜ≥ ÿ ∞#™êÇ≤ Ï=∂~°# =∞Ç¨ „Ñ¨ MÏº`« ∞_» ∞. Ñ¨~° "Õ ∞â◊ ~°Éè í ‰õ ΩÎ_≥ ·# D Ü« Ú^Œ ú g~° ∞_ ∞^•#g~°∞_»∞‰õÄ_®. „Ñ¨ã≤^Œú HJ[~å=∞~°"≥∞ÿ# Kå@∞=Ù W`«_çq`«~° jÖÏx qâ◊^ŒOKÕ™ÈÎOk:

JÑ¨ Ce_» ∞ #`« ñ_» ∞ Ñ¶ ¨ ∞#∞ñ_®?JÑ¨ C_˘ã¨ ñy =∞~° Åñ *O^Œ ∞ <å`«ñ_» ∞ ~å*Ï?

K≥ Ñ¨ÊñQÆ =Öˇ ™êÇ≤ Ï =∂ ~° Ñ¨Ê#∞ ^•#=Ú# Ñ¶ ¨ ∞#∞ñ_» ∞ ~åA #@OK« ∞<£. D •#g~°Hõ~°∞‚_» ∞ PO„^èŒ^Õâß# „Ñ¨ã≤^Œ∞úÖˇ·# =∞Ç¨ ^•`«Å∞

=ÚÑ¨ÊkW^ŒÌ~°∞ =∞O„`«∞ÅÖ’ XH=Oâ◊ã¨ ∞÷ÖËJ#O`«~°O 'xâ◊ ≈OHõ — WO\˜ ¿Ñ~° ∞QÆÅ"å~° ∞ JÜ« ∂º~° ∞. xâ◊ ≈O H˘=∞‡<å=∂`« ∞º_ç't=bÖÏqÖÏã¨=Ú— ã¨ ∞„Ñ¨ã≤Œ ú "Õ ∞.

***

N<å^ä ŒHõqH˜ ã¨=∞HÍe‰õ Ω_≥ ·# q#∞H˘O_»=Å¡Éè í=∞O„u#'„H©_®aè~å=∞=Ú—Ö’ – F~° ∞QÆÅ∞¡=∞Ç¨ "≥ ·Éè í"åx Hõ à◊ §‰õ Ω Hõ \˜ ì#@=i‚OKå_» ∞. P<å\˜D =∞Ç¨ Ñ¨ @ì OÖ’x Õ=`«Å∞ •^•Ñ¨ Ù JO^Œ~° ∂ g~°« =Ú\˜ ìÑ_Õt=Ñ¨ i"å~° "Õ ∞ – Éè ˇ·~°=Ù_» ∞, K«=∞_Õâ◊ s =∞Ç¨ H˜, g~°Éè í„^Õâ◊ ~° ∞_» ∞, =Ú™ê#=∞‡, H˘=∞~° ∞ ™ê=∞Ü« ∞º PÅÜ« ∂Å`ÀÉÏ

"Õ ∞~° ∞â◊ $OQÆ=ÚÅÉ’Å∞ JuZ`≥ ÎÂ# Hâ◊=™êq∞, N ã¨ Ü«∞OÉ í ∂^Õ=Ù=∞Ok~åÅ∞‰õ Ä_® L<å~Ú. WHõ =∂Ç¨ï~°=∞ g~°=∞Ç¨ ^Õ– ã¨∞Îu‰õÄ_® KÕÜ« ∞|_çOk. JO`ÕQÍHõ, F~° ∞QÆO\˜Ö’ '"≥∞ g~°Éè í @∞Å∞— KÕã≤# Xà◊ √§ QÆQÆ ∞~˘Ê_çKÕ™êÇ¨ Ïã¨ Hõ $`åºÅ∞, Q˘~°QÆÑ_» ∞K ∞KÕã≤# J|∞ƒ~°Ñ¨ iKÕQ˘O_ç¡Ü«∂@‰õ Ä_® =i‚OKå_»∞:

ã‘II é=é==∞O_»∞ <≥ é] x K«O„_» =∞Öˇ ¡Å KÀ^Œ ºOÑ¨ Ù QÆ ∞O_®Å∞ K˘K ∞

Hõ ~° "å_çÜ« ∞Å∞QÆ ∞#∞ QÆ #Ñ¨ áê`« ~°¡ Ö’ #∞\˜ ìKÕ^Œ ∞Å∞QÀã≤Ü«Úé∞‰õ Ω"å~° ∞

QÍÅÑ¨ÙQ˘H˜¯ QÆOHÍà◊ K ~°‡=Ú „QÆ ∞zÛÜ«Ú_» ∞gkè #∞Ü« ∞ºÅ Å∂QÆ ∞"å~° ∞ Hõ \ HÇ¨Ï∏<åà◊ O|∞ QÆO_» Hõ`≥ Î ~° =\˜ ì

q∞ã≤ q∞O`«∞Å∞#∞QÍHõ„q∞OQÆ ∞"å~° ∞ `Õ IIwII ãÖ^Œ ∞Å#∞ <å~°ãÖ|∞Å∞ ã¨ Å∞Ñ¨ Ù"å~° ∞

Ü≥ ∞_» =∞ ‰õΩ_ç KÕ `«<å~° `« ∞ eK« ∞Û"å~°∞ ™êÇ¨ Ïã¨ =Ú =¸iÎ Ô Q· H˘# ã¨~° ˜ "å~°∞ nè~° Ç¨ Ï$^ŒÜ« ÚÅ∞ "≥ ∞ÿ ÖÏ~° g~° Éè í @∞Å∞




D '"≥∞ÿÖÏ~°^Õ=Ù_ç— PÅÜ«∞O F~°∞QÆO\˜Ö’ LO_Õ^Œ@.~° ∞„^Œ=∞^Õq 'S#"ÀÅ∞— "≥ ∞ÿÖÏ~°^Õ=Ù#‰õ Ω PÅÜ« ∞"≥ ÚHõ \˜xi‡Oz#^Œ @. D ^Õ=Ù_»∞ 'Éè ˇ ·~°=Ùx `À_ç*’_» ∞—. J~Ú`Õ "≥ ∞ÿÖÏ~°^Õ=Ùx QÆ ∞iOz=Å¡Éè í~åÜ« ∞=∞O„u K≥Ñ≤Ê# ''â◊x"å~°ã≤kÌã¨ [˚# áêi*Ï`«O|∞...——Ñ¨Œ ºOÖ’x KåÖÏ qâı+¨ÏÅ∞, QÆ ∞"åK« HÍÅ∞ D<å\˜ H© U ÑÖ_ç`«Ñ¨ iâ’^è Œ ‰õ Ω_» ∂ ã=∞O[ãÖQÍ q=iOz K≥Ñ¨ ÊÖË HõáÈÜ« ∂_» ∞.

"≥∞ÿÖÏ~°^Õ=Ù_ç P~å^èŒ<å ãO„Ñ¨^•Ü«∞O, PÜ«∞# Éè í‰õΩÎÅ g~° Hõ $`åºÅ∞ Ü« Ú^Œ úãO|O^è Œ "≥ ∞ÿ#qQÍ, g~°`« „Ñ¨ Hõ @##∞ KÕ ¿ã q^è ŒOQÍ Hõ#|_»å~Ú. "≥ ∞ÿÖÏ~°^Õ=Ù_çx QÆ ∞iOz# ZO`À qã¨ Î$`«ã=∂Kå~°O, H©.âı. 'K« i„`«q^•º^è Œ~° — N `« ∞~°QÍ Hõ$+¨ ‚=¸iÎQÍ~° ∞ q=iOKå~° ∞. "≥∞ÿÖÏ~°^Õ=~° „Ñ¨ã¨H˜ÎQÆÅ =¸_»∞ âßã¨<åÅ#∞ QÆ∞iOz PÜ«∞#`≥Å∞Ñ¨ Ù`« ∂ – QÆ ∞O@∂~° ∞ lÖÏ¡Z#=∞^ŒÅ „QÍ=∞OÖ’x N ~å=∞™êq∞^Õ=à◊OÖ’#∞, QÆ ∞O@∂~°∞ Ñ¨@ì OÖ’x JQÆ ¿ãÎ ºâ◊ ~åÅÜ« ∞OÖ’#∞,#~° û~å=Ù¿Ñ@ `åÅ∂HÍ H˘O_» g_»∞ „QÍ=∞OÖ’x XHõ=∞ã‘^Œ ∞Ö’#∞'=¸Å™êÎ#O "≥ ∞ÿÖÏ~°^Õ=~° —‰õ Ω '~°OQÆ=∞^è Œ º=Ú HõO|=Ú ¿ã~ÚOz—#@∞¡

âßã¨#áê~îåÅÖ’ LOk Jx K≥áêÊ~°∞. D ^•`«Å∞ =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∂ "≥ ·â◊√ºÖË HÍ=_»O, "å~° ∞ ÃÑ#∞Q˘O_»Ñ¨Ù~°"åã¨∞ÖË HÍ=_»O, JHõ ¯_ç#QÆ ˆ ~â◊ ~°™êq∞ áê^ŒÑ¨•‡~å^è Œ ‰õ ΩÖËHÍ=_»O qâı+=∞x N « ∞~°QÍ"åiqâı ¡+¨ . D âßã¨<åÅÖ’ Ô ~O_»∞ „H©.â◊.1388 ãOII‰õΩ K≥Ok#q HÍQÍ, =¸_»=k „H©.â◊. 1410 ãÖII‰õ Ω K≥Ok#k. ''P~° º"≥ ·â◊º ‰õ Ω@∞Oa#∞Å H˜+¨ ì ≥ ·="≥ ∞ÿ# 'Hõ#ºHõ — Ü« ∞y„Ñ¨ "Õâ◊HÍÅ=Ú# q+¨ µ‚=~° ú#∞xÜ«∞Hõ $`«º=Ú#∞ QÆi›Oz, HÀ=∞@∞Å qâ◊√^Œ ú=~°Î# huxÜ« ∞=∞=ÚÅ‰õ Ωã¨ "≥ ∂‡Ç≤ Ï`«∞Öˇ · `«=∞ „Ñ¨Éè í∞x H˘Å∞=Ù q~°q∞Oz "≥ ·â◊ √ºÅ Ñ¨ Hõ∆ =ÚKÕ iáÈ~å_ç# q+¨ µ‚=~° ú#∞x g~°Éè í @∞Å#∞ "≥ ∞ÿÖÏ~°∞Åx, g~°=Ú+¨ µìÅx~ÚÑ¨Ê\˜H˜h "≥·â◊√ºÅ∞ Q“~°qOz Ñ¨ÓlOK«∞@ HÍ##QÆ∞K«∞#k. HÍHõ fÜ« ÚÅ<å\˜"≥ ∞ÿÖÏ~° ∞Å‰õ Ω, g~°=Ú+¨ µìÅ‰õ ΩQÆÅ ãO|O^è Œ "Õ ∞q∞Ü≥ ∂`≥ eÜ«∞ ~å‰õΩ#k——Jx `«∞~°QÍ"å~°∞ Jaè„áêÜ«∞Ñ¨_®¤~° ∞.

<Õ\˜H© "≥ ·â◊√ºÅ‰õ Ω "åi ‰õ ΩÅ, =Oâ◊K« i„`«Å∞ K≥ ¿ÑÊ P„t`« LÑ¨ ‰õΩÅO"å~° ∞ g~°=Ú+¨ µìÖË. D 'g~°=Ú+≤ ì— â◊|ÌO P *Ïu"åiáÈ~å@áê@"åx „ÑüaOaOKÕ^Õ. „QÍ=∂Å#∞ HÍÑ¨ÖÏHÍ¿ã g~°Éèí @∞Å#∞‰õ Ä_® g~°=Ú+¨ µìÅ#_»O P<å_»∞ =º=Ç¨ ~°OÖ’ LOk.nxx|\˜ ì, g~°=Ú+¨ µìÅ ™êÇ¨ Ï™êÅ∞ qk`«=∞=Ù`« ∞<å~Ú.

WHõ D "≥∞ÿÖÏ~°^Õ=~°‰õΩ K≥Ok# =∞~˘Hõ H©ÅHÍx,PO„^èŒ–=∞Ç¨ ~åR Kåi„`« HõãO|O^è •ÅÃÑ·ZO`À Ñ¨ iâ’^è Œ#KÕã≤# N HõO^Œ‰õ ΩiÎÜ« ∂^Œ=~å=ÙQÍ~° ∞ `≥eÜ« ∞*Ë™ê~° ∞:

''=∞Ç¨ ~åRÖ’ YO_ÀÉÏ Jx Ñ≤Å∞=|_Õ ^Õ=Ù_»∞PO„^è Œ„Ñ¨^ÕâòÖ’ =∞Å¡#QÍ Ñ≤Å∞=|_»`å_» ∞... Q˘Å¡Å∞, Ü«∂^Œ=ÙÅ∞, HÍÑ¨ÙÅ∞ =∞Å¡#^Õ=Ù_çx Ñ¨Ól™êÎ~°∞. XQÆ∞æ Hõ^äŒÖ’ K≥Ñ¨Ê|_Õ=∞Å¡#^Õ=Ùx Hõ^ä ŒÜÕ ∞. XQÆ ∞æJO>Ë=∞$^ŒOQÆ "Õ ∞. =∞Å¡#^Õ=Ù_» ∞ c^Œ~ü lÖÏ¡Ö’x "≥ ∞ÿ ÖÏ~ü ^Õ"£"åã≤QÍ K≥|∞`å~° ∞.——

'ÑÖ_ç`å~å^è Œ ºK« i„`« —Ö’ áêÅ∞¯iH˜™È=∞<å^ä Œ∞_» ∞ ^ŒãOH©~° Î#O KÕ ¿ã ã=∞Ü« ∞OÖ’, ''g~°Ñ¶ ¨ ∞O@Ü« ∞ =∞~ÚÖÏi Õ=Ü« ∞º..JO@∂ XHÍ<˘Hõ"≥ ∞ÿÖÏ~°^Õ=Ü« ∞º#∞ „Ñ¨™êÎqOKå_» ∞.

N<å^ä Œ=∞Ç¨ Hõq «# JO`« º^Œâ◊Ö’ K≥Ñ≤ Ê# Kå@∞Ñ^Œ ºOÖ`«##∞ ZO`À P^Œ iOz# ~åAÅO^Œ~° ∂ kqˆ HQÍ~°x JO@∂,

''Ô H·ÖÏãÿi ÑO_≥ "≥ ∞ÿÖÏ~°qÉèí ∞_Õyk#"≥K« Û "Õ ∞ ~åA f~° ÛQÆÅ_»∞?—— ∞. â‹ ·=ÙÖ ·#

Ô~_ç¤~åAÅ∞ D "≥∞ÿÖÏ~°^Õ=ÙãO„Ñ¨^•Ü« ∂Åh HÍHõfÜ«ÚÅ<å\˜g~°â‹ ·= „Ñ¨Éè Ï"å# "≥Åã≤#"Õ.

***

HÍHõ fÜ« ÚÅ HÍÅO<å_» ∞ PO„^è ŒÕâ◊OÖ’x â‹ ·=q[$OÉè í #∞ÑïÑ¨ Ó~° ‚OQÍ Pq+¨¯iOz# kÑ¨^Œ HÍ=ºO áêÅ∞¯iH˜™È=∞< ∞x'ÑÖ_ç`å~å^èŒºK«i„`«—. JO`«‰õΩ'g~°â‹·=—=∞`« „Ñ¨=~°Î‰õΩ_≥·# |ãÑ¨Ù~å=Ú—QÍ „"åã≤=Ù<å_»∞. JãÑ¨Ó~° ~°OQÆO XHõ \˜ LOk. Jk „H©.â◊. 6–7 â◊`åÉÏÌÅÖ’ ^Œ H˜ ∆ ^Õâ◊OÖ’ q[$OaèOz# HÍÖÏ=ÚM’^Œ º=∞O. â‹ ·=OÖ’ JuÑ¨ Ù~å`âßYÅÖ’ áêâ◊√Ñ¨`«âßY XHõ\˜. nxÖ’x LÑ¨âßÖÏ‰õ ΩÅ= HÍáêeHõ=Ú J<Õq. QÀ~° Hõ ∆ <å^ä ŒãO„Ñ¨^•Ü« ∞O‰õ Ä_® áêâ◊ √Ñ¨`«â‹ ·=OÖJO`«~åƒùQÆ"Õ∞#x JO\Ï~°∞. HÍj‡~Ñ¨ i_è »qe¡Ok. W^ŒO`å â‹ · "åxH<ÕÑ¨ä Œ ºOHÍQÍ, =ÚO^Œ ∞ „Ñ¨™êÎqOK« ∞‰ Ω# HÍÖÏ=ÚY â‹ ·==∞~î åÅ∞ HÍHõ fÜ«ÚÅ HÍÖÏxH˜‰õ Ä_® LK«â◊Ö’

L<å~Ú. D HÍÖÏ=ÚY∞Å∞ 'Å‰õΩ@ — Ü≥ÿ ∞# t=Ù_çH˜Éè í ‰õ ΩÎÅ∞ gi „Ñ™êÎ=#QÆÅ âßã¨<åÅ∞ „H©.â◊. 7= â◊`å|ÌO#∞O_ç„H©.â◊. 12,13â◊åÉÏÌÅ=~° ‰õΩ ^Œ H˜ ∆ Éè Ï~°`«Õâ◊OÖ’ ^˘~° ∞‰õ Ω`« ∞<å~Ú. gQÆÅ'Ö’Hõcè`«—, 'ãÖ™ê~°cè`«—, 'UHÍ "≥ ·~åQÍºh† '~“„^ŒK«O_ôâ◊ ~°—, 'N Ñ¨~° "Õ∞â◊ ~° =∞Ç¨ ^Õq Ö’HõQÆ ˜ —=O\˜q gi t=Éè í H˜ Îx ã¨ ∂zã¨ ∞Î<å~Ú. J~Ú`ÕWO`« \˜q~åQÆ ∞Ö# D â‹ ·=ã¨<åºã¨ ∞Å∞ 'L`« ÊuÎÑ≤_» ∞QÆ ∞— J<Õ¿Ñ~°ã<å`«#^è Œ~° ‡ ~° Hõ ∆ Ï~° ÷OXHõ^Ò~° #ºÑ¨ Ói`« "≥ ∞ÿ# L^Œ º=∂x 6, 7 â◊`åÉÏÌÅ#∞O_çÖË=n™ê~ h,P<å\˜H˜J<Õ HõqHÍ~åÅ`À ãÖÑ¶ ¨ ∞jÖÏxH˜=ÚÑ¨ CQÍ =∂i# H

É∫^Œú, *ˇ ·# =∞~î åÅ#∞, =ã¨^Œ ∞Å#∞ g~° ∞ ^è Œ OãÖKÕ™ê~° h „Ñ¨MKåi„`«Hõ Ñïâ’^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞ H©(1930–1994)QÍ~°∞ Ö’`≥·# qâı ¡+¨ `À `«# 'N L`«ÊuÎÑ≤_»J<ÕÑ¨ iâ’^è Œ Hõ"åºãÖÖ’ q=iOKå~° ∞. JO`«=~° ‰õ Ω, 'N L` ÊuÑ≤_»∞QÆ∞— „Ñ¨™êÎ=#`À PO„^èŒ^Õâ◊OÖ’x Hõ $+¨ ‚, QÆ ∞O@∂~° ∞, „Ñ¨H Hõ~°∂Å∞, =∞Ç¨Ï|∂Éò#QÆ~ü lÖÏ¡âßã¨<åÅÖ’ („"å`«ÅÖ’) H˘xKÀ@¡Hõ#|_ç# 'Ö’Hõ tÖÏaè=∂#— D PKå~° ∞ºÅ a~° ∞^•x|\˜ ì, "å~˘Hõ~° Hõ "≥ ∞ÿ# tÅ∞ÊÅ ã¨=¸Ç¨ Ï=∞Ñïâ’^è Œ ‰õ ΩÅ∞ Éè ÏqOKå~° ∞. J~Ú`Õ, N p=∞‰õ ΩiÎ "å~° ∞ P Ñ¨^•x




'Ö’Hõ jÖÏaè=∂#— Jx K«^Œ ∞=ÙHÀ"åÅx z‰õ Ω¯qáêÊ~° ∞. Ö’Hõ jÅ=∞O^Œ ∞Jaè=∂#O`À g~° ∞ 'L`« ÊuÎ Ñ≤_» ∞QÆ ∞—Öˇ ·q[$OaèOKå~° h, 'L`« Ê^ä Œ=Ú—JO>ËK≥_»¤„`À= HÍQÍ, J\˜ ì "å\˜x ^è Œ OãÖKÕ¿ã 'Ñ≤_» ∞QÆ ∞—Å∞QÍ "å~° ∞ ~° ∂Ñ¨ Ù^•ÖÏÛ~° h, Z<À "åV‡Ü« ∞, âßã¨<å^è •~åÅ`À âı+yi~å=ÙQÍ~° ∞ x~° ∂Ñ≤OKå~° ∞. WO`« H©HÍHõfÜ« ÚÅ HÍÅOÖ’x g~°â‹ ·=Ñ¨ÙáÈHõ_»Å‰õ Ω |ã¨ "Õâ◊ ~° ∞x 'g~°â‹ ·=O—‰õÄ_® H˘O`«HÍ~°"≥ ∞ÿ`Õ, JãÅ∞|ã "Õâ◊ ~° ∞_çL^Œ º=∂xH˜„H©.â◊. 6–7 â◊`åÉÏÌÅ<å\HÍÖÏ=ÚM’^Œ º=∞Oã¨ ∂ÊùiÎxzÛO^Œx gi "å^ŒO. nxH˜P^è •~°OQÍ g~° ∞, áêÅ∞¯iH˜'|ã =Ñ¨ Ù~å=Ú—Ö’x XHõL^ŒO`åx L^Œ Ç¨ ÏiOKå~° ∞. ã¨HõÖËâ◊~°=∂k~åA Nâ‹ ·ÅOÖ’ «Ñã¨ ∞û KÕã¨ ∂ÎO_»QÍ, XHõ~ÀA# XHõK≥ @∞ì H˘=∞‡ qiy J`«_çH˜`«áÈÉè íOQÆ"≥ ∞ÿK« ∂_»QÍ, =∞e¡ HÍ~° ∞˚#^Õ=Ù_»∞ „Ñ¨`«ºHõ ∆ "≥ ∞ÿ–

=ã¨ ∞^è Œ ‰õ Ω ã¨ ^Œ ƒù H˜ Î=~° ú <å~°÷ =ÚQÆ |ã =ñ_» ∞ <å <˘Hõ ¯ Éèí ‰õ ΩÎO_» ∞ =zÛÜ« Ú#"åñ_» `« xx Ü« Úz`«QÀ+≤ªã¨

=Ú#`«ã¨∞Y"åiú<ÀÅÖÏ_» ∞K«∞#∞ |~° =∞ t"åKå~° ã¨~° ˜=„>ˇÅ¡ [i~ÚOÑ¨ =ÅÜ« Ú ã¨ ^Œú ~° ˜ Ö’ h=Ù Z#Ü« ∞OQÆ <åé∂~° ∞ <Õ |kÜÕ ∞O_»∞¡

ã¨xÜ≥ ∞h q@ =zÛ ãÖÜ« ∞q∞uÅHõ ! ... J<å_» @. JO>Ë,=ã¨∞^èŒÃÑ· ã¨^ŒƒùH˜Î =iúÅ¡*ËÜ«∞_®xH˜ |ã¨=_»<Õ `«# Éèí‰õΩÎ_˘Hõ=zÛ=Ù<å_»x, =∂k~å[Ü« ∞º `«Ñã¨∞û "≥ Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ\˜ ì 650 ãÖIIÅ∞QÆ_ç zO^Œx, WÑ¨ C_» ∞ P |ã=_çÀ HõÅã≤=∂k~å[Ü« ∞º#∞ K« iOÑ¨=∞x=∞e¡HÍ~°∞˚#∞_»∞ P[˝ WKåÛ_»@. D HÍ~°OKÕ`« ã¨HõÖËâ◊~°

=∂k~å[Ü« ∞º Nâ‹ ·ÅOÖ’ 650 ãÖIIÅ∞ «Ñã¨ ∞ûKÕã≤, |ã "Õâ◊ ~° ∞_ç`À HõÅã≤ g~°â‹·"À^Œº=∞OÖ’ áêÖÁæ<å_»x g~°â‹·=ÙÅ qâßãÖ. N p=∞‰õ ΩiÎ "å~° ∞ D q+¨Ü« ∞"≥ ∞ÿ qâı ¡+≤Oz, |ã=x g~°â‹ ·"À^Œº=∞O Hõ àÏºHõ @HõOÖ’ ‰õ Ω^Œ∞~° ∞HÀ=_®xH˜650 ãOIIÅ „HÕ^Œ @<ÕNâ‹ ·Å„áêO`«OÖ’ â‹·"À^Œº=∞O qã¨Î $`«OQÍ ™êyO^Œh, `«~å`« Jkã¨Œ∞Ì=∞˜y, 6–7 â◊`åÉÏÌÅ `«~° ∞"å`«uiy |ã "Õâ◊~° ∞_ç HÍÅOÖ’q[$OaèOzO^Œh ÃÑ· '|ã¨=Ñ¨Ù~å=Ú— QÍ^äŒÖ’x PO`«~°ºOQÍ„QÆ Ç≤ÏOK«=K«∞Û#h „"å™ê~° ∞.

áêÅ∞¯iH˜ ™È=∞<å^äŒ∞_»∞ `«# '|ã¨=Ñ¨Ù~å=Ú—Ö’ D

q+Ü« ∞"Õ ∞ ã¨ Ê+¨ ìOQÍ K≥áêÊ_» ∞: WÖ '=∞éÑ¨_»¤ — x~° ‡Å t=Éèí H˜Î ^ŒÅ Ü≥ ∞`« ∞Î =_» ∞=Ù#ñ ^•ñ ^ŒÅÜ≥∞`«∞Î Hõ_» ñHõ `À <åk =∂~° æ=Ú `« Ñ¨ Ê‰õ ΩO_» #_» ∞y_» ∞ bÅñ Œ Ñ¨ Ê_» ∞QÆ ∞Å∞ "≥ @∞ì. JO>Ë, '=∞é∞Ñ¨ Ù#Ñ¨_» ¤ —

x~° ‡Å t=Éè í H˜ Î=∞m§ «Å ZuÎO^Œx ™È=∞<å^ä Œ ∞_» ∞ =∞#‰õ Ω K≥|∞`« ∞<å_» ∞. D q+Ü« ∞"≥ ∞ÿ 'HÍHõ fÜ« ∞ ãOzHõ—Ö’x N=∂<£^Œ ∂áê\˜

~°=∞ÏKå~° ∞ºÅ∞QÍi "åºãÖ, HÍHõ fÜ« ∞ ˘e~åAÅ HÍÖÏxˆ H ZO`À

„Ñ¨ÉèÏ"åx K« ∂Ñ¨ Ù`« ∞# HÍÖÏ=ÚY∞Å q=~åÅ ∞*Ë™ÈÎ Ô ~O_»= ÉË`«~åA („H©.â◊.1076–1126)HÍÅOÖ’ ZO`À í H˜ ÎQ“~° "åÅá⁄Ok# =∞e¡ HÍ~° ∞˚# HÍÖÏ=ÚMÏKå~° ∞º_çq=~åÅ∞ K≥|∞`« ∂, W`«_» ∞`«áÈ~åt t+¨µº_» ∞, HÍÖÏ=ÚY =∞~î åkèÑ¨ f Jx `≥eÜ« ∞*Ë™ê~ã¨∞=∂~°∞ „H©.â◊. 1050 „áêO`«OÖ’<≥ÅH˘ÖÏÊ~° h, Ñ¨ tÛ=∞ Kåà◊ √‰õ ΩºÅ∞, KÀ_»∞Å∞ D ∞˚#∞_x™ê^Œ~°Q“~°"åÅ`À Ñ¨ÓlOKå~°h `≥`«áÈ~åt q„QÆÇ¨ÏO JÅOÑ¨ÙiÖ’ Hõã¨∂~°º~åt, `«áÈ~åt, `Õ*’~åt "≥Ú^ŒÖ„Ñ¨â◊Oã¨, "åix Kåà◊√‰õΩºÅ∞ Ñ¨Ó`≥ eáê~° ∞. W=h, HÍÖÏ=ÚY∞Å 'N L`«ÊÑ≤_» ∞QÆ ∞— L^Œ HÍHõ fÜ« ∞ HÍÅO=~° ‰õÄ, P `«~å`« ‰õ Ä_® H˘#™êy# ∞ÿ#â‹ ·=„Ñ¨Éè Ï"åh ã¨ ∂zã¨ ∞Î<å~Ú. áêÅ∞¯iH˜'ÑO_ç`å~å^è Œ º K« i„`« —ÖK«O^Œ "ÀÅ∞Ö’ "≥Å<å\KÀà◊ √x P™ê÷#OÖ’ =∞e¡ HÍ~° ∞˚# ÑO_ç`« ∞_ ∞XHõÉ∫^•úKå~° ∞º_ç`À "å^ŒO ã¨ eÊ# ãO^Œ~° ƒùOÖ’, ÑÖ_ç`å~å^è ∞º_

t+¨ µºÅ∞ P É∫^•úKå~° ∞º_çx J`«_»∞ XHõ <Õ~°O KÕ~ÚOKå_»x Ü≥ ∞OK«O¿Ñ ãÖ^Œ~° ƒùOÖ’, g~å=`å~° ∞Å∞ â◊ ¥~°∞ÖË HÍOQÆ g~° ∞Å∞ =∞é∞<å_» ∞ "ÕQÆ ∞*Ï=Ú##∞ã¨~°ã¨ ~°eOQÍ=ã¨~° =Úñ *ˇe¡Oz...

|∞^•ú ÅÜ«∞=Ú ™⁄zÛ Éè í ∞q *Ïye „"≥ Ú‰õ Ω¯ "≥_» "≥_»#∞é∞=∞x Ñ≤_» ∞QÆ ∞Å∞ Ñ¨_ç# ...Jx =i‚Oz# ^•_çÖ’x 'Lé∞=∞x Ñ≤_»∞ D

HÍÖÏ=ÚY∞Å 'L`« ÊuÎÑ≤_» ∞QÆ ∞—Å‰õ Ω „Ñü^è Œ xÜÕ ∞#x N p=∞‰ ΩiÎ "åiJaè„áêÜ«∞O.

D q^è ŒOQÍ L^è Œ $`« "≥ ∞ÿ# g~°`åxH˜c*Ï"åÑ¨#O â‹ ·=OÖ’ D L^Œº=∂Å∞ KÕ™êÜ«∞h, J<ÕHõ" ∞ÿ# J#O`«~° g~åK ΩãÖã¨¯~°Å‰õΩ W"Õ HÍ~°=∞Ü« g~°èÀ~° ∞Å K« i„`«JO`å =∞#‰õ Ω HÍHõ fÜ« ∞ HÍÅÑ¨Ù ∞O„Ñ™êk™ÈÎOk.

***

HÍHõfÜ«ÚÅ<å_»∞ "åã≤ÔHH<å@ºsuÖ’#∂ D g~°`« O J^Œ ∞ƒù`«OQÍ =ºH© Î Hõ iOÑ¨|_çOk. J^'¿Ñi˜ — t=`åO_»=#$`« ºO. D Õ j#$`« ºsu Éè íOy=∞Å∞ ~å ÊQÆ ∞_ tÖÏÊÅÖ’ xH˜∆Ñ¨ÎOKÕÜ«∞|_ç <Õ\˜Ü« ÚQÍ#O`«~°O =∞~° ∞QÆ ∞# Ñ¨_çáÈ~Ú# D g~°#$`« ºsux P^è Œ ∞xH HÍÅOÖ’ N #@~å[ ~å=∞Hõ $+¨ ‚QÍ~° ∞ Ñ¨ Ù#~° ∞^Œ ú iOz =∞# ã¨=∂*ÏxHJOkOz# q+¨Ü« ∞O =∞#"≥ ∞iy#^Õ. D ¿Ñi˜#$`« ºO „Ñ¨^è •#OQ„Ñ¨[ÅÖ’, Ãã·x‰õΩÅÖ’ ^Õâ◊ÉèíH˜Î




„Ñ¨^è•#"≥ ∞ÿ#^Œ h, nx „Ñ¨Éè Ï=O=Å¡<ÕP „áêO`«OÖ’ 't"åO@— J<Õ=∂O_» eHõÑ¨ŒO „Ñ¨ [ÅÖ’H˜"å_» ∞HõÖ’H˜=zÛO^Œ h, ~å=∞Ñ¨ ÊQÆ ∞_ç ÃÑ·qã¨Î $`« Ñïâ’^èŒ#KÕã≤ „QÆO^äŒ ~°K«#‰õÄ_® KÕã≤# N =∞O^ŒÅ=∞ÖÏ¡ Ô ~_ç ¤QÍ~° ∞ q=iOKå~° ∞. 't"åO@—‰õ Ω J~° ÷O 't"å J#∞K«∞—Jh, HÍh „Ñ¨ [Å∞ WKÕ Û J~° ÷O '"≥ Ú^Œ \˜™êi— Jh N =∞ÖÏ¡ Ô ~_ç ¤`≥ eáê~° ∞. ''t"åO@ x<Õ J_çQÍ#∞. h=Ù `«Ñ¨ Êxã¨ iQÍ W"åe——

Jx P „áêO`åÅÖ’ <Õ \ H© „Ñ¨[Å∞ JO\Ï~° @. JO>ËP HÍÅOÖ’„Ñ¨ [Å∞ 't"å!— J#x^Õ U Ñ¨xh "≥ Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ>Ë ì"å~° ∞ HÍ^Œx nx=Å#`≥Å∞™ÈÎO^Œx ~°K«~Ú`« q=iOKå~°∞.

N<å^ä Œ ∞_ç'ÑÅ<å\g~°K« i„`« —Ö’, #ÅQÍ=∞~åA Ñ¨Å<å\˜xáêeã¨ ∞Î#Ñ¨ Ù_» ∞ P`«_ç H˘Å∞=Ù‰õΩ XHõ#~° Î H=zÛ KÕã≤# <å@ºOÖ’ãÑ¨ Î`åO_» "åÅ∞ =i‚OKå_» ∞:

„ÉË ~° ˜ ^Õ tx „¿ÑOY˜â◊ √^Œú ^ŒO_çHÍ ‰õ ΩO_»e `«QÆ ∞ ÉÏÇ¨ ÏKåiã¨ Ñ¨ Î`åO_» ==ÚÅ∞ ã¨ ÖˇÊ z„`« =ÚQÆ. D '„ÉË~° ˜ —, ¿Ñi˜

t=`åO_»= #$`« º"Õ∞.***

|ã¨"Õâ◊~°∞x „áê|ÅºO`À g~°â‹·=ÙÅ∞ H˘O^Œ~°∞'eOQÆÑ¨™ê~Ú`« —=∞<ÕHõ~î å~åx èŒ iOz u~° ∞QÆ∞`« ∂ LO_Õ "å~°∞. Wk'eOQÆ„Ñ™êk`« — â◊|ÌÉèí=O. ''... ™ê~° "≥ ∞ÿeOQÆÑ™ê~Ú`«O |<≥_» ∞ ¿Ñ~°#∞ QÆÅ∞æHõ~î å~°O|∞ QÆ \˜ ì —— Jx |ã¨=Ñ¨ Ù~åO. ã¨ ∞iÜ« ∞ KÒ_»Ü« ∞º,=Úã≤O_çKÒ_»Ü« ∞º Å<Õ "å~°∞ t=Ù_ç Ñ¨~°=∞Éè í‰õ ΩÎÅHÀ=Ö’x"åiQÍáêÅ∞¯iH˜ ¿Ñ~˘¯<å_»∞. D 'ã¨∞iÜ«∞—, '=Úã≤O_ç— J<ÕqPÜ« Ú^è •Å¿Ñˆ~¡.

***

<Õ_» ∞ qO>Ë<Õ=∞#‰õ Ω "≥#∞ [Å^Œ iOKÕg~°™êÇ¨ ÏãHõ $`åºÅ∞ g~°â‹ ·=ÙÅ∞ t=Éè í ‰õ ΩÎ º„^Õ HõO`À KÕ ¿ã"å~° ∞. Hõ à◊ √§ Ñ‘ ˆ Hã¨ ∞‰õ Ωx t==∞Ç≤ Ï=∞`À=∞m§ á⁄O^Œ_»O, <åÅ∞HõÅ∞ ÃÑiH˜"Õã¨ ∞H˘x =∞m§ á⁄O^Œ_»O, «ÅÅ∞`«~° ∞QÆ ∞H˘x =∞m§ "≥ ÚeÑ≤OK« ∞ HÀ=_»O =O\˜Ju=∂#∞+¨ "≥ ∞ÿ# K«~° ºÅ∞KÕ ¿ã"å~°x ™È=∞<å^äŒ ∞_çL"åK«. Nâ‹ ·ÅOÖ’x 'g~°=∞O_»ÑÖ— W\˜ì g~°t=Éè í H˜ Î„Ñ¨ Hõ @#‰õ Ω "ÕkHõQÍ LO_Õ^Œ h, ÖËáêH˜ ∆ g~°Éè í„^•ÅÜ« ∞OQÆ~°ƒùQÆ$Ç¨ÏO "≥#∞HõQÀ_»Ö’ L# Z„~°x=∞K«Û q~°∞Ñ¨‚ t=Ù_çH˜JiÊOz# Hõ#∞ =Ú„^Œ Jx [#„â◊ √uÖ’ LO^Œh _®II zÅ∞‰õ Äi<å~åÜ« ∞ ~å=ÙQÍ~°∞ `≥eÜ« ∞*Ë™ê~° ∞.

***

q#∞H˘O_»=Å¡Éè Ï=∂`« ∞º_ç'„H©_®aè~å=∞=Ú—Ö’<Õ, F~° ∞QÆÅ∞¡ g^èŒ∞ÅÖ’ 'Ñ¨Å<å\˜ g~°QÍ^ä•QÍ<åaè#Ü«∂x— g~åhHõO ZÖÏáê_®~À, ZÖÏ Jaè#~ÚOKå~À K≥Ñ¨ Ê|_çOk:

„^Œ ∞`«åà◊ O|∞# g~°QÆ ∞OÑ¶≤ `« Hõè Œ ∞O^è Œ ∞O ^è Œ∞O H˜ \Ï`å¯~°ã¨ OQÆ u "å~ÚOÑ¨ ÙK« ∞, <åO`« ~åoHõÜ« ∞u „QÍ=∂aè ~å=∞O|

Ü« ∞u QÆ ∂_» <£kÑ¨^Œ„Ñ¨ |O^è Œ =Ú# g~åhHõ =ÚO ÉÏ_≥<˘ Hõ ¯`≥„Ñ¨ `« ºHõ ∆ ~° =ÚO QÆ ∞=∂~° ‰õ ΩÅ∞ Ñ¶ ‘ \Ï¯~° O|∞#O Œ ∂ÅñQÆ <£.

WHõ"å~° ∞ Ñ¨ÖÏ\Ü« Ú^Œú^Œ $âßºx, PÜ« ∂ g~° ∞Å áÈ~ÉèíOy=∞Å#∂ ZÖÏ Jaè#~ÚOKå~À‰õ Ä_® K≥Ñ¨ Ê|_çOk:

QÆ i˚Oz Ü« ∞~°ã≤[OÑ¶¨ ∂HÍO_»Ü« ÚQÆ à◊ O|∞ g~°ãOÉˇ @ HÀÅ„"ÕÜ«Ú <˘Hõ_»∞Pb_è » áê^Œq<åºã¨ "≥ÚÑ¨ ÊñQÆ „"åe

‰õ ΩO`åaè #Ü« ∞=Úñ Ô Q· H˘#∞ <˘HõO_» ∞ aQÆ ∞=Ùñ QÆ #∞Å #∞QÆ∞æÉˇ^Œ ~° ∞ñ EÑ¨ ÙÅ`À_»

Ñ¶ ‘\Ï¯~° "≥ Ú#iOK« ∞ñ Éˇ Å∞K«<˘Hõ ñ_»∞ Ñ¨ @∞ Éè í ∞*Ï=+¨ ìOÉè í Ñïáê\Ñ¶ ¨ ∞\˜ ~ÚÅ¡

^èŒ ~° ˜Ü« ∂™ÈÊù\Õz ^•ñ@∞ <˘Hõ ñ_»∞ LkÌ„Ñ¨ Hõ\ÕÑ¨ <˘Hõ ¯~° ∞O _ÀÅ "åñ_» ∞ |Ü« ∞Å∞ QÆ ∞é]O|∞ Éèí O[à◊ §ñ |éÑ¨ Ù <˘Hõ ñ_»∞ H˘_»∞=Ú ^•\ÕÑ¨ ÙK« ∞#∞ Éˇ^Œ ÌH˘Å∞=ÙÖ’#ñ |_» ñu Ñ¨ÖÏ\˜g~° ∞Åñ ÉÏ_» ∞ #Ñ¨ Ù_» ∞ z„`«Ñ¨ Ù QÆ^≥ ÌÑÅHõÅg∞^Œz„uOz# „|Ç¨ Ï‡<åÜ« Ú_®kQÍÅ

g~° ∞Å z„`åÅ#∞ F~°∞QÆÅ∞¡g^èŒ ∞ÅÖ’ „Ñ¨^Œ i≈Oz K«∂Ñ¨ Ù `« ∞<å @=∞QÆ "åˆ ~HÍ^Œ ∞, P Ñ¨Å<å\ã‘=∞Ö’ P_» "å~° ∂ =∞Ç¨ â∫~° ºãOÑ¨#∞Å'„H©_®aè~å=∞O—Ö’ =∞OK«#â◊~°q=iOz K≥|∞`å_» ∞.

*** HÍHõ fÜ« ÚÅ‰õ Ω ã¨=∞HÍb‰õ ΩÅ∞ D Ñ¨ÖÏ\˜g~° ∞Å∞. ã¨ ∞=∂~ ∞

„H©.â◊.1182 „áêO`«OÖ’ [iy# D Ñ¶¨'ÑÅ<å\g~°K«i„`«=Ú— kÑ¨^Œ HÍ=ºO`À J[~å=∞~° "≥ ∞ÿ xezOPO„^èŒ ∞Å‰õ Ω D Ü« Ú^Œ úO =∞~˘Hõ =∞Ç¨ Éè Ï~°`« Ü«Ú^Œ úO =O\^Œx ‰õ Ä_® Z<À áÈeHõÅ`À =i‚OK«|_çOk. #ÅQÍ=∞, =∞e^=~åAÅJ#^Œ=Ú‡Å D áÈ~°∞, "åi =∞O„`« ∞Öˇ·# <åÜ« ∞‰õ Ω~åÅ∞ <„|Ç¨ Ï‡<åÜ« Ú_»∞Å xˆ ~Ìâ◊ Hõ`« OÖ’ [iyOk. W~° ∞=~åæÅÖ’x JigÉè íÜ« ∞OHõ~° ∞Öˇ ·# D =∞Ç¨ g~° ∞Å Ü« Ú^•úxH~° ˆ H∆ „`«OQÍ HÍ~° º=∞Ñ Ó_(<Õ \˜QÆ ∞O@∂~° ∞ lÖÏ¡Ö’x HÍÔ ~OÑ¨ Ó_ç) xezOk. D =∞Ç¨ ~° OÖ HÍHõ fÜ« ∞ „Ñ¨Éè í ∞=Ù ~° ∞„^Œ^Õ=Ù_» ∞ #ÅQÍ=∞~åA‰õΩ Ü« ∞OQÍ Ãã·<åºx ÑÖÑ≤OKå_» ∞.

ÑÖÏ\˜g~° ∞ÅÖ’ „|Ç¨ Ï‡<åÜ« Ú_» ∞ "≥ ·+¨ ‚=Ù_≥ ·#Ñ¨ Ê\˜ H©, P`«_çk t=^Õ+ÖÖËx q+¨µ‚ÉèíH˜Î. K≥#ˆH„"≥ÚHÍ¯_»∞. Nâ‹·Å ˆH∆„`åxH˜QÆ„uÑ¨Ù~åO`«Hõ^Õ=Ù_çx „|Ç¨Ï‡<åÜ«'ÑÅ<å\g~°K«i„`«=Ú— K≥|∞`ÀOk:




Ç¨ Ïã¨ Î =ÚÖò =Ú‰õ ΩoOz JxÜ≥∞ „|Ç¨Ï‡# :Q“s=∞<ÀÇ¨ Ï~° ! QÆOQÀ`« Î =∂OQÆ !

<åQÆ HõOHõ t=! #Ok"åÇ¨Ï#∞_» ! HÍOK« #yiKåÑ¨! HõOkè `« ∂© ~° !QÆ ~° ∞_®ã¨ <åO|Hõ ! Y\ÏOQÆ Ç¨ Ïã¨Î !

Ñ¶¨ ∞# QÆ *Ïã¨ ∞~° Éè í OQÆ ! HÍ=∞Éè í™ê‡OQÆ !... ... ... ~ÚÑ¨ Ù_» ∞

q#qOK≥ ^Œ<Õ #∞ q# #=^è Œ iOÑ¨ ÙN<å^ä Œ ∞_ç'g~°K« i„`«=Ú—Ö’<Õ, „|Ç¨ Ï‡<åÜ« ∞_çÉè Ï~° º S`«=∞‡

ãO`å#„áêÑ≤ ÎÔ H· HÍqOz# K≥#ˆHâ◊=Ùx QÆ [x=∞‡„=`«O`À áê@∞,Nâ‹ ·ÅÜ« ∂„`å„Hõ=∞O‰õ Ä_® LOk:

Nyiˆ HÔQ_» ∞ t=Éè í HõÎ `«uH˜ WzÛu ~åyKÕxi‡`«OÉˇ· # Ñ¶ ¨∞# Hõ =∞O_» Å∞=ÙÅ∞ Hõ ÃÑÊ~°K«Ü«∞=Ú N „Éè í=∞~åO|‰õΩ Nâ‹ · ÅÑüH˜

~°[`«HÍOK«#=ÚÅ ~°OlÅ∞¡ #\˜ ì ‰õ Äëê‡O_»Ñ¶ ¨ Å=ÚÅ QÆ∂iÛ ^Œ H˜ ∆ Å∞ HÍ#∞HõezÛu Hõ_»∞ Éèí H˜ Î`À_»Q“s=∞¿ÇÏâ◊ ~°Ñ¶¨ ∞#<å=∞ tYi

ZH˜ ¯Ü« Ú <Àq∞u <Õ ÖËâ◊~° =Ú# ky=zÛ <Àq∞u uÅÑ¨~°`«=Ú# ... ÃÑ·q=~°O PKå~° º H˘~° ¡áê\˜ N~å=∞=¸iÎQÍ~° ∞ `«=∞

'Nâ‹ ·Åˆ H∆ „`«=Ú— Ñ¨ iâ’^è Œ<å "åºãÖÖ’ qÑ¨ÙÅOQÍ WKåÛ~° ∞. JO`ÕQÍHõ, „|Ç¨Ï‡<åÜ«∞_ç g~°Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨µÅ∞‰õÄ_® Nâ‹·Å=∞e¡HÍ~°∞˚#∞xÑ¨ ÓlOz#@∞¡LO^Œx, N<å^ä Œ ∞x 'Ñ¨Å<å\g~°K« i„`«=Ú—##∞ ã¨ iOzXHõJ*Ï˝`« Hõq ~° zOz# Ñ¨Å<å\g~°K« i„`« Éè ÏQÆ=Ú #∞O_ç ‰õ Ä_®PKå~° º H˘~°¡áê\˜ "å~°∞ L@ìOHÕKå~° ∞:

Nyi KÕi N g~°=~° ∞Å∞ *ÏAÅ "≥ ÚÅ¡Å ãÖÃÑOQÆ Ñ¨ ÓÅ =∞Öˇ ¡ =∞O^•~° ¡=∞OzQÆ<Õ ~° ¡ H˘Å¡QÍ Ñ¨ Óz# Q˘[˚Oy q~°∞Å Nâ‹· Å<å^ä Œ ∞x K≥ Åy Ñ¨ ÓlOz t=Ñ¨ Ùi HÀ@‰õΩ KÕ i# "ÕQÆ ... D =~° ‚#Åh qâı+OQÍ P<å\˜„Ñ¨ [ÅÖ’ "åºÑ≤Oz L#

â‹·"åKå~åx ã¨∂zã¨∞Î<å~Ú. ÃÑ·QÍ D =~°‚#Å∞ N<å^äŒ∞_»∞ÑÖÏ\˜Ü«Ú^Œú ˆH∆„`« "≥ ∞ÿ# HÍ~° º=∞Ñ¨Ó_çx HÍt`À áÈÅ∞Û`« ∂ K≥Ñ≤Ê#Ñ¨•ºxHK«Hõ¯QÍ ã¨ iáÈ`«∞<å~Ú :

g~° ∞Å∞ k=ºeOQÆ =ÚÅ∞ q+¨ µ‚ =Ù <åÜ« ∞_» ∞ Hõ e¡ áÈ`«~å *Ï~°Ü« ∞ Éè ˇ · ~° =ÙO_» ∞, « ∞Ç≤ Ï<å„k[ Ü« ∞OHõ =∞, x~° ‡ÖÏO|∞"≥ · ˆ HÔ ~_» ∞ QÆOQÆ ^è •~°=∞_» ∞ˆ Q =∞˜ Hõ #º(i‚)Hõ, Ü« ∞x Éè í OQÆ ∞Å<£QÍÔ~=∞Ñ¨ Ó_çÑ¨ @ì =Ú HÍt ã¨ ∞g∞ Hõ #∞Q˘#"åiH˜<£

„Ñ¨ÑÖK«K«i„`«Ö’<Õqâı+=∞#^Œy# 'g~å~å^èŒ#— J<ÕXHÑ~°OÑ¨~åQÆ`«ãO„Ñ¨^•Ü« ∞O, Ñ¨ÖÏ\˜Ü« Ú^Œ úO J#O`«~°O „áê~°OÉè í "≥ ∞<Õ \ H©– JO>Ë 800 ãÖIIÅ‰õ Ω ÃÑ·QÍ – H˘#™êQÆ ∞`« ∂ LO_»_»O XH=∞Ç¨ ^Œ ∞ƒù`«O. ÑÖ_ç`«JH˜ ¯~åA L=∂HÍO`«q^•ºâı Y~° ∞Å∞ • Ù7–8 ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ„H˜`«O 'Ñ¨ÖÏ\g~°K« i„`« —‰õ Ω Ju qã¨ Î$`« "≥ ∞ÿ# Ñ‘ iîH„"åã≤„Ñ¨K« ∞iOKå~° ∞. WO^Œ ∞Ö’ PÜ« ∞# 'g~°=∞`«O— QÆ ∞iOz „"å ∂Î,''... 'Éè íq+¨ º„^•*ËuÇ¨ ãO— Jx Ñ¨Ù~åÏÖ’¡ „Ñ¨^Œ i≈`« ∞Öˇ ·# ~åAÅ HÍÖÏxH˜Ñ≤=∞‡@ Ñ¨ÖÏ\g~° ∞Å=Öˇ^≥ ·=`«=∂~ÀÇ≤ ÏOz Ñ¨ Ól`« ∞Å=Ù`«∞# Ü«Ú^Œúg~°∞Å∞ WO`«=~°‰õΩ ÉèÏ~°`«=~Éè Ï~°`«=~°¬=∞O^Œe ~Ú`«~°^ÕâßÖ’¡ ~Ú\Ï¡ \˜ g~å~å^èŒ#O <å`≥ eã≤#O`«=~° ‰õΩ=Ù#@∞¡`ÀK«^Œ ∞. <Õ#∞ HõÅHõ`åÎÖ’ =ÙO_Õ~ÀAÖ'Birbhum' (g~°Éè í ∂q∞) J<Õ¿Ñ~° ∞QÆÅ XHõ„Ñ¨^Õâ◊O =OQÆ^Õâ◊OÖ=Ù#@∞¡ q<å#∞. HÍx ~Ú\Ï¡\˜g~°=∞`«„ÑüÑuÎJHõ¯_»=Ù#<Õ#∞ q#ÖË^Œ ∞. W\©=Å Ñ¨~å„Hõ=∞„Ñ¨^è •#"≥ ∞ÿ# ã≤ ‰õ Ω¯*ÏuÖ’‰ Ä_»D s`«∞Å∞ Hõ#|_»=Ù. =∞Ç¨Ï=∞‡nÜ«ÚPK« iOKÕP~å^è Œ# H˘O`«=~° ‰õ Ω nx áÈe=Ù#k. HÍÔ~¡ ÂÅ∞ g~°Ñ¨ Ó[#∞QÆ ∞iOz Ü« ¸~°Ñ¨Ù YO_»OÖ’ Ü≥ ∞‰õΩ¯= „Ñ¨Kå~°OKÕâß_» ∞. Ñ¨ÖÏ g~å~å^èŒ#O =O\˜ =∞`« „Ñ¨™ê÷# ™ê¯O_ç<ÕqÜ« ∂ Ü«∞O^Œ e <å~° ∞û=∞`«O, [áê<£#O^Œ e +≤O\’=∞OÜ« Ú^Œ ú g~å~å^èŒ#`À ãO|O^è ŒO HõÅ=x `≥Å∞ã¨ ∞Î#k. D g~°=∞`«OPO„^è Œ^Õâ◊Ñ¨Ù Q˘Ñ¨Ê qâı+ÖQÍ Hõ Ãã·#ºOÖ’ Jx *Ï`«∞Å g~° ∞Å∞ LO_Õ"å~° ∞.——

D q+Ü« ∞"≥ ∞ÿ=∞ix q=~åÅ∞ ≥Å∞ã¨ ∞HÀ=_®xÔ H·W\©=Å<Õ#∞, <å q∞„`«∞ÖÁHõ~°∞ HÍÔ~

Ü« Ú^•ú#O`«~°O g~° ∞ÅO^Œ~° ∂ ã¨ ~° æã¨ ∞÷Å∞HÍQÍ, „|Ç¨ Ï‡<åÜ« Ú_» ∞ <åP g~åKå~°ãO„Ñ¨^•Ü« ∂x Éè íq+¨ º`« ∞ÎÖ’‰õ Ä_® H˘#™êyOK_»O HÀO HÍÔ~OÑ¨ Ó_çÖ’ 'Ñ¨ÖÏ\˜ g~åKå~° Ñ‘~î °O— XHõ^•xx ™ê÷Ñ≤Oz,Ñ‘~îåxH˜ JkèÑ¨`«∞Å∞QÍ xÜ≥∂y „ÉxÜ≥ ∂yOz, P ÉÏ^è Œ º`« "åiH˜JÑ¨ ÊyOz, =∞~° Oz# g~°65=∞OkH˜QÆ ∞~°∞ÎQÍ 65 QÆ ∞O„_»x ~åà◊ §#∞ HÍÔ ~OÑ¨ Ó_ç ~° ˆ H∆„`«QÆ ∞~° ∞ÎQÍ LOz, Õ Ç¨ ÏO g_ç# g~° ∞ÅO^Œ iH©<åQÆ ∞ÖË \˜f~å# «~° ÊÏÅJiÊOz, J#O`«~°O QÆ ∞uÎ H˘O_»aÅOÖ’H˜"≥o§ áÈÜ« ∂_»x SuÇ¨ ÏºOP g~°∞Å zÇ¨ Öˇ ·# ~åà◊§#∞ D<å\˜H©~°ˆH∆ „`«OÖ’ L# ∞Å

=∞O@ÑÖÖ’ K«∂_»=K«∞Û. g\˜x 'gÑ¨ÖÏ\˜"å~°∞ =º=Ç¨Ïi™êÎ~°∞. g~°∞N<å^äŒ Hõq K≥Ñ≤ Ê# Ñ¨^Œ ºOÖ’#∞ 'eOQÆ=ÚÅ∞— â◊|ÌO D J~å÷x‰õ Ä_®`≥Å∞Ñ¨ Ù`ÀOk. P Ñ¨ÖÏ\˜g~° ∞Å Ñ¶ ¨ ∞\ÏìÅ∞, zÇ¨ Å∞, "å~° ∞ Ü« Ú^Œ úOÖ LÑÜ≥ ∂yOz# PÜ« Ú^è •Å<Õ Hõ=¸ 'Ñ≤_»∞QÆ ∞—"åi Ñ‘~î åkèÑ¨`«ºO<Õ\˜H© Ñ¨Ó[ÅO^Œ∞ H˘O@∞<å LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOz# #$ã≤OÇ¨ÏH˘`«O('‰õ ΩO`«—=∞<Õ â◊'H˘`«O— J~ÚOk), <åÜ« ∞_çH˘_» ∞‰õ Ω ÉÏÅK«O„^Œ ∞_ç™ê=∞O(z# „uâ◊¥ÅO), „|Ç¨Ï‡<åÜ«∞_ç ÖˇO




Hõ#=∞h_ç Éè ˇ ·~°=Y_» æO, WOHÍ Ñ¨ÖÏ\˜ g~°Ñ¨ Ù~°∞+¨ µÅ PÜ« Ú^è•Öˇ<À HÍÔ ~OÑ¨ Ó_ç~° ˆ H∆ „`«OÖ’x g~° ¡=∞O@ÑÖÖ’ <Õ \ H©Œ~° ≈#q∞ã¨ ∞Î<å~Ú.Ü« Ú^Œú~°OQÆOÖ’<Õ, „|Ç¨Ï‡<åÜ« ∞_»∞ „Ñü+≤ªOKå_»x K≥Ñ¨Ê|_»∞`«∞# HÍÅÉè ˇ ·~°=Ù_» ∞, HÍÔ ~OÑ¨ Ó_ç HJÑ~°Éèˇ ·~°=Ù_çQÍ =∂i# Hõ e¡áÈ`«~åA tÅ =O\˜ "å\˜ h K« ∂_»=K« ∞Û. „|Ç¨ Ï‡<åÜ« Ú_ç„Ñü+¨ ªQÍ „Ñ¨ MÏº`« "≥ ∞ÿ#,ÑÖÏ\˜ "åi W+¨ ì ≥ ·=O N ÅH© ∆ ‡K≥#ˆ Hâ◊=™êq∞ PÅÜ« ∞O HÍÔ ~OÑ¨ Ó_ç TiÖ’ LOk. JÖÏˆQ, Ñ¨ÖÏ\˜Ü«Ú^Œ úOÖ’ g~° ∞Å‰õ Ω ~°Hõ ∆Ü≥ ÿ∞# N=∞Ç≤Ïëêã¨∞~°=∞~°Ìx g~° ¡JOHÍà◊=∞‡(JOHõ=∞‡) J=∞‡"åi PÅÜ« ∞O ‰õÄ_® HÍÔ ~OÑ¨Ó_çTiÖ’<ÕLOk. KÕ`«„uâ◊ ¥ÅO ^è Œ iOz `«Å#∞XHõ „Ñ¨ Hõ ¯‰õΩ =Oz K«∂ã¨∂Î ^Œ~°≈#q∞KÕÛ D ^Õ=`« HÍÔ~OÑ¨Ó_çÑÖÏ\˜Ü« Ú^Œ ú ˆH∆ „`«O kâ◊Ö’ K« ∂ã¨ ∞Î#@∞¡QÍ HõxÑ≤ã¨ ∞ÎOk. D"≥ ∞ PÜ«Ú^•úx JHõ¯_ç#∞O_çgH˜ ∆ OzO^Œx, JO^Œ ∞ˆ H P"≥ ∞ H˘kÌQÍ `«ÅXHõ„Ñ¨ Hõ ¯‰õ Ω =Oz =ÙO^Œx JHõ ¯_ç„Ñ¨[Å qâßãÖ. D q^è ŒOQÍ WHõ¯_ç =∞`åKå~åÅh‰õÄ_® g~°`åxH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz#"ÕJ=Ù`« ∞<å~Ú.

J@∞ N<å^ä Œ ∞_ç'ÑÅ<å\g~°K« i„`«=Ú—#∞, W@∞ QÆ ∞i*ÏÅ, HÍÔ ~OÑ¨ Ó_ç"åi~° ∞=Ùi Ñ¨~°OÑ¨~åQÆ`«=∞ødHõHõä ŒÅ#∞, g~åKå~°=O`« ∞Å∞J#∂Kå#OQÍ áê_»∞`«∂=ã¨∞Î# w`åÅ#∞, HÍ"åºÅ#∞, âßã¨#

"åV‡Ü« ∂h ‰õ Ä_® Ñ¨ ijeOz N u~° ∞Ñü "ÕOHõ @ ÅH© ∆ ‡#~°ã≤OÇ¨ ~å=ÙQÍ~° ∞ „"åã≤# „QÆO^ä •x|\˜ ìP<å\â‹ · "åKå~°O J~° ÷=∞ø`ÀOk. "å~° ∞

WÖÏ „"å™ê~° ∞: ''Ñ¨ÖÏ\ÃÇ· ÏÇ¨ ÏÜ« ÚÅ∞ =ÚYº=ÚQÍ â‹ ·==∞`åaè=∂#∞Å∞.ã„`«âßÅÜ«∞O^Œ ∞ ÉË`«~åA HÍ"Õ∞â◊~° ^Õ"åÅÜ«∞=Ú xi‡OK≥#∞.QÆ ∞~° *ÏÅ „u=¸iÎ™êq∞H˜, =∂K«~° ¡Pk`Õ ºâ◊ ~° ∞#‰õ Ω, „uÑ¨ Ù~åO`« Hõ=Ú,UÖËâ◊~°=Ú "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ Dâ◊~åÅÜ«∞=ÚÅ‰õΩ Éèí ∂i Éè í∂^•#=Ú eKåÛ~° ∞. =∂K«~° ¡, QÆ ∞~° *ÏÅÅÖ’ K≥#ˆ Hâ◊ "åÅÜ« ∞ x~å‡=Ú, Ñ≤<≥ e¡ã‘`å~å=∞™êq∞H˜ Éè í∂^•#=ÚeK«∞Û@ g~°∞ J^≥·`«`«`« Î=Ú#∞`≥Å∞Ñ¨ ÙK« ∞#q. J>Ë¡„|Ç¨ Ï‡<åÜ« Ú_» ∞ ‰õ Ä_®, `«~å`«"≥·+¨‚==Ú#∞ "åºÑ≤ÎKÕã≤##∞, J^≥·uÜÕ∞. P`«x "≥·+¨‚==∞`« "åºÑ≤Î ˆH=Å=Ú~å[H©Ü«∞=∞xÜ«Ú, ãÖÑ¶¨∞=ÚÖ’ J<å^Œ~°=Ú#‰õΩ QÆ∞iÜ≥ÿ∞#x=∞*Ï`«∞Å ã¨=Ú^Œ ú~° HÍ~°º=∞xÜ«Ú, =ÚYº=ÚQÍ =∞e^Õ=Ù#‰õ ΩJOQÆ|Å=Ú, Ãã·xHõ|Å=Ú#∞ KÕ ‰õ Ä~° ∞Û@‰õ Ω KÕã≤# ~å[H©Ü« ∞ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü« ∞Ü«∞xÜ«Ú ÉèÏqOK«=K«∞Û#∞. J`«_»∞ Nâ‹ ·Å=Ú "≥ Ú^ŒÅQÆ ∞ ˆH∆ „`«=ÚÅO^Œ ∞ P~å^è Œ#Å∞ [~° ∞Ñ¨ Ù@, =∞e¡^Õ=Ùx Ñ¨ \Ïìaè ¿+Hõ=Ú#‰õ Ω H˘ÖÏ›Ñ¨ Ù~°â‹·=Ñ‘~îåkèÑüx ~åqOK«∞@ P`«x â‹·==∞`åaè=∂#=Ú‰õΩ#∞,=∞`«ã¨ Ç¨ Ï#=Ú#‰õ Ω#∞ L^•Ç¨ Ï~° Å∞. P<å_» ∞ Ñ¨ÖÏ_» ∞ „áêO`«=∞O`åâ‹ ·==∞`«„áêK« ∞~° º=Ú QÆÅ^ŒxÜ« Ú, „|Ç¨ Ï‡<åÜ« Úx`À<Õ"≥ ·+¨ ‚==∞`« "åºÑ≤ Î„áê~°OÉè í=∞~Ú#^ŒxÜ« Ú `≥eÜ«ÚK« ∞#k.—— D<å\˜ H©HÍÔ~OÑ¨Ó_ç~° ˆ H∆ „`«OÖ’ „|Ç¨ Ï‡<åÜ«Ú_» ∞ „Ñü+≤ ªOz# HÍÅÉè ˇ ·~°=Ù_çh, Z~° ∞HõÅ=∞Ç¨ â◊ H˜ ÎJ=∞‡"åih JHõ¯_ç "å~° ∞ =∞#‰õΩ K«∂Ñ≤™êÎ~° ∞.

|Ç¨ïâß HÍHõfÜ«ÚÅ HÍÅO<å\˜#∞O_ç <Õ\˜=~°‰õÄ H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞# UÔH·Hõ Ñ¨~°OÑ¨~° 'Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞— =Oâ◊ã¨∞÷Å g~å

Ñ‘~î åkèÑ¨`« º"Õ ∞#x K≥Ñ¨ Ê=K« ∞Û. Ñ¨ Ó~° Ñ‘~î åkèÑ¨`« ∞Å∞ N Ñ≤_» ∞QÆ ∞ "ÕOH @PO[<ÕÜ«∞ t=„Ñ¨™ê^£ JÜ«∞º"å~°∞ ‰õ Ω=∂~° ∞_»∞ – WÑ¨C_» ∞ 10 ãÖIIÅ „áêÜ«∞O"å_» ∞ – zII Ñ≤_» ∞Q ∞`«~° ∞üK≥#ˆ Hâ◊"£ Ñ‘~î åkèÑuQÍ xÜ« ∞q∞`« ∞ _»Ü« ∂º_» ∞. W_» ∞ z#"å_»∞ Hõ#∞Hõ `å`å¯eHõOQÍ ÑK≥#ˆ Hâ◊ "£«O„_çN q[Üü∞‰õΩ=∂~üQÍ~° ∞ x~° Ç≤ Ïã¨∞Î<å~°∞. ∞= "åix HõÅ=_»O, "åÔ ~O`À P^Œ~°O`À =∂‰õ Ω Ñ‘~î °q=~åÅh eÑ≤,P „Ñ¨^ÕâßÅh K«∂Ñ≤Oz, `«`«ûO|O [iyOk. Xˆ H WO\˜ ¿Ñ~° ∞ QÆÅ ‰õ Ω@∞Oc‰õ ΩÅ∞ 8 â◊`åÉÏÌ Ω ÃÑQÍXHõÑ‘~î åkèÑ¨`åºx <≥~°Ñ¨_»O J<Õ JÑ¨ Ù~° ∂Ñ¨ "≥∞ÿ# qâı+Ö |Ç¨ ïâ◊„Ñ¨ÑOK« K«i„`«Ö’ Wk XHõ ¯>ËHÍ=K«∞Û.

<Õ#∞ K«kq# Ñ¨ÖÏ\g~åKå~° Ñ‘~î åxH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz#Ñ¨ Ùã¨ Î HÍÅÖ’ K≥Ñ¨ Ê|_»x, 'Ñ≤_» ∞QÆ ∞— "åiH˜K≥Ok# =∞~˘HõÑ¨ Ó~° P^è •~°O<å‰õΩ J#Ü«∂xH˜ ã¨∞ÊùiOzOk. kÑ¨^Œ HÍ=ºO N<å^ä Œ ∞_» ∞ K≥|∞`« ∂O_»QÍ „"åã≤# ÖË Y‰õ Ω_» ∞ XHõÑ≤_» ∞Q ∞ g~°Éèí„^ŒÜ« ∞º Jx =∞#‰õ Ω `≥eã≤#^Õ. W`«_» ∞ HÍ~°º=∞Ñ¨ Ó_çx"åã≤JO>Ë, 'Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞—"åi „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=jÅ L#^Œ#_®xH˜ Wk XHõ |Å"≥∞ÿ#JO`«ºHÍÅOÖ’, `å#∞ QÆ∞`«Î‰õΩ fÉÁ_» ∞¤Ñ¨ e¡„QÍ=∞OÖ’ ÑÖ@<åâ◊#OHÍ=_»O`À, U_» ∞#∂~° ¡@OHÑ¨#∞ K≥ e¡OK«ÖËHõ, XHÍ#<˘Hõ‰õΩ„@‰õ Ω |Öˇ ·, Ñ¶¨ ∞’~° "≥ ∞ÿ# ÉÁQ_»ŒO_,Éèí∞*ÏÅÃÑ· #Å¡QÆ∞O_»∞ tHõ∆#∞Kå@∞Ñ¨^•ºÅ •~å =∞#‰õ Ω ≥Å∞ã¨ ∞. D tHõ ∆ H˘O_» g_» ∞Ö’ [iyOP ãÖ^Œ~° ƒùOÖ’, D "å~°Î`≥ eã≤N<å^äŒ ∞x Pf‡Ü« ÚÅ∞ J<Õ ‰õ Ç¨ ï\ÏÇ¨ ï\˜# P ÉÏH©™⁄=Ú‡#∞ JHõ¯_ç HÑÖÑ≤OKå~`«=∞ÃÑ·'ÑÖ<å\g~°K« i„`«=Ú— K≥Ñ≤ Ê# Hõ $`« [˝ «À Ñ¨ÖÏ\˜ã‘=∞#∞N Ñ≤_» ∞QÆ ∞ g~°Éèí„^ŒÜ« ∞ºQÍ~° ∞‰õ Ä_® |OQÍ~° ∞ @OHÍÅ#∞ OÑ≤#=∞#‰õ Ω ˘~° ∞‰õ Ω`« ∞# QÍ^ä ŒÅÖ’ HÍ#=™ÈÎOk. JO>Ë, 15= â◊`å=∞^è ŒºÉè ÏQÍxH˜ÑÖÏ\˜Ö’ „Ñ¨MÏº`« ∞_» ∞, 'Ñ≤_» ∞QÆ ∞— =Oâ◊ã¨ ∞÷_≥ ·# D g~°Éèí„^ŒÜ«∞ºQÍ~° ∞, „|Ç¨ Ï‡<åÜ« Ú_» ∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤Oz# g~åKå~°Ñ‘~î åxHP HÍÅÑ¨ Ù JkèÑu‰õ Ä_® J~Ú LO_»=K« ∞Û. ÖË^•, P ‰õ Ω@∞O|OÖ · LO_»=K« ∞Û. qz„`«OQÍ, Ô ~O_» ∞`«~åÅ‰õ Ω Ñ¨ Ó~° Ñ¨ Ù g~åKå~°Ñ‘~î åkèÑu ¿Ñ~° ∞‰õ Ä_® N Ñ≤_» ∞QÆ ∞ g~°Éè í„^ŒÜ« ∞ºQÍˆ ~. "åi#∞O_ÕH©.âı. JH˜ ¯~åA L=∂HÍO`«OQÍ~°∞ `˘e™êiQÍ Ñ¨Ö`≥Å∞ã¨ ∞H˘<å~° ∞,N<å^ä Œ ∞x 'g~°K« i„`« — „Ñü fã¨ ∞H˘x „Ñ¨K« ∞iOKå ∞ D ã=∞#Ü« ∞O=Å¡ =∞#‰õ Ω =∞~˘HõJOâ◊O‰õ Ä_® J~° ÷=∞ø`À HÍÔ ~OÑ¨ Ó_çÖ’ „|Ç¨Ï‡<åÜ« ∞_çJ#∞Ü«∂Ü« ÚÖˇ ·# ÑÖÏ\g~åKåÑ‘~îåkèÑ¨`«∞Å ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅÖ’ J<å=∂x|\˜ ìg~° ∞ K≥#ˆ Hâ◊=Ù_ç H˜, t=Ù_ç H‰õ Ä_® Éè í ‰õ ΩÎÅx ≥Å∞™ÈOk D q^èŒOQÍ K≥#ˆHâ◊=ÉèíH˜Î`À‰ t=–q+¨µ‚Éè í H˜ Îã=∞#Ü« ∞OQÍ P^Œ~° ≈=O`«OQÍ ÉèÏã≤™ÈÎOk. =∂K ¡K≥#∞_» ∞, Nyi =∞e¡ HÍ~°∞˚#∞_» ∞ Ñ¨ÖÏ\˜ã‘=∞#∞ „É’K« ∞K«∞N<å^ä Œ ∞_Õ J<å_» ∞Hõ^•!




„ÑüãÖ=`«û~°O HÍsÎHõ J=∂"åã¨º#∞O_ç 5 ~ÀAÅ∞'Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞—"åi <Õ`«$`«OÖ’ [iˆQ D g~À`«û=O XHõ¯>Ë =∞#‰õ Ω HÍHõ fÜ« ÚÅ HÍÅO<å\˜PKå~åÅ, #$`åºÅ ~° ∞z K« ∂Ñ≤ã¨ ∞ÎOk. Hõ#∞Hõ D Ñ¨~°OÑ¨~°#∞ HÍáê_» ∞HÀ=_»O =∞#O^Œ i ÉÏ^è Œ º`«.

***

N<å^ä Œ ∞_ç'Ç¨Ï~°qÖÏãO—Ö’, z~° ∞`˘O_»#OaHõ^ä ŒLOk. WO^Œ ∞Ö’, `«# g~°â‹ · "åKå~°OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ, =∂~° ∞"Õ+ÖÖ’ `«##∞Ñ¨ sH˜ ∆ OK«_®xH˜=∂¿ÇÏâ◊ ~° ∞_çQÍ =zÛ# Ñ¨~° "Õ ∞â◊ ~° ∞_ç HHÀiHõ"Õ ∞~° ‰õ Ω,J`«_» ∞ `«# Ñ¨ Ù„`« ∞_ç<Õ =O_ç=_ç¤Oz# H˜ ¡+¨ ìãÖ^Œ~° ƒùO XHõ@∞Ok.JÑ¨C_»∞, P =∂Ü«∂ =∂¿ÇÏâ◊~°∞_»∞ Ug∞ Z~°∞QÆ#@∞¡QÍ "åiÑ¨ Ù„`«∞_çx Ñ≤Å==∞x P `«e¡x HÀ~°`å_» ∞. Ñ¨ Ù„`«â’HÍx kQÆq∞OyP"≥ ∞ JÑ¨ Ê\˜ ˆ H qã¨ Î \’¡‰õ Ä~°QÍ =∂i# P ÉÏÅ∞˜ ‚Ñ≤ ez# Ñ¶ ¨ ∞@ìOÖ’N<å^ä Œ ∞_» ∞ „"åã≤# J^Œ∞ƒù`« "≥ ∞ÿ# Ñ¨Œ ºO P HÍÅÑ¨Ù g~°â‹ ·=O WzÛ#`≥QÆ ∞=#∞, `åºQÍx =ÚYºOQÍ g~°`åx „ÑüaOa™ÈÎOk:

~å~å! =˜QÆ Oâ◊ "å~åt Ç≤ Ï=∞^è •=∞! ~å~å! qHõã¨ ~åOÉè’~°∞Ç¨ Hõ ∆!

~å~å! =∞Ç¨ Ñ¶ ¨∞’~°g~°â‹ ·"åKå~° ! ~å~å! J™ê~°ãO™ê~° ^Œ ∂~° !

JO>Ë, Hõ^ä•HÍÅO WOHÍ áê`«^≥·#Ñ¨Ê\˜H©, N<å^äŒ∞_ç~°K«#Ö’ `«#HÍÅÑ¨Ù g~°â‹ · ·=„Ñ¨Éè Ï=O „ÑüaOa™ÈÎOk.

***

`«=∞ W+¨ ì ≥ ·="≥ ∞ÿ# t=Ùx á⁄O^Œ_»OHÀãÖ, WHõ¯_çáêÑ¨ Hõ~° ‡ <åâ◊#OHÀãÖ g~°â‹·==∞`«OÖ’ L# H˘O^Œ~°∞ 'Hõ#∞=∂i— J<ÕXHõ Hõ $`« ºO`À «=∞rq`«O JO`«OKÕã¨ ∞‰õ Ω<Õ "å~° ∞. Wk „áêp# HÍÅOÖ’xÉè í $QÆ ∞Ñ¨`«#O =O\˜k. XHõZ`≥Î Â# H˘O_» H˘=Ú‡ #∞O_ç<ÕÅ‰õ ΩiH˜„áê`åºQÆO KÕÜ«∞_»"Õ∞ 'Hõ#∞=∂i—. Nâ‹·ÅOÖ’ Hõ~å‡sâ◊~°=∞<Õ ¿Ñ~° ∞`À H˘O_» H˘=Ú‡# XHõÑ¨ Ùºã¨ ÷ÅO LO^Œ h, JHõ¯_ç#∞O_çLiH˜„áê`åºQÆO KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#"å_»∞ t=Ö’HõO KÕ~°`å_»x P<å\˜ g~°t=Éèí‰õΩÎÅ ÉèÏ=#. t=~å„u<å_»∞ Nâ‹·ÅO=zÛ J<ÕHõ=∞Ok t=Éè í‰õ ΩÎÅ∞ Z_»`≥ iÑ≤ÖË HõJHõ ¯_ç#∞O_çLiˆ H"å~° @. 'ÑÖ_ç`å~å^è Œ ºK« i„`«—Ö’ D q+¨Ü« ∞O K≥Ñ¨ Ê|_çOk:

Hõ ~° =∞i÷ *Ëã≤Ü« ∂ Hõ ~å‡i #∞~° ∞‰õ Ω ##Ñ¶¨ ÚÅ Éè í=Ñ¨ i`« ºHõ Î=∂#ã¨∞ÅJi=Úi #=e Hõ~å‡sâ◊~° =Ú#

#∞~° ∞‰õ Ω Ñ¨ Ù∞ºÅ Ez... Ñ¨_çÜ≥∞_» ∞ ^Õ Ç¨ÏO|∞ Ñ¨_ç# ^Õ Ç¨ ÏO|∞ #_ç q∞ ^Õ Ç¨ÏO|∞ Öˇ #OQÆÉˇHÍ¯_» ∞.'ÑO_ç`å~å^è Œ º K« i„`« —Ö’, 'Hõ~° ‡Ç¨ Ïi =∞Ç≤ Ï=∞— J<ÕÉè ÏQÆOÖ’

D q=~°=∞O`å LOk. D q^è Œ "≥ ∞ÿ# Éè Ï=f„=`«#∞, «# „áêÏ<≥ · <å

`«#∞ #q∞‡# ã≤^•úO`åxÔ H· WKÕÛ g~°`« `åºQÍÅ#∞ P<åâ‹·=O=~° ‚=~° æ„Ñ¨ã¨H˜ÎÖË ‰õ ΩO_® ZO^Œ iHÀ J#∞„QÆ Ç≤ ÏOzOk.

***

HÍHõ fÜ« ∞ QÆ Ñu^Õ= K«„Hõ=iÎ H˜ ã¨=∞HÍe‰õ Ω_» ∞ <≥Å∂¡~° ∞<ÕÅ∞`«∞# #Å¡ã≤kú^Õ= KÀ_» ='Y_» æuHõ ¯#—QÍ „Ñ¨ã≤^Œ ∞ú_≥ ·# ~°uHõ ¯#. W`«_ç HuHõ ¯# ™È=∞ ∂lÑ≤#`«O„_çH˘_» ∞‰õ Ω. #Å¡ã≤kú H˜, Ü« ∂^Œ= =Oâ’^Œ ƒù=Ù_≥ ·# HÍ@=∞~ [iy# Ü«Ú^Œ úO‰õ Ä_® Ñ¨Å<å\g~°K« i„`«=ÖP HÍÅÑ¨ Ù g~ ∞ÅQÍ^ä ŒQÍ, g~°Ñ¨^•Å∞QÍ J<Õ Hõ¿Ñ~° ¡À „Ñ¨[Å <åÅ¯ÅÃ#iÎOzO HÍ@=∞~åA‰õ Ω =∞O„u, „|Ç¨ Ï‡~°∞„^ŒÜ« ∞º J<Õ â‹·=Ù_»∞. D Q Œ‰ Ä_®kÑ¨^Œ HÍ=ºOQÍ „Ñ¨MÏºu K≥OkOk. nxx‰õ Ä_® ˘Å∞`«N<å^ä ∞_ ∞„"å™ê_»<Õ "å^ŒO‰õ Ä_® =ÙOk. HÍHõ fÜ« ∞ Ü« ÚQÆOÖ’ „Ñ¨M "≥ ∞ÿ D QÍ^ä ŒÖ’‰õÄ_® P<å\˜â‹ ·=ãO„Ñ¨^•Ü« ∞O „Ñ¨=iÎOÑ¨ *Ëã≤# g~`«^è À~° ∞Å∞ „Ñ¨ã¨ ∞Êù @OQÍ HõxÑ≤™êÎ~Ú. „|Ç¨ Ï‡~° ∞„^ŒÜ« ∞º Ü« Ú^•úxHáÈ`« ∂KÕã≤# eOQÆÑ¨ Ó[, â‹ ·=zÇ¨ Å∞ ^èŒ iOz áÈ~° ∞‰õΩ ã¨#^Œú=∞=_»O=~° ‚#Å∞ D „Ñ¨Éè Ï"åx `≥Å¡OKÕã¨ ∞Î<å~Ú:

Ç¨Ï~°Ç¨ Ï~å Ç¨ Ï~° Ç¨Ï~å Ü« ∞x „|Ç¨ Ï‡~°∞„^Œ∞_» ~° ∞^≥ · # `« Åg∞k Ü« ∂ eOQÆ =¸iÎ

#KÀÛ@ "≥ Å~ÚOz Ü«∞~° Û# eK≥ Û.***

QÆO^è•Hõ ∆ `« ÅKÕ`« QÍqOK≥|∂[ =∂ˆ ~_» ∞ Ñ¨„uÜ«Ú =∞Öˇ ¡ Ñ¨Ó=ÙÅ∞#∞ t~° =Ú# "≥ Å~ÚOK≥t=eOQÆ=Ú#‰õ Ω g~° É’#O|∞#∞ "ÕQÆK≥ e¡OK≥QÆ Ñ¨ Ù~°`åO|∂ÅO|∞ QÍ#∞Hõ eK≥ Û...

g∞~° Hõ #_» Ñ≤OÑ¨ Ùg∞ =∂ `« ÅOÑ¨ Ù =∂‰õΩ eOÔQ·Hõ ºg∞=∂_ç ¯ K≥e¡OÑ¨ Ù =∞x K«Å¡ Ñ≤ #x HÍ#u~ÚzÛ Hõ_»∞"ÕQÆ=Ú# g~° HÍÃã ayOzJ_» i qÉè í ∂u ~° ∞„^•Hõ ∆Å∞ ^•eÛ

g~åOHõ =ÚÅ∞ "Õ ∞# "≥ Å~ÚOz q∞OzP`« ‡eOQÆ =Ú =∞#=∞O^Œ ∞# *ËiÛ

Hõ ~° "åÅ=Ú#∞|>ˇ ìÑ¶ ¨ ∞#∞_» ∞ ~° ∞„^ŒÜ« ∞º Ñ¨ iHÕÑ¨ <å g~° Éè í„^Œ ∞x suÜ« ∂^Œ =Ù ÖÁHõ H˘O^ŒéÑ¨ Ù_» ∞ Q˘ÅOQÆ...

***

HÍHõ fÜ« ÚÅ HÍÅO<å\˜â‹ ·="åV‡Ü« ∞OÖ’<Õ, PO„^è ŒÕâß# HõuÎÑ¨\˜ì áÈ~å_ç# g~°<å~°∞e^ŒÌ<åÜ« ∞‰õ Ω~åÅ∞ <åQÆ=∞‡Å∞‰õ Ä_® – Hõ#|_»`å~° ∞.




=ÚyOÑ¨ Ù: D q^èŒOQÍ, HÍHõfÜ« ∞ Ü«ÚQÆO<å_»∞, „Ñ¨^è•#OQÍ â‹ ·=

„Ñ¨Éè Ï"å# qã¨ Î iOz# g~°`« ^è À~° ∞Å∞ =∞# ≥Å∞QÆ ∞^Õâ◊Ñ¨ Ù ã¨=∂[OÃÑ·K≥~°QÆx =Ú„^ŒÅ∞ "Õ™ê~Ú. JO`ÕQÍHõ, PO„^è Œ^Õâ◊OÖ’x D<å\˜ã=∞ã¨ Î‰õ ΩÖÏÅ ã¨ ~°∂Ñ¨ã¨ Éè Ï"åÅ∞, PÜ« ∂ ‰õ ΩÖÏÅ"åiÖ’ Hõ#|_Õ`≥OÑï`«#O, g~° º^è ≥·~åºÅ∞, Hõq`«â◊ H˜Î, =∞O„`åOQÆáê@=O =O\˜

QÆ ∞QÆ ÏÅ‰õ Ω áê^Œ ∞Hõ \˜ ì#k‰õ Ä_® HÍHõ fÜ« ∞ Ü« ÚQÆ "Õ ∞#x K≥Ñ¨ Ê=K« ∞Û.`«Œ#O`«~°Ñ¨ Ù Ô ~_ç ¤~å*ÏºÅ∞‰õ Ä_® D HÍHõ fÜ«∞Ü«ÚQÆÑ¨ Ù „Ñ¨Éè Ï"åÅ H˘#™êyOÑ¨ ÙQÍ<ÕHõ#|_»å~Ú. JO^Œ ∞ˆ H N<å^ä •^Œ ∞Å ™êÇ≤ Ï`« ºOÖ’ ‰õ Ä_® HÍHõ fÜ«∞Ü«ÚQÆÑ¨ Ù áÈHõ_»Öˇ<À ~° ∂Ñ¨ ÙHõ_»å~Ú. g@x\˜ hP<å\â‹ ·="åV‡Ü«∞O „ÑüaOaOzOk. P "åV‡Ü« ∞ ã¨ ‡~° =Å¡, P g~°`« ã¨ ∂ÊùiÎx =∞# JO`«~°OQÆOÖ’#∞, =∞# Hõ~° Î=º x~° Ç¨ ÏÖ’#∞ D F~° ∞QÆO\~° ∞„^Õâ◊ ~°, ã≤Õ úâ◊ ~° ∞Å∞ xeÑ≤=∞##∞ Pj~° kO`« ∞~° ∞QÍHõ !

FO #"≥ ∂ Éè íQÆ=`Õ~° ∞„^•Ü«∞N QÆ∞~° ∞Éè ’º#=∞ó

LÑÜ« ÚHõ Î„QÆO^ä Œ=ÚÅ∞ :1. áêÅ∞¯iH˜™È=∞<å^äŒ ∞x 'ÑÖ_ç`å~å^è Œ º K« i„`«— (_®II zÅ∞‰õ Äi

<å~åÜ« ∞~å=ÙQÍi LáÈ^•… `«O`À), ≥Å∞QÆ ∞ qâ◊ q^•ºÅÜ« ∞O, ÃÇ· Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞, 1990.

2. q#∞H˘O_»=Å¡Éè í~åÜ«∞x '„H©_è ®aè~å=∞=Ú—, ã¨=∂Ö’Hõ#=Ú:a.q. ã≤OQÆ~åKå~° º, Z"≥ ∞™È¯ ãÖ„Ñ¨^•Ü« ∞ ™êÇ≤ Ïu, Z"≥∞™È¯ |∞H± û, q[Ü« ∞"å_», 1997.

3. N<å^ä Œ∞x 'Ç¨Ï~°qÖÏã¨=Ú—, Z"≥ ∞™È¯ ãÖ„Ñ¨^•Ü«∞ ™êÇ≤ Ïu,Z"≥ ∞™È¯ |∞H± û, q[Ü«∞"å_».

4. N<å^äŒ∞x 'Ñ¨ÖÏ\˜ g~°K«i„`«— Ñ‘iîHõ, ÑÖ_ç`« L=∂HÍ#Îq^•ºâıY~°∞Å∞, á⁄\˜ ì N~å=ÚÅ∞ `≥Å∞QÆ ∞ qâ◊ q^•ºÅÜ«∞O, ÃÇ· Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞, 1997.

5. 'HÍHõfÜ« ∞ ãÖzHõ —, ãÖáê^Œ ‰õ Ω_» ∞: =∂ˆ ~=∞O_»~å=∂~å=Ù,PO„^è ÕuÇ¨ ãÑ¨ iâ’^è Œ Hõ=∞O_» e, ~å[=∞¿ÇÏO„^Œ=~°=Ú, 1935.

6. 'â◊~°ÉèÏOHõeOQÆ â◊`«Hõ=Ú—, ã≤^•úO`«"åºã¨ K«i„`å`«‡HõÑïâ’^èŒ<å„QÆO^ä Œ=Ú, HÍ=Ói Nx"åãπ, N Q˘ˆ~QÆ @∞ìâ◊~° Ñ¨ Ê,1998.

7. áêÅ∞ iH˜ ™È=∞<å^ä Œ „Ñ¨ ©«'|ã¨=Ñ¨ Ù~åO— ã¨ ∞ÅÉè íã¨ ∞O^Œ~°=K«# q=$u, _®II JH˜ ~åA ~°=∂Ñü~å=Ù, FO #=∞t≈"åÜ« ∞™êÇ≤ Ïf ™êOã¨ ¯ $uHõ Ñï+¨`ü, ã≤HÕ„^•ÉÏ^£, 2001.

8. 'Kåi„`« HõÑ¨ iâ’^è Œ<å "åºã¨=ÚÅ∞— (''Éè Ï~°u—— Ñ¨„uHõ#∞O_çãOHõÅ#=Ú), `« ∞~°QÍ Hõ $+¨ ‚=¸iÎ, Ñ≤ @ìÅ "Õ=∞=~° "£ ∞, YO_»=e¡(Ñ≤.X.), ÃÑ~°=e =∞O_»ÅO, Ñ¨ tÛ=∞ QÀ^•=i lÖÏ¡, 1989.

9. 'N L`« ÊuÎ Ñ≤_» ∞QÆ ∞—, W`«~° Ñ¨ iâ’^è Œ Hõ"åºã¨=ÚÅ∞, p Ωiâı+ÿi~å=Ù, ã¨Ç¨ Ü«∞‰õΩÅ∞ ‰õ Ω=∂~°ÉÏ|∞, `≥Å∞QÆ ∞ QÀ+≤ ª, ÃÇ· Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞, 1995

10. '"Õ@∂i"åi Ñ‘iîHõÅ∞— – Ô~O_À„Ñ¨Éè ÏHõ~°âß¢ã≤ Î, =∞˜=∞O[i „Ñ¨K« ∞~° Å∞, "Õ @∂i „Ñ¨ÉèÏH~°âß¢ã≤ Î"≥ ∞"≥ ∂iÜ« ∞Öò „@ãπì, ÃÇ· Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ ∞, 1990.

11. '"åºã¨=∞O[i—, N "Õ@∂i „Ñ¨ÉèÏ„Ñ¨K«∞~°Å∞, "Õ@∂i „Ñ¨ÉèÏHõ ÃÇ· Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ ∞, 1988.

12. Corpus of Telangana Inscriptions, Part -IV,Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma, Ed.Dr.Subrahmanyam, The Government of AndhraPradesh, Hyderabad, 1973.

13. 'PO„^è Œ ∞Å ™êOÑ¶ ≤ ∞HõK« i„`« —, ã¨ ∞~°=~°O „Ñ¨`åÑ¨ Ô ~_ç ¤, FiÜ« ∞OÖÏV‡<£¢ÃÑ·"Õ\ò eq∞>ˇ_£, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ ∞, 2007.

14. '^ŒO_»<å^äŒ ∞Å∞—, N HÀ# "ÕOHõ @~åÜ«∞â◊~° ‡, Åe`åx"åã=Ú<åˆ Qâ◊ ~°Ñ¨Ù~°=Ú, ÉÏÑ¨@¡.

15. '™êÇ≤Ï`« º=∞O[i—, PKå~° º H˘~° ¡áê\ N~å=∞=¸iÎ, ~°=∞N„Ñ¨K« ∞~° , qâßYÑ¨ @ì =Ú, 2004.

16. 'Ñ¨Å<å\˜ g~°QÍ^ä Œ—, Kåi„`« HõÑ¨ iâ’^è Œ# „QÆO^ä ŒO (N<å^ä •^Œ ∞Å Hõ^äŒ‰õΩ =∞øeHõ ã¨=~°Å∞#~°ã≤OÇ¨ ~å=Ù, N<å^ä ŒÑ‘~î°=Ú, QÆ ∞O@∂~° ∞, 1998.

17. 'Ñ¨ÖÏ\˜ g~° ∞Å K« i„`« —, _®II Ñ≤.q. PKå~° º, „Ñ¨K« ∞~° : =e"Õ \Ñx"åã¨~å=Ù, HÍ~°OÑ¨ Ó_ç, QÆ ∞O@∂~°∞ lÖÏ¡, 2002.

***




It has been almost two decades since India em-barked on the journey of economic liberalization. This bold

play, turbo-charged the economic engine through encour-aging economic entrepreneurship which was stifled in theearlier economic regimes. The growth story that was com-municated broadly was the surge in GDP and other eco-nomic indicators and propelled India as a destination forforeign investment . This process of liberalization wasdeemed irreversible and became the dominant paradigmto view economic growth and welfare. However, the lit-mus test of authentic transformation lies in tackling sub-stantive problems that continue to surface despite the magicpill of economic liberalization.

These economic and social issues have grown insize and complexity over many decades of chronic neglectposing a potential threat of triggering an economic implo-sion if they are not dealt with a sense of urgency. This pointof view emerges on a closer examination of the interplay of the various socio-economic forces and challenges the com-placency that economic growth story will always remainintact despite these challenges. The latent assumption isthe misplaced faith in the economic resiliency and institu-tions that they are capable of dealing with these formi-dable challenges. In short, there is a looming risk that thevulnerabilities in the economic system will systematicallylead to large scale economic breakdowns.

It is an overloaded system that appears to be a per-fect storm for a large scale internal breakdown. As EricBonabeau (2007) aptly describes “Catastrophic events of-

ten result not from a single cause but from interconnected risk factors and cascading failures. Each risk factor takenin isolation might not cause a disaster, but risk factors work-ing in synergy can. The bad news is that complex, intercon-

nected systems generate many, sometimes unexpected or counterintuitive, vulnerabilities. But the good news is thatif a small, localized, single event can trigger cascading fail-ures, then perhaps a small, localized, single intervention

could act as a circuit breaker. Of course, finding that circuit breaker requires a deep understanding of how the be- havior of a complex system emerges from its many constitu-ent parts .”1

Rigorous scenario planning exercise comple-mented with systematic risk assessment of future probabili-

ties of potential events and estimation of cost benefit analy-sis of outcomes can unravel the impending crisis. The fun-damental benefit of this exercise is that it will isolate sce-narios that may occur with low probability but with highimpact that drive large scale disruption. Let us collectivelyconsider the following scenario of impending economicimplosion and the factors that contribute to its likelihood.

What are the factors that are likely to trigger thisimplosion?

Rural Economy: Despite 60 + years of indepen-dence, the current state of rural India is one of chronicinfrastructural challenges in electricity, sanitation, drink-ing water, health care and education. The stark reality isbetter appreciated over a visit to a rural area instead of deciphering their deplorable state of affairs from economicstatistics which conveniently mask the human face of suf-fering and deprivation. The economic self sufficiency inmost rural areas is far from satisfactory despite the nobleintention of the policy makers. The lack of economic suf-ficiency in the rural manifests itself in the migration tocities and adding to urban congestion, crime and slums.

Education System: The education system churnsout graduates with inadequate skills who struggle to bemeaningfully employed. The universities follow outmodedsyllabus in imparting education that stifles creativity andindependent thinking that is integral to drive innovation.The students have to constantly seek needless higher edu-cation to correct inadequacies inherent in the 3 year de-gree programs and get on the job training when they join

jobs on basic competencies. The paradox that glares at usis that given the demographic profile, our country's talentshould provide the competitive advantage. This is yet tobe realized.

Black Money: The parallel economy has grownto astronomical proportions over the decades. Viewingblack money as a potential source of revenue for the gov-ernment to harness requires a bold political commitmentto bring the parallel economy into the fold of mainstream.If the black money growth is allowed to grow unchecked,

Is India Heading Towards an Economic Implosion?- Dr. R. Satish*

*Hyderabad.




it will increase the burden of tax on honest citizens whowill end up subsidizing large segment of the society whoevade taxes. This is a truly a disincentive to an honest tax-paying citizen and stifles the spirit of entrepreneurship.

Corruption: The regime of economic liberaliza-tion was implemented within the existing framework of governance that encourages rampant corruption in thegovernmental machinery. This has fuelled the astronomi-cal growth of black money among other factors. This epi-demic of corruption is rampant at all levels of governanceand there is growing disenchantment with governance thatis likely to trigger a large scale social unrest.

The irony is that the list of all the above factorswould appear as d é jà vu to everyone. This phenomenon isaptly described as “ predictable surprises ” by Max Bazermanand Michael Watkins. The term encompasses the idea that“ an event or set of events that takes an individual or group

by surprise, despite prior awareness of all information nec-

essary to anticipate the events and their consequences ”2 .These events are the consequence of failure in recognition,prioritization and mobilization of resources in effectivelytackling them. The vulnerabilities that impede the recog-nition of predictable surprises are propelled broadly by threefactors: cognitive biases in the perception of the problemthat reflect biases that are self-serving, organizational silosthat lead to co-ordination failures and decision makingprocesses that are routinely manipulated by special interestlobby groups.

Six General Characteristics of a Predictable Surprise3

:1. Leaders knew a festering problem existed and that

the problem will not solve itself

2. Surprises can be especially expected when organi-zational members recognize that a problem is get-ting worse over time.

3. Fixing the problem would incur significant costsin the present, while the benefits of the actionwould be delayed (the strong tendency to discountthe future, and run the risk of incurring a largebut low-probability loss in the future rather thana small but sure loss now)

4. Addressing the predictable surprise typically requiresincurring a certain cost, while the reward is avoidingan uncertain cost likely to be much larger (leadersknow that they can get little credit for prevention)

5. Organizations and nations often fail to preparebecause of natural human tendency to maintainthe status quo

6. Individuals and special-interest groups that ben-efit from the status quo will fight hard to block reform

Conclusion:

There is an awareness of the above issues but the realissue is the lack of political will in dealing with theseissues. The leaders at the helm of political affairs need

to abandon the “short –termism” mindset to substan-tive issues. Instead, they must realize that our politicaleconomy is a complex web with deep and intricatelinkages across sectors that breed fragility and increasethe likelihood of breakdowns and implosion. A disci-plined three-step process of process of recognition,prioritization, and mobilization of resources, can helpour national policy makers for effectively dealing with“predictable surprises. ” The silver bullet to this issue isto demonstrate bold political will and social activismfrom all the citizens with a sense of urgency. We are at

this tipping point and the time to act is now.References :1 Eric Bonabeau , “Understanding and Managing Com-

plexity Risks, ” MIT Sloan Management Review, Sum-mer 2007

2 Max H.Bazerman and Michael D.Watkins: PredictableSurprises: The disasters You Should H ave Seen Comingand How to Prevent Them, Harvard Business SchoolPress, October 2004.

3 Ibid.

****




Introduction:

Though, man was primarily a part of the animalkingdom during the pre-historic times, self-education pro-activated the gradual blossoming of intellectual abilitieswhich helped him assert his supremacy in the world andalso paved way for sophisticated living. In the process of early urbanization and civilization, the human societies triedto preserve and record their experiences and also passed iton to their successive generations. This transmission of knowledge helped the successive generations to mould andlead a better life. The amount of knowledge furtherincreased with the passage of time and there was a need forproper method of disseminating this knowledge which gotfulfilled with the emergence of systematized educationalprocess. Though education is considered a lifelong process,formal systems have been formed in all the civilizationswith varied structures and with diverse time frames.Education is considered pivotal to impart knowledge relatedto nature, environment, society, institutions and languagesfor communication with other fellow beings.

The Process and Purpose of Education:

The process of education is twofold. It is primarilyto observe the nature around us so that we can understandthe changes and adjust with them for our survival andcomfortable life. His ability to ut ilize the natural resourcesmade him achieve sett led life. The growth of moderntechnology helped man to establish his supremacy over thenature which led to modern way of life. Another aspect of educational process is to observe the society built by manhimself. It is again a very long story to recount. The settledlife of man in societies created their own political, economicsystems, cultural life, traditions and customs etc. Theexperiences of the people in their own society helped them

to reform and reshape their societies for a better life.The purpose of education is to record their

observations with regard to the nature and environmenton one hand and also to examine their experiences withother people in their respective societies on the other. Theirobservations and experiences would become the body of knowledge which is to be transmitted to the next generationin both oral and written form. This knowledge wouldhelp the future generations to improve their living

Research in Social Sciences and its Relevanceto the Present Times - A Note

- Dr. K. Vijaya Babu*

*Asso. Prof. of History, KakatiyaUniversity, Warangal.

conditions. Thus, the process and purpose of educationand continuous Research is to improve the knowledge of

the people regarding nature and society, so that the futuregenerations would live comfortably and happily in theirown geographical regions and societies.

The study of society is categorized as socialsciences, which includes Sociology, Economics, Civics orPolitical Science, History etc. The purpose of SocialSciences is to understand the fellow beings to establish andmaintain good relations with others and to adjust in societyfor a happy and peaceful life i.e. human welfare.

Research:

Research is meant for knowing the hitherto unknown thingsand aspects of nature and society. Research is to know, tounderstand, to critically examine and explore the variousaspects or issues. The objective of Research is for furthergrowth and development of knowledge and civilization.

Social Sciences and Various Aspects of Research:

Social Sciences deal with the various aspects of society. The branches like Geography, Economy, Polity,Society, H istory and Culture are very important. Differentaspects of research under each subject are mentioned below.

a) Geography : Geophysical aspects of the region,Natural Resources like Mines, Forests, WaterResources, Flora and Fauna, O il and Natural Gas,Exploitation of Resources and Impact on Nature.Conservation of Natural Resources,Environmental Protection, Global Warming,Pollution Control, Sustainable Development, Eco-Friendly, Green Technology etc.

b) Economics: Food – Production, Agriculture,Industry, Wealth, Mining, Markets, Trade andCommerce, Transport, Unemployment Problem,Poverty, Labour. Irrigation, Supply, Demand,Famines, Inflation, Recession, Service Industry etc.

c) Sociology : Family, Clan, Tribe, Caste System,Marriage, Migration, Urban Life, Rural Life, TribalCulture, Traditions and Customs, Festivals,Superstitions, Professions, Feminism, GenderStudies, Prostitution, Crime, Illiteracy,




Untouchability, Discrimination, Slums, Povertyetc.

d) Political Science : Governments, Politics,Constitution, Political Parties, Elections,Fundamental Rights, Panchayat Raj System,Legislations, Judiciary, Fundamentalism,Terrorism, Regionalism, International Relations,Wars, Agreements, Foreign Policy etc.

e) Archaeology & History: Archaeology is the studyof arte facts. It deals with material remains of thepre-historic and historic times like monuments,numismatics, epigraphical sources etc. History isthe study of the past events, in a chronologicalorder. It also deals with the life and culture of thepeople in the past. Monuments, coins, epigraphs,kingdoms, empires, wars, revolutions, movements,religions and religious centers, heritage, culture,traditions, festivals, folk lore, cultural tourism are

important aspects of history.The Basic Challenges before the Modern Researchers:

In Social Science research, the challenge before theresearcher is to strike a balance between Traditions andModernity. Traditions and values are time honoured assetsof the mankind and helped shape societies and their culturesand civilizations. These are based on faith or religion of the people. But Modern knowledge and life is emphasizingon the spirit of enquiry and reason. Hence, there is a needto strike a balance between these two.

Relevance to the Present Times:

As it is already observed, social sciences help theindividual to understand the society and live happily withthe fellow beings. Various branches of social sciences helpus to know different aspects of society like polity, economy,society, heritage and culture. These subjects contribute forthe inculcation of the values among the citizens to becomebetter human beings. Social Sciences help enlighten thehumans and promote human welfare.

The following values are supposed to be inculcatedamong the people through social sciences: Liberty, Equality,Fraternity, Democratic Values, Secularism, Tolerance,Religious Harmony, Patriotism and InternationalUnderstanding

Conclusion:The Social Sciences help understand the society

and social values on which our society is dependant andable to survive. In fact, these values are quite essential evenin a family for a happy and peaceful life. Of course, the

society is nothing but an enlarged and extended family,that means, a society is a mega family . The Social Sciencespromote sense of sacrifice, love, compassion among thepeople to take up social service to build a healthy society.Social Sciences help to promote rational thinking andeliminate superstitions and evil practices and also help forenlightenment among the people. Languages, literatureand fine arts also develop aesthetic sense and regulate the

emotions in the individuals and guide them to be andbecome good citizens. If there is no place for social sciencesin the education system, the society is bound to suffer fromall kinds of evils like crime, corruption violence, communalproblems, discrimination, conflicts, quarrels, bloodshedand revolutions etc. Social values help to prevent crimeand violence and promote human welfare and happinessin society. In the absence of these values human life wouldbecome mechanical and life loses its fragrance. A societywithout values is more dangerous than a wild forest. Allthese social, noble, human values are like different spokes

of the ‘WHEEL OF DHARMA ’ on which the cart of society moves. The Indian Sub-Continent has been thecradle for the Dharma since times immemorial. Thus, therelevance of social sciences is eternal.

* * *




1. Indian National security requires wise decision on awhole range of defence problems, particularly the pro-

curement, deployment and unemployment of theArmed forces.

2. Defence it would be appreciated is entirely a sub arenaof national security unlike others such as home affairs,foreign affairs, financial and S and T that have largeareas outside the National Security arena. It is there-fore conceptually possible to direct the defence effortto serve National Security much more pointedly thanefforts in other areas can. However, that conceptualpossibility cannot be realized in practice unless the re-

lationship between National Security and defence isappropriately structured at the stage where “policymaking “ and implementation strategy are conceived;such structuring has to be necessarily detailed andcomplex and is subject to continuous analysis andchange the world over. Therefore defence planning haslarger challenges lying as much outside the MOD aswithin the MOD and the services.

3. If we consider our security situation, since indepen-dence we see that while the resources allocated to De-fence have increased from a few hundred crores at thetime of independence to a lakh and forty seven thou-sand crores today, the security concerns have multi-plied from just Pakistan ( Kashmir) to a number of other areas as indicated on the following slide.

Challenges to Defence Planning- Raman Puri*

4. In short there is deterioration in the security situationdespite the resource allocations. Clearly then either the

Resources allocated are insufficient or the Managementof those resources leaves much to be desired. In myview both are faulty.

5. National Security and Defence Planning can only beundertaken to fulfill the goals of a particular strategyand the broad structure required is as indicated in theslide below.

6. In developing strategic guidance, top level securitydecision makers need to regularly address three aspectsof Military Power: (a) How to determine the futureneed for it, (b) how to minimize that need — Militarypower, it may be stated that both in its deterrent anddeployment aspects, is a significant National asset.

7. And finally how to build up the needed power? Allthree aspects essentially relate to the future with timehorizons extending to 10 years and more and requireplanning guidelines based on a (National Security Strat-egy) NSS and defence strategy issued by the country ’stop leadership, also these are renewed at regular inter-vals. The most basic challenge therefore is to cultur-

ally, structurally and organizationally equip ourselvesfor the task. In this regard, what the Subramanyamcommittee said post Kargil was essentially the needfor the effective functioning of the entire Higher De-fence Mechanism.

Higher Defence Organisation:

Defense Budget

! Border

• Pak• China• Bangladesh• Nepal

! Terrorism /Proxy War/ Extremism / Separatism! Internal Security! Interests Energy

TradeDiaspora

! Nuclear

Past to Present AllocationTrends

2 to 2.4 %Average

Growth 7 - 8%

Efficient Utilization of DefenseBudget

141,700 Crore

Security / Defense Outcome

If Outcome appears unsatisfactory then ;Contemporary imperatives of Security Management or / andBudget Allocation and Utilisation System is/ are inefficient ?

• Both systems are flawed .Strategic Guidance Defence Acquisition System

Present

Future

THEC ITIZE N

B O D Y

FUNCTIONAL ILLUSTRATION

NSCPO L (P)

UpperHouse

LowerHouse

CABINETOR

COUNCILOF

MINISTERS

C CS

M INISTR YO F

DEFENCE

PM

RM

CC OO AASS AARR MM YY HH QQ

CC NN SS NN AAVVAALL HH QQ

CC AASS AAIIRR HH QQ

C O A S

CN S

PRE SIDEN TAS SUP R EM E

CO M M AND ER-IN-CH IEF

HIGHERDEFENCE

CA S

M IL(M )

CHA IRM ANC O S C / CD S

HQ IDS

M INISTR YO F

DEFENCE

SFC

C OSC

*Formerly Vice-Admiral Indian Navy and Chief, Integrated Defence Staff

Efficient Utilization of DefenseBudget

141,700 Crore

Security / Defense Outcome Defense Budget

v Border Pack China Bangladesh Nepal

v Terrorism /Proxy War / Extremism/ Separatismv Internal Securityv Interests Energy

TradeDiaspora

v Nuclear




8. “P” and “M” in the diagram represent the exclusivespheres of political and military organization respec-tively. The constitutional connection at “D”, whichfunctions as an effective lever to control the militaryorganization and to subordinate it to the will of thepeople, represents the higher defence mechanism ina democracy. All democratic states have a fundamen-tal law in the constitution, either written or unwrit-

ten, with regard to the defence mechanism which isorganized to control the armed forces with a politicalhead at its top. He is, in some form or other, directlyresponsible to the electorate, be he the President as inthe United States or the Prime Minister and DefenceMinister as in a parliamentary democracy. The po-litical and the military spheres, therefore, meet at “D”which is a broad zone that needs study from the con-stitutional, National Security and Military effective-ness angle. What we essentially need further to haveis an institution which, though the keystone of themilitary arch, also furnishes the constitutional link that ties the mighty armed forces to the will of theelectorate enabling parliamentary government to func-tion effectively in peace and war. An effective COSCis therefore a fundamental constitutional requirementalso. A key observation of GOM reviewing the Na-tional Security system was that the “COSC is weak;it has failed to provide single point mil advice and toresolve substantive inter-service issues adequately ”

9. The NSS and the Defence Policy have essentially toemerge in this arena at D for large future orienteddecisions about military power whether dealing withneed determination, need minimization or need real-ization, have to be taken in the national Security arenaand not in the defence policy sub arena, or as is oftenthe case with need minimization in the foreign policysub arena. Decision when taken with regard to usemilitary power internally do not create major prob-lems as long as they are in the field of what is termedas aid to civil power, but decisions when taken with

regard to insurgencies need to ensure that the mili-tary efforts to overcome insurgencies and the politicoeconomic efforts required to reduce the need for thateffort are discussed in the same arenas as is often notthe case.

10. The question we need to ask is whether the Indianstate is adequately equipped to consider national Se-curity holistically and take informed networked de-cisions as shown in the slide below:-

11. I believe equipping apart we need to conceptualizeand evolve a consensus on what needs to be done.Current situation as I viewed from H QIDS was as in

this slide.

12. You will observe that we are currently working in SI-LOS, where as the requirement is for networking andsynergy.

13. The second postulation I would like to make is thatplanning and decision-making in defence as elsewherehave a variable and vulnerable relationship - whilethe quality of planning undoubtedly impacts on thequality of decisions, planning is not a structural re-quirement for decision making. In a competit ive en-vironment where poor decisions lead to visible poorperformances, good planning becomes a top man-agement concern - but in the public goods area likedefence where neither output nor cost effectivenesscan be measured during peace time, it is easy to sideline planning. However while planning is dispens-able decisions or not, they – good, bad or pedestrian

610

NATIONALINTERESTS/ OBJECTIVES

(NSS)

ECONOMICPOLICY

FOREIGNPOLICY

DEFENCE &MILITARY

POLICY

INTERNALSECURITY

POLICY

INSTITUTIONALISED

CONSULTATIONS

Mil & TechInputs

Pol Direction

25

FUNCTIONAL ENVIRONM ENT FOR DECISIONMAKING

HQ IDS

ADG SI

DIPACINCP

JCES

AHQ

NH Q

AFHQ

Mo D

M EA

DoS

C&IT

ANC

SF CMHA

NSCS

DC N D R D O




get taken. Each good decision acts as facilitator forgood planning while a bad one an inhibitor. Plan-ning and decision making in defence further span avast and diverse field which may be categorized vari-ously as operational, non operational, long term andshort term, strategic and tactical. The culture, pro-cess and structures vary widely with and within thesecategories and considerable specialization and domain

knowledge is required to support decisions.14. Covering this entire spectrum can be the subject of

a thesis really. I will restrict myself further to a brief enumeration of certain aspects Germaine to the chal-lenges we face, beyond the evolution of the nationalsecurity and defence policy we have just discussed.

(a). Challenges posed by RMA (Revolution in MilitaryAffairs) – need for joint structure and transformation.

(b). Challenges in procurement — Increasing self reliance–Quotient

Challenges posed by RMA, need for JointStructures and Transformations

15. This Challenge essentially arises because while boththe lethality and precision with which attacks can belaunched has increased vastly the decision makingtime available to use this power has telescoped. Thiscalls for advanced scenario generation, fusion withinformation technology and adoption of joint struc-tures at every level and requires a large transforma-

tion effort to achieve the joint structures required.This effort is not visible on the horizon and we con-tinue to function largely in our old ways.

Challenges in procurement -Increasing self reliance –Quotient

16. To acquire defence capability faster, chaeaper, betterand more effectively integrated has to be the aim of the Defence Procurement Organisation. This implies

(a) In today ’s environment a solution which is faster,cheaper, better but not effectively integrated actuallycompromises defence capability.

(b) Integration in which interoperability is a major fac-tor carries equivalent weight to performance, cost andtime considerations and emphasizes through life ef-fectiveness and efficiency.

17. Defence capability must define the users requirementin terms of operational outcome or effect that theusers of assets or services need to achieve as shown inthis slide.

18. The process to meet mission capabilities is explainedon this slide

19. In Determining mission needs intense interactionand synergy between the User (Mission Need), R&D& Industry is necessary for developing such a capa-bility. We have unfortunately firewalls between theseelements,leading to a situation where we are practi-cally importing an Armed Force. This is neither op-erationally sustainable or affordable.

*****

25

FUNCTIONAL ENVIRONM ENT FOR DECIMAKING

HQ IDS

ADG SI

DIPACINCP

JCES

AHQ

NH Q

AFHQ

MoD

MEA

Do S

C&IT

ANC

SF C MHA

NSCS

DC N D R D O

DEVELOPK N O W LE D G EBASE

(BASICRESEARCH)

DEVELOPTECHNOLOGY/EXAM INECONCEPTFE ASIB ILITY

RD&A PRO CESS TO M EETM ISSIO N C APAB ILITY N EED S

DETERNINE CON CEPTFEASIB ILITY /DEMO NSTRATESYSTEM & SU B-SYSTEMFE ASIB ILITY(ADVANC E CO NCEPTTECH DEM ONSTRATOR/ADV TECHDEMO NSTRATOR)

DEVELOPADVANCEDSYSTEM S

M ISS IO NCAPAB.NEEDS OFA R M E DFORCES

TEST AND EVALU ATIO N

TECHNOLOG Y BASE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOG Y

INFOR M ATION FLOW S

UNIVE RS ITY LABO RATO RIES/INDUSTRY

INDUSTR Y




I

RIGHT TO INFORMATION LAWS AND DEVEL-OPING COUNTRIES

***

It is now widely accepted that the right to infor-mation laws, within a short period of time, have made thepeople aware of their rights in a whole new way. Speciallyin the developing countries which face the twin challengesof endemic corruption and inefficiency in governmentalinstitutions and need for rapid economic and socialprogress, the operation of the right to information laws,

even in the initial years of their operation, have exhibitedvast transformational potentiality. These laws hold out thepromise that they have the power to suck out the toxins ingovernmental systems and cleanse them.

This paper argues that (a) the right to informa-tion laws, alongside expanding the citizens ’ rights, shouldbe systematically employed to transform governance. (b)these laws could be a powerful magnet for mobilising thepeople and enthusing them to use these laws to enhanceand expand their choices for their own betterment. (c) RTI

laws directly contribute to improvement in governance bybreaking down the barriers between the government andthe people by enhancing trust. (d) RTI is the most power-ful assault on developing countries ’ endemic corruption.(e) RTI should be an instrument to bring an end to theculture of governmental secrecy and the battle for trans-parency is to be fought and won in the minds of the civilservants.

II

CHANGE IN ATTITUDE AND APPROACH OF

CIVIL SERVANTS: DOES SECRECY SAVE?India is a microcosm of Third World democracy.

In 1947, India was born as a nation in the midst of joyouscelebration of its people, but also amidst deep cynicismand scepticism about this nation of 350 million hungry,poor, malnourished and divided people surviving as a na-tion, much less as a democratic nation. Sixty years on,

Transparency Laws and Developing Countries *A Case for Developing Countries Adopting Transparency Laws for Transformation of Governance

- A.N. Tiwari**

India today is a thriving democracy of over one billionpeople and has demonstrated an uncommon level of resil-ience in dealing with the crises of which there have beenmany.

The crisis which has been the source of unendinganxiety and equally powerful innovations in independentIndia’s life is the crisis of governance. The desire to deliverto its people a clean, efficient and friendly administrationwhich could be trusted by all sections of the people of thiscountry was stymied, time and again by opacity in the sys-tem of the governance and, an overweening tendencyamong the civil servants to embrace secrecy which - often

quite unnecessarily - engendered mistrust and cynicism.There was growing realization that a time had come to freeIndia and its systems of governance of these toxins.

The Right to Information (RTI) Act of 2005 wasborn in the backdrop of such a scenario. It announced inits preamble its purpose and its goal which was that, “de-mocracy requires an informed citizenry and transparencyof information which are vital to its functioning and alsoto contain corruption and to hold governments and theirinstrumentalities accountable to the governed. ”

This new RTI Act brought into being somethingwhich was foreign to the Indian system of governance andespecially to the permanent bureaucracy. It made trans-parency the norm and secrecy an exception. It obligedcivil servants to give out information to those applying forit within set time limits on pain of penalty.

A key to the success of the RTI regime is in itswilling acceptance by civil servants and the change in em-phasis within the governmental systems from withholdinginformation at any cost, to transparency.

Over the years, due to historical reasons and anovertly warped implementation of the Official Secrets Act,government organizations and public authorities had de-veloped an unhealthy ¯ sometimes even self-defeating ¯ at-titude of excessive secrecy. Public employees earned ap-proval from their superiors not for making transparency ahallmark of all their functions, but for not allowing an

*Key Note Address delivered at the Federal Institute of Access to Public Information (IFAI), Mexico City (Mexico)**Information Commissioner, Central Information Commission, Govt. of India.




average citizen to know how the government machineryfunctioned and, why decisions were taken in the mannerin which they were. It was not as if secrecy was guardedthrough any collective ulterior design ¯ to hide corrup-tion, nepotism and so on ¯ but frequently by sheer forceof habit, on account of a deeply held perception that se-crecy saves.

The advent of RTI Act in India was initiallystrongly resented by the Civil Services. His reaction toRTI, a La Solzhenitsyn, was that with this law “destructiveand irresponsible freedom [was] granted boundless space. ”The ideological well-springs of the RTI Act were contraryto the long-held world-view of the average Civil Servant.He was discomfited by the thought that the RTI Act be-came a means for an average citizen to invade the CivilServant ’s sacred turf. In the early part of the functioningof the RTI-regime in India, the civil servant still hopedand believed, that he would be able to somehow ensurethat the Act was never implemented in its letter and spiritand, more importantly, that he would never be called uponto pay the price for his inability or failure to disclose arequested information.

As the RTI regime started unfolding and he wasfaced with the trauma of penalty for withholding informa-tion from a requester, the civil servants went into a shockedsulk.

The awareness that there was no place to hide fromthe RTI Act caused, slowly but surely, a change in approach

and attitude of civil servants. From the initial - “why dis-close?”, he has not yet fully graduated to “disclose every-thing”, but he was now grudgingly acknowledging thattransparency was not such a bad idea after-all. In the courseof the working of the RTI Act, the most pronounced im-pression that the Central Information Commission (CIC)had was that civil servants were generally willing to dis-close most information except that where the individualcivil servant ’s contribution to the decision-making processwas to be made public. Any ‘notes’ recorded on files inwhich decisions were made represented the contribution

of every civil servant in the hierarchical set-up, the demand,therefore, was that government could very well let a citizenknow what that file contained except what each civil ser-vant had to say about the decision that was eventually made.

The Civil Servant had an arguable case. The ano-nymity of the civil servant in the decision making processwas for him, not just a historical hang-up, but the essentialprecondition for his making fair, honest and unbiased con-tribution to the decision making process. He was appre-

hensive, lest the proven benefit of Civil Service anonymity,which allowed Civil Servant the space to contribute mean-ingfully and independently to a decision-making process,be foregone for some unknown benefits of transparency,or for no benefit at-all.

The other school of thought held that disclosureof each civil servant ’s contribution to the decision makingprocess, far from reducing his effectiveness, actually en-hanced it, as it equipped him to combat internal pressures- mostly from his political superiors - to take decisions ina manner that would suit the interests of the powers thatbe.

These systems, over a century and half old, havenow come under RTI-scrutiny. Accountability in a parlia-mentary democracy and, in a conventional sense, has beenunderstood as the ministerial responsibility as well as thecollective responsibility of the Cabinet to the legislature.The concepts, such as the anonymity of civil servants, as-sume meaning within the ambit of the political concept of accountability.

The RTI Act seeks to test all these long-held be-liefs. Over the years, the political class, with willing coop-eration of the civil services, had developed certain conve-nient tools to discharge their accountability – comply withit in form, but evade it in reality. The legislatures do for-mally enjoy the power to question the political executiveand in a large measure, hold the executive answerable, yetthere are overt as well as subtle ways in which the executivefrequently manages to escape responsibility.

Party discipline ensures that legislators cannotfreely question the executive and when they do, they can-not stretch their questioning to any point close to embar-rassing the executive, or the party to which they owe theirloyalties. The political executive, assisted by the bureau-cracies, makes sure that a large number of questions askedin the legislatures were classified as, what has come to beknown as “Unstarred Questions ”, meaning thereby, theseare not answered in writing or orally and no discussion isheld regarding these. The convention around UnstarredQuestions, as it has evolved in the Indian Parliament, makesfor interesting study. Ministers and the senior Civil Ser-vants ensure that answers are given in a manner which sat-isfies the requirement of furnishing the answers, but in es-sence says very little. “Yes, Sir ” and “No, Sir ” are the mostfrequently used form of providing answers. Senior bu-reaucrats train their juniors on how to answer parliamen-tary unstarred questions without saying much.




The Starred Questions, on the contrary, are theones which prove to be effective means of enforcing minis-terial responsibility to the legislature, but here too, fre-quently questions which could embarrass the executive donot come up as Starred Questions. That is how a vastnumber of questions are classified as Unstarred in the In-dian Parliament while only a small number are given theStarred status.

Parliamentary privilege is rarely used to disciplinea Minister whose answer to the Parliament may be foundto be incorrect or evasive.

These examples have been cited only to drive homethe point that the lackadaisical attitude towards ministe-rial responsibility is part of a general approach in whichthe executive shares information even with the legislatureonly when it must and, avoids it, if it can. This approachalso marks the style of functioning of civil servants, in gen-eral as well as of the individual civil servant when it comes

to responding to a valid query from a private citizen.Needless to say, that not all withholding of infor-

mation is innocuous. A system in which bribery, nepotismand use of executive discretion for personal benefit are com-monplace, secrecy is used as the cover against intrusive prob-ing. In this sense, parliamentary democracies in the devel-oping societies are no different from authoritarian systems.It has been extensively documented how secrecy is an allyof authoritarianism. A responsible administration revelsin openness and transparency. It is an irony that in parlia-

mentary democracies, the people - known to be sovereign– can be prevented from seeking empowerment as well aspower through overt and covert systemic denial of infor-mation held by State.

The impact which RTI is making on the thinkingof the political class as well as the bureaucracy is unmistak-able. Within a short time, action by private citizens throughthe RTI Act has forced government departments and pub-lic authorities to look inwards and re-examine the validityof their long-held assumptions about how to manage af-fairs of the government and of the public authorities. Onepronounced impact of the RTI Act has been that severalsystems whose sanctity was accepted as a given, were cri-tiqued and, in most cases, forced to change. These includethe system of disclosing answer-sheets of candidates tak-ing public examinations conducted by bodies such as Pub-lic Service Commissions; details of civil servants ’ personaldata such as employment, wages and so on.

The purpose for which information in these verymany categories of cases has been sought differed from

person to person - some for purely selfish reasons such asfor preventing or weakening the disciplinary processesagainst employees of public authorities and even for set-tling personal scores. Certain petitions though were forwholly altruistic reasons - for truly reforming the systemthrough transparency and accountability and to preventits dysfunction. But the cumulative net-impact of all thesevaried usages of RTI has been that large swathes of areas

have moved from the shadows into sunlight. Its cleansingimpact on the system is steadily manifesting itself. Thepolitical class and the civil servants have begun to showgrowing signs of being aware that RTI is slowly convertingthe Indian public into some sort of benevolent Orwellianbig brothers.

III

DEVELOPMENTAL DEFICIT

One of the acknowledged and pronounced fail-

ures of the Indian State - and most developing states - hasbeen its failure to deliver services to its people at the grass-roots. Among the several factors responsible for this de-velopmental deficit, an important one is rampant and per-sistent corruption. Huge investments in welfare schemestargeting the poor, the weak, women and children havefailed to significantly improve their lives due to leakagescaused by pervasive corruption. On account of these de-livery failures, regional disparities have increased and whilepoverty has declined over the 10 years of economic liberal-ization to about 27%; absolute poverty as a ratio of pov-erty has increased. Welfare indices such as women andchild nutrition, infant mortality, school drop-out ratios,especially of girl child and so on, though declining, havenot shown substantial reduction. Poverty is not going togo away anytime soon. A long and anxious journey liesahead in India ’s monumental struggle against this scourge.

Poverty has been variously defined. Certain defi-nitions have focussed principally upon the income factor,while others have factored in the magnitude of depriva-tion in terms of access to health care, wage earning oppor-tunities, education, clean drinking water and proper ruralinfrastructure among others. No matter which definitionor combination of definitions is accepted, the fact remainsthat corruption and inefficiency have been the stumblingblocks in achieving the targeted poverty reduction goals.

A vast number of the Indians still live in India ’srural heartlands. The estimate of the rural population hasbeen put at 80% of the over 1 billion population of India.Even though 72% of labour force is rural/agricultural and




45% of India ’s national income comes from the agricul-tural sector, a majority of these people are either belowpoverty line or are just above it, desperately making a liv-ing from their meagre incomes. The efforts to improvetheir lot which were launched since India attained inde-pendence in 1947, achieved only modest success. Theinstitutional arrangements ¯ the Local Self Governments,the electoral process, a patronizing government ¯ are all

there but the grievances of the people continue to remainunresolved and multiply over time, principal reason forwhich was the apathy of the government employee to thegenuine needs of the poor.

The RTI is a glimmer of hope to such people. Itis quite possible that by invoking the provisions of the RTIAct, people shall be able to make government officials sen-sitive to and accountable for attending to the people ’s mod-est needs which are sure to go a long-way in improving thegeneral quality of their lives. These include simple things

such as an entitlement card for getting government ration,birth and death certificates, accurate details about landholdings and records, prompt attention to the people ’spetitions for subsidies, old age pensions, unemploymentallowances and so on. It is in attending to these concernsof the average citizen living in rural areas that the adminis-trative system has been found to be most remiss.

RTI Act ’s accountability-enforcing power can beemployed to make the system alive to timely redressal of these several of the people ’s concerns. The difficulty, how-

ever, is that these modest Indians in the rural areas are un-aware of how to make use of the RTI Act to enforce insti-tut ional accountability. For them, the RTI Act is oneamong the several laws which are all there, but bring aboutno, or little, change in the people ’s lives. It is like themarket, where the racks of the shops are spilling over withuseful merchandise, but buyers lack the means to accessthem.

The solution to this problem of interface betweenthe people and the RTI Act needs to be resolved more at asocietal level. The civil society institutions will need toplay a major and powerful role in first identifying thepeople ’s needs and then, through properly worded querieswithin the RTI system, force the public authorities to comeup with answers. This role and its potentiality is fast beingappreciated by these several civil society institutions withinthe country. Their number, however, is not so large as tocreate wider impact.

One would expect a responsive administration tocome forward to activate the people themselves to reach

out to the opportunities offered by the RTI Act to seek notonly responses but also resolution of their concerns. Thisdevelopment is hamstrung by cynicism which still definesthe approach the Civil Servants to the demands of RTIAct, who still consider RTI as a necessary evil. RTI, never-theless, can be a powerful tool for ensuring delivery of ser-vices to the vast millions of people in the rural-sector.Through the simple contrivance of filing hundreds of ap-

plications for response under RTI Act on specific issues of services and goods delivery, it is possible to promote anefficient and dependable delivery system. Bureaucraciesfear nothing more than the public scrutiny of their actions,and once RTI makes it impossible to escape that scrutinythe Civil Servant works overtime and efficiently and isforced to resist the temptation towards corruption. Thenet result is efficient public delivery of critical public goods.Government is saved the transaction costs which delaysand corruption impose.

The Government of India earmarks vast budget-ary resources to development of infrastructures and ruraland urban employment. The following budgetary statis-tics will show the magnitude of funds deployed for pov-erty alleviation, for ensuring distributive justice and main-taining balanced regional growth. The National RuralEmployment Guaranty Scheme (NREGS) has a war chestof US $3550 millions; funds for other schemes are - Na-tional Education Mission - US $2880 millions; NationalRural Health Mission - US $2670 millions, and in Na-tional Urban Renewal Mission - US $1520 millions.

An expanding economy and higher tax collectionshave enabled the government to progressively deploy largeresources for development. With this deployment of un-precedented funds for development, has emerged the needfor ensuring that these reach the targeted groups and theareas without being siphoned off or lost through corrup-tion, leakages and inefficient transactions. The RTI Actthen provided to the government as well as to the civilsociety organizations a powerful tool not only to monitorthe functioning of these schemes but, also to create trans-

parent and dependable mechanisms for disbursal of thebenefits to the target citizens. Extensive use of computers,linked to the beneficiaries ’ bank accounts, was made toensure that the funds to be received by the citizens wereplaced in their bank accounts without any intermediary,such as contractors, being involved. The civil society in-stitutions periodically use the RTI Act to receive from thepublic authorities authentic information about the trans-fers of funds to the targeted citizens and the time taken forsuch transmissions. This has ensured that not only the full




amount is placed in the citizens ’ bank accounts, but alsothat it is done timely.

Public audit of government schemes – especiallywelfare schemes – has now become a real possibility throughthe RTI Act. In fact, civil society bodies have institutedpublic audit of the largest among these schemes, viz.NREGA, at several places and their findings have contrib-uted to plugging many loopholes and leakages. This hasbeen made possible through extensive and targeted use of RTI Act.

IVTRUST

Social capital theorists have been arguing aboutthe importance of Trust in improving governance, espe-cially in functioning democracies. The factor which con-tributes most to trust deficit in State institutions is the veilof secrecy, which surrounds much of government actions.

It is now empirically proven that there is a direct and effec-tive co-relation between the people ’s trust and the efficiencyof governance in democratic states. RTI as an instrumentof enhancing transparency is, therefore, a powerful tool toencourage people to trust public institutions.

Government ’s trustworthiness in the eyes of thecitizen is enhanced by the willingness with which State ’sinstitutions accept and adopt transparency. The citizen isdeterred by the culture of secrecy and is intimidated by themystique of governance. In either case, the result is dis-tancing of the citizen from State institutions. RTI Act hasfor the first time given to the citizen an instrument to di-rectly challenge the system and to enter into its most hal-lowed portals.

An opaque system, when it is the part of a democ-racy, escapes the wrath and the anger of the people longerthan other systems, largely because the freedoms of democ-racy are so heady that they lull dissatisfaction. But sooneror later, the citizen demands that the government deliver,and he becomes restive about the black-holes of secrecywithin the government which impair efficiency and, delayor deny him his due. Because of the openness of participa-tory democracy, this popular dissatisfaction takes longerthan in authoritarian systems before it turns into mistrustof democracy itself. But it occurs, sooner or later, to theperil of democracy.

RTI challenges the people to act in their own bestinterests by their actively participating in transformationof democratic governance through higher transparency andhigher accountability.

Trust is not understood as some abstract principle,or as Frediric Hegel put it, a ‘thing’ or a ‘substance ’. Thisis, in fact, a dynamic expression which comprises an open-ended set of activities and interactions comprising activerelationships. According to the Social Capital theorists,trust is the outcome of networking relationships amongfree citizens. Trust requires judgement, vigilant action aswell as conscientious action. It involves all of the intricate

reciprocities of human relationships. Francis Fukuyamahas persuasively argued that trust is a pre-condition for acountry’s prosperity. Faith in the capacity of a governmentand its institutions to deliver what they promise can be astrong trigger for progress, which manifests itself best inincreasing prosperity of the individual as well as of the State.It is the people ’s trust in the government which makes de-mocracy fully participatory because it pulls down the bar,which separates the people from the institutions.

In the developing countries people are separated

from the institutions of governance through both formaland informal barriers. The complicated system of reach-ing out to information held by the government is one of the most stubborn formal barriers between the governedand the government. Most governments do very little todispel the mystique which surrounds Government and allits activities, not because removing it is somehow unsafefor governance but because it facilitates the ruling elite ’sdominance over their citizens. The distort ions in demo-cratic institutions are frequently the direct outcome of theruling elite ’s fear of higher accountability.

The right to information is the instrument withwhich the ordinary citizen can attack the monolith of thegovernment through the simple contrivance of forcinggovernance to be transparent and accountable.

The trust-creation-function of the RTI Act has notbeen fully analyzed and explored. Our experience in Indiahas been that the presence of the RTI Act has in a veryrudimentary way and, yet quite perceptibly, led to sprout-ing of networked institutions / organizations aimed mostly

at accountable governance at grass root levels. Supportedand encouraged by NGOs, people did form networks whichaimed at eliciting information about quantum and regu-larity of wage payment to workers, transparency of con-tracts and agreements signed by the public authorities, dis-charge of the functions of public authorities as service-pro-viders and so on. Unfortunately, this has not yet assumedany elaborate proportion and is mostly isolated and spo-radic. The strong involvement of NGOs has also markedthe emergence of broader networks of citizens who would




be willing and ready to use RTI not merely for grievancesettlement, but to impose on public authorities a certainperformance discipline and to make them to account fortheir actions. This role of trust as well as transparency inexpanding human freedoms and thereby multiplyingcitizen ’s choices has been investigated by social choice theo-rists. Prof. Amartya Sen, in his 1999 work “DevelopmentAs Freedom ”, has inferred that development is empirically

proven to be dependant on five freedoms ¯ political free-doms, economic facilities, social opportunities, protectivesecurity and, quite importantly, ¯ transparency guarantees.Certain observations of Professor Amartya Sen about rela-tionships between these several freedoms among themselvesand together their relationship with development, bearsrecounting. He has argued that “the exercise of freedomsis mediated by values. ” Active promotion of transparencynorms and openness in the government ’s actions, “affectthe presence or absence of corruption, and the role of trustin economic, social or political relationships. ” He consid-ers the freedoms, which include transparency guarantees,as instrumental in enhancing the general capability of aperson to live more freely. “… the society operates on somebasic presumption of trust . Transparency guarantees dealwith the need for openness that people can expect : thefreedom to deal with one another under guarantees of dis-closure and lucidity. When that trust is seriously violated,the lives of many people — both direct parties and thirdparties — may be adversely affected by the lack of open-ness. Transparency guarantees (including the right to dis-closure) can thus be an important category of instrumen-tal freedom. These guarantees have a clear instrumentalrole in preventing corruption, financial responsibility andunderhand dealings. ”

There is a certain convergence between the SocialCapital and Social Choice theorists regarding the value of the right of information not only in promoting humanfreedoms but also good governance. This has importantimplications for developing countries where the evolutionof participatory democracy is impaired by mistrust betweenthe people and the government which is further compli-cated by the helplessness of the people in using their demo-cratic choices to enforce accountability on their rulers. Theright to information has now given to the people that cru-cial democratic choice.

If it is assumed that all administrative systems aimat improvement in governance then winning over thepeople ’s trust should be their primary objective. In factremoving the trust-deficit through RTI can be a very im-portant tool of transforming governance.

The problem with theoretical analysis is that, it isdependant on certain assumptions being true, which is notalways the case. Transforming government, for example,is based on an assumption that the political class sincerelywants to transform governance, which is not a safe assump-tion to make. In India as in many developing countries, aconsensus about the direction of change in Government,is conspicuous in its absence. RTI is now forcing govern-

ments to introspect on their internal processes and aboutaccepting greater responsibility regarding their duty towardscitizens.

V

BEST LAWS, POOR IMPLEMENTATION ANDCORRUPTION

India is known to be a country of the finest laws,which were frequently poorly implemented. The reasonsfor this could be several ¯ corruption, inefficiency of the

civil servants, institutional bottle-necks, political-compul-sions and so on. The one aspect which affects the averagecitizen the most is that the benefits of government schemesdo not reach the average citizen on time, or fully. Thereare unplugged leakages of funds down the line from gov-ernment treasury to the grass-root where it is needed. Elec-tions give to the ruling class access to and control over vastresources – not used always for public good. Electoral com-petition has increased the proclivity to bend rules and useresources to promote partition interests.

Corruption in India is not only endemic, it is alsomany layered. The form and the layer of corruption, whichhurts the people most, is the small corruption which im-pacts vast numbers of people who are required to frequentlyinteract with the State, either for accessing the welfare theState promises, or for their specific needs which only theState has the power to satisfy.

A Transparency International report last year esti-mated that almost 4 million households in India whichwere below poverty line (BPL) had to bribe hospital staff to get services like admission into hospital, a bed and, di-agnostic services. The total amount of bribe paid to thehospital staff by the poor in the past one year has beenestimated to be Rs. 87 millions (US $ 1.94 millions).Nearly one million households were denied hospital ser-vices as they either refused to pay bribe or could not affordto pay the amount demanded by the hospitals for theirservices.

This report further highlights that in order to getelectricity connection or to get faulty meters rectified, con-




sumers had to bribe their way through the corrupt elec-tricity departments or even private electricity companies.

Parents had to pay bribes for admitting their chil-dren in relatively better schools, for the certificates to beissued by such schools and various government authoritiesand so on. It was estimated by the transparency Interna-tional that in one year poor parents — belonging to theBPL households – paid Rs. 12 millions (US $ 0.27 mil-lion) as bribe for availing school services.

The BPL households, according to the Transpar-ency International assessment, paid bribes to avail of oneor more of the 11 public services, which were: public dis-tribution system, hospital services, educational services,electricity and water supply services, the NREGA scheme,land records and registration, forest, housing, banking, andpublic service.

The value of the RTI Act lies in countering this

variety of corruption by exposing through the use of theprovisions of the Act individual acts of corruption and rentseeking by officials. But even more importantly the provi-sions of the RTI Act can be employed to alter the veryopaque system which promotes and sustains petty corrup-tion. The Indian RTI Act gives power to the Central In-formation Commission to give directions to the public au-thorities to effect systemic changes, in order to bring thesystem in line with transparency requirements containedin the Act. Such changes, when brought about, are knownto have markedly reduced the magnitude of corruption ingiven public authorities. Since transparency is also account-ability enhancing, RTI must be considered a major tool inthe hands of common man to use, both strategically andtactically, not only to achieve personally favourable results,but also to transform the system for common good. Thepossibilities are immense, though not fully tapped yet.

Such corruption imposes cost not only on the Statebut also on the average citizen dwelling at a subsistencelevel of existence ¯marginal farmers, small traders and busi-nessmen; daily-wage workers, school teachers, slum-dwell-ers and so on. A majority of this class of people frequentlypay bribes just to manage to remain at the level of exist-ence where they are. Corruption, by imposing cost onsuch people, reduces their disposable income and, perpetu-ates their misery.

Over the years, the Government of India and theState Governments have set-up a number of anti-corrup-tion and vigilance organisations for combating corruptionamong public servants. The impact, nevertheless, has been

quite limited. Most corruption cases when taken to Courtsdo not result in conviction of the accused. The number of cases which the vigilance and the anti-corruption organi-zations can handle is also extremely low given the extent of corruption.

There have been some civil society-related move-ments too to check corruption, only with limited results.The lengthy and tortuous judicial processes tire-out anddefeat most efforts at checking corruption.

One conspicuous feature of the anti-corruptionmeasures in India has been the lack of people ’s participa-tion in making the drive a success. The emphasis in anti-corruption strategies has all along been on building insti-tutions to combat and check corruption rather than to makeit impossible, - by engaging people as watch-dogs to ex-pose the corrupt, - for the corrupt to practice their trade.

The Right to Information Act emerged a silver

lining in the massing clouds of corruption overhangingour politico-administrative system. A recent report of theUNDP states that corruption is a crippling problem in theAsia Pacific region. This report acknowledges that there isan inverse relationship between economic and socialprogress and corruption, but warns against any compla-cency that mere economic progress can help eradicate cor-ruption. With or without progress, corruption, accordingto UNDP, has an effect on human development, which isthe primary concern of most developing countries. Moresignificantly, the UNDP report acknowledges, that one of

the reasons why India ’s economic progress has been achievedin spite of widespread corruption, is because of the checksprovided by a vibrant civil society which fortified the po-litical will to combat corruption and, which culminated inthe promulgation of the Right To Information Act in theyear 2005. There were other concurrent measures as well,which included extensive use of information and commu-nication technologies in the administration and e- gover-nance for transparent administration and India becominga signatory of the United Nations Convention against cor-ruption (UN CAC). The Right To Information Act wasundoubtedly central to India ’s enormous and often uphillfight against endemic institutional corruption. One influ-ential newspaper wrote “however, the picture is not en-tirely gloomy. There are encouraging signs of success intackling corruption. Right to information (RTI) laws hashad the effect of making governments more accountable. ”(Business standard)

According to an estimate of the Transparency In-ternational, India has been steadily improving its position




in the scale of corruption index since the RTI Act cameinto being in 2005. In that year India was 88 among 159countries, while in the year 2006 it was ranked 70 among163 countries. On a scale of 1-10, where 9.9 was for veryclean government, India was 2.9 in 2005; 3.3 in 2006 and3.5 in 2007. The country ’s steady climb in the global cor-ruption index is all but visible.

A large part of this improvement is attributed tothe new atmosphere created by the advent of the RTI Actand because of the several tools such as social audit, whichthanks to the RTI law, have required new tooth and ur-gency.

RTI by making it harder for public authorities toconceal truth from the citizens, obviates the need for street-action by such citizens and their groups. It was commonto see in several parts of India, citizens groups supportedby NGOs resorting to street action in order to highlightcorruption, or to expose the activities of certain officialsand politicians. Now that RTI has given to such publicminded citizens the instrument to access and receive unal-loyed information from the very public authorities, whomight be guilty of sheltering the corrupt or promotingcorruption, action through the streets, although not alto-gether rendered unnecessary, is surely needed less frequently.

In this sense, RTI promotes the imperatives of public order by rendering disruptive public action to high-light failures of the government, less compelling. Thesedays it is common to see both print and the electronicmedia extensively highlighting information receivedthrough action under the RTI act. It would have neededinvestigative journalism, deployment of a large number of people and heavy expenditure to get that information whichnow comes tumbling out of the public authorities on ac-count of the simple act of petitioning under the RTI act.It is the moral equivalent of the Gandhian idea of SATYAGRAHA - or at least gets close to that.

A perinnial source of corruption is thediscretionary powers vested in the offices of the government.These discretionary powers which lead to nepotism,favouritism and so on and had been deeply resented by thepeople. Governments are known to have exerciseddiscretionary powers to grant favours which promotedsycophancy and cronyism and frequently led to violenceto the very norms which the government set for itself asguiding principles of its actions.

RTI has placed at the disposal of the people of India an instrument through which, simply by asking ques-

tions, it is possible to bring out into the open, what wouldhave otherwise taken years to achieve through the ordi-nary judicial and quasi-judicial processes. The slogan of ‘people against corruption ’ can be most effectively actu-ated through RTI. One hurdle in the mass assault on cor-ruption through RTI is that those who suffer at the handsof the corrupt are often too muted due to factors such aspoverty, illiteracy, cultural barriers, political-compulsions

and so on to become active participants in the campaign.The success of RTI, in the medium and the long terms,shall be defined by how this silent majority is galvanizedinto using its powers to expose rent seekers. An expansionof civil society organizations to mediate the people ’s inter-face with Government through RTI is necessary – perhapsimperative.

There are signs now that the RTI Act is beingextensively used to question the manner in whichgovernments exercise their discretionary powers. The use

of the RTI Act is now making the government servants ’and the political leaders ’ arbitrary exercise of theirdiscretionary powers, increasingly difficult. The fear thatviolation of norms can now be exposed and brought topublic scrutiny is a powerful deterrent on arbitrarily exerciseof discretion.

VI

THE WESTERN AND THE THIRD-WORLDRTI/FOI ACTS

In the West, FOI or the RTI Acts have largely beenused to expand the scope of right of speech and expres-sion. Most applicants for information in such countriesare academics, interest groups and NGOs. Livelihood re-lated FOI/RTI activism is few and far between.

In the developing countries, RTI no doubt is aninstrument to expand the rights of individuals as it is inthe West, but at another level it is also a force-multiplier ¯an instrument of empowerment for the poor and the de-prived, to compel States to create conditions under whichthe weak and the poor can painlessly access goods and ser-vices and seek to better their quality of life. In that sense,the usage of the RTI in the developing countries has thepotentiality to make a huge contribution to livelihood gainsfor the poor, who comprise close to 27% to 40% of thesociety and, quite frequently, more. But, unfortunately,those who need the RTI the most have the least means touse its several instruments.

The real challenge of RTI in the context of thedeveloping countries, therefore, lies in inducing vast num-




bers of the poor and the deprived, the low-paid employees,the wage-earners, slum-dwellers and so on, to use RTI asan instrument to force an indifferent State to adopt verifi-able norms of equity and accountability to discharge theiravowed functions towards the people.

Therefore, mere number of RTI applications maynot be a true index of the success of the Act – importantthough these numbers are. How many such applicants arefrom the weaker sections of the society is an important –and to me a critical – index about how this Act can be atransformational instrument.

An analysis of the appeals which have been filedwith the Central Information Commission of India (CIC)shows that only a miniscule percentage of these appealscome from those belonging to the category described as“Below Poverty Line ” (BPL). There is a perceptible lack of enthusiasm among this category of citizens to use the RTIAct. There have been, no doubt, some limited usage in theStates for such matters as proper disbursal of wages, dis-charge of contractual obligations and so on, but its scopeis still highly limited.

VIIFOI/RTI IN FEDERAL STATES

PROBLEM OF UNIFORM APPLICATION OFTRANSPARENCY LAWS

The functioning of the FOI/RTI act in federalstates encounters its own problems, unknown in other

forms of government/state. For one, is the problem of uniform application of the RTI legislation. Large devel-oping countries such as India may not find it easy to en-sure that RTI laws are uniformly applied in all the federat-ing units.

The reasons for uneven application of RTI lawsacross the sub-national entities - such as states in India -may be due to a variety of factors such as the level of RTIawareness among the people, the strength of the civil soci-ety institutions, the administrative and political culture in

the state, the approaches and the attitude of the civil ser-vants, quality of record retention and maintenance in theStates, the extent of the use of technology in official work,the cooperation and the support of the State governmentto the RTI regime, among others. In each case of the sub-national entity one or several of these factors - even someother factors - could be present.

The success of RTI/FOI legislation in the sub-national entities i.e. States, assumes criticality when it isconsidered that vast numbers of the BPL citizens reside in

the States. It is here that they run into the wall of officialapathy, encounter hostility and rent seeking by governmentemployees, and are defeated at every step by the opacity of the procedures and systems.

In India, the FOI/RTI movement was started firstin eight estates of the country. The national legislationcame later in the year 2005. These eight estates alreadyhad their FOI/RTI Acts much before the 2005 Act cameinto being. With the advent of the 2005 RTI Act thesegovernments and rescinded their respective State Acts andacceded to the National Act with clearly differentiated RTIregimes - one for the subjects assigned to the Central Gov-ernment under the Constitution, and the other for the sub-

jects is assigned to the State governments. There is no con-vergence between the two regimes, which are supreme andindependent in their respective spheres, although they all,including the Centre follow the same law. It nothing else,adherence of Centre and States to the same law ensures

uniformity as well as continuity.It is important - even crucial - that the state RTI

regimes function successfully in expanding the people ’schoice and progressively opening up the governmental sys-tems for public good. The data so far collected does notlead to emergence of a clear picture about how these stateregimes have functioned. It is nevertheless hoped that asthese regimes evolve over the years, it shall be possible toevaluate their functioning in terms of their impact in achiev-ing the goals set out in the Act.

VIIIPOVERTY RESTRICTS FREEDOM

Even when institutional democratic choice ¯ es-pecially through periodic elections ¯ is available to the citi-zen, the deprivation caused by poverty leads to depriva-tions in terms of capabilities, which is defined as the choicewhich a person has to convert his personal ability into in-come and to well-being. Prof. Amartya Sen sees poverty asa lack of capability, both intrinsic and instrumental.

Transparency has now joined the hallowed sanc-tum of freedoms that impact endemic poverty by enhanc-ing social choices. A country where 35 to 40% of its over1 billion people live below the poverty line, i.e. earningless than 1 or 2 dollars a day, political freedom without itseconomic dimension can be meaningless to vast numbersof people. It is only lately that the awareness has dawnedthat there are elements in political freedom which can con-tribute directly to economic freedom of the poor by con-tributing to enhancing their capabilities.




It has fallen to right of information now to placeat the disposal of the citizen the instrument he always longedto have in order to actualize his political freedom. In thesystem of indirect democracy, the accountability responseof the government to the people ’s urging through exerciseof their political freedom is mostly indirect – Questions inparliament, media, choice of candidates in elections andso on. Right to information entrusts the people the one,

and perhaps the only instrument, to question the govern-ment directly through the simple process of enabling themto seek information and making it impossible, or at leastdifficult, for public authorities to withhold that informa-tion. The conditions for responsive government which arethus created, even many years of functioning democracyhas not succeeded in creating.

This is the only Act which forces the governmentand the public authorities to deliver information to theapplicant / citizen at his door-step. What otherwise would

be a long, draining and frequently hopeless correspondencewith the government authorities, has been magically trans-formed into a system of compulsory dissemination of in-formation at the behest of the citizen.

IXTRANSPARENCY AS UNINTENDED

CONSEQUENCE

Transparency through RTI is the direct productof human action and not its unintended consequence. Butin some sense, the invisible hand, which Adam Smith once

spoke about, is also discernable in the myriad actions nowhappening under the RTI Act. Adam Smith had arguedthat selfish and rapacious people are led “by an invisiblehand” to “advance the interest of the society ” which theyachieve “without intending it, without knowing it. ”

In our experience in India, it has been seen that aconsiderable number of RTI-petitions originated fromofficers of several public authorities who, for some reasonor other, were unhappy with the authorities they served.The reasons for this unhappiness could be lack of promo-

tion in service and opportunity for career progression, dis-ciplinary action against the employee by the public au-thority, or some unwelcome transfer to another city, lack of opportunity to hold crucial assignments, use of discre-tion by senior officers to deny incremental opportunitiesto the subordinates, and so on. Their actions were typi-cally selfish, but like Adam Smith ’s butchers and brewers ¯these public authority employees, zealously pursuing theirpersonal interests contributed to incremental growth in theRTI regime and promoted transparency in the government.

Transparency in several areas of public authority ’s activi-ties has been the unintended consequence of such employ-ees’ selfish actions. Because of such actions, there has beenopening up of several specific areas of administration, whichremained closed in the last 61 years that India has beenfree. These include transparency in the manner in whichthe decisions about promoting certain officers from lowerto senior posts were taken - all proceedings related to those

promotions are now public; the marks allotted in inter-views to employees for promotion purposes which havebeen allowed to be disclosed. This was never the case be-fore. There are many such examples.

Regardless of who invokes the RTI Act, the merefact of invoking, in measurable ways, causes opening of government ’s citadel. In that sense, RTI dilutes the mys-tique of the government and removes the trepidation whichthe people have about approaching the government. Byremoving suspicion, RTI promotes trust between the people

and the public authorities. Governance gains.X

INSTITUTIONS SHAPE POLITICS

Robert Putnam has argued that institutions de-cide and influence the outcomes about governance becausethey shape actors, their powers and their strategies. Insti-tutions themselves are shaped by history.

In the Indian context, most important institutionsof the country, such as the Parliament, the Judiciary, the

Executive, the Federal structure, the State Administrations,etc. have a continuity that goes back several decades beforethe making of the Indian Constitution in 1950. It goesinto the times when the British ruled the country and pe-riodically created certain institutions which have lasted tillthis day. Our post independence experience has provedPutnam’s Theory that the functioning of these institutions,not only determines the outcomes, but also the manner inwhich the principal actors ¯ the political class, the civilservants and such others ¯define their own identities, powerand strategies. It is significant that the underpinning of

most of these strategies was a certain belief that these ac-tors would not be called upon by the citizens directly todisclose the manner in which they took decisions ¯ minoras well as major. It was because the right, which the citizenhad of questioning these actors, was only through theelected representative, or through the judiciary, or infor-mally through the media. The RTI Act gave to him thedirect power to question. In that sense, RTI is fundamen-tally altering the contours of the actors ’ strategies, theirsense of their own identities as well as their actions. An




awareness that whatever is being decided by a public au-thority can be called upon to be disclosed to the public hasbegun to alter not only the manner in which decisions aremade but also the behaviour pattern of the actors ¯ politi-cal as well as permanent civil servants ¯vis-à-vis the people.

A principal success of the RTI, therefore, lies inthe manner in which it has forced the system to changealong with forcing the principal actors to change their ap-proaches – especially to secrecy of information. RTI Acthas the potentiality of actualizing what Hobsawn describedas “the people entering the playground of history. ” Rightto Information can be the people ’s instrument throughwhich they play their historic role.

It is possible to make the right to information theperfect instrument of ushering in sweeping change indeveloping societies. The literature on Social capital andsocial choice theories have long drawn attention to the factthat exercise of political freedoms together with the right

to receive information from government organizations, arethe keys to expanding citizens ’ choices which contributeto the citizens ’and nation ’s prosperity. Right to informationdeepens and stabilises democracy. In his path-breakingwork “Making Democracy Work ”, Robert Putnam writes,“Empirically speaking, few generalisations are more firmlyestablished than that effective democracy is correlated withsocio-economic modernisation. ” it is Putnam ’s argumentthat economic modernity is associated with high-performance public institutions.

The right to information together with otherpolitical and economic rights, directly contributes to thedeepening of democracy and to the country ’smodernisation, by creating an active citizenry, keen toenforce its rights through the RTI Act and to force thegovernment to be more transparent and accountable. Thecitizen must be encouraged to see for himself how the stateresponds to his plea for justice, protection, livelihood andequity.

XIPRIVATIZATION AND FOI/RTI

The private sector has been kept outside the ambitof the RTI Act in India. An oft-repeated concern of theRTI activists has been that as the government progressivelyprivatizes and withdraws from certain key areas of activities,those areas will become out of bounds for RTI. It is theirargument that this would lead to shrinkage of the RTI space.

It is a paradox that while excessive government isidentified with everything that is wrong with governance

– lack of transparency, lethargy, inefficiency, insensitivityto the citizens ’needs, corruption and so on – its withdrawalfrom the public – space is looked upon as a loss to RTI.

The paradox, though, is only optical, not real. Twoobservations need to be made; first, the RTI-movementhas for its primary objective creation of an atmosphere of openness in governance, free from the overhang of secrecy.Privatization, by reducing the areas managed by government– especially in commerce and business – contributes toopenness by reducing bureaucracy. In that sense,privatization by reducing governmental bureaucracy incertain defined areas enhances openness and therebypromotes the goals of RTI. In fact, the Indian RTI Actspells out this concept in unambiguous terms. In its Section4(2) it states “It shall be a constant endeavour of everyauthority to take steps ……… so that the public haveminimum resort to the use of this act to obtaininformation. ” Incremental privatization in developingcountries, therefore, is not antithetical to RTI as some of the positivist school theorists would have us believe.

Second, not all matters private are outside theambit of RTI. Most transparency laws have provisions fordisclosure of even private information, which comes intothe possession of public authorities. Such information mayinclude business related details submitted by companiesand private individuals to market and financial Regulatorsand to the departments dealing with company law matters;income , service and commercial taxes related informationof business houses and private citizens; labour relatedinformation held by Regulators, officials and Tribunals,etc. Despite privatization vast swathes of privateinformation remains in the hands of governments andpublic authorities and can be disclosed – given certainconditions – and in “public interest ” as may be determinedby a designated authority under RTI Act. Recently theIndian Central Information Commission (CIC) ordereddisclosure of the Income Tax payment details of politicalparties even though the parties strongly opposed it ongrounds that the information submitted by them to IncomeTax Authorities was these Parties ’ private/personalinformation. Their plea was rejected on the ground thatthough the information was in the personal domain of political parties, it was in public interest to disclose it.

The fear of loss to RTI due to privatization is,therefore, exaggerated.

In India, now there is a broad consensus acrossparty lines that the best way to promote good governanceis to define the areas where the government can work with




optimum efficiency and gradually allow private initiativein such areas which are best managed by the private sector.In pursuance of this policy government has divested itsholdings in a large number of public enterprises, even inenterprises in which the government hitherto had main-tained very tight control and had stubbornly refused to letin the private sector. For example government allowed 26per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Indian de-

fence sector. Newspapers have now reported that the gov-ernment was considering allowing 49% FDI on a case bycase basis in this sector which was out of bounds for pri-vate players in the past. (The Hindu, September 21, 2008).

Quite interestingly, the loosening of the govern-ment control in a number of public enterprises — includ-ing those in the defence sector — has been advertised as astep in the direction of greater transparency. The IndianDefence Minister is on record saying, “We believe in theopen deals. There will be no more veil of secrecy in the

Request for Proposals (RFP). Details would be made avail-able to all industry representatives by placing the tenderson the net, except in the most sensitive cases which is avery minuscule number. ” (The Hindu, 21-09-2008).

The case for transparent government is onlystrengthened and not weakened, when governments, as partof a systemic programme, reduce their visible presence bywithdrawing from significant parts of government activityand removing the requirement for licences and permits forcarrying on legitimate business and, commerce. This has

the effect of not only removing irritants it also reduces thescope for corruption, which “licence and permit Raj ” isknown to engender.

Thus, contrary to the apprehensions expressed bycertain theorists, privatization and the phenomenon of theretreating state are entirely congruent with the transpar-ency guarantees contained in FOI/RTI legislations.

XIIINSTANCES OF STRUCTURAL RESPONSE

The RTI Act and its implementation has unmis-takably engendered efforts by public authorities to bringtheir respective laws and activities in line with the provi-sions of the RTI Act. The Department of Cooperation of Delhi Government, for example, brought an amendmentto the Delhi Cooperative Societies Act in the year 2006 toincorporate a provision whereby the Cooperative Societieswere obligated to give out information to its memberswhenever asked for. The Cooperative Societies had ac-quired a certain notoriety for withholding information,

which was believed to be a cover for their malfunctioning.Initially, the Delhi Cooperative Societies Act provided onlylimited powers to the Department of Cooperation to dealwith lack of transparency in the Cooperative Societies.Now, the Act itself casts an obligation on the CooperativeSocieties to disclose information, on pain of punishment.

The Department of Company Affairs issued a

notification subsequent to the advent of the RTI Act, thatit would now disclose all files held by that departmentthrough inspection to an applicant on payment of a smallfee. Such a provision would have been inconceivable onlya few years ago and was surely the result of the RTI Actshowing the way towards institutional transparency andaccountability.

The Delhi Police issued instructions to all its of-ficers to disclose certain categories of information relatingto applicants, who made complaints about police inaction

in their matters. Init ially, there was strong resistance torevealing this information on grounds that it would inter-fere with investigations and erode discipline in the policeforce. Now the police officers provide this information ona routine basis to the applicants. Contrary to their appre-hension that police discipline would be impacted or thatinvestigations would be jeopardized, such routine disclo-sure of information has only helped refurbish the image of the police department.

The public authorities all over the central govern-

ment vigorously guarded disclosure of any informationpertaining to deliberations regarding promotion of employ-ees. Due to actions by the Central Information Commis-sion, a large part of this information - never disclosed ear-lier - is now routinely placed in public domain.

According to the statistics compiled by the Cen-tral Information Commission of India, in 2006 –2007, over170,000 people applied for various categories of informa-tion from public authorities spread over 57 ministries anddepartments of the Central Government. Most of these

applications were processed and answered within the timelimit stipulated under the Indian RTI Act, — one monthfrom the date of the receipt of the request. Informationwas denied in about 10% of the cases at the basic level. Itis only these 10% of the cases which were further involvedin appellate proceedings all the way up to the Central In-formation Commission.

These statistics confirm the fact that the Minis-tries and the Departments of the government dealing with




the rural people directly - the ministries of local self-gov-ernment, rural development, youth affairs and the womenand Child development – were also the ones which ac-counted for a relatively small number of RTI-applications.This lends urgency to the need for further efforts topopularise the RTI Act among the people, especially thoseliving in rural areas and the fringes of the society.

These examples are also instances of how govern-mental organizations have reluctantly, but positively, em-braced transparency since the advent of the RTI Act.

The true index of the success of the RTI Act willno doubt be how the common citizen is able to use theprovisions of the Act to receive quality information fromthe government, but equally important will be the mea-sure in which the governments restructure their systems inorder to make information routinely available to the citi-zen. Crucial to both will be an attitudinal change amongemployees of public authorities about their roles in the sys-tem and their approach to transparency in that system. Totake liberty with a famous saying of Aldous Huxley : confi-dentiality resides in the minds of public employees and itis in the minds that the battle for transparency will be won.

XIIICONCLUSION

The immense potentiality of the FOAI/RTI legis-lation as an instrument for transforming governance indeveloping countries needs to be fully appreciated. These

Acts which give to the citizen the right to directly questiongovernments (though in the garb of seeking information),are unique pieces of legislation. These mimic elements of an Athenian direct democracy, when governance itself isindirect.

The right to information is not so much a subsetof a larger set of rights, it is its own set, which is capable of being actualised both at an individual level and on a massscale.

This right has the power to be the force-multi-

plier for extending and deepening the scope of economic,political and social rights of the individual, as well as fun-damentally changing governance through transparency.Under relentless pressure of transparency demands fromthe citizens, governments have no option but to yieldground regarding official secrecy and confidentiality andthereby remove an important cloak which shields corrup-tion.

Confidentiality surrounding the functioning of the

government, raises barriers, which separate the people fromtheir government. FOI/RTI Acts help remove these barri-ers, thereby engendering an atmosphere of trust which ex-pands social capital and promotes good governance.

Developing countries can gain immensely bywholeheartedly adopting transparency norms through pro-motion of FOI/RTI Acts which multiply choice, whichpromotes and accelerates economic and social development.There are immense developmental gains to be had throughpromotion of FOI/RTI in developing states.

The need of the hour is to make the FOI/RTI amass movement aimed at the poor and the deprived of thecountry. With full awareness that FOI/RTI has the powerto transform the lives of the teeming millions and incre-mentally change governance; rights groups, civil societyorganizations, governments and individual civil servantswill need to pool their energies to build the broader strat-egy to allow FOI/RTI realise its full potential and unleashthe transformational forces that are waiting to shape ourpeople’s future.

*****




Respected Ladies and Gentlemen,

This meeting with the learned friends is a greatoccasion for me. I am 82 now.

Old age Attitude:

Living long should mean living with the world.Awareness of the surroundings, its people and the relatedcircumstances is an enriching experience whether it is plea-sure or pain. Appropriate concern, understanding and re-action to this experience are real growth of the man. Growthto the limit is completion of the purpose of life. One ’s un-derstanding of the past and present of the world aroundleads to such completion. Then one can find everything tobe obvious, needing no rejection or ill-will against any per-son or concept. This leads to a tranquil state of conscious-ness when one can begin to see an all pervading, all timefoundational reality upon which all things happen. Oncethis permanent changeless basis is realised the superficialchanges in men and matters do not affect the man. True,when a certain negative force comes into play in the worldaround, to harm and disturb the stream of common life,such a negative element is obviously rejected and even op-

posed but with no personal animosity, but in the interestof the common peace. Liking and disliking are quite nor-mal and can be justified by a moral sense. But hatred andpartiality do not lead one to a tranquil consciousness. Oneactually suffers in this condition himself. One should keepabreast of all shades of understanding by a contact withthe thinkers and the learned in many a field. It improvesone’s ability to accommodate and accept the variety of human thought. This is necessary for every thinking citi-zen. Thus, scholars in various fields have been requested toenlighten us with their observations and findings. In thisconnection, I submit my views on the conditions of today ’ssociety before the august gathering.

Importance of Culture:

Progress of human race has started with afulfilment of the body ’s needs ultimately reaching a stageof fulfilment of the needs of mind. This is what is knownas civilisation. This is a course from the animalistic satis-faction of the barbarian to the mutual sharing of Nature ’s

Indian Society – Past and Present- Dr Sivananda Murty

resources among the people by a mutual agreement andarrangement. At this stage, the mind gains its importance

and develops into a state of self-fulfilment. The develop-ment of arts, literature and a culture follows as a source of happiness of the mind as different from the physical sen-sual happiness and is something far beyond and far abovethat. As long as the mind develops a hunger and taste forthese facets of culture, the appetites of the flesh are sub-dued. The physical appetites of flesh are termed as tamasicand its predominance in a man sacrifices the aesthetic val-ues. In a society which cares more for these values of ‘Cul-ture’, the animal instincts of the average man are conqueredand the society is then called a highly cultured society. Sucha society does not give great importance to acquisition of material wealth or power. It leads to peaceful coexistencefree from unhealthy competition. This is the general con-dition of such society with a few personal exceptions. Ha-tred and jealousy expressed in cruelty make individual sto-ries only and not the character of the society. That is Indiaall through its history —ancient, medieval and present.

Traditional Indian Society:

A century ago, the Indian society produced moreart and literature which were not meant for a reward orrecognition and hence no competition. Even royal patron-age was rare and it was for one in a hundred as it was notsought after. The peculiar character of India is theorganisation of a pyramidal structure of the society intosections that attend to the physical needs of the societythrough agriculture or cottage industry, while educationand culture influence the middle class which is the bulk of the society. Ultimately the society provided a pinnacle of spirituality meant for individuals and not a class. One step

below the spiritual pinnacle is the stress on moral valueswhich influence and inspire the society next below theirlevel and also try to reach the next higher pinnacle. Thiswas the Brahmin class which has declined today.

East-West Meet and the Result:

The Western type of industrial economy anddemocratic governance can hardly think of providing asuitable place to these ethics of culture. In the West, thepicture is different today. There is more of civilisation pro-




viding a peaceful and organised living rather than an at-tention on aesthetics or values — spiritual or moral. Thesehave been the sine-qua-non of Indian society. Western in-dustrial economy does not necessarily have a spiritual faceor ethical self-restraint but it promotes only competitionnot always healthy. The content of contentment becomesminimal in the entire society. The competition spares noechelon of society and it extends from a basic labour class

upto the governing class. Adopting this, a traditional In-dian society reaches a chaos, and justice and fair play getlost. The society is not happier than before. Perhaps, a fewindividuals and not any particular section of society maybe benefited by recalling the past values of morals and spiri-tuality that take one away from the gross materialism andthe social evil. Traditions of the past vanish fast and anorganised division of society is considered evil and tradi-tions originating from such society are also considered ir-relevant and evil. But such views of the past in the presentsociety are not able to offer any solution or panacea thatensures peace to all sections of society. The evil of grossmaterialism pervading the entire society finds no solu-tion applicable to the entire society. The theorists of newpolitical philosophies cannot offer or ensure the welfareand peace of the entire society. Their idea of Law-enforce-ment from governments is more mechanical than inspired.Such a system becomes part and parcel of this chaotic soci-ety. It fails as a concept.

Is there a Solution?

The ancient Indian social structure like the castesystem or its moral and spiritual content cannot be re-es-tablished by any miraculous roll back of history. The re-vival of such caste system is not a solution as it has takenan ugly shape today for want of its moral content. Whatcan be attempted by responsible persons or organisations– religious or social – with the help of the sections of gov-ernance like Law and Justice is to bring together the an-cient spiritual or moral values, basic ingredients of religionlike faith in God, Karma and Dharma in a wider sensewhich are cherished by millions with the modern system

of education and the socio-political theories. All these agen-cies in society have a power to rule the society and if theycan come together to form a system, that can guide thesociety, we can hope to bridge the present and the past andachieve a peaceful coexistence. The present stress on inap-plicable secularism divested of a religious faith adopted inpublic governance and education has actually failed to guar-antee a moral and peaceful society in India. There is a moralfailure in governance as well as in education. The twostreams of so called secular governance and a religion based

system of values and spirituality seem to be flowing in op-posite direction. A socialist philosophy and secularism asfollowed today have adopted a disrespectful attitude to re-ligion and spirituality which are forces that governed peoplefor millennia and which cannot be wished away or replacedby any thought. Hence, the solution lies in the concilia-tion suggested. This must necessarily be part of educationalsystem, the governmental agency including the judiciary

as well as the political process of democracy. The electedrepresentatives who boast of their secularism must remem-ber that they have been elected by people with religiousfaith and beliefs and they should represent such people inthought, word and deed. They reject such faith while ingovernance having been elected by people with such faith.They cease to represent them in spirit. All thinking citi-zens may kindly give a thought to this problem.

I feel obliged to all the learned friends for theirkind presence.

*****




Sahasraadhika Purna Chandra Darshana of Satguru Sri Sivananda Murty

(18-23 March 2010)Saptadham, Warangal

A Reportreleased the book, Platinum Platform, a collection of articlescontributed by the distinguished scholars and experts fromrespective fields of study mostly identified by Sri Guruji.

Sri Guruji expressed his happiness as the Book contained best articles from the select fields of Humanities,Literature, Sciences and Social Sciences by the best hands.Giving his message on the occasion Sri Guruji averred thatbeing born in India is not only a matter of great fortunebut also a matter of immense responsibility, for it is the

bounden duty of every educated Indian to spread acrossthe world the glory of Indian culture and its rich and hoarytraditions. He reminded that the whole world has greatregard for our ancient culture and knowledge and it is ourresponsibility to live up to those ideals and values. Hehoped that the seminars would provide a platform for theintellectuals from different sections of the society to sharetheir wisdom, understanding and knowledge on variousissues concerning the country with the youth. He advisedthat the Saptadham should be used as a centre forpromoting Indian culture and dharma.

Hon’ble Justice (Rtd) Sri Y Bhaskar Rao, formerChief Justice of Karnataka High Court and former Memberof National Human Rights Commission, New Delhi wasthe Chief Guest who spoke on the significance of IndianCulture and traditional knowledge. He said that Indianculture and traditions are inclusive in nature and have eternalvalue and relevance. He deplored that modern system of education ignored the development of personality of individuals and the time-tested values. He extolled theancient education system and showed its relevance to themodern times. Padmasri Prof. B.N. Deekshatalu, Chairman,BOG of NIT, Warangal who presided over the meetinglauded the contribution of ancient India to science andtechnology. Later, Prof V Kishan Rao, Dept of AIH C&A,Osmania University, Hyderabad, proposed a vote of thanks.

Technical Session I: Telugu Language :

Prof Ravva Srihari, former Vice Chancellor,Dravidian University, Kuppam, presided over this session

With the gracious blessings of Satguru SriSivananda Murtyji, members of His family and devoteescelebrated the divine occasion of His witnessing a thou-sand-plus full moons from 18 th to 23 rd March 2010 at thenewly inaugurated Saptadham, Warangal. The celebrationsincluded: a) Academic Seminars, b) Historical Exhibition,c) Cultural Programs and d) Vedic Rituals.

(a) Academic Seminars were organized from 18 th to22nd 2010 on various topics across different academic

disciplines inviting distinguished scholars from far andwide who had sent in their articles in good time en-abling us to bring the collected articles in a book form.The diversified topics for discussion were classifiedinto 12 broad technical sessions spread over 5 days of intensive deliberations and serious presentations asdetailed below. The program was intended to invitethe intellectuals from various fields to enlighten us inthe matters of achieving general welfare of our People,Culture, Country, Nation and the State and to showus ways and means to good governance and judi-cious use of natural resources drawing inspiration andguidance from our ancient culture and all-time validSanatana Dharma .

18 th March 2010

Inaugural Session :

The series of the seminars were inaugurated on18 th March 2010 at 10.30 am. Guruji lighted theceremonial lamp while Sri Adithe Ramakrishna Sastryrecited the Vedic prayers. The session had begun with thenational prayer Vande Mataram saluting the mother land.Prof. P.Mallikarjuna Rao, Principal, University Arts &Science College, Kakatiya University, Subedari,Hanamkonda, welcomed the guests and Prof. Y. SudershanRao, former Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, KakatiyaUniversity, Warangal and Coordinator of the PlatinumPlatform program, introduced the concept of the Seminars.

Prof A Bhoomiah, Vice Chancellor, Potti SriramuluTelugu University, Hyderabad, our Distinguished Guest,




and also presented his paper (p 215). Prof (Rtd.) SalakaRaghunatha Sarma, Sri Krishna Devaraya University,Anantapur (p.7), Prof D Venkat Rao , The English andForeign Languages University, Hyderabad (p.11) and Prof N Gopi, former Vice Chancellor, Potti Sriramulu TeluguUniversity, Hyderabad (p.71) presented their papers, whileProf V Venkataramana Reddy, Director, OrientalManuscripts Library and Research Institute, Sri

Venkateswara University, Tirupati (p.15) and Prof BhKishnamurti, former Vice Chancellor, University of Hyderabad (p.20) could not be present for personalpresentations of their papers as the former had somepressing engagements while the latter had expressed hisinability to attend the program due to indisposition.

Technical Session II: Literature:

Prof S V Rama Rao, former Dean of Arts, OsmaniaUniversity, Hyderabad (p.62) was in the chair. Dr

Mudivedu Prabhakar Rao, OML&RI, Tirupati (p.25), DrKVN Raghavan, Chit tore (p.49), Prof KovelaSuprasannacharya, former Dean of Arts, KakatiyaUniversiy, Warangal (p.202), Prof Vedula SubrahmanyaSastry , Andhra University, Waltair (p.01) , Prof P SumathiNarendra , Osmania University, Hyderabad (p.54) , andProf Kasireddy Venkat Reddy, Osmania University,Hyderabad (p.193) presented the papers while Prof KovelaSampathkumaracharya , formerly with the Dept of Telugu,Kakatiya University, Warangal (p.58) could not attend onhealth grounds.

Prof Kovela Suprasannacharya was the Co-ordinatorand Samudrala Sathakopacharya was the Rapporteur for thesessions I & II.

19 th March 2010

Technical Session III : History and Culture :

Prof S S Ramachandra Murthy, former Head,AIHC&A, Sri Venkatewara University, Tirupati (p.165)

was in the chair. Prof C Somasundar Rao, Andhra Univer-sity, Waltair (p.184), Dr K Aravind Kumar, DravidianUniversity, Kuppam (p.173), Prof Kolluri Suryanarayana,Dept of History & Archaeology, Waltair (p.179), Prof PHymavathi, Dept of History, Kakatiya University, Warangal(p.186), Prof N Krishna Reddy, Sri Venkateswara Univer-sity, Tirupati (p.169) presented their papers, the papers of Prof M Radha Krishna Sarma, former Emiritus Professor,Osmania University, Hyderabad (p.218) and Dr PVParabrahma Sastry, Dy Director (Rtd.), Dept of Archaeol-

ogy and Museums, Govt. of AP (p. 182) were read out intheir absence.

Technical Session IV: Art & Architecture:

Prof Y Srirama Murthy, former Head, Departmentof History & Archeology, Andhra University, Waltairchaired the session. While Prof D Kiran Kranth Choudary,Sri Venkateswra University, Tirupati (p.145) and Prof V

Meenakumari, Dept of AIHC&A, Osmania University,Hyderabad (p.151) made their presentation. The papersof Dr G Kamalakar, Director, Birla Archaeological & Cul-tural Research Institute, Hyderabad (p.160), Dr. VSakunthala, Dept of AIHC&A, Sri Venkateswara Univer-sity, Tirupati (p.156), Dr Pappu Venugopal Rao, formerDirector, American Institute of Indian Studies, Chennai(p.138), and Prof B Rajendra Prasad, former Head, Deptof AIHC&A, Sri Venkateswra University, Tirupati (p.158)were read out in their absence.

Technical Session V: Religious Traditions:Dr Attaluri Mrityunjaya Sarma, Principal (Rtd),

Durgeswara Sanskruta Andhra Mahila College, Warangaland Upa-Peethaadhipati, Sri Saiva Maha Peetham, AndhraPradesh, (p.75) was in the chair. Dr Ch LakshmanaChakravarti, Reader, A V V College, Hyderabad (p.89) andDr G Jawaharlal, Director (Rtd) Oriental Manuscript Li-brary &Research Institute, Hyderabad presented their pa-pers while the papers of Dr V V Krishna Sastry, formerDirector, Dept of Archaeology and Museums, Govt of A.P

(p.99) and Sri Dorbala Vishwanatha Sarma Telugu Pandit(Rtd), Ramayanpet, Medak District, were presented in theirabsence.

20 th March 2010

Technical Session VI: Hyderabad State:

Prof Y Vaikuntham, Professor Emiritus, formerDean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Osmania University,Hyderabad and former Vice Chancellor, Kakatiya Univer-sity, Warangal (p.318) was in the chair. While Prof Y

Sudershan Rao, former Dean of Social Sciences, KakatiyaUniversity, Warangal (p.329), Dr H Rajendra Prasad,former Chief Post Master General, Andhra Pradesh (p.198),Prof V Kishan Rao, Dept of AIHC&A, Osmania Univer-sity, Hyderabad (p.321) and Dr G Balasrinivasa Murthy,Dept of Teulgu, Telangana University, Nizamabad pre-sented their papers, the papers of Dr K Jayashankar , formerVice Chancellor, Kakatiya University Warangal (p.211) andSmt Hema Botlagudur, Warwick, UK (p.312) were pre-sented in absentia.




Technical Session VII: Education:

Prof Ganta Ramesh, Dean, Faculty of Education,Kakatiya University, Warangal (p.231) was in the chair.Dr D Rajendra Prasad, Dept of Education, Kakatiya Uni-versity, Warangal (p.234) and Dr K Vijaya Babu , Kakatiyauniversity, Warangal presented their papers. The paper of Prof Y Venkatarami Reddy, Chairman, Andhra Pradesh

Public Service Commission, Hyderabad (p.221) was pre-sented in absentia.

Technical Session VIII: Yoga and Philosophy :

Dr V V B Rama Rao, who retired from MaharajaCollege, Vizianagaram (p.110) chaired the session. Prof PMallikarjuna Rao, Principal, University Arts & ScienceCollege, Subedari, Hanamkonda (p.206), Sri MudigondaVeereshalingam, Retired Govt Lecturer, Warangal (p.85),Sri Gentela Venkata Ramana, Balusupadu, Jaggayyapeta(p.120) presented their papers. Dr Mudigonda AmarnathaSarma, Sardar Patel Degree College, Secunderabad (p.81)could not come for the presentation but attended the ses-sion on 22nd March instead. Dr V V Hanumantha Rao,Editor, Supatha and Associate Prof of English,Tadepalligudem (p. 338) made his presentation while Prof VVS Sarma, Dept of Computer Science, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (p.131), Prof Pullela Sriramachandrudu,former Head, Dept of Sanskrit, Osmania University,Hyderabad (p.125) and Prof Hari Shiva Kumar, formerDean of Arts, Kakatiya University, Warangal could not at-tend on health grounds. Their papers were read in the ses-sion for the benefit of audience.

Prof V Kishan Rao, Dept of AIHC&A, OsmaniaUniversity, Hyderabad was the Coordinator and Dr KVijaya Babu, Dept of History, Kakatiya University was theRapporteur for the sessions III- VII.

21 st March 2010

Technical Session IX: National Issues:

The forenoon session kept the audience enrapt asthe focus of the papers was on national security and theforces that are jeopardizing it which needs serious atten-tion of all sensible citizens. There was a wide array in thepresentation as the papers covered various issues related tonational security such as defence, politics and the Consti-tut ion. H ighlighting the problems plaguing the defence of the country Vice Admiral (Rtd) B Raman Puri, PVSM, AVSM,

VSM, former Chief of Integrated Defense Staff (p.351),

pointed out in his paper the lack of coordination amongthe three forces, namely, Army, Navy and Air Force. Thisabsence projects the national defence as being weak he felt.He also felt that defence allocations in the national budgetare found woefully inadequate. He stressed upon the needto modernize the armed forces to face new challenges. Hesaid that the national defence strategy should be evolved inthe present jointly by the three wings of the defence keep-ing in view the future requirements. He emphasized uponthe cordiality and coordination between the bureaucracy,political bosses and the defence forces for formulating aneffective national defence policy. He resented the recentreaction of the Indian government to the Chinese incur-sions in the North-East of our country. Prof (Rtd) ANarasimha Rao , Osmania University, Hyderabad (p.227)was in the chair. In his lucid presentation, Prof. Raolamented that the revolutionary changes that have occurredin the field of science and technology have not been able to

find solutions to the problems caused by unabated crime,religious conflicts, and endemic corruption threatening in-ternal peace and security. He opined that industrialization,and the expanding markets have yielded undesirable re-sults. He expressed concern at the situation in the MiddleEast Asia which is torn by suicide bombers, chemical weap-ons, guerrilla warfare, regional disputes, suppression of women in the name of religion etc. This situation is caus-ing threat to peace in this and the surrounding regions. Hefaulted the authorities for the poor defence planning andinept handling of the issues and argued that national de-fence planning should be in tune with the changes occur-ring on the International scene. He indicted America forits hegemonic role on the International scene and for mar-keting destructive weaponry. He feared a great securitythreat from China which has been strengthening its mili-tary base in the North East on one side and cementing itsrelations with all our neighbors on the other. It has gone tothe extent of preparing plans to divert Brahmaputra wa-ters into China by digging a tunnel in the Himalayan range.Not considering this as a serious threat by us is a sample of our perception of national security. He concluded that In-dian government should be more concerned about its se-curity threat, be it internal or external. Dr T HanumanChowdary, former Advisor, Information & Technology,Govt of AP (p.266), in his thought provoking paper feltthat the national security is seriously threatened by the fun-damentalist Muslim minority and Christian missionaries.He especially felt that Islamic fundamentalism is posing asevere threat to national security. He indicted the Indian




political leadership for its propitiatory attitude towards theMuslims with an eye on their vote bank. H e lamented thatChristian missionaries, who are inducing religious conver-sions by offering various sops to the weaker sections of theHindus, are posing a threat to national integration andsecurity. He held that the special constitutional status guar-anteed to Kashmiris is responsible for the present confla-gration in the state. In conclusion he suggested that for the

promotion of national integration irrespective of religion,the rule of two children for each family must be imposed;all the special privileges extended to minorities be stoppedforthwith; Jammu and Kashmir must be recognized as anintegral part of India and be divided into three states; com-mon civil code must be adopted; all fundamentalist ele-ments are ruthlessly weeded out. Prof (Rtd) S V SeshagiriRao, Dept of Geo-Physics, Osmania University, H yderabad(p.275) in his highly analytical and profusely illustratedpaper identified religious conversions, reservations based

on religion, demographic aggression in the form of infil-tration, failure to create a uniform civil code and attackson the roots of Hidutva as responsible for the fissions andconflicts in the Indian society and thereby posing greatthreat national integration and security.

Technical Session X: Media:

Sri Potturi Venkateshwara Rao, former Chirman,Press Academy of AP was in the chair. Sri M V R Sastry ,Chief Editor, Andhra Bhoomi (p.260) daily and Sri PiratlaVenkateshwarlu, Chief Editor, Krishna Patrika, (p.264) pre-sented their papers.

Technical Session XI: Society and Governance:

Prof G Srinivasa Reddy, former Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal was in thechair. Sri C Sundar Rao, IES (Rtd), Vishakhapatnam(p.284), Dr P Sadanandam, Dept of History, KakatiyaUniversity, Warangal (p. 325), Sri G Parthasarathi Rao,IAS(Rtd) Hyderabad (p.293): Prof R Raghavendran, Pro-fessor (Rtd), National Institute of Technology, (formerRegional Engineering College), Warangal (p.290), Prof VShobha, Dept of PA & HRM, Kakatiya University,Warangal, Dr H Krishna Murthy, Principal Scientist,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (p.309), Dr R Satish,Hyderabad (p.347), Dr G Prabhakar, MD, Vishakhapatnam,Dr Vyakaranam Nageshwar, MD, Hanamkonda (p.232)presented their papers. Prof A Prasanna Kumar,Director,Centre for Policy Studies and former Rector, Andhra Uni-versity, Waltair (p.279) , Dr Lalith Siva Kumar

Vadlamannati, Seattle, USA (p.307), Dr MadhuKalimipalli, Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada (p.298)could not present their papers in person.

Technical Session XII: Police, Law & Justice:

Sri V Harihar Rao, Senior Advocate, Warangal(p.239) was in the chair. Dr Tenneti Vijaya Chandra, Deptof Law, Kakatiya University, Warangal (p. 249) and Sri KR Nandan IPS, Director General of Police, Govt of AndhraPradesh, Hyderabad (p.244) presented their papers whileProf Madabhushi Sridhar, NALSAR, Hyderabad (p.253)made his presentation on 22 nd March 2010.

Prof Y Sudershan Rao acted as the Coordinatorfor the sessions IX-XII. Dr C Madan Mohan, former Prin-cipal, Lal Bahadur College and presently Professor & Di-rector of Management Courses, Mahabubuia Panjattan PGCollege, Warangal was the Rapporteur for sessions IX & Xand Dr K Jagannadha Rao, former Principal, Lal BahadurCollege, Warangal acted as Rapporteur for XI & XIIsessions.

22 nd March 2010

Valedictory Session was held on 22 nd March2010 at 10 am. Prof Y V Rao, Director, National Instituteof Technology, Warangal presided over the session. Shri AN Tiwari, IAS, Hon ’ble Information Commissioner, Cen-tral Information Commission, New Delhi (p. 354) wasthe Chief Guest on the occasion. He paid rich tributes toSri Guruji recalling instances of significance in his associa-tion with Guruji. In his eloquent valedictory address heexplained the importance of Right To Information Act(RTI). He extolled that the RTI is the only law that di-rectly gives citizen a tool which strengthens him to negoti-ate for rights. It entitles him to seek information withinfinite time limits with prescribed penalties in place for re-fusal. For the first time, he said, that the RTI has shakenthe civil servants from deep slumber and made them ac-countable. Thus the RTI has become a stepping stone to

the era of transparency making disclosure a rule.

While speaking on the occasion, Sri Guruji ex-pressed his happiness at the brilliant exchange of ideas andthoughts that took place in the Seminars. He said thatSaptadham is the centre for the unification of culture andthe seminars that were held in it provided a congenial plat-form for the expression of various shades of thoughts, tastes,likes and dislikes. He averred that the most civilized wayof negotiating any issue is through debates and discussions




rather than conflicts and clashes. He desired that similarseminars should be conducted at various places as they arelike intellectual parliaments helping the promotion of healthy debates and discussions that form the essence of democracy. He once again stressed that every Indian has aresponsibility towards his country and culture and as a re-sponsible citizen one should perform his duty without be-ing overly hopeful about the results. He said that for many

centuries this country had people with healthy mind in anunhealthy body, but today due to the influence of alienforces we have people with an unhealthy mind in a healthybody. He congratulated and complimented the organizersfor successfully conducting the events. Prof. Y. SudershanRao, coordinator proposed a Vote of Thanks, The pro-gram came to a close with the National Anthem.

Release of Books:

During the Academic Sessions, two books werereleased by Guruji. Dr K V N Raghavan ’s Satankura-

Kaavyaanuseelanam, a commentary on Kovela Suprasannacharya’s work, Satankura and Dr VVB Rama Rao ’scommentary on Soundaryalahari in English were releasedin the Session I (18 th March 2010) and the Session VIII(20 th March 2010) respectively.

Distinguished Visitors:

The seminars were well attended by the elite of the town consisting of writers, poets, social activists, aca-demics, scholars, businessmen and professionals. Sri SirisillaRajaiah, Member of Parliament from Warangal graced theoccasion on 21 st March 2010 and addressed the augustgathering explaining various public welfare schemes of theGovernment to uplift the downtrodden and the weakersections. Capt V Laxmikantha Rao, former Minister, Gov-ernment of Andhra Pradesh, attended the Inaugural Ses-sion on 18 th March and he was also invited to speak on themovement for a separate Telangana State on 20 th March2010 at 4pm. He gave a brief sketch of the history of themovement from the Sribagh Pact down to the current agi-tation.

(b) Mana Charitra , an exhibition of pictorial presenta-tions on history and culture of Telugu people throughthe ages was organized in the Saptadham complex.The exhibition was inaugurated at 9.45 am on 18 th

March 2010 by Satguru Sri Sivananda Murty garuwhile Justice (Rtd) V Bhaskar Rao of A P High Courtgraced the occasion as our Guest of Honour. TheExhibition was kept open for the benefit of the visi-tors in general and children in particular from morn-ing to evening from 18 th to 22 nd March 2010.

(c) Cultural Programs were organized during these daysin the evening. On 18 th evening, Pt. G Janardhan,Principal (Rtd), Vidyaranya Govt Music & DanceCollege, Warangal gave a captivating Sitar recital. Onthe 19 th, Sri P V S Seshaiah Sastry, Principal (Rtd),Govt Music& College, Hyderabad enthralled the au-dience with his Carnatic Vocal Concert. On the sameday, Shri Manoj Kumar of Warangal regaled the au-

dience with his Mimicry performance. Smt KBalatripurasundari & party from Chennai gave anenchanting Kuchipudi dance performance on 21 st

evening.

(d) The Vedic rituals consisting of Rudraabhishekam andHomams were conducted in the Saptadham for thepeace, security and welfare of humanity at large from18th to 23rd March 2010 on the directions of Guruji.On 20 th and 21 st March 2010, special pujas were per-formed in the evenings and Guruji was weighed with

Rudrakshas in a ceremonial Tulabharam on the nightof 21 st March. On 22 nd Homam was concluded withPurnahuti which was followed by the Avabhrutasnanamof Guruji and His family members. O n this occasionVedic scholars, poets and artists were honoured be-sides special felicitations were offered to Sri AditheRamakrishna Sastry (Bheemunipatnam), Sri GentelaVenkata Ramana (Balusupadu, Jaggayyapeta), SriAddagudi Krishna Murthy (Warangal), Sri Raghu &Sri Madhu of Shanmukha Caterers (Hyderabad) andSri Bankat (Warangal) for their extraordinary services

to the Indian culture and society.Sri S P Balasubrahmanyam, the doyen of Telugu filmmusic, attended the program on 22 nd March with hiswife and his sister, Smt Shailaja and felicitated Gurujion behalf of Chennai Saiva Maha Sabha. Office bear-ers of the local Saiva Peetham offered their felicita-tions to Sri Guruji on this occasion. Office bearers of the Telangana Non Gazetted Officers Association alsofelicitated Guruji on this occasion.

With Rudraabhishekam on 23 rd March, the Vedicrituals were concluded. The entire Vedic program wasconducted by Sri Jandhyala Jagannadha Sastry andhis team under the supervision of Sri AditheRamakrisna Sastry of Bheemunipatnam.

The Reflections:

The response of the distinguished scholars,scientists and academics was very encouraging andspontaneous. While some felt that it was an honor done




to them, a few looked upon this as an opportunity to makean offering to Sri Guruji. The following select opinions of our distinguished participants would represent the over allappreciation we received for the program. Prof H KrishnaMurthy (IISc, Bangalore) took it as an “ excellentopportunity … . to be a part of the team of illustriousspeakers. It was a unique and memorable experience toshare our thoughts in the august presence of our beloved

Guruji. ” Prof D Venkat Rao (The English & ForeignLanguages University, Hyderabad) felt “ delighted to makethe presentation in the presence of Guruji. I was fortunateto have found myself among the scholars of my panel. Itwas a memorable experience. … .I am sure the other sessionshave also gone on with great success and aplomb. Thesouvenir has come out very well. It was a remarkableachievement. ” Prof D Kiran Kranth Choudary (S VUniversity, Tirupati) opined , “the way the seminar wasorganized was superb … ..every thing was excellent. ” SriPotturi Venkateswara Rao (Senior Journalist, Hyderabad)conveyed his gratitude for the opportunity given. He felt,“It was indeed a mega event. The papers read and thediscussions that followed were of a very high order,particularly the presentations on security issues (emphasisadded). [I appreciate] the highly efficient manner in whichthe event has been organised. You have an excellent team.The Souvenir too is a valuable document to read morethan once. ” Sri C S Rao, an octogenarian retired civil servant(IES) of high caliber and a social activist, (Vishakhapatnam)had very liberally complimented the program. He said, “I

have indeed experienced altogether a different kind of blissof Guruji ’s anugraham . It was really very educative for mebecause there is no subject under the sky which was notcovered. Because of my physical age-related disabilities, Ihave not been able to read and therefore attended all thesessions all the days only to learn as a student. … . I cannotpoint out anything better than the best in … . arrangementsand dedication. …… . I indeed feel that our political leadersand intellectuals committed a grave blunder in selectingHyderabad as the capital city of Visalandhra and hence theproblems. I wish they had set up capital in Warangal … acenter of universe with circumference nowhere (emphasisadded). ”

We thank them profusely for their spirited partici-pation and kind impressions.

The Program has also received an overwhelmingcoverage in the print and electronic media. We profuselythank the media for carrying the proceedings to people atlarge for whom it was basically intended.

We thank the devotees and friends from far andnear numbering about 3000 who attended our programsevery day for all the five days and also for kindly acceptingour hospitality.

Here we come to the most difficult part of ourreport on this great Event. The mighty force, the One andthe only One of its kind which was behind this program

and saw it go through in a spectacular manner doesn ’t ac-cept any acknowledgement. It came to us as a great boonfrom our Guruji to celebrate this Occasion. Those whocontributed their mite to the successful conduct of the Pro-gram are too numerous to be listed here and those scoresof His devotees who were involved in this pious duty withtheir families and friends and served day-in and day outfor at least six weeks shy away from being mentioned.However we are appending here with a short list of somefamilies. As it is not possible to give an exhaustive list, thisshort list may be treated as representative. Guruji has gra-ciously blessed all of us in abundance in His final word(Conclusion) on the Event.

As said on the Cover itself, we reiterate our intentto dedicate our entire effort, however humble it is, to theholy feet of our Bharatmata.




Bheemunipatnam5 April 2010 (Sivananda Murty)

Conclusion

When I completed 81 in December 2009, the very dear members of my large extendedfamily all over and those of Warangal in particular, desired to celebrat e the event for a week. The

tradit ion always required invoking the God’s grace for longer and healthy life and for the good of the family at home. These devotees had always spent their money, time and energy on manyoccasions every year to organize excellent celebrations like my Birthday, Gurupurnima and MahaShivaratri, entertaining over 3000 people for two days on every occasion.

The advent of the 82 nd year in my life traditionally called the Thousand Full Moon Experiencewhich is a mere tradition not different in celebration from the other occasions appearedsuperfluous to me. Such occasion, in fact, has no relevance to the society around or the circumstancesof the country around. A man completing 81 years is always an accumulation of experiences mouldedby the society and history. What ought to be reflected in the man ’s att itude is how much attent ionhe has for his society. Apart from one ’s own views, understanding and feelings, one would be welladvised to know more about the contemporary life around by listening to the knowledgeablepersons in every field that governed the society.

I expressed this view to my family at Warangal who responded in the shape of theseseminars. Contacting scholars and men of eminence for their speeches and writings was doneefficiently by Prof. Y Sudershan Rao and his colleagues like Prof. P Mallikarjuna Rao, Prof VKishan Rao etc in the shortest time. It was a grand success memorable to me due to the kind-ness of those eminent men shown towards me. Members of my loving family like Sri SomaRamaiah, C A Tripuraneni Gopichand and many others who had completed the monumentalstructure of Sapthadham at great expense and thoroughness, were at their best in the celebra-tions. Sri Adithe Ramakrishna Sastry assisted by Sri Jandhyala Jagannadha Sastry and otherritwiks has ably conducted the traditional part of the program.

The five day functions showed to the world what pure devotion and love can demonstratein matters of hospitality, punctuality and decorum. The scale and quality of reception andhospitality have shown the depths of devotion. Events of culture and religion crowned theglory pleasing the God for the welfare of all. Every boy and a girl, house-wife or a grand-parent,in every home was seen in harness throughout the week, with no time for food or sleep andproved oneself an ideal ritwik in this great yagna . No one who had seen a Thousand Full Moonshad ever witnessed such love, I am sure. I express my intense love for everyone in the family.

I should be grateful to God only when every member of this large family celebrates his/ her Thousand Full Moons with such éclat and grace.



Select families representingGlobally Extended Family of Sadguru Sri Sivananda Murty

SarvasreeProf. R. Raghavendran (Bhimili)K. Basavaraju (Hyd)K. Rajasekhar (Hyd)V.M. Ambika (Bhimili)V. Narayana Prasad (USA)N. Radha Kumari (Bhimili)Adithe Ramakrishna Sastry (Bhimili)Vajinepalli Krishna Murthy (Wgl)Soma Ramaiah (Wgl)CA. Tripuraneni Gopichand (Wgl)Prof. Y. Sudershan Rao (Wgl)Prof. P. Mallikarjuna Rao (Wgl)Pabba Vishweshwar Rao (Wgl)

P.S.L. Ganapathi (Wgl)K. Srinivas ( Wgl)Kodimella Vijay Kumar (Wgl)B. Sai Narayana (Wgl)Gande Umashankar (Wgl)Vajinepalli Ramesh (Wgl)Venishetty Subrahmanyam (Wgl)Prof. C.B. Kameshwar Rao (Wgl)Madarapu Sadasivudu (Wgl)Vajinepally Raj Kumar (Wgl)Vajinepally Srikanth (Wgl)P. Ravinder (Wgl)

S. Ranganayakulu (Wgl)Thatikonda Chakrapani (Wgl)Thatikonda Prabhakar (Wgl)Etta Rajendra Babu (Wgl)Etta Ramesh (Wgl)V. Ajay Kumar (Wgl)K. Padma (NIT) (Wgl)Kumari Jayanthi (Wgl)Thota Shiva Prasad (Wgl)B.S. Harikrishna (Wgl)Kuchana Upender (Wgl)Y. Visweshwar Rao (Wgl)Dr. Vyakaranam Nageshwar (Wgl)Dr. Soma Sridhar (Wgl)Thota Vydyanath (Wgl)Akarapu Chenna Visweshwar Rao (Wgl)Medicherla Chidambareshwar (Wgl)K. Ugender (Wgl)K G l Ki h R (W l)

K. Goutham (Wgl)G. Ram Sudhakar (Wgl)V. Narsimha Murthy (Wgl)Kodimella Naga Mallikarjun (Wgl)Dr. S. Narender (Wgl)B. Suraiah (Wgl)Thota Sravan Kumar (Wgl)Pabba Veeranandam (Wgl)Parsi Kishore (Wgl)Gorantla Yadagiri (Wgl)Smt. Sudheeshna (Wgl)J. Nageshwar (Wgl)M. Prakash (Wgl)

Thota Samba Murthy (Wgl)Dr. Attaluri Mrithyunjaya Sharma (Wgl)D. Purushotham Rao (Wgl)Keshava Reddy, Advocate (Wgl)B. Srihari (Wgl)G. Rajasekhar (Wgl)Prof. K. Suprasannacharya (Wgl)Dr. K. Jagannadha Rao (Wgl)Dr. C. Madan Mohan (Wgl)D. Kumara Swamy (Wgl)Dr. K. Vijaya Babu (Wgl)Dr. P. Sadanandam (Wgl)

Samudrala Shatakopa Charya (Wgl)Dr. G. Bala Srinivasa Murthy (Wgl)M. Sambaiah (Wgl)Kaluva Prabhu Rao (Wgl)Gannu Suresh (Printer) (Wgl)P. Prakash (DTP) (Wgl)Repala Ramchander (Wgl)A. Ramu (Wgl)Repala Harishankar (Wgl)Bollu Kedari (Wgl)K. Papi Reddy (Wgl)Pulluri Venkat (Wgl)A. Nageshwar Rao (Wgl)G.S. Madhava Rao (Wgl)Radha Krishna Murthy (NIT) (Wgl)P.V. Narsimha Rao (Wgl)B. Uma Maheshwar Rao (Wgl)K. Chandrasekhar (Wgl)K M li (W l)

Shantha Kumar Kolla (USA)Prof. V.V.S. Sarma (Bangalore)G.Venkata Ramana (Balusapadu)Dr. V.V. Hanumantha Rao (Tadepalligudem)Dr. Bala Srinivasa Murthy (Nizamabad)V. Kishan Rao (Hyd)K. Venugopal (Hyd)N.D.V.S. Raju (Hyd)V. Raghu (Shanmukha Caterers, Hyd.)V. Madhu (Shanmukha Caterers, Hyd.)B. Prabhath Kumar (Vizag)Dr. G. Prabhakar (Vizag)Pratima Chittaranjan (Vizag)

P. Vijay Kumar (Vizag)P. Rama Rao (Vizag)Beena Pandit (Vizag)Bela Pandit (Vizag)Pardhasarathi (Vizag)K. Venugopal (Chennai)K. Laxmi Prasad (Chennai)V. Lalith Sivakumar (USA)E. Eshwar Mitra (Bangalore)B. Pramod (UK)Bhankat (Balaji Tent House)G.V. Ravi (Photographer, Hyd)

D. Laxmi Narayana (Artist, Hyd)Vadrevu Venugopal (Rajahmundry)Vadrevu Mallapu Raju (Rajahmundry)L. Bharathi (Hyd)M. Malla Reddy (Hyd)Jandhyala Jagannadha Sastry (Hyd)V. Surya Prakasha Rao (Hyd)P.D.N.R. Sarma (Hyd)Dr. S.R.T. Parabrahma Sastry (Hyd)Dr. P. Surendranath (Hyd)N. Krishna Murthy (Hyd)P. Venkat Rao (Hyd)P.V.V. Bharath Sarma (Hyd)B.L.K. Sastry (Hyd)Shivaji (Wgl)Murali (Wgl)Anil (Wgl)Chary (Wgl)R j (V bl S li )

Documents

8. Platinum Platform (329 to End)