8. Reference Writing Styles

7/28/2019 8. Reference Writing Styles

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Reference Writing Styles

Mrs. Monika Sharma

Lecturer , DMCH ,CON

,Ludhiana. Punjab..


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Academic culturefosters respect

for the

intellectual

contributions of

experts throughreferencing.


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IMPORTANT TERMS

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CITATION

PALAGRISM

QUOTATIONS

PARAPHRASING SUMMARISING

SECONDARY REFERENCES


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What are references?

A standardized way of acknowledging thesources of information or ideas employed inwriting.

A method used to demonstrate to your readers

that you have conducted a thorough and

appropriate literature search.


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Why should I reference?

To enhance good academic practice . To enhance the presentation of your work.

To acknowledge the work of others .

To ensure that anyone reading your work can trace

the sources you have used in the development ofyour work.

To Protect yourself against accusations of

plagiarism

To Demonstrate that you have read widely To support your arguments with published research

To allows your tutor to differentiate between your

own work and the work of others and to locate the

sources you have used


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What requires referencing?

1.Somebody else's words or ideas from:

Magazine

Book

Newspaper

Radio/Internet broadcasts/ TV program

Web page

DVDs, videos, films, CD-ROMs & audio taperecordings

Conference papers

Pamphlets


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What requires referencing?

2.Information gained through interviewing another

person.

3.Exact words or a "unique phrase" fromelectronic books; and electronic journal articles.

4.Diagrams, illustrations, charts, and pictures.


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Sources of References

1. Periodicals Sources:- Sources that are

published on a regular basis such as

magazines, newspapers, or journals.

2. Non-periodicals Sources:- Sources that are

published separately such as books,

conference papers, reports.


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Where do you need to Reference?

Two complementary aspects :

Referencing within the text

(in-textcitations)

Referencing at the end of the text in the

Reference list.


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No need to Reference:

When writing our own experiences;

observations; insights; thoughts; conclusions

about a subject. When you are using "common knowledge" &

accepted facts.


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How do you Reference?

Gather all the information.

Use pocket guide .

Give each source a code.


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What Is Bibliography?

A bibliography page is all the books, articles,

journals etc which you have read & consulted inwriting your paper, thesis etc. may or may not

used in the text, appearing at the end of the

text.


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REFERENCES

Works quoted,

paraphrased,summarised or

"referred to" directly

within the context ofthe paper.

-

Referencing hasvarious styles &

should be enlisted

accordingly.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Works consulted in

writing a paper may ormay not used in the text

-

Bibliography itemsshould be listed in

alphabetical order by

author


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Bibliographiesand Reference

Lists

Bibliography:

Lists all thematerial youhave read,

whether citedin your

assignment or

not.

ReferenceList:

Lists only thematerial youhave citeddirectly in

your

assignment.

Where bothare

requested:

Reference listgives all itemsdirectly cited.Bibliographycontains any

other reading.


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What is Citation?

When, in your work, you have used an

idea from a book, journal article, etc. youmust acknowledge this in your text( in-text

citations). This is referred to as 'citing.


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What is Plagiarism?

Its academic theft!

Taking of another person's ideas, words or

inventions and presenting them as your own. Re-wording / paraphrasing another person's

work without citing the source

A serious Academic offence and should not be

taken lightly.

It harms the academic honesty .

Its a disrespect to experts.


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To avoid Plagiarism

All material, whether directly quoted, summarised

or paraphrased, MUST be acknowledged

correctly.


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Ways of incorporating other's work

into your writing Quotation

Paraphrase

Summary
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_8/index.php?p=paraphrasinghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_8/index.php?p=quoting


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What is Quotation ?

A quotation is the words of another writer

reproduced exactly in terms of wording,

spelling, punctuation, capitalisation andparagraphing.

Information exactly as it appears

in a source and is indicated by usingquotation marks.


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Example:

Market segmentation is where the larger market is

heterogeneous and can be broken down into smaller

units that are similar in character (Easy andSorensen, 2009, p.133).


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What Is Paraphrase?

A paraphrase is your version of essential ideas

and information expressed by someone else.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_8/index.php?p=quoting


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Example:

Original: MPs were not paid a salary until 1912. In medievaltimes constituents sometimes paid their members and metsome of the expenses of sending an MP to Westminster, butthe practice died out by the end of the 17th century andthereafter MPs needed personal wealth or a personal patron inorder to sustain a political career(Rush, 2005, p. 114.)

Paraphrase: Until the 20thcentury, when MPs received a salary,personal wealth or the support of a patron was essential for along-term career in politics. Financial support for MPs had onoccasion come from their constituents in the medieval period

but this system had ended by the 17th

century (Rush, 2005, p.114.)

Sentence 2 has been re-written but the meaning is the same asthe original


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What is Summary?

A summary is less detailed than a paraphrase,

and significantly shorter than the original,rephrasing just the main points.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_8/index.php?p=paraphrasing


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Example: Original: The proportion of manual workers in the ranks of

the parliamentary Labour Party declined from 1945 to 1979,from approximately 1 in 4 to 1 in 10.. Of the 412 LabourMPs elected in 2001, 12% were drawn from manualbackgrounds (Criddle cited in Norton, 2005, p.23).

Summary: Since 1945 the proportion of manual workers inthe parliamentary Labour Party has fallen from 25%(approx.) to 12% in 2001. (Criddle cited in Norton, 2005,p.23).

Sentence 1 has been shortened and rewritten but the keypoint is maintained


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Should I Cite?


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What is Secondary Referencing

This occurs when the author of the source youare reading refers to the work of anotherauthor. and you want to use the work of the

other author For example: Clarkes book refers to a book

written by Taylor

If you cant locate the original work (i.e. by

Taylor) and you believe that Clarkesinterpretation of Taylors work is reliable.


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How to Cite and write Secondary

ReferencingTo cite:

According to Taylor, cited in Clarke (2008,p.17)

Clarke (2008, p.17) citing Taylor notes that.

..........................(Taylor cited in Clarke, 2008,p.17)

Reference list Clarke would appear in your reference list not Taylor

(unless you have read Taylor!)


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Referencing Styles:-

Vancouver Style(Number in text for each source) Harvard style (author/ date)

American Psychological Association Citation Style

(author/ date)

Modern Language Association Citation Style

( Author and page number in text)

Modern Humanities Research Association Citation

Style (author/ date)

Chicago(footnoting)-Style (Author-date and/or note

system) and

Many more acc. to various fields.


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Commonly used in Medicine,

Humanities and Natural Sciences.

Vancouver (Number in text for each source)

Harvard style (author/ date)


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What is the Vancouver Referencing

Technique?A uniform set of requirements for

referencing.

A "numbered" style OR 'author-number'system.

Follows rules established by the

International Committee of Medical JournalEditors .
http://www.icmje.org/http://www.icmje.org/http://www.icmje.org/http://www.icmje.org/


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Vancouver systemcont.,

Important notes:

1- In the Vancouver Style, a number is assigned toeach reference as it is used.

2- The original number assigned to the reference is

used each time in the text.

3- The first reference you cite will be numbered 1 inthe text, and the second reference you cite will benumbered 2, and so on. If you cite referencenumber 1 again later in the text, you will cite itusing the number 1.


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Cont

4- References are listed in numerical order at theend of the essay.

5- The number can be placed outside the textpunctuation to avoid disruption to the flow of thetext, or be placed inside the text punctuation.


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Important Issues

Numbering:

List all references in order by number, not

alphabetically. Each reference is listed once only, since the

same number is used throughout the paper.


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Cont

Authors:

List each author's last name and initials; full first

names are not included. List all authors, but if the number exceeds six,

give the first six followed by "et al."


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References numbered in the text:

Parentheses (1).

Square brackets [1]. Superscript1.

or a combination [1].


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List each reference number separately with a comma or

dash between each reference:

Superscript format

1,3,5

1-5

2-5,9,13

Bracket format

(1,3,5)

(1-5)

(2-5,9,13)

Citing More Than One Reference at a

Time:

Vancouver system cont.,


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E.g.In-text citationsThe World Health Organization 2005, reported that

women, in both developed and developingeconomies, lose more years of their life due topoor health than men do (1). Despite the positiveeffects of womens employment on their health,many jobs, especially those available to women inlow-income countries or to poor, less-educatedwomen in high-income countries, expose womento harmful working environments and biologicalagents in jobs. Women are exposed more often to

some psychosocial risk factors when they performmonotonous work. Because of their low status,women exert less control over their workenvironment; a condition associated withcardiovascular, mental and musculoskeletal ill

health (2 .)


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Vancouver system cont.,

Creation of reference list at the END.References

1- Leutar Z, Leutar I. The position of women

between the worlds of labor and family .South-East Europe Review 2005:S23-40

2- Emmett EA, Frank AL, Gochfeld M, Hessl SM .

Year Book of Occupational and Environmental

Medicine. 1st edition. US: Mosby; 1997:51-57.


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Format of Citations for different

Documents

Vancouver system


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Types of document

I- Printed Document1- Books

2- Journal Articles

3- Newspaper article

4- Dictionary and similar references5- Conference (complete conference proceedings)

6- Corporate author (i.e. a company or organization)

7- Government publication

8- Scientific / Technical report9- Thesis or dissertation

10- Pamphlet

11- Map


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Types of documentcont.,

II- Electronic Documents:

1- Internet Documents1. World Wide Web page

2. Webs based /ONLINE DATABASES

3. E-Books

4. Article in an electronic reference book5. E-Journals

6. Journal article abstract accessed from online database

7. Newspaper article from online database

2- CD-ROM

1. Books on CD-ROM

2. Journal on CD-ROM

3- Other soft wear

1. Computer program

2. Video recording


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Essential Elements for

referencingbooks

Author

TitleEdition

Volume

Place of PublicationPublisher

Date (year)

Page numbers


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Types of documentcont.,

Printed Document1- Books

Standard format

Author/editor AA. Title: subtitle. Edition(if

not the first). Vol.(if a multivolume work).Place of publication: Publisher; Year. p.

page number(s) (if appropriate).

Printed Document, bookscont


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cont.,

1- Name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s orthe institution responsible.

Note:1- When there are 6 or less authors, you must list all theauthors.

2- If there is 7 or more authors you only list the first 6

authors and add "et al" (et al means "and others").

Format: surname (1 space) initial/s (no spaces or punctuationbetween initials) (full-stop OR if further names comma, 1space.

Macleod J.Lee GR, Bithell TC, Foerster J, Athens JW, LukensJN, editors.Wintrobes clinical hematology. 9th ed. Vol 2.Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1993.


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Printed Document, Books,cont.,

2. Title of publication and subtitle

Notes: Only the first word of the title of a book

should be capitalized, except for proper nouns or

acronymsFormat: Title (full-stop, 1 space)

Macleod J. Davidsons principle and practice of

medicine: diseases of the respiratory system.


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3- Edition

Notes:*If other than first edition.

*Abbreviate the word edition to:- ed. (Do notconfuse with editor).

Format:edition statement (full stop, 1 space)


medicine: diseases of the respiratory system.14th ed.


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4. Multiple volumes

Lee GR, Bithell TC, Foerster J, Athens JW, Lukens

JN, editors. Wintrobes clinical hematology. 9th

ed. Vol 2.Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1993.

Printed Document, Books,


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5. Place of publication

Notes:1- If the publishers are located in more thanone city, cite the name of the city that is printed first.

2- Write the place name in full.

3- If the place name is not well known, add a

comma, 1 space and the state or the country for

clarification.

Format: place of publication {colon(:) 1 space}



14th ed. Edinburgh, London:


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6. Publisher

Note: The publishers name should be spelt out infull.

Format: publisher {semi-colon(;), 1 space}


medicine: diseases of the respiratory system.14th ed. Edinburgh, London: ChurchillLivingstone;


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7. Year of publication.

Format: year (full-stop, add 1 space if page numbersfollow)

Macleod J. Davidsons principle andpractice of medicine: diseases of the

respiratory system.14th ed.

Edinburgh, London: ChurchillLivingstone;1984.


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8. Page numbers (if applicable).

Notes: 1-Abbreviate the word page to p..

2- do not repeat digits unnecessarily .

Format: p (full-stop, 1 space) page numbers (full-

stop).



14th ed. Edinburgh, London: Churchill

Livingstone; 1984.p. 202-77.


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referencingjournals

Author

Title of Article

Journal Title

Date

Volume number

Issue number

Page numbers


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Printed Docuent cont.,

2- Journal ArticlesStandard format

Author of article AA, Author of article

BB, Author of article CC. Title of

article. Title of Journal year;vol(issue):page number(s).


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Printed Document Journal Articlescont.,

1. Name/s of author/s of the article.

As the "Citing a book" for full details.

2. Title of article.

As the "Citing a book" for full details.

Printed Document Journal Articles


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3. Title of journal .

Notes: 1- Only the first word of a journal title arecapitalized except for proper nouns or acronyms

Format: journal title (1 space)

Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitroenzymatic processing of radio labelled big ET-1 in

human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem

pharmacol


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4. Year (and month/day if necessary/available) ofpublication.

Notes:Abbreviate the month to the first 3 letters.

Format: year (1 space) month (1space) day (semi-

colon, no space) OR year (semi-colon, no space)

Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitroenzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 in

human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochempharmacol 1998 Mar1;

P i t d D t J l A ti l


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5. Volume number (and issue/part -).

Notes: There should be no spaces between the date,volume no., issue number and page numbers

Format: volume number (no space) issue number inbrackets (colon, no space) OR volume number

(colon, no space)

Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitroenzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 inhuman kidney as a food ingredient. Biochempharmacol 1998 Mar 1;55(5):


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Journal Articlescont.,

6. Page numbers

Notes: do not repeat digits unnecessarily

Format: page numbers (full-stop)

Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP. In vitroenzymatic processing of radiolabelled big ET-1 in

human kidney as a food ingredient. Biochem

pharmacol 1998 Mar 1;55(5):697-701.

Electronic Documents


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Notes:

1- This includes software and Internet sources suchas web sites, electronic journals and databases.

2- These sources are proliferating and subject tochange.



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cont.,

1-World Wide Web pageFormat:Author. Title. [online] Year [date the information

was accessed]. Available from: URL address.

Beckleheimer J. How do you cite URL's in a bibliography?[online] 1994 [cited 2000 Dec 13]. Available from: URL:

http://www.nrlssc.navy.mil/meta/bibliography.html
http://www.nrlssc.navy.mil/meta/bibliography.htmlhttp://www.nrlssc.navy.mil/meta/bibliography.html


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Electronic Documents, Internet Documentscont.,

2- Webs based /Online databasesFormat:Author/editor. (full stop, 1 space) Title (full

stop, 1 space).Edition [Online] (full stop, 1 space)

year. Available from: (1 space) Title and publishing

details of the database if available. [cited date] (fullstop)

Kirkpatrick GL.Viral infections of the respiratory tractin: Family Medicine. 5th ed. [Online]. 1998.

Available from: Stat!Ref. Jackson (WY): Teton Data

Systems; 2001. [cited 2001 Aug].


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Electronic Documents, Internet Documentscont.,

3- E-Books

Format: Author A, Author B. Title of e-book[format].Edition. Place: Publisher; Date of originalpublication [cited year abbreviated month day].

Available from : Source. URL.

Van Belle G, Fisher LD, Heagerty PJ, Lumley TS.

Biostatistics: a methodology for the healthsciences [e-book]. 2nd ed. Somerset (NJ): WileyInterScience; 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 30]. Availablefrom: Wiley InterScience electronic collection.


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What is Harvard Referencing

Technique Harvard came originally from "The Bluebook: A

Uniform System of Citation" published by the

Harvard Law Review Association. The Harvard style and its many variations are used

in law, natural sciences, social and behavioural

sciences, and medicine.

A generic author-date style for citing and

referencing information in assignments and

publications


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Elements:

Citationsin the body of yourtext

Corresponding references


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Harvard style requires:

An in-text citation, that provides the followinginformation:

The name of the author(s)/ editor(s) of thesource

Date of publication

Wherever possible, the page numbers you have

used material from

A reference listthat provides full details of thesources you have cited in your text


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Harvard Systemcont.,

In-text citations

It usually requires:

1- The name of the author(s)2- The year of publication.

3- A page number is included if you have a direct

quote, paraphrase a passage or you want to direct

the reader to a specific page.

E I t t it ti


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E.g. In-text citations

Acquiring good education is widely regarded as a keyto economic and social development. Educationbroadens the options available to women in theirlives. It also enhances their sense of self worth,security and belonging (Statistics New Zealand,

2005).Many studies have revealed that educated women

delay marriage, use contraceptives, reduce fertilityand produce many other beneficial reproductiveand child health outcomes (Masika RJ, 2005).

In 1996 it ranged from 13% in Sudan to 79% inKuwait. In Iraq it was 66% ( Ouakrim and Badr,1996).


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Harvard Systemcont.,

Reference list at the end.1- A reference list is arranged alphabetically by

author.

2- If an item has no author, it is cited by title, andlisted alphabetically.

3- If you have more than one item with the same

author, list the items chronologically, starting with

the earliest publication.4- Each reference appears on a new line.

6- There is no numbering of the references.

Example of reference list in end


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Example of reference list in end

Hazzaa HM. Prevalence of physical inactivity inSaudi Arabia: a brief review. East MediterHealth J 2004;10(4/5):663-670.

Khafajei A.A Workbook for Independent Study inClinical Epidemiology. Iraq: Mosul University;1998:95-98.

Nemo MH. Prevalence of high risk pregnancy inMosul. Diploma A Dissertation in CommunityMedicine. Mosul University. Mosul MedicalCollege, Community Medicine Department. Iraq;

1992:30.


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Citing in your text

.

Addy (2006)explains that

children withdevelopmentalcoordination

disorder oftenstruggle within

mainstreameducation (p.25)

Addy (2006, p.25)explains that

children withdevelopmentalcoordination

disorder oftenstruggle within

mainstreameducation

Children withdevelopmental

coordinationdisorder oftenstruggle within

mainstream

education (Addy,2006, p.25)


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referencingJ ournalarticles

Name(s) of author(s)Title of the articleTitle of the journalDateThe page number(s)

Volume and issuePage numbers used


referencingBooks

Author(s)/ editor(s)

name(s)Book titlePublication dateEdition (if not the first)Place of publicationPublisherPage numbers

How to reference a


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How to reference a

BOOK

Naidoo, J. & Willis, J. (2001) Health studies:an introduction. Basingstoke, Palgrave.

Author(s)

Surname.Initial(s),

Use & between two authors.

Date

Year of publication

Title

In sentence case and

italicised.

Place of publication,

publisher.

How to reference a


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How to reference a

e-BOOK

Seedhouse, D. (2009) Ethics: the heart of health care (3rded). Chichester, Wiley [Online]. Available at

http://www.dawsonera.com. Accessed on 24th January2010, 10:15am.

Author(s)

Surname.Initial(s),


Date

Year of publicationTitle

In sentence case and

italicised.

Publisher

Publisher followed by[Online].

Access information

Give homepage of website, anddate and time you accessed the

resource.

(As e-books often require a login,

only the homepage needs to be

given.)

How to reference a
http://www.dawsonera.com/http://www.dawsonera.com/


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How to reference a

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Kelly, C. & Lynes, D. (2008) Psychological effects ofchronic lung disease. Nursing Times, 104(47), pp.82-85.

Author(s)

Surname.Initial(s),


Date

Year of publicationArticle Title

In sentence case

Journal Title

In Title Case and italicised

Journal information

Give volume and issue as x(x),followed by page numbers

pp. For multiple pages

p. For a single page item

How to reference a


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How to reference a

e-JOURNAL ARTICLE

Pollard, K. (2009) Student engagement ininterprofessional working in practice placement settings.Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(20), pp.2846-56 [Online].

Available at www.swetswise.com. Accessed on 15th May2010, 10:10am.

Author(s)

Surname.Initial(s),


Date

Year of publication

Access information

Give homepage of website, and

date and time you accessed the

resource.

(As e-journals often require a login,

only the homepage needs to be

given.)

Article Title

In sentence case

Journal Title

In Title Case

and italicised

Journal informationGive volume and issue as x(x),

followed by page numbers

pp. For multiple pages

p. For a single page item

Follow with [Online].

How to reference a
http://www.swetswise.com/http://www.swetswise.com/


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How to reference a

WEB PAGE

Department for Children, Schools and Families. (2009) Background toevery child matters. Every Child Matters [Online]. Available at

http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/about/background/background/. Accessed on 18th February 2010, 11:10pm.

Author(s)Surname.Initial(s) if a

person is the author.

Otherwise use corporate

author or organisation.

DateYear site last updated (often

shown at the bottom of the

page).

Access informationGive full address of

webpage, and date and

time you accessed the

resource.

Page Title

In sentence

case

Website Title

In Title Case and

italicised.

Followed by

[Online].
http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/about/background/background/http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/about/background/background/


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Important Notes

Ensure that your reference is clear and

unambiguous, and that you give sufficient

information to enable your reader to find

the source.


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CONCLUSION

To do correct referencing in academic work is

very important.

Not giving proper acknowledgement to thesources of information cited in our work is

wrong, unethical and may cause shame and

disgrace to our academic career.

So always include proper citations in your workand be a wise and graceful academician.


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GOOD DAY !

and

The END !