80-W0328-1-RevB_FINAL

CDMA/UMTS University

CDMA/UMTS University Technical Training

CTIA Wireless 2005

WCDMA (UMTS) In-Building Network Planning and Distributed

Antenna Systems Overview

WCDMA (UMTS) In-Building Network Planning and Distributed

Antenna Systems Overview

CDMA/UMTS UniversityTechnical Training Sessions

For CTIA Wireless 2005





80-W0328-1 Rev B

Export of this technology may be controlled by the United States Government. Diversion contrary to U.S. law prohibited.

QUALCOMM is a registered trademark and registered service mark of QUALCOMM Incorporated. gpsOne and repeaterOne are trademarks of QUALCOMM Incorporated.

cdma2000® is a registered certification mark of the Telecommunications Industry Association. Used under license. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Material Use RestrictionsThese written materials are to be used only in conjunction with the associated instructor-led class. They are not intended to be used solely as reference material.

No part of these written materials may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the written permission of QUALCOMM Incorporated.

Copyright © 2005 QUALCOMM Incorporated. All rights reserved.

QUALCOMM Incorporated5775 Morehouse DriveSan Diego, CA 92121U.S.A.

Technical Training Sessions for CTIA Wireless 2005CDMA/UMTS University

© 2005 QUALCOMM Incorporated 80-W0328-1 Rev B



CTIA Wireless 2005

Dr. Kenneth BakerPrincipal Engineer

QUALCOMM IncorporatedBoulder, CO

Why Indoor Network Planning?

WCDMA (UMTS) In-Building Network Planning and Distributed Antenna Systems

Notes

iii





CTIA Wireless 2005Educational Overview

1. Motivating Indoor Systems

2. WCDMA (UMTS) Inter-RAT Handover

3. Dense Cells

4. Conclusion

Agenda:

Educational Overview

The material presented in this seminar is representative of two QUALCOMM UMTS University courses.

iv





CTIA Wireless 2005CDMA/UMTS University

The material in this seminar is a brief sampler excerpted from technical training developed by QUALCOMM’s CDMA/UMTS University.

To learn more about this seminar topic, sign up for the following courses:UMTS Indoor Network Planning (2 day)CDMA2000 Indoor Network Planning (2 day)CDMA2000 Repeater Design and Deployment (1 day)Distributed Antenna Systems (2 day)

www.cdmauniversity.com/umts/

www.cdmauniversity.com/cdma/


CDMA/UMTS University is the Technical Training division of QUALCOMM Incorporated, the wireless technology leader.

Whether your area of interest is CDMA2000 or WCDMA (UMTS), we have courses to increase your understanding of the technology, its optimum design, and how it operates in real-world networks.

All courses are taught by domain experts from QUALCOMM, including the engineers who helped develop the CDMA technology.

v





CTIA Wireless 2005CDMA2000 Course Map

CDMA University courses cover a wide range of CDMA2000 subjects and users:

Introductory courses – for business professionals and non-engineers (many introductory courses are available as free PDFs that you can download from the web)

Foundation courses – for engineers

Network Deployment courses – for technical professionals

Handset Testing courses – for field engineers

Workshops – for operators

vi

To learn more about CDMA University, see CDMA course listings,or sign up for classes, go to www.cdmauniversity.com/cdma/.





CTIA Wireless 2005WCDMA (UMTS) Course Map

UMTS University courses cover a wide range of WCDMA (UMTS) subjects and users:

Technical Foundation courses – for engineers

Network Deployment courses – for technical professionals

Handset Testing courses – for field engineers

Workshops – for operators

vii

To learn more about UMTS University, see UMTS course listings, orsign up for classes, go to www.cdmauniversity.com/umts/.





CTIA Wireless 2005CDMA.HELP / UMTS.HELP

Email hotline to assist our CDMA and UMTS customers worldwide.

Experienced CDMA or UMTS engineers in our Engineering Services Group will answer your technical questions on topics including:

–Industry Standards

–Infrastructure Design

–Voice Quality

–System Design

–Network Planning

–Network Optimization

–Test Engineering

–Training

[email protected]

[email protected]

viii


1

WCDMA (UMTS) INP and DAS OverviewTechnical Training Sessions for CTIA Wireless 2005


CTIA 2005: WCDMA (UMTS)

INP and DAS Overview

CDMA/UMTS University Slide 1Why Indoor Networks?

UMTS carriers want to differentiate themselves with new data services.

• Ubiquitous coverage is expected.

• User expectations of performance are rising.

• Data services and usage are growing – especially indoors.

Current indoor coverage is from outdoor systems.• Indoor coverage reliability is limited when illuminated from

outdoors.

• Outdoor system capacity may limit in-building capacity.

Why Indoor Networks?

To summarize:

“One must put the signal where the customers are.”


2





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 2Carriers are Looking Indoors

Reality on the ground:

• WCDMA has services to sell.

• GSM has voice.

• GSM RAN is mature.– Many GSM cells exist.– GSM is indoors today.

Reliable indoor coverage increases subscriber usage and retention.

Dedicated indoor coverage to known hotspots (e.g., train stations) can reduce capacity strains on the outdoor network.

The Operator’s View

Shopping malls and public event centers are often near the intersection of major highway arteries. Dedicated indoor coverage may assist with capacity requirements in these areas.


3





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 3

5.6%

12.0%

17.0%18.8%

7.7%

14.9%12.4%

10.4%

Dec'01 Dec'02 Dec'03 Aug'04

SKT KTF

Source: Monthly Fact Sheets, SKT, KTF, NTT DoCoMo

$72.83 $71.85

$91.51

$63.90$69.71

$85.88

Jun'02 Jun'03 Jun'04

PDC FOMA (WCDMA)

NTT DoCoMoTotal ARPU

SKT and KTF Percentage of Data ARPU

31% increase in FOMA ARPU in 2 years

Transition to 3G Data Services Improves Operator ARPUs

Notes


4





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 4Unsolicited Testimonial

“At the end of March 2004, NTT DoCoMo

extended coverage to 99% of the populated

areas of Japan and aims to further accelerate

the expansion of the FOMA user base in Japan,

with a priority on indoor coverage in public

areas and population centers.”

http://www.nttdocomo.com/corebiz/foma/growth/

DoCoMo Ubiquitous Access

Announced 3800 in-building sites by 1Q05.

Customers most often send and receive data while stationary.


5






WCDMA UEs can select the best service available: 2G or 3G

Establish RRC Connection

UTRAN Connected Mode Inter-System

Handover

Establish RRC Connection

URA_PCH CELL_PCH

CELL_FACH

GSM

Connected Mode

Idle Mode

Camping on a UTRAN cell Camping on a GSM / GPRS cell

GPRS Packet Idle Mode

GPRS Packet

Transfer Mode

Release of temporary block flow

Inter-RAT Cell reselection

Release RR Connection

Establish RR Connection

Initiation of temporary block flow

CELL_DCH

Release RRC Connection

Release RRC Connection

Inter-Radio Access Technology Handover

Inter-RAT

Notes


6





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 6UMTS Inter-RAT Handover

UMTSInter-RATHandover

UMTS Standards

Release 99 of the UMTS standards is the first version to be deployed. Release 4 and Release 5 specify enhancements and optional features. A key philosophy of the 3GPP standards is that the first release specifies all mandatory features, while later releases add optional features only.

Release 99

New Radio Interface (UTRAN)

FDD and TDD at 3.84 Mcps

Although Release 99 defines TDD, it is not covered in this course.

Release 4

TDD at 1.28 Mcps

UTRA Repeater

Although Release 4 defines Repeaters, they can be used in a Release 99 network.

Release 5

Evolution of UTRAN Transport to IP


7





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 7Naming Conventions

repeatercoverage5. emf

Cell

Node B #1123

12

3

Cell

Node B #3123

12

3

Cell

Node B #2123

12

3

Cell

Cell

Cell

Cell

UE

Cell

Cell RNC

Cell

Basic coverage area.

Hardware associated with the basic coverage area: antenna system, HPA, transmitter, receiver, etc.

Equivalent to a sector in GSM or CDMA2000.

Node B

Common equipment at a site to control the cells.

Equivalent to RBS, BTS, or Base Station in GSM or CDMA2000.

RNC – Radio Network Controller

Common equipment to control the Node Bs and interface them to the Core Network.

Equivalent to BSC in GSM or CDMA2000.

UE

User (subscriber) equipment.

Equivalent to mobile station or mobile.

Uplink: From the UE to the Cell.

Downlink: From the Cell to the UE.


8






MMT98010702Ac.emf

Cell Reselection – Review

Cell Reselection

• UE procedure that allows it to change the cell it is camped on.

• Carried out autonomously.

• Parameters control reselection criteria.

Cell 1

Cell 3Cell 2

Cell Reselection

Cell Reselection is the process of selecting a new cell when the UE is not in traffic (e.g., Idle, cell FACH, cell PCH, cell URA). Although carried out autonomously by the UE, a number of system parameters carried in System Information Block (SIB) types 3 and 11 influence the procedure.

Standards Definition

Details of SIB contents can be found in 25.331, 8.1.1.

Details of the cell reselection process can be found in 25.304 (also 23.122, NAS aspects of cell reselection).


9





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 9Types of Handover – Review

Intra-frequency• Within the same UMTS frequency.• Measurements can be taken at any time.

Inter-frequency• Between different UMTS frequencies.• Measurements must be taken when it is possible to tune

the radio away from the serving cell without losing data.

Inter-RAT• Between Radio Access Technologies (Release 99

considers only GSM).• Measurements must be taken when it is possible to tune

the radio away from the serving cell without losing data.

Types of Handover

Intra-frequency handover occurs between cells on the same radio frequency. The UE can measure the signal strength of other cells without interrupting connectivity with the current cell.

Inter-frequency handover occurs between cells on different radio frequencies. Tomeasure the signal strength of an inter-frequency neighbor cell, the UE must tune away from the serving cell’s frequency and tune to the neighbor cell’s frequency.

Inter-RAT cell handover occurs between cells on different Radio Access Technologies. For example, handover to a GSM, CDMA2000, or UMTS TDD is considered an inter-RAT handover (Release 99 considers only GSM). This requires significant reconfiguration of hardware and software in the UE.


10






Cell Reselection –Inter-Frequency and Inter-RAT

Inter-frequency Cell Reselection

It is recommended that Sintersearch < Sintrasearch

In this case, inter-frequency searching will only begin when the quality of the Pilot is worse than the value at which intra-frequency searching begins.

Inter-RAT Cell Reselection

It is recommended that Ssearch,RAT = 0 dB

In this case, inter-RAT reselection will be considered only when the quality of the Pilot is below Qqualmin, thereby maximizing WCDMA coverage.

The goal in setting these parameters is to ensure that intra-frequency neighbors are considered first for reselection, followed by the inter-frequency neighbors. These parameters attempt to maximize WCDMA usage, only considering other technologies when WCDMA is unsuitable.

Qqualmin – Minimum CPICH Ec/No for the cell to be suitable.


11





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 11Inter-Frequency Measurement and Reporting

• Event 2a – Change of best frequency.

• Event 2b – The estimated quality of the currently-used frequency is below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold.

• Event 2c – The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold.

• Event 2d – The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold.

• Event 2e – The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is below a certain threshold.

• Event 2f – The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain threshold.

Inter-Frequency Measurement and Reporting

The frequency quality estimate used in Events 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, and 2f is defined as:

Qfrequency j is the estimated quality of the active or virtual Active Set on frequency j.

Mi j is a measurement result of cell i in the active or virtual Active Set on frequency j.

NA j is the number of cells in the active or virtual Active Set on frequency j.

MBest j is the measurement result of the cell in the active or virtual Active Set on frequency j with the highest measurement result.

Wj is a parameter sent from UTRAN to UE and used for frequency j.

jBestj

N

ijijjfrequency LogMWMLogWQ

jA

⋅⋅−+

⋅⋅= ∑

=

10)1(101


12





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 12Inter-RAT Measurement and Reporting

• Event 3a – The estimated quality of the currently-usedUTRAN frequency is below a certain thresholdand the estimated quality of the other system’sfrequency is above a certain threshold.

• Event 3b – The estimated quality of the other system’sfrequency is below a certain threshold.

• Event 3c – The estimated quality of the other system’sfrequency is above a certain threshold.

• Event 3d – Change of best cell in the other system.

Inter-RAT Measurement and Reporting

The frequency quality estimate for the serving UTRAN frequency used in Event 3a is the same as is used for inter-frequency events. The triggering conditions for Event 3a are defined as:

1)

2)

Qused is the quality measurement of the serving UTRAN frequency.

TUsed is the absolute threshold that applies for the UTRAN system in that measurement.

MOther RAT is the measurement quantity for the cell of the other system. For GSM, this is RSSI.

CIOOther RAT is the cell individual offset for the cell of the other system.

TOther RAT is the absolute threshold that applies for the other system in that measurement.

H3a is the hysteresis parameter for Event 3a.

Similar equations are defined for Events 3b, 3c, and 3d.

2/3aOtherRATOtherRATOtherRAT HTCIOM +≥+

2/3aUsedUsed HTQ −≤


13





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 13Inter-RAT – Example 1

C

B

A

Inter-RAT – Example 1

This example assumes a single WCDMA carrier deployed with GSM. The UE initially is being served by WCDMA CPICH1.

A – The RSCP of CPICH1 decreases until an Event 2d is detected, whereby the estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a defined threshold. This event is reported after the associated time to trigger delay, which then activates compressed mode measurements of the GSM neighbors.

B – Handover to the GSM neighbor is controlled by Event 3a. Detection of Event3a requires two conditions to be met:

– The RSCP of the serving WCDMA cell must be below a defined threshold, as occurs at point B.

– The RSSI of the GSM neighbor must be above a defined threshold, as occurs at point C.

C – Detection of Event 3a therefore occurs at point C, with reporting after the associated time to trigger delay.


14





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 14Inter-RAT – Example 2

C

B

A

D

Inter-RAT – Example 2

This example assumes a single WCDMA carrier deployed with GSM. The UE initially is being served by WCDMA CPICH1. CPICH2 also is detected, but it is not in the Active Set.

A – The RSCP of CPICH1 falls until Event 2d is detected at point A is then reported after the associated time to trigger delay. Compressed mode measurements of the GSM neighbors are then activated.

B – The RSCP of CPICH1 falls to a level that meets one of the conditions necessary to trigger Event 3a. However, the RSSI of the GSM neighbor does not meet the required minimum threshold until point D, so a handover is not triggered.

C – The RSCP of CPICH2 now meets the minimum threshold to detect and, after the associated time to trigger delay, report an Event 2f. Compressed Mode measurements of the GSM neighbors are now discontinued and the service is maintained on WCDMA.

Note: It is assumed that CPICH2 is added to the Active Set some time after point A. The mechanism and triggers for this addition are not shown in this example.


15





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 15Indoors from Outdoors and RAN Cell Density

Dense Cells

Indoors from Outdoors and RAN Cell Density

Indoors from Outdoors: It’s tradition.

It makes sense … up to a point.


16





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 16WCDMA Services

• The GSM network is more mature.– GSM service providers have been busy installing infrastructure and

perfecting in-building coverage.

• WCDMA operates at 2100 MHz. GSM operates at 900 MHz.– The higher frequencies have a higher propagation loss.

• High speed data has higher required signal strengths.– Data services need to work indoors.

New WCDMA features seem to struggle indoors compared to GSM.

QoS is perceived to be poor.

Notes


17





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 17Other-Cell Interference

What Outdoor Cell Density is enough?

Adding building penetration margin to Link Budget:• Reduces the cell radius…on paper.

• Increases the number of cell sites required for coverage.

• Increases the amount of soft handoff outdoors.

• Increases the Neighbor Set size.

In general, it:• Reduces capacity.

• Requires more optimization and tuning.cells/km2 = ?

Indoor System or Outdoor to Indoor?

The increased interference reduces capacity.

The increased cell overlap requires more optimization to control handover boundaries.

The artificially smaller cells will result in more soft handovers in the network. More soft handovers use more network resources.

All of this costs money.


18





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 18UMTS Building Penetration – First Wall

% o

f Bui

ldin

gs

UMTS Building Penetration – First Wall

This chart shows the Building Penetration Loss (BPL) for penetrating the first wall, measured in an European city.

Contrast this with amount of BPL required to penetrate to the center of building, next page.


19





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 19UMTS Building Penetration – Center of Building

% o

f Bui

ldin

gs

UMTS Building Penetration – Center of Building

Building Penetration Margins sufficient to penetrate to the heart of the building will be huge.

Such large building penetration margins will produce a high density of cells in the outdoor RAN.

CapEx and optimization costs will be high.


20





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 20Where is Your Tradeoff?

There is a limit to the density of outdoor cells.

• The network coverage and capacity requirements will need to be supplemented at times with indoor cells.

What is your limit for BPL in your Link Budget?• Since less BPL saves money in network design by

reducing the number of cells, at some point it becomes more cost effective to add indoor cells than to add more BPL.

Building Penetration Loss Tradeoff

As a network is built out, it is tempting to increase the BPL margin to try to achieve more reliable indoor coverage. However, as the BPL is increased you run the risk of reaching a point where the cells become too closely spaced and too much interference is introduced into the network for it to perform reliably. This is the crux of adding too much BPL to a Link Budget.

Historically, the BPL for a Link Budget ranges from 3-5 dB in rural areas to 20-25 dB in urban environments. While the BPL for a given building may be much higher than 25 dB, increasing the BPL beyond 20-25 dB is not practical.

Network operators should decide on a maximum BPL for their networks, and add indoor cells later if better indoor coverage or more capacity is needed. While this is an expense to the operator, the cost of adding more BPL will eventually be greater than that of the indoor network. Evidence of this cost is validated by operator growth plans showing that many of the new cells added to their networks are installed indoors.

For example, NTT DoCoMo recently announced that FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimedia Access) will be rolled out in Japan, with over 4000 indoor systems estimated to be installed by 2006.


21





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 21Cost Analysis for Dedicated Indoor Systems

Carriers are working hard to determine how bestto get indoor coverage.

Representative questions:

• At what outdoor cell density does it make sense to put in dedicated indoor systems?

• What systems are available today? What will be available in thefuture?

• What signal levels are required indoors to provide the 3G services?

This becomes as much an economic study as an engineering study.

Notes


22





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 22Indoor Design Approaches

Three methods to provide indoor service:

1. Cover indoors from outdoors via building penetration.

2. Cover indoors with a Repeater.

3. Cover indoors with a dedicated indoor Base Station (Pico-cell).

Distributed Antenna Systems may be used in conjunction with any of these methods.

Design Approaches

Cover the indoors from existing outdoor network via building penetration (no additional Base Station [Node B] or Repeater) – This is the primary method for covering the indoors in use today and has been the tradition since the beginning of cellular telephone networks.

Cover indoors with a Repeater – This Repeater may or may not be used to feed an indoor Distributed Antenna System (DAS). Such a system would use the same frequency as the existing outdoor network.

Cover indoors with a dedicated indoor Base Station (Node B) – This system may or may not use a different frequency assignment than the outdoor network.

The WCDMA (UMTS) In-building Network Planning course discusses the implementation and tradeoffs associated with each of the above approaches.

The Distributed Antenna course discusses the implementation of a DAS for dedicated UMTS service as well as neutral host systems.


23





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 23Single 0 dBm Radiator Example

-80 dBm

Indoor prediction illustration produced with Wireless Valley’s SitePlanner®.

Interior Radiator: Weak Signal at the Windows

Here is a 1 mW signal from a radiating source placed interior to the building. Notice the leakage from the windows that interfere with the outdoor system. Notice also how the signal strength is weaker at the exterior walls. The interior WCDMA signal needs to be stronger at the exterior walls so as to better compete with the GSM signals coming from outdoors.


24





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 24Antenna Placement

Placing antennas at the building corners . . .

Indoor prediction illustration produced with Wireless Valley’s SitePlanner®.

Why Place Antennas Pointing Inward at the Corners?

The inward-pointing antennas serve to:

Increase the indoor signal level near the edge of the building, reducing the percentage of soft handover between indoor and outdoor Node Bs.

Reduce the interference to and from outside of the building, because the UE will transmit lower power near the edge of the building.


25





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 25Four Indoor Courses

QUALCOMM’s UMTS Universitywww.cdmauniversity.com/umts/

QUALCOMM’s CDMA Universitywww.cdmauniversity.com/cdma/

1. UMTS Indoor Network Planning

2. CDMA2000 Indoor Network Planning

3. Repeaters for CDMA

4. Distributed Antenna Systems

Four Indoor Courses

To meet the demand, QUALCOMM’s CDMA/UMTS University has developed training courses targeted to facilitate the deployment of indoor CDMA networks:

These courses are instructor-led training events.

Training available at San Diego, California; Boulder, Colorado; or at your location.

2 DaysNowDistributed Antenna Systems

1 DayNowRepeaters for CDMA

2 DaysNowUMTS Indoor Network Planning

2 DaysNowCDMA2000 Indoor Network Planning

DurationAvailabilityTitle


26





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 26WCDMA INP Outline

Section 1: Course OverviewSection 2: Covering Indoors from OutdoorsSection 3: Building Penetration TradeoffsSection 4: Indoor Propagation ModelsSection 5: Predicting Penetration CoverageSection 6: Installing a RepeaterSection 7: Repeater Link BudgetSection 8: Pizza Pie Design

Section 9: Distributed Antenna SystemsSection 10: DAS PizzasSection 11: Site Specific Modeling and

Tool DesignsSection 12: Indoor Network EngineeringSection 13: Indoor CapacitySection 14: MicrocellsSection 15: Tools and TestingSection 16: Summary and Conclusions

Notes


27





CDMA/UMTS University Slide 27Distributed Antenna Outline

6) Site Survey

7) Design of the In-Building System

8) Antennas, Cable, Amplifiers, and Repeaters

9) Exercises

1) Course Overview

2) Introduction to Distributed Antenna Systems

3) DAS Safety Issues

4) Distortion and Noise in Active Devices

5) Handin and Handout Issues

Notes


28



Comments/Notes

Documents

80-W0328-1-RevB_FINAL