Upload
audrey-bond
View
219
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
18/31/07
William Horowitz
pQCD vs. AdS/CFT Tested by Heavy Quark Energy Loss
William HorowitzColumbia University
Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS)August 31, 2007
With many thanks to Miklos Gyulassy, Simon Wicks, and Ivan Vitev
arXiv:0706.2336 (LHC predictions)
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
28/31/07
William Horowitz
QCD Calculations
Lattice QCD pQCD
• All momenta• Euclidean correlators
• Any quantity• Small coupling
Previously only two tools:
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
38/31/07
William Horowitz
Maldacena ConjectureLarge Nc limit of d-dimensional conformal field theory dual to string theory on the product of d+1-dimensional Anti-de Sitter space with a compact manifold
3+1 SYM
z = 0
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
48/31/07
William Horowitz
Regime of Applicability– Large Nc, constant ‘t Hooft coupling
( )Small quantum corrections
– Large ‘t Hooft couplingSmall string vibration corrections
– Only tractable case is both limits at onceClassical supergravity (SUGRA)t
xQ, m
v
D7 Probe Brane
D3 Black Brane(horizon)
3+1D Brane Boundary
Q.M. SSYM
=> C.M. SNG
Black Holez = 0
zh = T
zm = 2m / 1/2
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
58/31/07
William Horowitz
Strong Coupling Calculation
• The supergravity double conjecture:
QCD SYM IIB
– IF super Yang-Mills (SYM) is not too different from QCD, &
– IF Maldacena conjecture is true– Then a tool exists to calculate
strongly-coupled QCD in SUGRA
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
68/31/07
William Horowitz
Connection to Experimenta.k.a. the Reality Check for Theory
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
78/31/07
William Horowitz
pQCD Success at RHIC:
– Consistency: RAA()~RAA()
– Null Control: RAA()~1
– GLV Prediction: Theory~Data for reasonable fixed L~5 fm and dNg/dy~dN/dy
Y. Akiba for the PHENIX collaboration, hep-ex/0510008
(circa 2005)
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
88/31/07
William Horowitz
• e- RAA too small
M. Djorjevic, M. Gyulassy, R. Vogt, S. Wicks, Phys. Lett. B632:81-86 (2006)
• wQGP not ruled out, but what if we try strong coupling?
D. Teaney, Phys. Rev. C68, 034913 (2003)
• Hydro /s too small • v2 too large
A. Drees, H. Feng, and J. Jia, Phys. Rev. C71:034909 (2005)(first by E. Shuryak, Phys. Rev. C66:027902 (2002))
Trouble for wQGP Picture
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
98/31/07
William Horowitz
• Mach wave-like structures• sstrong=(3/4) sweak, similar to Lattice• /sAdS/CFT ~ 1/4 << 1 ~ /spQCD• e- RAA ~ , RAA; e- RAA()
T. Hirano and M. Gyulassy, Nucl. Phys. A69:71-94 (2006)
Qualitative AdS/CFT Successes:
PHENIX, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 172301 (2007)
J. P. Blaizot, E. Iancu, U. Kraemmer, A. Rebhan, hep-ph/0611393
AdS/CFT
S. S. Gubser, S. S. Pufu, and A. Yarom, arXiv:0706.0213
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
108/31/07
William Horowitz
Quantitative AdS/CFT with Jets• Langevin model
– Collisional energy loss for heavy quarks– Restricted to low pT
– pQCD vs. AdS/CFT computation of D, the diffusion coefficient
• ASW model– Radiative energy loss model for all parton species– pQCD vs. AdS/CFT computation of– Debate over its predicted magnitude
• ST drag calculation– Drag coefficient for a massive quark moving through
a strongly coupled SYM plasma at uniform T– not yet used to calculate observables: let’s do it!
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
118/31/07
William Horowitz
– Use LHC’s large pT reach and identification of c and b to distinguish between pQCD, AdS/CFT• RAA ~ (1-(pT))n(pT), where pf = (1-)pi (i.e. = 1-pf/pi)• Asymptotic pQCD momentum loss:
• String theory drag momentum loss:
– Independent of pT and strongly dependent on Mq!– T2 dependence in exponent makes for a very sensitive probe
– Expect: pQCD 0 vs. AdS indep of pT!!• dRAA(pT)/dpT > 0 => pQCD; dRAA(pT)/dpT < 0 => ST
rad s L2 log(pT/Mq)/pT
Looking for a Robust, Detectable Signal
ST 1 - Exp(- L), = T2/2Mq
S. Gubser, Phys.Rev.D74:126005 (2006); C. Herzog et al. JHEP 0607:013,2006
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
128/31/07
William Horowitz
Model Inputs– AdS/CFT Drag: nontrivial mapping of QCD to SYM
• “Obvious”: s = SYM = const., TSYM = TQCD
– D/2T = 3 inspired: s = .05– pQCD/Hydro inspired: s = .3 (D/2T ~ 1)
• “Alternative”: = 5.5, TSYM = TQCD/31/4
• Start loss at thermalization time 0; end loss at Tc
– WHDG convolved radiative and elastic energy loss• s = .3
– WHDG radiative energy loss (similar to ASW)• = 40, 100
– Use realistic, diffuse medium with Bjorken expansion
– PHOBOS (dNg/dy = 1750); KLN model of CGC (dNg/dy = 2900)
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
138/31/07
William Horowitz
– Unfortunately, large suppression pQCD similar to AdS/CFT– Large suppression leads to flattening– Use of realistic geometry and Bjorken expansion allows saturation below .2– Significant rise in RAA(pT) for pQCD Rad+El– Naïve expectations born out in full numerical calculation: dRAA(pT)/dpT > 0 => pQCD; dRAA(pT)/dpT < 0 => ST
LHC c, b RAA pT Dependence
– LHC Prediction Zoo: What a Mess!– Let’s go through step by step
WH, M. Gyulassy, nucl-th/0706.2336
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
148/31/07
William Horowitz
An Enhanced Signal• But what about the interplay
between mass and momentum?– Take ratio of c to b RAA(pT)
• pQCD: Mass effects die out with increasing pT
– Ratio starts below 1, asymptotically approaches 1. Approach is slower for higher quenching
• ST: drag independent of pT, inversely proportional to mass. Simple analytic approx. of uniform medium gives
RcbpQCD(pT) ~ nbMc/ncMb ~ Mc/Mb ~ .27– Ratio starts below 1; independent of pT
RcbpQCD(pT) 1 - s n(pT) L2 log(Mb/Mc) ( /pT)
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
158/31/07
William Horowitz
LHC RcAA(pT)/Rb
AA(pT) Prediction
• Recall the Zoo:
– Taking the ratio cancels most normalization differences seen previously– pQCD ratio asymptotically approaches 1, and more slowly so for
increased quenching (until quenching saturates)– AdS/CFT ratio is flat and many times smaller than pQCD at only
moderate pT
WH, M. Gyulassy, nucl-th/0706.2336
WH, M. Gyulassy, nucl-th/0706.2336
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
168/31/07
William Horowitz
But There’s a Catch
– Speed limit estimate for applicability of AdS/CFT drag computation• < crit = (1 + 2Mq/1/2 T)2
~ 4Mq2/(T2)
– Limited by Mcharm ~ 1.2 GeV
– Ambiguous T for QGP• smallest crit for largest
T = T(0, x=y=0): (O)
• largest crit for smallest T = Tc: (|)D3 Black Brane
D7 Probe Brane Q
Worldsheet boundary Spacelikeif > crit
TrailingString
“Brachistochrone”
“z”
x5
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
178/31/07
William Horowitz
LHC RcAA(pT)/Rb
AA(pT) Prediction(with speed limits)
– T(0): (O), corrections unlikely for smaller momenta
– Tc: (|), corrections likely for higher momenta
WH, M. Gyulassy, nucl-th/0706.2336
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
188/31/07
William Horowitz
Measurement at RHIC– Future detector upgrades will allow for
identified c and b quark measurements
y=0
RHIC
LHC
• • NOT slowly varying
– No longer expect pQCD dRAA/dpT > 0
• Large n requires corrections to naïve
Rcb ~ Mc/Mb
– RHIC production spectrum significantly harder than LHC
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
198/31/07
William Horowitz
RHIC c, b RAA pT Dependence
• Large increase in n(pT) overcomes reduction in E-loss and makes pQCD dRAA/dpT < 0, as well
WH, M. Gyulassy, to be published
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
208/31/07
William Horowitz
RHIC Rcb Ratio
• Wider distribution of AdS/CFT curves due to large n: increased sensitivity to input parameters
• Advantage of RHIC: lower T => higher AdS speed limits
pQCD
AdS/CFT
pQCD
AdS/CFT
WH, M. Gyulassy, to be published
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
218/31/07
William Horowitz
Conclusions• Year 1 of LHC could show qualitative differences
between energy loss mechanisms:– dRAA(pT)/dpT > 0 => pQCD; dRAA(pT)/dpT < 0 => ST
• Ratio of charm to bottom RAA, Rcb, will be an important observable
– Ratio is: flat in ST; approaches 1 from below in pQCD partonic E-loss– A measurement of this ratio NOT going to 1 will be a clear
sign of new physics: pQCD predicts ~ 2-3 times increase in Rcb by 30 GeV—this can be observed in year 1 at LHC
• Measurement at RHIC will be possible– AdS/CFT calculations applicable to higher momenta than at
LHC due to lower medium temperature
• Universality of pQCD and AdS/CFT Dependencies?
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
228/31/07
William Horowitz
Additional Discerning Power
– Adil-Vitev in-medium fragmentation rapidly approaches, and then broaches, 1» Does not include partonic energy loss, which will be nonnegligable as ratio goes to unity
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
238/31/07
William Horowitz
Conclusions (cont’d)• Additional c, b PID Goodies:
– Adil Vitev in-medium fragmentation results in a much more rapid rise to 1 for Rc
AA/RbAA with the
possibility of breaching 1 and asymptotically approaching 1 from above
– Surface emission models (although already unlikely as per v2(pT) data) predict flat in pT c, b RAA, with a ratio of 1
– Moderately suppressed radiative only energy loss shows a dip in the ratio at low pT; convolved loss is monotonic. Caution: in this regime, approximations are violated
– Mach cone may be due to radiated gluons: from pQCD the away-side dip should widen with increasing parton mass
• Need for p+A control
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
248/31/07
William Horowitz
Backups
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
258/31/07
William Horowitz
LHC Predictions
WH, S. Wicks, M. Gyulassy, M. Djordjevic, in preparation
• Our predictions show a significant increase in RAA as a function of pT
• This rise is robust over the range of predicted dNg/dy for the LHC that we used
• This should be compared to the flat in pT curves of AWS-based energy loss (next slide)
• We wish to understand the origin of this difference
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
268/31/07
William HorowitzWH, S. Wicks, M. Gyulassy, M. Djordjevic, in preparation
Asymptopia at the LHCAsymptotic pocket formulae:Erad/E 3 Log(E/2L)/EEel/E 2 Log((E T)1/2/mg)/E
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
278/31/07
William Horowitz
Langevin Model– Langevin equations (assumes v ~ 1 to
neglect radiative effects):
– Relate drag coef. to diffusion coef.:– IIB Calculation:
• Use of Langevin requires relaxation time be large compared to the inverse temperature:
AdS/CFT here
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
288/31/07
William Horowitz
But There’s a Catch (II)• Limited experimental pT reach?
– ATLAS and CMS do not seem to be limited in this way (claims of year 1 pT reach of ~100 GeV) but systematic studies have not yet been performed
ALICE Physics Performance Report, Vol. II
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
298/31/07
William Horowitz
K. J. Eskola, H. Honkanen, C. A. Salgado, and U. A. Wiedemann, Nucl. Phys. A747:511:529 (2005)
A. Dainese, C. Loizides, G. Paic, Eur. Phys. J. C38:461-474 (2005)
K. J. Eskola, H. Honkanen, C. A. Salgado, and U. A. Wiedemann, Nucl. Phys. A747:511:529 (2005)
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
308/31/07
William Horowitz
Introduction to Jargon
pT
Naïvely: if medium has no effect, then RAA = 1
Common variables used are transverse momentum, pT, and angle with respect to the reaction plane,
Common to Fourier expand RAA:
Nuclear Theory/RIKEN Seminar
318/31/07
William Horowitz
Geometry of a HI Collision
Medium density and jet production are wide, smooth distributions
Use of unrealistic geometries strongly bias results
M. Gyulassy and L. McLerran, Nucl.Phys.A750:30-63,2005
1D Hubble flow => () ~ 1/=> T() ~ 1/1/3
S. Wicks, WH, M. Djordjevic, M. Gyulassy, Nucl.Phys.A784:426-442,2007