8th Grade Physical Science Review Sheet KEY SOL PS.1 ...€¦ · SOL PS.5 – Changes in Matter 1. What are changes in size, shape, or phase called? Physical changes 2. What are changes

8th Grade Physical Science Review Sheet KEY

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SOL PS.1 – Scientific Investigation

1. The general process used by scientists to answer questions is called? The Scientific Method 2. What steps are followed in this process? Problem/Question, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Organize/Analysis, Conclusion, Communicate/Report Results 3. What phrase can you use to remember the steps of the scientific method? People Really Hate Elephants On Compact Cars. 4. All scientific knowledge, including theories and laws, are based on? Evidence (experimental data and/or repeated observations) 5. Complete the statement describing the difference between a scientific law and a scientific theory:

a. A ____ is a well-tested general explanation for repeated observations. Theory b. A _____ is a statement that describes a repeated pattern in nature. Law

6. An opinion or error which might affect the results of a research project or experiment, is called? Bias 7. How can you avoid bias in an experiment? Control variables, perform multiple trials (repetition), have a different scientist repeat the experiment (replication). 8. Name each component of a controlled experiment, described below.

a. The variable the scientist changes, the “cause” of any observed or measured change: independent/manipulated variable b. The variable that changes as a result of what the scientist did, or the “effect”: dependent/responding variable c. Other factors that might affect the experiment, which are kept the same by the scientist: constants/controlled variables

9. What is the name for a group or trial in an experiment which does not receive treatment (the independent variable is not changed)? control group 10. Name each variable for the following hypothesis: “If I water my plants more frequently than once per week, they will grow taller.”

a. Independent variable: Frequency of watering b. Dependent variable: Plant height c. Constants: Type of soil, amount of sunlight, type of plant, etc. d. Control group: Watered once per week (the usual amount)

11. What is the name for the measurement system used by scientists all over the world? System International (SI) 12. Name the quantity described by each statement, identify the appropriate SI unit, and list tools used to measure it.

a. The amount of matter in an object: Mass, Kilogram, Balance

8th Grade Physical Science Review Sheet

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b. The force of gravity on an object: Weight, Newton, Spring Scale c. The amount of space an object takes up: Volume, Liter or Cubic Centimeter, Graduated Cylinder or Ruler. d. The distance between two points. Length, Meter, Ruler or Meter Stick

e. The average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance. Temperature, Kelvin (or degrees Celsius) Thermometer f. The amount of matter contained in a given volume. Density, g/mL or cubic centimeter, graduated cylinder or ruler and balance.

13. Define each metric prefix:

a. kilo (k) – 1,000 b. hecto (h) – 100 c. deka (da) – 10 d. deci (d) – 0.1 e. centi (c) – 0.01 f. milli (m) – 0.001 g. micro (µ) – 0.000001 h. nano (n) - 0.000000001

14. How can you remember the metric prefixes from largest to smallest? King Henry Died by Drinking Chocolate Milk

15. List all equivalent measurements for 3.2 grams. a. 0.0032 kg

b. 0.032 hg

c. 0.32 dag

d. 3.2 g

e. 32 dg

f. 320 cg

g. 3200 mg 16. Complete each statement describing the proper setup of a data table:

a. The values of the independent variable are listed on the _____ column. far left b. The values of the dependent variable for each experimental trial are listed in the ____ columns. Middle c. The average values for the dependent variable are listed in the ____ column.

far right 17. List the proper axes on which to graph your variables:

a. independent variable: x-axis

b. dependent variable: y-axis

18. How can you remember the proper way to construct a graph from a data table? DRY MIX – Dependent/Responding on Y-axis, Manipulated/Independent on X-axis


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19. Identify the proper type of graph for each type of data:

a. Relationship between variables (ex: change in plant height over time): line graph or scatter plot

b. Categories of data (ex: population of

various species in a national park): bar graph or line plot

c. Tally occurrence of events or repeated

data (ex: number of students whose grades fall between various values): frequency distribution or histogram

d. Show percentages or parts of a whole:

circle graph, aka pie chart

20. Name the descriptive statistic that is described by each statement of how to calculate:

a. Add all values and divide by the total

number of values: Mean (average) b. List values in numerical order and find the middle number or average of the two middle: Median c. The most frequently occurring value: Mode d. Subtract the smallest value from the largest: Range

21. Calculate the descriptive statistics for the following data: 10, 12, 9, 7, 8, 10, 11, 10, 12, 16

a. Mean: 10.5 b. Median: 10 c. Mode: 10 d. Range: 9

22. A number that does not fit the data is called? An outlier/anomalous data *Which value does not fit the data above? 16 23. Something that is constructed or created to describe or explain an object or process that cannot be directly observed is called? A model 24. List some examples: Atomic model, food chain/web, solar system models 25. In a scale model of the solar system, one cm = 1,00,000 km. If the actual distance from Earth to the Sun is 150,000,000 km, how many centimeters apart should they be in the replica? 150 cm 26. Write the number 150,000 in proper scientific notation. 1.50 x 105

27. Identify each lab safety symbol pictured below. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

a. Harmful

b. Explosive c. Corrosive d. Toxic e. Biohazard f. Radioactive g. Danger h. Flammable


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28. What are some safety procedures you should follow while heating a test-tube of unknown liquid? Wear goggles, gloves, and a lab coat or apron, Do not directly smell the liquid fumes, Do not point the container at others or yourself.

SOL PS.2 – Classifying Matter

1. Anything that has mass and takes up space is called? Matter 2. All matter is made up of tiny particles called? Atoms 3. A pure substance made up of only one type of atom is called an? Element 4. Two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio form a pure substance called a? Compound 5. Two or more substances physically combined in NO fixed ratio form a? Mixture 6. List an example of each:

a. Element: Zinc, Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen

b. Compound: Water, Carbon Dioxide, Glucose

c. Mixture: Iced tea, Coca Cola, Air, Steel

7. What are the four phases of matter that can be observed in nature? Solid, liquid, gas, plasma 8. Matter with no shape or volume? Gas

9. Matter with volume and no shape? Liquid 10. Matter with shape and volume? Solid 11. What is the name for the matter found in the sun and other starts that acts as a superheated ionized gas? Plasma 12. What element is found in all organic compounds? Carbon 13. Compounds that generally do not contain carbon are – Inorganic 14. Two exceptions to this rule are – Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide 15. Identify each substance as an acid, base, or neutral based on its properties.

a. pH < 7 Acid

b. pH of exactly 7 Neutral

c. pH > 7 Base

d. Tastes Bitter Base

e. Tastes Sour Acid

f. Turns litmus paper redà Acid

g. Turns litmus paper blueà Base

h. Formula starts with H/releases H+ ions in water Acid

i. Formula ends with a OH/releases OH- ions in water Base


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16. What is formed when an acid reacts with a base? Salt and water 17. Characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing an object into a new substance are called - Physical properties 18. Characteristics that that can only be observed by causing substance to change into a new substance are called - Chemical properties 19. Some examples of physical properties include: shape, density, solubility, odor, melting point, boiling point, and color 20. List some examples of chemical properties: acidity, basicity, combustibility, and reactivity

SOL PS.3 – Atomic Structure 1. Which scientist developed the first working model of that atom as a solid sphere? Dalton 2. Which scientist discovered electrons and thought they were scattered throughout atoms like plums in pudding? Thomson 3. Which scientist discovered that atoms have a nucleus? Rutherford 4. Which scientist stated the electrons circled the nucleus of the atom in fixed orbits with different energies? Bohr 5. Which scientist proposed the most accurate 3-D model of the atom in which electrons are loosely grouped around the nucleus in energy levels or “clouds”? Schrodinger

6. What are two names for this model? Electron cloud model, Quantum mechanical model 7. What phrase can you use to remember the atomic theory scientists in order? Don’t Try Running Before School 8. What is the dense central region of the atom called? Nucleus 9. What is the positively charged particle in the nucleus? Proton 10. What is the particle with no charge in the nucleus? Neutron 11. What is the negatively charged particle found in energy levels (shells) outside of the nucleus? Electron 12. What are particles that make up the protons and neutrons called? Quarks

SOL PS.4 – The Periodic Table

1. What makes every element on the Periodic Table unique? # of protons (atomic #) 2. There are 118 known elements on the Periodic Table. The first 92 are found in nature. Where are the rest produced? In laboratories 3. What determines the arrangement and identity of the elements on the Periodic Table? # of protons (atomic #) 4. What are the 18 columns on the Periodic Table called? Groups or families


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5. What are the 7 rows on the Periodic Table called? Periods 6. Elements in the same family have similar properties. What else do they normally have in common that has a major effect on chemical bonding? Valence electrons 7. How are all of the elements on the right side of the staircase plus Hydrogen classified? Nonmetals 8. How are all of the elements on the left side of the staircase plus Aluminum classified? Metals 9. How are all of the elements on the staircase except Aluminum classified? Metalloids 10. What type of bond is formed when two nonmetals share electrons? Covalent bond 11. What type of bond is formed when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal? Ionic bond 12. What is an atom that gains or loses electrons called? Ion 13. What is an atom that gains or loses neutrons called? Isotope 14. What tells you the number of atoms of each type in a chemical compound? Subscript 15. Answer the questions below using the periodic table.

a. How many protons does Aluminum have? 13

b. Aluminum has an atomic number of 13

c. Aluminum has an atomic mass of 26.98 d. How many neutrons does Aluminum have? 14

e. How many electrons does Aluminum have? 13

SOL PS.5 – Changes in Matter

1. What are changes in size, shape, or phase called? Physical changes 2. What are changes that produce new substances called? Chemical changes 3. What law states the total amount of matter remains the same before and after a chemical reaction? Law of conservation of mass 4. Which law states that energy only changes forms during a reaction and is never created or destroyed? Law of conservation of energy 4. What is a reaction that absorbs energy called? Endothermic reaction 5. What is a reaction that releases energy called? Exothermic reaction 6. How can you speed up or slow down an chemical reaction? Change the surface area/volume ratio


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7. Label the parts of the following chemical equation: a. 4Al + 3O2 è 2Al2O3

a. coefficient

b. subscript

c. reactants

d. products

8. What type of change splits an atomic nucleus? Nuclear fission 9. What type of change combines two atomic nuclei? Nuclear fusion 10. What is the biggest advantage of using nuclear fission to produce electricity? It changes a small amount of matter into a large supply of energy. 11. What is the biggest problem with nuclear energy? Storage of nuclear waste

SOL PS.6 - Energy

1. What is the ability to do work or cause change? Energy 2. What is stored energy based on position or chemical composition is called? Potential energy 3. What is the energy of motion, dependent on mass and velocity, is called? Kinetic energy 4. Identify the examples of each additional form of energy.

a. Fire, Visible Light à Radiant (light)

b. Friction, Radiator à thermal (heat) c. The Sun’s core, Atomic Bombà Nuclear energy c. Food, Fuel, Batteries, Plantsà Chemical d. Machines, Wind, Water, Soundà Mechanical e. Circuits, Lightening, Solar Cellsà Electrical

5. Via which form is some energy always lost to the environment during an energy transformation? Thermal energy 6. What energy transformation takes place in each example

a. Photosynthesis? Lightàchemical b. Flashlight? chemicalàelectricalàlight c. Toaster Oven electrical à heat d. Hydroelectric power plant Potential à Kinetic à Mechanical à Electrical e. Campfire Chemical à Thermal & radiant

SOL PS.7 – Thermal Energy

1. What is the transfer of thermal energy between substances of different temperatures? Heat

b.

d. c.


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2. What is the average kinetic energy of particle motion? Temperature 3. What two things affect the thermal energy of an object? Temperature and mass (size) 4. What is name for the temperature at which all molecular activity stops? Absolute zero 5. What is this temperature in Kelvin and degrees Celsius? 0 K, -273 oC 6. What is the metric unit for temperature? Celsius

a. What is the freezing point of water on this scale? 0oC b. What is the boiling point of water on this scale? 100oC

7. Which temperature scale is used in the SI system? Kelvin

a. How do you convert temperatures in degrees Celsius to temperature in this scale? oC + 273 b. How do you convert temperatures on this scale into degrees Celsius? K – 273

8. During a phase change (freezing, melting, condensation, vaporization) what happens to the temperature? Nothing – it does not change.

9. Identify each type of heat transfer: a. Heat transfer by direct contact? Conduction b. Heat transfer through circulating fluids? Convection c. Heat transfer through outer space? Radiation

10. Identify each example of heat transfer.

a. Burning your hand on the stove. Conduction b. Water warm rises while it boils on a stove. Convection

c. The transfer of heat from the sun to Earth. Radiation

11. How does particle motion in a substance change when it is heated? Particles move faster and spread farther apart 12. How do the particles in a substance move when it is cooled? Slower and closer together

SOL PS.8 – Sound

1. How are sound waves produced? By vibrations 2. What travels faster sound or light? Light 3. What happens to the speed of sound if the temperature or the density increases? Speed of sound increases 4. Sound cannot travel without a - Matter (a medium) 5. Does sound travel faster in the air or water? Water


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6. What type of wave is a sound wave? Compression (longitudinal) 7. What part of a sound wave is the wave is pressed together? Compression 8. What part of a sound wave is the wave spread apart? Rarefaction 9. What is the distance from like points on a wave called? Wavelength 10. What term describes how often the waves pass by? Frequency 11. What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency? Wavelength increases and frequency decreases 12. What property results in a sound wave bouncing and allows echolocation, SONAR, ultrasound, and sonograms to function? Reflection 13. What is the term for an objecting vibrating at its own natural frequency? (Tuning fork) Resonance 14. What is it called when two waves interact (overlap) and combine? a. To create a larger wave: constructive interference b. To create a smaller wave: destructive interference

15. Label the parts of a sound wave.

x. compression y. rarefaction z. wavelength

16. Frequency determines __a___ whereas amplitude determines __b__.

a. Pitch

b. intensity (loudness) 17. Sounds above the range of human hearing are called? Ultrasound 18. Identify the technological uses of ultrasounds:

A. To detect objects underwater Sonar

B. To view inside the human body

Ultrasonography (Sonogram)

SOL PS.9 - Light

1. What type of wave is a light wave? Transverse 2. Does light travel faster in the air or water? Air


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3. Label the parts of a light wave.

a. crest

b. trough

c. wavelength

d. amplitude

e. wave height

f. line of origin/rest position

4. What is the term for a light wave bending as it changes speeds? (Light does this as it moves from air to water.) Refraction 5. What is the term for a wave bending around an obstacle? Diffraction 6. What are the three lowest-energy parts of the electromagnetic spectrum? Radio, microwave, infrared 7. What colors form the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum? Red, orange, yellow, green, blue indigo, and violet 8. What are the three highest-energy parts of the electromagnetic spectrum? UV rays, X-rays, & Gamma rays 9. Which part of the spectrum has the longest wavelength, lowest frequency, and least energy? Radio waves 10. Which part of the spectrum has the shortest wavelength, highest frequency, and highest energy?

Gamma rays 11. How can you remember the waves of the electromagnetic spectrum in order from longest to shortest wavelength/lowest to highest energy? Reggae Moms In Vegas Play Xylophones Gladly 12. What properties change as you move across the spectrum and create the different types of light waves? Wavelength decreases; frequency increases 13. The bouncing back of light as it hits an object it cannot pass through is called – Reflection 14. What is the relationship between the angle of incidence (light entry) and the angle of reflection? They are equal 15. What type of device is design to reflect light to produce an image? A mirror 16. Which type of mirror produces a smaller, upright (virtual) image? Concave mirror 17. Which type of mirror can produce both a larger, upright (virtual) image or an inverted (real) image? Convex mirror 18. Which type of mirror produces an upright, same-sized image with right and left sides reversed? Plane mirror 19. The bending of a light wave as it passes through an object and changes speed is called? Refraction 20. Lenses always refract light. What is light always refracted towards? The thickest part of the lens 21. Which type of lens creates a smaller, upright (virtual) image?


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Convex lens 22. Which type of lens creates a larger, upright (virtual) image or a smaller inverted (real) image? Concave lens 23. Describe how light is transmitted through each type of object: A. Transparent-

All light passes through to form a clear image

B. Translucent- Some light passes through to form a fuzzy image

C. Opaque- No light passes through, forms no image

24. What determines the color of an object? Wavelengths of light reflected vs. absorbed 25. The bending and spreading of light as it moves through a barrier or around an opening is called – Diffraction

SOL PS.10 – Forces and Motion

1. What is the distance an object travels in a given time (always has a positive value)? Speed 2. What describes both speed and direction (can have a positive or negative value)? Velocity 3. What describes the change in velocity over time (can have a positive or negative value)? Acceleration 4. What are the three ways to accelerate? Speed up (positive acceleration), slow down (negative acceleration), or change direction 5. Why is an object constantly accelerating if it is traveling in a circular motion?

It’s always changing direction 6. What is the acceleration of an object moving at a constant velocity in the same dire action? Zero 7. What is the amount of matter in an object called? Mass 8. What is a measure of the force of gravity acting on an object called? Weight 9. Contrast mass and weight and give SI units:

A. Mass is determined by ___ and measured in ___. Amount of matter, kilograms B. Weight is determined by ___ and measured in ____. Newtons

10. What is the name for a push or pull on an object? Force 11. The sum of all pushes and pulls on a object is called? Net Force 12. Motion occurs when there are? Unbalanced forces on an object 13. What is the unit for force? Newton 14. Identify Newton’s Laws of Motion:

A. An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will remain at rest until an unbalanced net force is applied. Newton’s First Law (Law of Inertia)

B. Force = Mass x Acceleration

Newton’s Second Law


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C. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Newton’s Third Law

15. Identify each example of Newton’s Laws in action:

A. Without your seatbelt, you will fly into the windshield when your driver slams on the brakes Newton’s First Law B. A full shopping cart requires more mass to push than an empty one Newton’s Second Law C. A rocket engine fires downward to lift the rocket

Newton’s Third Law 16. What are the two conditions needed to do work? Force and motion 17. How do you calculate work? Force x Distance 18. What is an object designed to make work easier? A simple machine 19. What type of simple machine is a ramp? Inclined plane 20. An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder is called a – Screw 21. What type of simple machine is used to operate a flagpole? Pulley 22. What type of simple machine are a rake, scissors, and see-saw? Lever 23. What is a fulcrum? The point around which the lever pivots

24. How do you determine the Mechanical Advantage of a machine? Force output/Force input 25. Why is the Efficiency of a machine always less than 100%? (Work Output less than Work Input) The loss of energy as heat due to friction 26. What formula describes the speed with which work is done? Power = Work / Time 27. What are two ways to increase power? Complete the same amount of work in less time or complete more work in the same about of time 28. Identify what each derived unit measures:

A. km/h or m/s: Speed

B. km/h/s or m/s2: Acceleration

C. km/h due west: Velocity

D. kg/m*s2 or N: Force

E. N*m or J: Work F. J/s or W:

Power

SOL PS.11 – Electricity and Magnetism

1. What does the flow of electrons create? Electric current 2. What is the force that opposes electric current? Resistance 3. Resistance in a circuit usually produces what two things (think of a light bulb)? Heat and light


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4. What is the buildup of electric charges due to friction called? Static electricity 5. What is a circuit with only one path called? Series circuit 6. What is a circuit with more than one path called? Parallel circuit 7. Which circuit will not work if there is one break in the circuit? Series circuit 8. Identify each circuit below.

A. parallel B. series 9. What is a current that flows back and forth? Alternating current 10. What is a current that flows in one direction? Direct current 11. What is the energy of the current as measured in volts? Voltage 12. What are substances with low resistance that allow electric current to flow called? (Examples include copper and most other metals) Conductors

13. What are substances with high resistance that do not allow electricity to flow called? (Examples: rubber, plastic, glass, and most other non-metals) Insulators 14. A substance that sometimes acts as a conductor and sometimes acts as an insulator is known as a - Semiconductor 15. A semiconductor device that acts like a one-way valve to control the flow of electric current is a - Diode 16. Diodes which produce DC current when struck by visible light are found in - Solar cells 17. Diodes which produce light when current passes through them are called – LED’s (light emitting diodes) 18. What are some devices you use every day that use LED’s? TV remote transmitters, the screens of your computer, TV, or iPad. 19. Semiconductor devices that are used to amplify electrical signals in radios and steroids or to turn the flow of electricity on or off are called – Transistors 20. Many semiconductor devices contain which element? Silicon 21. What is created when electrical domains align in certain metals (Nickel, Cobalt, or Iron)? Magnetism 22. What do opposite electrical charges or magnetic poles do? Attract 23. What do like electrical charges or magnetic poles do? Repel


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24. Where is a magnet the strongest? At the poles 25. What are the 3 ways electricity and magnetism are related? a. they both have fields b. they both have the same rules of attraction c. they can create each other 26. A temporary magnet created when electrical current passes through a wire is called an – Electromagnet 27. What are the three parts of an electromagnet? Power source (battery), solenoid (coil), and core 28. What are three ways you can strengthen an electromagnet? Bigger core, more coils of wire around the core, more conductive wire (thicker or more conductive material) 29. What device uses an electromagnet to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy? Electric motors 30. What device uses an electromagnet to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy? Generator 31. What does each unit measure? A. watts (W) – electrical power

B. volts (V) - voltage C. amps (A) - current D. Ohms (Ω) - resistance E. kWh – electrical energy consumption

32. Complete the following statements about the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance (V=I x R):

a. As current increases, resistance ______ for the same voltage. Decreases

b. As voltage increases, resistance _______ for the same amount of current. Increases c. As resistance increases, current

_______ for the same voltage. Decreases

d. As resistance increases, voltage ______ for the same amount of current. Increases

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8th Grade Physical Science Review Sheet KEY SOL PS.1 ...€¦ · SOL PS.5 – Changes in Matter 1. What are changes in size, shape, or phase called? Physical changes 2. What are changes