8th Grade Social Studies STAAR Review DATES ______ - ________________, this document signed by King John of England, gave us the idea for Trial by Jury. ______ - ________________, discovered the New World in search for a western route to Asia. ______ – was founded: 1st _____________ ___________ settlement in North America. ______ - Mayflower Compact was signed by the Pilgrims establishing self-government in Plymouth. ______ – ________________________________ was written and signed: Written by ______________ ___________________, it listed charges against the British King and declared the British colonies free and independent from Great Britain and named them the United States of America. ______ – Philadelphia Convention (also called the ________________ Convention): Delegates met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to revise the _____________ _____ ___________________; instead they wrote an entirely new constitution and formed a new government. ______ – Louisiana Purchase: Land purchased by Thomas ______________ from ___________ for $___ million and ____________ the size of the U.S. The land stretches from the Mississippi River in the East to the Rocky Mountains in the west. ______ – ______ – Civil War: War between the North (Union) and ________________ (__________________) over States’ Rights and _____________ in the South. PEOPLE Samuel Adams – Boston patriot who was against British Taxation policies. He organized the ____________________ _____ __________________ (small groups throughout the colonies who shared information with one another), and the ____________ _____ __________________ (who organized the Boston Tea Party), and he participated in the Continental Congress. Benjamin Franklin – Philadelphia patriot; scientist, artist (he drew the “Join or Die” political cartoon known as the _______________ ___________ ______ ______________); served in the Continental _______________; wrote Poor Richard’s Almanac, helped write the Declaration of Independence and Constitution; negotiated a treaty with France after Saratoga. King George III - King of England during the __________________ _________________. _____________ ______________ - Patriot from Virginia; he was a strong supporter of the Colonial Army; he was influential in getting support for the Patriot cause from Virginia; After the war he was an outspoken ______________________ and would not vote for the Constitution without a __________ _____ ___________; famous for his “GIVE ME LIBERTY OR GIVE ME DEATH!” speech. _____________ ______________ - 1st Secretary of Treasury; author of Federalist Papers; leader of Federalist Party; authored the financial plan for George Washington’s presidency (included creation of National Bank)

_____________ ______________ - writer of the Declaration of Independence, leader of the ______________-________________ (one of the first political parties) 3rd President, responsible for the __________________ Purchase and ____________________, which ended all trade with European countries in 1807. _______________ ________________ - wrote Common Sense and The Crisis; writer and patriot; he urged Americans to support the Patriot cause during the American Revolution. ____________ ______________ - Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army; President of the Constitutional Convention and 1st president of the U.S.; helped create a strong central government. ____________ _______ - founder of Pennsylvania. ___________ _________ - saved Jamestown with his “Work or Starve” policy. _____________ - this group believed in purifying the church. __________ __________ - brought a sweeter tobacco to Jamestown, this helped Jamestown to be a successful colony. Roger Williams – he along with ____________ ____________ founded the colony of Rhode Island due to their differing views with the Puritans in Massachusetts. _____________________ - this group believed in creating a government in which most powers would remain with the states; they would not approve of the Constitution until a Bill of Rights was added. _____________________ - he was the first African American to die for our countries independence, he was killed at the _______________________________, where British soldiers fired upon a crowd of colonists who were yelling insults while throwing rocks and snowballs. James Oglethorpe - he was the founder of ______________________, which was set up as a place for English ________________, people who owed money. ____________ ______________ - lawyer and patriot from Boston; defended the British soldiers after the Boston Massacre; 2nd President of the United States, responsible for the _____________________ with France, who demanded a bribe in order to stop attacking our ships. ____________ _______________ - was a former slave and served as a spy for the Continental Army during the American Revolution. His efforts were key to winning the Battle of Yorktown and ultimately ending the war. _______________ ______________ - Participated in the Continental Congress and considered the “Father of the Constitution”; He was one of three authors of the Federalist Papers; author of the “Bill of Rights”, president during the War ____ ___________. John C. Calhoun – Jackson’s Vice President from South Carolina. In 1828, he led the fight against the Tariff of ________________ which hurt the south economically. Created the Doctrine of ____________________ which said that a state could decide if a law was Constitutional – This situation became known as the __________________________________.

Henry Clay - Called the “Great __________________; helped create the Compromise of ______ and the ____________ _______________ which outlawed slavery anywhere north of Missouri’s southern border; helped end the Nullification Crisis by suggesting the government lower the tariff. __________________________ - U.S. Senator who argued against Nullification during the ______________________________. Favored a strong National government instead of State’s Rights. Jefferson Davis – The first and only ________________ of the __________________ states of America. Ulysses S. Grant – led the _________________ to victory over the _________________ during the Civil War; 18th President (1868). ____________ _____ __________ - Appointed command of the Confederate Army in 1862 during the _________ _______. Despite his skill, he was forced to surrender to Ulysses S. Grant at ___________________ Courthouse in 1865. __________________ _______________ - 16th president of the US; the first Republican president; President during the Civil War; He delivered several famous speeches (Emancipation Proclamation, made real with the ______ Amendment; Gettysburg Address, etc.) John Marshall – One of the most influential Supreme Court justices; he helped establish the idea of ________________ ______________ (with the Marbury vs. Madison Court Case) which allows the Supreme Court to declare something Unconstitutional. James _______________ - 5th President; from Virginia; came up with the ______________ ______________ - very important in American foreign policy warning Europe not to interfere with any nation in the Americas (Western Hemisphere or Latin America). _____________ _____________ _________ - wrote the Star Spangled Banner during the War of 1812. ______________ _____________ - first African American to receive the Medal of Honor. ______________ _____________ - 1st president to be impeached, became president after Lincoln was assassinated. _____________ ______________ - Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the Red Cross. _____________ & ________ __________ - these two men heavily influenced Thomas Jefferson and the writing of the Declaration of Independence. Instead of “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness”, _______ _________ spoke of “Life, Liberty, and Protection of Property”. ______________ _______________ - an English judge, jurist, and professor who wrote Commentaries on the Laws of England, considered as the definitive pre-Revolutionary War source of common law. __________ _________ ___________ - credited with developing indigo as a cash crop on her family’s plantation in South Carolina. ____________ _________ - he was the first African American elected to the Senate, from the state of Mississippi.

GOVERNMENT/DOCUMENTS/LAWS ______________________ - (1215) limited the power of the King; guaranteed the right of trial by jury. _________________________________ - (1689) called for frequent elections; guaranteed right to bear arms; forbade cruel & unusual punishment; restated trial by jury. ______________________________________________ - (1619) 1st representative government in North America (started in Jamestown, VA). _____________________________ - (1620) document signed by passengers of the Mayflower in which they agree to make/follow laws for good of the colony and follow rule of law; first use of self-government in the colonies. _________________________________________ - (1639) first written constitution (FC – FC) in North America (colonies). _____________________________ - court case in the colonies which gave us the idea of freedom of press. _________________________________ - written by Benjamin Franklin urging the 13 colonies to unite for defense against the French during the French & Indian War and to unite under one government. ______________________ - pamphlet written to urge Americans to declare independence from Great Britain, written by Thomas Paine. _______________________________ - proclaimed the political independence of the colonies from Great Britain. It formally established the U.S. as an independent nation. In the document Thomas Jefferson declares that power is derived from the people and lists grievances (complaints) against the king. _______________________________ - created just before Yorktown, this was the first attempt at a national government by the American colonies; its weakness was the lack of a strong central government (state govt). _______________________________ - Congress replaced the Articles of Confederation with this Blueprint of American Government; it allows for a strong central government and became the supreme law. ______________________________ - first 10 Amendments; they guarantee individual freedoms (or unalienable rights) discussed in the Declaration of Independence. ______________________________ - passed to ensure that land in the Northwest Territory (British Cession) was settled in a peaceful and orderly way; process of creating new states; 5,000 free males and 60,000 total population. ______________________________ - series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay to gain support for the ratification of the Constitution. ______________________________________ - Washington’s speech where he criticized political party politics and wanted America to stay clear of foreign _____________.

_______________________________ - Presidential message that said Europe should not interfere in the affairs of Latin America and the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs; asserted that the western hemisphere was off limits to any further European colonization. _______________________________ - (1820) admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state; prohibited slavery north of the 36° 30’ line; balanced number of free and slave states; Henry Clay. _______________________________ - an attempt to balance free and slave states after the Mexican Cession; California made a free state; included the ________________________ stating the fugitive slaves in the North had to be returned to their owners(heavy penalties for anyone who helped an escaped slave); territories given Popular Sovereignty to decide on slavery; Henry Clay. _______________________________ - order given by Lincoln that freed slaves in Southern (Confederate) States, but not the Border States. This refocused the war as a war against slavery. Later made into a national law with the _____ Amendment. ____________-__________________ - (1854) allowed Nebraska and Kansas to decide if they wanted slavery by voting, Popular Sovereignty. _______________________________ - speech given by Lincoln; he expressed ideas about liberty, equality, and Union; “government of the people, by the people, for the people” shall not perish from the earth. COURT CASES _______________ vs._________________ - established Judicial Review; Supreme Court’s right to judge if laws are constitutional. _______________ vs. _________________ - African-Americans were not citizens; and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. _______________ vs. _________________ - ruled that only the federal government, not the states, could make laws concerning Native Americans. Meant that Georgia laws did not apply to the Cherokee Nation. _______________ vs. _________________ - state could not tax a national bank; increased power of national government. _______________ vs. _________________ - federal government had the power to regulate trade between the states. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION ________________________ - this plan was favored by the large states, there would be ______ houses in the legislative branch and representation would be based on _________________. ________________________ - this plan was favored by the small states, there would be a _____ house legislature and each state would have _____ vote per state

________________________ - an agreement between the small and large states that would call for a _____ house legislative branch, the House of Representatives would be determined by each states _____________ and the Senate would allow for each state to have ______ seats or votes. ________________________ - an agreement between the north and south concerning how the slaves should be counted for representation in the Legislative Branch. **Make a chart describing the differences between the two groups debating over the Constitution. (Be sure to include key leaders for each group) ** Federalists Anti-Federalists PRINCIPLES OF CONSTITUION _________________________ - each branch of government can use checks or controls over the others, balances power between the 3 branches. _________________________ - a system of government in which the power is divided between a central government (national) and smaller political units such as states. _________________________ - a government in which the people rule by their own consent (voting); people have the final authority in government. _________________________ - the power of voting for or electing their representatives rest solely with the people. _________________________ - government responsibilities are split into 3 separate branches. _________________________ - rule of law; even the government must adhere to the law of the land. _________________________ - rights that cannot be taken away; guaranteed to everyone; listed in the Bill of Rights; “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”.

BILL OF RIGHTS ________ Amendment - gives us freedom of speech, press, religion, petition, and assembly. ________ Amendment – trial by jury, due process of law, right to remain silent. ________ Amendment – civil trial. ________ Amendment – right to bear arms. ________ Amendment – no cruel or unusual punishment, no excessive bail. ________ Amendment – no unreasonable search or seizure. ________ Amendment – no quartering of soldiers. ________ Amendment – right to a speedy trial. ________ Amendment – rights of the people. ________ Amendment – powers reserved for the states. POLITICAL PARTIES Make a chart describing the differences between the 1st two political parties. Be sure to include the leader of each party.

Federalists Democratic-Republicans AGE OF JACKSON _____________ ______________ - 7th President; hero of the Battle of New Orleans (during the War of 1812); began new style of American Politics known as ________________ Democracy (spreading political power to all people and not just the rich and educated), formed basis of Democratic Party today.

Jackson was known as the _____________ ________ president because of his humble background and his reputation as a war hero. ___________ _____________ - practice of giving government jobs to political backers/supporters. ____________ _____________ _______ - law that called for the government to negotiate treaties that would require Native Americans to relocate west. Jackson ignored the Supreme Court ruling from ______________ vs. _____________ and forced close to 16,000 Cherokees into camps and reservations in what is modern day Oklahoma. This harsh journey of the Cherokee from their homeland to Indian Territory became known as the ____________ ____ ___________. Tariff of ___________________ - name given by the South to a bill that significantly raised the tariffs on raw materials and manufactured goods. This led to the idea that a state has the right to nullify, or reject, a federal law that it considers unconstitutional. This idea is known as the Doctrine of ___________________. South Carolina threatens to secede over the issue of tariffs and Jackson made it clear that he would use force to see that federal laws were obeyed and the Union preserved. This situation became known as the ___________________ Crisis.

Why is Jackson represented as a king in this picture?

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ______________________ - inspired from Europe, America saw its level of industry grow which encouraged __________________ (the increased migration of more people to the city from the country farm life). ______________________ - invented by Eli Whitney to remove the seeds from cotton. Led to increase in demand for slaves in the South. ______________________ - Samuel Slater established the first in America, used machines to produce cloth in large quantities.

______________________ - Eli Whitney was to produce muskets for the American Army using pieces assembled by many workers. This would increase the production of muskets and also save money for the Army. ______________________ - Robert Fulton developed, allowing people and goods to now move upstream of the Mississippi and other rivers; led to an increase in slaves in the South. ______________________ - created by John Deere, allowing farmers to more easily till the land for farming. ______________________ - Samuel B. Morse built the first practical system to send messages by wire across large distances allowing for almost instant communication. REFORMERS/REFORM MOVEMENTS ________________ - movement to end slavery. ______________ ______________ - movement to gain voting rights for women. _____________ __________ - father of public education; believed all children had the right to free education. The ___________________ movement was started by women and churches. They were hoping to make alcohol illegal due to large amounts of drunkenness and neglect by fathers and husbands. ____________ ______ - helped create hospitals and conditions for the mentally ill. ______________ __________ _______________ - Author of the ________________ ___ ______________, she spent her life seeking equal rights for women; she and Lucretia Mott organized the first women’s rights convention in ____________ _______, NY. The workers’ rights movement began to help with the horrible conditions in the factories and various jobs across America. _________________ __________________ are a group of workers who band together to seek better working conditions. ________________ ___ _______________ - built the women’s movement into a national organization. Worked hard for the right to vote, but died before ever having this right. ______________ ____________ - former slave that fought for women’s rights and the abolitionist movement; many believed she was a man. _____________ ____________ - former slave and conductor of the Underground Railroad (helped slaves escape to Canada). Frederick Douglass – He was the leading African American __________________ during the 1800s; former slave; famous speaker and writer; published ___ __________ _________, and a best-selling autobiography. William Lloyd Garrison – abolitionist, published the __________________ newspaper.

BATTLES/WARS _________________________ & _____________________ - (1775) first official battles of the American Revolution; Ralph Waldo Emerson would later write it “was the shot heard round the world”. _________________________ - (1777) turning point of the American Revolution; France joined the United States as an ally after this battle. _________________________ - (1781) last official battle of the American Revolution ending the war between the United States and the British. _________________________ - (1754 – 1763) war between the French and British fought over the Ohio River Valley and control of the fur trade in the colonies. _________________________ - (1861) first battle of the Civil War; Confederate troops launched an attack on Union forces stationed here. (1)_________________________ & (2)_____________________ - (1863) turning point battles of the Civil War; one was the last attempt by the Confederate troops to invade the north and two gave the Union forces access to the Mississippi River. _________________________ - (1865) where the Civil War officially ended; Robert E. Lee was forced to surrender to Ulysses S. Grant. Describe the major Causes (3) and Effects (3) of the War of 1812. Causes Effects _________________ _____ _____________ - last battle during the War of 1812 that helped make Andrew Jackson famous. It was fought after the war was over, but the news had been delayed. _____________ ______________ - burned down by the British during the War of 1812 when the British marched into Washington D.C. Name 3 Major Causes of the Civil War: 1. 3. 2.

ECONOMICS ________________________ - economic system in which it is a colony’s responsibility to support its mother country. ______________________ - tax placed on imported goods designed to help U.S. companies. Tax made foreign goods expensive. ______________________ - tax placed on sugar. ______________________ - taxed placed on printed documents and materials. ______________________ - tax placed on glass, paint, lead, paper, and tea. ______________________ - an economic system in which the consumer has the freedom to choose where they shop; promotes competition between businesses, ordinary people decide what to make, sell, and buy. ______________________ - tax placed on tea, this led to the _____________________________________, an event performed by the Boston Sons of Liberty resulting in over 300 chests of tea being thrown into the Boston Harbor. As a result, the colonists were punished by the English King with the passing of the __________________________, which closed the Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for and called for more troops to be housed in people’s homes. TREATIES __________________________ - officially ended the American Revolution; British recognized United States as a free and independent country and gained the British Cession (lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River). __________________________ - officially ended the French & Indian War, a war fought in the colonies between the French and British; Great Britain receives all land east of the Mississippi River. __________________________ - officially ended the War of 1812 against the British. __________________________ - a treaty signed with Spain which gave the U.S. the land acquisition of Florida. __________________________ - in this treaty, Mexico recognized that Texas was part of the United States, and the Rio Grande was the border between the two nations. Mexico also gave up a vast region of land known as the Mexican Cession. RECONSTRUCTION ________ Amendment - abolished slavery throughout the U.S. ________ Amendment – gave right of citizenship to all persons born in the U.S., even former slaves. ________ Amendment – gave voting rights to all U.S. citizens except women.

________________ __________ - this group was established by Lincoln before his death, they provided food, clothing, etc. to former slaves and poor whites. ______________ ____________ - laws intended to restrict the freedom & citizenship of former slaves in the South. _____________________ - paid rent by promising landlords some of the crop, many former slaves turned to this as a way to try and support themselves and their families after the Civil War. COLONIZATION & EXPLORATION What were the 3 reasons why Spain came to the New World? What main reason did the French have for coming to the New World? England had many reasons for exploring and settling the New World, give at least 3. What passageway were all 3 countries looking for that would allow them to travel directly west to Asia for the silk and spice trade? Name the 4 New England Colonies and describe the geography/economy in the area. 1. 3. 2. 4. Name the 4 Middle Colonies and describe the geography/economy in the area. 1. 3. 2. 4. Name the 5 Southern Colonies and describe the geography/economy in the area. 1. 4. 2. 5. 3. What was known as the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the old and new worlds? What was the Transatlantic Slave Trade? What was the name of the trip that carried the slaves?

What was the name given to the picture on the left? Who came up with this idea? What was

the purpose of this image?

REVOLUTIONARY ERA

What was meant by the phrase “no taxation without representation”?

What was meant by the phrase “the shot heard ‘round the world,” written by Ralph Waldo Emerson? What battle was

he describing and why is this battle important?

What countries fought in the French & Indian War? Who won the war, and what treaty ended this war?

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

What were the differences between loyalists and patriots?

What is this picture portraying and from whose point of view is it

describing? What is propaganda? How was this used as

propaganda?

What was Shay’s Rebellion? Describe the strengths (3) and weakness (5) of the Articles of Confederation. Why was it necessary to replace the Articles with the Constitution?

MANIFEST DESTINY Manifest Destiny - this was the name given to the idea that the U.S. was destined to expand from the ____________ Ocean to the _____________ Ocean.

Label the correct land acquisitions represented by the numbers on the map. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

What idea does this picture represent? Be sure to describe the symbolism that is throughout the picture.

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