8th National Nutrition Survey Anthropometric Surveyenutrition.fnri.dost.gov.ph/site/assets/uploads/facts/...Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures 2013 8th National Nutrition Survey

Philippine Nutrition

Facts and Figures 2013

8th

National Nutrition Survey

Anthropometric Survey

Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Department of Science and Technology

Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila

July 2015

Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures 2013

ISSN 1655-2911

NNS 2015-A002

This report summarizes the result on the Anthropometric Survey of the 8th National Nutrition Survey:

Philippines, 2013 undertaken by the Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Science

and Technology (FNRI-DOST).

Additional information on the survey may be obtained from the FNRI-DOST, DOST Compound,

Gen. Santos Avenue, Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila, Philippines 1631

Tel. Numbers: (632) 837-2071 local 2282/2296; 839-1846

Telefax: (632) 837-2934; 839-1843

Email [email protected] [email protected]

Website www.fnri.dost.gov.ph

Recommended Citation: Food and Nutrition Research Institute-Department of Science and

Technology (FNRI-DOST). (2015). Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures 2013: Anthropometric

Survey. FNRI Bldg., DOST Compound, Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila, Philippines.

i




TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Table of Contents i

Foreword ii

The 8th

National Nutrition Survey Management Team iii

Acknowledgements iv

List of Acronyms v

Operational Definition vi

List of Tables vii

List of Figures xi

List of Appendices xiv

Summary of Findings 1

1 Introduction 3

2 Methodology 4

2.1 Sampling Design 4

2.2 Scope and Coverage 4

2.3 Survey Methods 5

2.4 Survey Questionnaire 8

2.5 Ethical Review 9

2.6 NSCB/PSA Review and Approval 9

2.7 Data Processing and Analysis 9

3 Results 13

3.1 Nutritional Status of Preschool-Age Children, 0-5.0 year-old (0-60 months) 13

3.2 Nutritional Status of School-Age Children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months) 29

3.3 Nutritional Status of Children, 0-10.0 years old (0-120 months) 41

3.4 Nutritional Status of Adolescent Children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-228 months) 43

3.5 Nutritional Status of Adults, 20.0 year-old and over 53

3.5.1. Obesity among Adults, 20.0 year-old and over 59

3.6 Nutritional Status of Pregnant and Lactating Women 68

3.6.1 Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women 68

3.6.2 Nutritional Status of Lactating Women 70

3.7 Birthweight of Young children, 0-3.9 years old (0-47 months) 74

4 Conclusions and Implications 78

5 References 79

6 Appendices 80

ii




FOREWORD

As mandated in Executive Order No. 128 and 352, the Food and Nutrition Research Institute

(FNRI) incessantly conducts National Nutrition Survey every five years to define the country’s food,

nutrition, and health situation. However, over the years it has become more than just stating the

nutritional status of Filipinos. It became a way of tracking our progress towards achieving the

Millennium Development Goals of reducing poverty and hunger, and child mortality, improving

maternal health and combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other health disorders.

The NNS serves as source of data and information for program and policy makers, both in

private and public sectors, to aid in the preparation and development of interventions that would

address the malnutrition problems our country is still facing now; not just undernutrition but also the

emerging problem on overnutrition in both children and adults. Thus, we do hope that this Facts and

Figures on Anthropometric Survey will be useful and informative enough to cause initiatives that

would benefit the Filipino people. Likewise, we also hope that this will help the authorities see how

far their initial actions are reaching those in need, and if they still need to extend their efforts further.

This monograph discusses the nutritional status of Filipinos in different age groups and

physiological status and compared the prevalences from the past NNS to get a sharp view on our

progress towards eliminating malnutrition. We hope that through this, each one of us - citizens,

NGOs, and government - would be aware of our country’s nutritional status; that we are faced with

the double burden of malnutrition, and we cannot do it alone. Remember that malnutrition is

multifactorial and multifaceted; it is not just a problem of one and it cannot be solved by dealing with

only one factor. It would need the help of each one of us, private and public sectors. And as we near

the MDG end line, let us make sure that existing interventions are in full effect and are targeting the

right population. Let us make sure that we are one big step closer to reducing malnutrition.

MARIO V. CAPANZANA, Ph.D.

Director



iii




THE 8TH

NATIONAL NUTRITION SURVEY MANAGEMENT TEAM

Mario V. Capanzana, Ph.D.

Project Director

Imelda A. Agdeppa, Ph.D.

Project Leader 2012-April 2014

Cecilia Cristina Santos-Acuin, M.D., Ph.D.

Project Leader May 2014-2015

EDITORS

Mario V. Capanzana, Ph.D.

Cecilia Cristina Santos-Acuin, M.D., Ph.D.

COMPONENT STUDY LEADERS

Ma. Adrienne S. Constantino

Household Dietary Component and

Individual Dietary Component (2012-2014)

Ma. Lilibeth P. Dasco, M.S. (Applied Nutrition)

Anthropometry Component

Marina B. Vargas, Ph.D. (Human Nutrition) Individual Dietary Component

(January 2015 – Present)

Leah A. Perlas, M.S. (Human Nutrition) Biochemical Component

Eva A. Goyena, M.F.S.N.

Clinical Component

( May 2012 - May 2014)

Chona F. Patalen, M.P.H.

Clinical Component

(June 2014 – Present)

Mildred O. Guirindola, M.P.S.-F.N.P. Maternal Health and Nutrition (April 2015-

Present) and IYCF Components

Cristina G. Malabad, M.S.P.H. (Nutrition) Maternal and Health Nutrition Component

(2014 - March 2015)

Milagros C. Chavez

Government Program Participation Component

Maria Belina N. Nueva España, M.S.

(Applied Nutrition)

Food Security Component

DATA MANAGEMENT

Charmaine A. Duante, M.S. Epidemiology

(Public Health)

Head, Nutritional Statistics and Informatics Team

Glen Melvin P. Gironella

Senior Statistician

Ma. Lynell V. Maniego Statistician

Eldridge B. Ferrer, M.S.

(Applied Economics and Statistics) Statistician

Apple Joy D. Ducay

Statistician

Jeffrey Y. De Leon, M.I.T. Senior Programmer and Developer of e-DCS

Mae Ann S.A. Javier

Programmer and Developer of e-DCS

FINAL REPORT WRITERS

Ma. Lilibeth P. Dasco, M.S.A.N.

Alysya Marie D. Pedraza

Juamina Belen T. Quiogue Jannet O. Gutierez

Gerwin N. Flores

Cristilyn T. Atrero

iv




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Food and Nutrition Research Institute gratefully acknowledges the following:

The National Statistics Office (NSO) for technical assistance by providing the sampling frame of

barangays and household listings;

The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), Local Government Units (LGUs) and the

Governors, Mayors and the Barangay (village) Captains and their constituents for direct

assistance in field survey operations;

The National Nutrition Council of the Department of Health (NNC-DOH) through its Regional

Nutrition Program Coordinators (RNPCs) and Provincial/City and Municipal Nutrition Action

Officers (PNAOs/CNAOs and MNAOs) for sharing their untiring guidance and incessant

support during field data collection;

The Department of Science and Technology Regional Directors (RDs) and Provincial Science and

Technology Directors (PSTDs) for their assistance especially in the recruitment of field staff,

and conduct of training and pre-survey coordination in the regions;

Dr. Arturo Y. Pacificador, as statistical consultant, for the technical guidance in sampling design;

The FNRI’s Finance and Administrative Division staff for their invaluable support services to the

project;

All the 35,825 households and their 172,323 individuals/members for their indispensable participation

and utmost cooperation in the survey; and

All the FNRI technical and non-technical staff, local researchers, local survey aides, and numerous

others who have provided their inputs, involvement, and contribution to the fruition of the 8th

National Nutrition Survey: Philippines, 2013.

v




LIST OF ACRONYMS

ARMM Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao

BMI Body Mass Index

CALABARZON Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon

CAR Cordillera Administrative Region

CED Chronic Energy Deficiency

CI Confidence Interval

CV Coefficient of Variation

HFA Height-for-Age

LL Lower Limit

MIMAROPA Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan

NCHS National Center for Health Statistics

NCR National Capital Region

NEC Not Elsewhere Classified

NNS National Nutrition Survey

PPAN Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition

SD Standard Deviation

SE Standard Error

SOCCSKSARGEN South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani and General Santos City

UL Upper Limit

UN MDGs United Nations' Millennium Development Goals

WC Waist Circumference

WFA Weight-for-Age

WHO-CGS World Health Organization - Child Growth Standards

WHR Waist-Hip Ratio

vi




OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Birth weight (grams) refers to the actual weight of the child when he/she was delivered, usually in

kg/lbs/grams.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height; a person’s weight in kilograms

divided by the square of his height in meters (kg/m2) (WHO, 2015).

Height/Length refers to the measurement of both total stature and trunk length, which has four

components namely: legs, spine and skull. Standing height is measured for subjects who are 2

years old and above using a microtoise attached to a smooth flat surface while recumbent

length is measured for children less than 2 years old (0-23 months old) using an infantometer.

Hip Circumference refers to the distance around the largest area of the hips, usually the largest part

of the buttocks (CDC, 2007).

Hip is the widest portion of the trunk of the body.

Obesity is a BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 for adults (WHO, 2015); for children, BMI at or

above the 95th percentile (CDC, 2015).

Overweight is a BMI greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2 for adults (WHO, 2015); for children, BMI at

or above the 85th percentile and below the 95

th percentile (CDC, 2015).

Recumbent Length used to measure the length of infants and children <85cm (Gibson, 2005).

Stunted is based on height-for-age index; children with height below the standard for child’s age;

reflects chronic undernutrition or past nutritional status; caused by prolonged inadequate

intake, recurrence of illness or improper feeding practices.

Underweight is based on weight-for-age index; children with weight below the standard for child’s

age; captures both the past and present nutrition status.

Waist Circumference is a measurement of the distance around the smallest part of the abdomen,

located at the midway between the lowest rib and the tip of the hip bone or iliac crest

(Averkamp, 2015).

Waist is the narrowest portion of the trunk of the body.

Waist-Hip Ratio is a simple method for describing the distribution of both subcutaneous and intra-

abdominal adipose tissue. Measured for subjects aged 10 years and above using a fiberglass

tape measure taken over one layer of light clothing. Measurements for both waist and hip are

recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm.

Wasted/Thin is based on weight-for-height index; weight below the standard for child’s height;

sensitive index of current nutritional status.

Weight refers to the total or exact amount of heaviness of an individual, mainly made up of muscles,

fat, bone and internal organs with the addition in pathological circumstances of edema,

ascites, massive organ enlargement and even the helminthes burden in severe ascariasis.

Measured using a calibrated beam balance or Detecto weighing scale, recorded to the nearest

0.1 kg.

vii




LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

1 Target age/physiological groups for the specific anthropometric measurements 4

2 Anthropometry: Eligibility and Response Rates 5

3 Age groups of the WHO-Child Growth Standards for infants and young children

(0-60 months) and WHO Growth Reference 2007 for school-aged children and

adolescents (61-228 months) by index

9

4 Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of children, 0-10 years old (0-

120 months), based on WHO-CGS

10

5 Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of children 0-5 years old (0-60

months), based on BMI-for-age (WHO-CGS)

10

6 Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of children, 5.08-19.0 years old

(61-228 months), based on the 2007 WHO Growth Reference BMI-for-age

10

7 Cut-off points used in determining magnitude and severity of underweight and

stunted children under-five years old (0 to <60 months), as public health problem

(WHO, 1995)

11

8 Cut-off points used in determining magnitude and severity of wasted children

under-five years old (0 to <60 months), as public health problem (WHO, 1995)

11

9 Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of adults and lactating mothers

19.0 years old and over (≥228 months), based on Body Mass Index (NCHS/WHO,

1978)

11

9a Cut-off points used in determining magnitude and severity of underweight (BMI

<18.5) adult 19.0 years old and over (≥228 months), as public health problem

(WHO, 1995)

11

10 Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of pregnant women based on

weight-for-height (Magbitang, 1988)

12

11 Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of lactating mothers, <19.08

years old, based on the 2007 WHO Growth Reference BMI-for-age

12

12 Cut-off points of waist circumference and waist hip ratio for adults, 20.0 years and

over (240 months old and over)

12

13 Mean weight and height of children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by age group

and by gender: Philippines, 2013

14


and by gender: Philippines, Urban, 2013

14


and by gender: Philippines, Rural, 2013

15

16 Percentage distribution of children, 0-5.0 year-old (0-60 months) by weight-for-age

classification, mean, and median z-scores using WHO-CGS, and by gender, age

group, and region: Philippines, 2013 (n=13,406)

18

17 Percentage distribution of children, 0-5.0 year-old (0-60 months) by height-for-age


group, and region: Philippines, 2013 (n = 13,291)

19

viii





18 Percentage distribution of children, 0-5.0 year-old (0-60 months), by weight-for-

height classification, mean, and median z-scores using WHO-CGS, and by gender,

age group, and region: Philippines, 2013 (n =13,285)

20

19 Percentage distribution of children, 0-5.0 year-old (0-60 months), by BMI-for-age


group and region: Philippines, 2013 (n = 13, 284)

21


age classification, mean, and median z-scores using WHO-CGS, and by place of

residence, and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013 (n=13,406)

22

21 Percentage distribution of children, 0-5.0 year-old (0-60 months), by height-for-age

classification, mean, and median z-scores using WHO-CGS, and by place of


23


height classification, mean, and median z-scores using WHO-CGS, and by place

of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013 (n=13,285)

23

23 Percentage distribution of children, 0-5.0 year-old (0-60 months), by BMI-for-age

classification, mean, and median z-scores using WHO-CGS, and by place of


24

24 Mean weight and height of children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61-120 months), by age,


29

25 Mean weight and height of children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61-120 months), by age,


29

26 Mean weight and height of children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61-120 months), by age


30

27 Percentage distribution of children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months), by weight-

for-age classification, mean and median z-scores using WHO-Growth Reference,

and by gender, age group, and region: Philippines, 2013 (n = 16, 387)

31

28 Percentage distribution of children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months), by height-


and by gender, age group, and region: Philippines, 2013 (n = 16, 354)

33

29 Percentage distribution, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months), by BMI-for-age

classification, mean and median z-scores of children using WHO-Growth

Reference, and by gender, age group, and region: Philippines, 2013 (n = 16, 352)

34

30 Percentage distribution of children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months), by weight-


and by place of residence, and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013 (n = 16, 387)

37

31 Percentage distribution of children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months), by height-



37

32 Percentage distribution of children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months), by BMI-



38

ix





33 Mean (SE) weight and height of children, 0-10 years old (0-120 months), by age

group and by gender: Philippines, 2013

41

34 Mean weight and height of children, 0-10 years old (0-120 months): Philippines,

2005-2013

41

35 Mean weight and height of children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-228 months), by age,


43



44



44

38 Percentage distribution of children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-228 months), by

height-for-age classification, mean, and median z-scores using WHO-Growth

Reference, and by gender, age group, and region: Philippines, 2013 (n=28,462)

45

39 Percentage distribution of children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-228 months) by BMI-


and by gender, age group, and region: Philippines, 2013 (n=28,453)

46

40 Percentage distribution of children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-228 months) by

height-for-age classification, mean and median z-scores using WHO-Growth

Reference, and by place of residence, and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013

(n=28,462)

48

41 Percentage distribution of children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-228 months) by BMI-


and by place of residence, wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013 (n=28,453)

50

42 Mean BMI and percentage distribution of BMI among adults, 20.0 years old and

over, by gender, age group, and region using WHO BMI Classification:

Philippines, 2013 (n=69,505)

55

43 Mean BMI and percentage distribution of BMI among adults, 20.0 year-old and

over, by place of residence, and wealth quintile using WHO BMI Classification:


56

44 Mean waist circumference (WC) and percentage distribution of WC among adults,

20.0 year-old and over, by gender and age group: Philippines, 2013 (n=69, 375)

62

45 Mean waist-hip ratio (WHR) and percentage distribution of WHR among adults,

20.0 year-old and over, by gender and age group: Philippines, 2013 (n=69,126)

63

46 Mean waist circumference (WC) and percentage distribution of WC among adult

males, 20.0 year-old and over, by place of residence, wealth quintile, and region:


64

47 Mean waist circumference (WC) and percentage distribution of WC among adult

females, 20.0 year-old and over, by place of residence, wealth quintile, and region:


65

48 Mean waist-hip ratio (WHR) and percentage distribution of WHR among adult

males, 20.0 year-old and over, by place of residence, wealth quintile, and region:


66

x





49 Mean waist-hip ratio and percentage distribution of WHR among adult females,

20.0 year-old and over, by place of residence, wealth quintile, and region:


67

50 Percentage distribution of pregnant women, by age group, months of pregnancy,

place of residence, wealth quintile, and region using weight-for-height

classification: Philippines, 2013 (n=1,184)

69

51 Nutritionally at-risk pregnant women based on Magbitang’s weight-for-height

classification, by place of residence, and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013

70

52 Percentage distribution of lactating women, by age group, months of lactation,

place of residence, wealth quintile, and region using weight-for-height

classification: Philippines, 2013 (n = 2, 605)

71

53 Percentage distribution of lactating women, by place of residence and wealth

quintile, using weight-for-height classification: Philippines, 2013 (n = 2, 605)

72

54 Mean birth weight among children, 0-3.9 years old (0-47 months), by gender and

by source of birth record: Philippines, 2013 (n=7,158)

74

55 Estimates of the proportion of low birth weight among children, 0-3.9 years old (0-

47 months), by gender and by source of birth record: Philippines, 2013 (n=7,158)

74

56 Place of delivery, who assisted the delivery, type of delivery, type of gestation and

size at birth of children, 0-3.9 years old (0-47 months): Philippines, 2013 (n=7,158)

75

57 Estimates of the proportion of low birth weight among children, 0-3.9 years old (0-

47 months) by region: Philippines, 2013 (n=7,158)

76

xi




LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

1 Measuring the weight of a child (left) and a young child (right) using a platform beam

balance

5

2 Measuring the height using a microtoise (left) and an infantometer (right) 6

3 Measuring waist circumference 7

4 Measuring hip circumference 7

5 Anthropometric Equipment/Tools 8

6 Trends in the prevalence of undernutrition among children, below five years old (0-59

months): Philippines, 1989-2015

13

7 Prevalence of underweight among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by age and

gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013

15

8 Prevalence of stunting among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by age and


16

9 Prevalence of wasting among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by age and


17

10 Prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-

60 months), by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013

25

11 Prevalence of underweight among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by region:

Philippines, 2011 and 2013

25

12 Prevalence of stunting among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by region:


26

13 Prevalence of wasting among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by region:


26

14 Prevalence of overweight-for-height among, children 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months),

by age and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013

27

15 Prevalence of overweight-for-height among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months),

by region: Philippines, 2011 and 2013

27

16 Prevalence of overweight-for-height among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months),

by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013

28

17 Trends in the prevalence of malnutrition among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60

months), using WHO-CGS: Philippines, 1989-2013

28

18 Prevalence of underweight among children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61-120 months), by

single age and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013

32

19 Prevalence of stunting among children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61-120 months), by

single age and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013

32

20 Prevalence of wasting among children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61-120 months), using

BMI-for-age by single age and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013

35

xii





21 Prevalence of overweight/obese among children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61-120

months), using BMI-for-age by single age and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013

35

22 Prevalence of underweight, stunting, wasting and overweight/obese among children

5.08-10.0 years old (61-120 months), by place of residence and wealth quintile:

Philippines, 2013

36

23 Prevalence of underweight among children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61-120 months), by

region: Philippines, 2011 and 2013

39



39


BMI-for-age by region: Philippines, 2011 and 2013

39


months), using BMI-for-age by region: Philippines, 2011 and 2013

40

27 Trends in the prevalence of malnutrition among children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61-120

months): Philippines, 2003-2013

40

28 Prevalence of malnutrition among children, 0-10 years old, by age: Philippines, 2013 42


age group and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013

47


place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013

47



48


BMI-for-age by age group and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013

49


BMI-for-age by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013

49



50


months), using BMI-for-age by age group and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013

51


months), using BMI-for-age by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines,

2013

51


months), using BMI-for-age by region: Philippines, 2011 and 2013

52

38 Trends in the prevalence of malnutrition among pre-adolescent and adolescent, 10.08-

19.0 years old (121-228 months): Philippines, 2003-2013

52

xiii





39 Prevalence of CED among adults, 20.0 years old and over, using WHO BMI

classification by age group and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013

53

40 Prevalence of overweight/obese among adults, 20.0 years old, and over using WHO

BMI classification by age group and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013

54

41 Prevalence of CED and Overweight/Obese among adults, 20.0 years old and over,

based on WHO BMI classification, by place of residence and wealth quintile:

Philippines, 2013

56

42 Prevalence of CED among adults, 20.0 years old and over, based on WHO BMI

classification, and by region: Philippines, 2011 and 2013

57

43 Prevalence of overweight/obese among adults, 20.0 years old and over, based on

WHO BMI classification, by region: Philippines, 2011 and 2013

57

44 Trends in the prevalence of malnutrition among adults, 20.0 year-old and over:

Philippines, 1993-2013

58

45 Prevalence of high WC among adults, 20.0 years old and over, based on WHO

classification, by age group and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013

59

46 Prevalence of high WHR among adults, 20.0 years old and over, based on WHO

classification, by age group and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013

60

47 Mean waist circumference among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by gender and

region: Philippines, 2013

61

48 Mean waist-hip ratio among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by gender and region:

Philippines, 2013

61

49 Trends in the prevalence of high WC and WHR among adults, 20.0 year-old and over

by gender: Philippines, 1998-2013

62

50 Prevalence of nutritionally at-risk pregnant women by age group: Philippines, 2008,

2011, 2013

68

51 Prevalence of nutritionally at-risk pregnant women by region: Philippines, 2011 and

2013

68

52 Trends in the prevalence of nutritionally at-risk pregnant women based on weight-for-

height: Philippines, 1998-2013

70

53 Prevalence of CED and overweight/obese among lactating women based on BMI and

WHO Growth Reference, by age group: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013

72

54 Prevalence of CED and overweight/obese among lactating women based on BMI and

WHO Growth Reference, by region: Philippines, 2011 and 2013

73

55 Trends in the prevalence of malnutrition among lactating women based on BMI and

WHO Growth Reference: Philippines, 1998-2013

73

56 Prevalence of low birth weight among young children, 0-3.9 years old (0-47 months),


76

57 Trends in the prevalence of low birth weight among young children, 0-3.9 years old

(0-47 months): Philippines, 2008-2013

77

xiv




LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix

No. Title Page No.

1 Percentage distribution of children, 0-4.99 years old (0-59 months), using WHO-

CGS weight-for-age, by gender, age, and region: Philippines, 2013

80


CGS height-for-age, by gender, age, and region: Philippines, 2013

81


CGS weight-for-height, by gender, age, and region: Philippines, 2013

82

4 Estimates of the proportion of underweight among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60

months), using WHO-CGS weight-for-age, standard error, confidence interval,

and coefficient of variation by region and province: Philippines, 2013 (n=13,406)

83

5 Differences of estimates of underweight children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months),

by age, gender, and region, among three survey periods: Philippines, 2008, 2011

and 2013

85

6 Estimates of the proportion of underheight among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60

months), using WHO-CGS height-for-age, standard error, confidence interval,


86

7 Differences of estimates of stunted children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by

age, gender, and region, among three survey periods: Philippines, 2008, 2011 and

2013

88

8 Estimates of the proportion of thinness among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60

months), using WHO-CGS weight-for-height, standard error, confidence interval,


89

9 Differences of estimates of wasted/thin children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months),


and 2013

91

10 Differences of estimates of overweight-for-height children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60

months), by age, gender, and region, among three survey periods: Philippines,

2008, 2011 and 2013

92

11 Estimates of the proportion of underweight among children, 5.08-10.0 years old

(61–120 months), using WHO-CGS weight-for-age, standard error, confidence

interval, and coefficient of variation by region and province: Philippines, 2013

(n=16,387)

93

12 Differences of estimates of underweight children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120


2008, 2011 and 2013

95

13 Estimates of the proportion of underheight among children, 5.08-10.0 years old

(61–120 months), using WHO-CGS height-for-age, standard error, confidence

interval, and coefficient of variation by region and province: Philippines, 2013

(n=16,354)

96

14 Differences of estimates of stunted children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months),


and 2013

98

xv




Appendix

No. Title Page No.

15 Estimates of the proportion of thinness among children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61–

120 months), using WHO-Growth Reference BMI-for-age, standard error,

confidence interval, and coefficient of variation by region and province:


99

16 Differences of estimates of thin/wasted children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120


2008, 2011 and 2013

101

17 Differences of estimates of overweight/obese children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-

120 months), by age, gender, and region, among three survey periods:

Philippines, 2008, 2011 and 2013

102

18 Estimates of the proportion of underheight among children, 10.08-19.0 years old

(121-228 months), using WHO-CGS height-for-age, standard error, confidence

interval, and coefficient of variation by region and province: Philippines, 2013 (n

=28,462)

103

19 Differences of estimates of stunted children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-228


2008, 2011 and 2013

105

20 Estimates of the proportion of thinness among children, 10.08-19.0 years old

(121-228 months), using WHO-Growth Reference BMI-for-age, standard error,

confidence interval, and coefficient of variation by region and province:

Philippines, 2013 (n =28,453)

106

21 Differences of estimates of wasted/thin children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-228


2008, 2011 and 2013

108

22 Differences of estimates of overweight/obese children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-

228 months), by age, gender, and region, among three survey periods:


109

23 Percentage distribution of BMI among adults, 18.0 years old and over, using

WHO BMI classification by age, and gender: Philippines, 2013 (n=73,931)

110

24 Percentage distribution of BMI among adults, 18.0 years old and over, using

WHO BMI classification by region: Philippines, 2013 (n=73,931)

110

25 Differences of estimates of the proportion of CED among adults, 18.0 years old

and over, by age, gender, and region, among three survey periods: Philippines,

2008, 2011 and 2013

111

26 Differences of estimates of the proportion of overweight and obese among adults,

18.0 years old and over, by age, gender, and region, among three survey periods:


112

27 Estimates of the proportion of chronic energy deficiency (CED) among adults, 20

years old and over, using Body Mass Index, standard error, confidence interval,


113

28 Differences of estimates of the proportion of High Waist Circumference among

adults, 20.0 years old and over, by age, gender, and region, among three survey

periods: Philippines, 2008, 2011 and 2013

115

29 Differences of estimates of the proportion of High Waist Hip Ratio among adults,

20.0 years old and over, by age, gender, and region, among three survey periods:


115

xvi




Appendix

No. Title Page No.

30 Estimates of the proportion of nutritionally at-risk among pregnant women, using

weight-for-height, standard error, confidence interval, and coefficient of variation

by region: Philippines, 2013 (n=1,184)

116

31 Differences of estimates of the proportion of nutritionally at-risk among pregnant

women, using weight-for-height, by age, and region: Philippines, 2008 – 2013

116

32 Estimates of the proportion of underweight among lactating mothers, using Body

Mass Index, standard error, confidence interval, and coefficient of variation by

region: Philippines, 2013 (n=2,605)

117

33 Differences of estimates of the proportion of underweight among lactating

mothers, using Body Mass Index, by age, and region: Philippines, 2008 – 2013

117

34 Differences of estimates of the proportion of overweight/obese among lactating

mothers, using Body Mass Index, by age, and region: Philippines, 2008 – 2013

118

35 Differences of estimates of the proportion of low birth weight among young

children, 0-3.9 years old (0-47 months), by gender, and region: Philippines, 2008

– 2013

118

36 Questionnaires 119

1




SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Undernutrition among pre-school children (0-5.0 years old) is still a public health concern,

particularly underweight and stunting which remained high in magnitude and severity based on WHO

cut-off points. According to the results of 2013 National Nutrition Survey, boys were more likely to

be underweight (19.4%) and stunted (31.5%); however, by the third year of life, girls were also noted

to be underweight (23.6%) and underheight (35.4%). On the other hand, wasting was more

predominantly seen among younger infants in both gender groups. With regards to wealth quintile and

place of residence, it was found that more preschool children in the rural areas (22.6%) were

underweight. Generally, those belonging in the poorest quintile suffered from undernutrition with a

prevalence rate of 29.8 percent for underweight, 44.8 percent for stunting and 9.5 percent for wasting.

Among the regions, MIMAROPA had the highest number of preschool children who were

underweight (27.5%) and wasted (9.8%) while Bicol had the highest percentage of stunted children

(39.8%). For the past decade, underweight prevalence barely changed with an annual reduction rate of

0.08 percentage point while stunting had a 0.36 percentage point annual reduction rates. On the other

hand, it was noted that wasting prevalence increased by 1.9 percentage points between 2003 and 2013

while overnutrition increased more than half from 2003 to 2013. Based on the results on underweight,

the Philippines may not be able to meet the MDG target for under-five underweight children in 2015.

Prevalence of underweight and stunting were reduced by 2.9 percentage points and 3.7

percentage points, respectively, among children 5-10.0 years old since 2011. However, underweight is

still considered a public health problem even though it was reduced to 29.1 percent from 32.0 percent

in 2011. Males were still more at-risk for malnutrition compared to their female counterparts and

generally at the highest prevalences among children 9 to 10 years old as children start to enter

adolescence. Similar to the younger age groups, underweight and stunting was more predominant in

the rural areas (33.5% and 36.2%, respectively) and those belonging in the poorest quintile (42.5%

and 48.0%, respectively). Among the regions, double burden of malnutrition was seen in NCR which

had the lowest prevalence of undernutrition but also had the highest percentage of overnutrition. For

the past 10 years, the reduction rates for underweight and underheight prevalence recorded annual

averages of 0.3 and 0.65 percentage points, respectively. On the other hand, it was noted that wasting

prevalence increased by 2.1 percentage points between 2005 and 2013 while overnutrition increased

by 3.3 percentage points from 2003 to 2013.

Adolescents (10.0-19.0 years old) suffered from both faces of malnutrition (under-and

overnutrition) as stunting and wasting persisted to be a significant problem of public health and

prevalence of overweight/obese continued to increase and is now at 8.3 percent. Males were more

vulnerable to undernutrition and obesity compared to females. Among the regions, wasted adolescents

were seen more in MIMAROPA with 16.2 percent while stunting was more predominant in ARMM

(42.6%) and SOCCSKSARGEN (41.9%). NCR was recorded to have the most number of

overweight/obese adolescents at 14.7 percent.

Among adults 20 years old and over, a decreasing trend was noted in underweight at 0.20

percentage point and an increasing trend in overweight/obese at 0.73 percentage point annually for the

past 20 years. This trend is an indication that such age group are at high risk to develop non-

communicable disease. Among the regions, Western Visayas and ARMM had the highest prevalence

of CED at 13.9 percent and 13.0 percent, respectively. NCR, on the other hand, had the highest

prevalence of overweight (29.8%) and obese (10.1%) adults.

2




Females were observed to have higher waist circumference and waist-hip ratio compared to

males – for waist circumference, 23.1% vs. 3.8%; for waist-hip ratio, 63.2% vs. 8.0%; thus they are

more at-risk for central obesity than males. Central obesity is also a risk factor for non-communicable

diseases (NCDs).

The prevalence of nutritionally-at-risk pregnant women remained high at 24.8 percent with

pregnant teen age girls more likely to be nutritionally at-risk at 37.2 percent. Compared with 2011

results, prevalence of CED/underweight among lactating mothers slightly increased from 11.9% to

12.5% while overweight increased from 17.7% to 21.7%.

Based on the result, 11.5 percent of children 0-47 months were born with low birthweight

(LBW) with a mean weight of 3,020.5 grams. Among these, more girls were noticed to have low

birthweight compared to boys with 12.3 percent and 10.8 percent, respectively. Children with LBW

were seen more in ARMM (18.0%); all the regions exhibited a reduction in their LBW prevalence,

some of them even had a significant decrease in a span of two years, with ARMM as an exception

because it was the only region that showed a slight increase in the proportion of children born with

low birth weight. On the other hand, Northern Mindanao had the lowest prevalence of LBW with 6.2

percent. Overall, LBW prevalence decreased to 11.5 percent from 15.9 percent in 2011; a reduction of

4.4 percentage points within two years.

3




1. INTRODUCTION

Anthropometric measurements are essential part of nutritional assessment, and have been a

core component of the Philippine National Nutrition Surveys since 1978. The 8th National Nutrition

Survey’s Anthropometric Component covered the assessment of all the members of the household

using measurements of weight and height or length (for infants and children below two years of age),

while waist circumferences and waist-hip ratios were obtained for individuals 10 years old and above.

These body measurements were used in determining the proportions of the Filipino population who

were underweight, stunted or underheight, thin or wasted, overweight and obese as well as for

ascertaining the prevalence of nutritionally at-risk pregnant women.

The Anthropometric Survey focuses on reporting the nutritional status of the Filipino

population in all age groups and present it in different aggregation - gender, place of residence, wealth

quintile, regional, and national. Trends of malnutrition among all age groups are also shown to help

gauge the country’s progress towards achieving Philippine health and nutrition and development

goals, in particular two key sets of nutrition-related goals: 1) the Philippine Plan of Action for

Nutrition (PPAN) 2011-2016 and 2) the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals (UN

MDGs).

The PPAN, which is the country’s framework for improving the nutritional status of Filipinos,

includes the following goals that are measured using anthropometric indicators: 1) the reduction of

underweight, stunting and wasting in children, 2) the reduction of the proportion of nutritionally-at-

risk pregnant women, and 3) the prevention of any further increase in over-weight and obesity.

The UN MDG 1 on poverty and hunger reduction includes as one of its targets the reduction

by half of the 1990 proportion of underweight preschool-age children by 2015.

The Anthropometric Component of 8th NNS aimed to assess the nutritional status of the

Filipino population in all age group as well as pregnant mothers and lactating women and identify

factors that affect it; determine the prevalence of low birthweight among infants 0-47 months; and

also, show the trends in the prevalence of undernutrition and overnutrition.

A total of 35,825 sample households were covered by the Anthropometric Survey

Component. All members of these households were included as subjects. Of the members who were

submitted to the measurements, 13,423 were preschool-age children (0-5.0 years), 16,398 were

school-age children (5.08-10.0 years), 26,049 were pre-adolescents/ adolescents (10.08-17.9 years),

and 73,922 were adults (18.0 years and over); 1,196 pregnant women and 2,609 lactating mothers.

4




2. METHODOLOGY

2.1. Sampling Design

The statistical design used was a multi-staged stratified sampling design. The first stage of the

sampling was the selection of the Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) which consisted of one barangay or a

contiguous barangays with at least 500 households. The second stage was the selection of the

Enumeration Area (EA) which consisted of contiguous area in a barangay with 150-200 households

and the last stage was the selection of the households in the sampled Enumeration Area that served as

the ultimate sampling unit. The samples were taken separately from the regions by urban and rural

stratum.

About 35,825 sample households were selected for the survey. The survey lasted from June

19 to December 4, 2013 and continued on February 16 to April 15, 2014.

2.2. Scope and Coverage

The National Nutrition Survey covered 17 Regions which consisted of 80 provinces including

NCR. However, Batanes was excluded for logistic reasons. The 2013 NNS used the Philippine

Statistics Authority (formerly the National Statistics Office, NSO) Master Sample which utilized the

2009 Labor Force Survey (LFS) Households.

The Anthropometric Survey Component covered a total of 35,825 sample households. All the

members of the households were subjected for weight measurement while height were taken only

among 2 years old and over and among pregnant and lactating women. Recumbent length was taken

among children 0-23 months. Waist and hip circumferences were collected from pre-adolescents/

adolescents (10.08-17.9 years or 121-215 months), adults (18.0 years and over or 216 months and

over) and lactating mothers. However, household members with physical defects that may have

bearing on the physical measurements (i.e. polio, broken leg, etc.) were not measured for height.

Pregnant women were not measured for waist and hip circumferences because of their physiological

condition which may over estimate obesity. Table 1 summarizes the target age/physiological groups

for the specific measurements.

Table 1. Target age/physiological groups for the specific anthropometric measurements

MEASUREMENTS

AGE/ PHYSIOLOGICAL GROUPS

<2y

(0-23

mos)

2 to <5y

(24-60

mos)

>5 to <6y

(61-71

mos)

>6 to <10y

(72-119

mos)

10 to 18y

(120-216

mos)

19 to

<20 y

20y &

over

Pregnant

Women

Lactating

Mothers

Weight

Recumbent Length

Height

Waist*

circumference

Hip* circumference

*Pregnant women were NOT measured for waist and hip circumferences because of their physiological condition which may over estimate

obesity.

Out of 35,825 sample households that were covered, 13,423 were preschool-age children (0-

5.0 years or 0-60 months), 16,398 were school-age children (5.08-10.0 years or 61-120 months),

5




26,049 were pre-adolescents/ adolescents (10.08-17.9 years or 121-215 months), and 73,922 were

adults (18.0 years and over or 216 months and over); 1,196 pregnant women and 2,609 lactating

mothers. A total of 172,323 enumerated individuals of which 84.8 percent were eligible and an over-

all response rate of 91.5 percent (Table 2).

Table 2. Anthropometry: Eligibility and Response Rates

Variables Individuals

enumerated Eligible

%

Eligibility

Response %

Response Male Female Total

Age/Physiological Groups

0-60 mos (0-5.0 y.o) 14,575 13,952 95.7 6,933 6,490 13,423 96.2

61-120 mos (5.08-10.0 y.o.) 17,889 17,118 95.7 8,506 7,892 16,398 95.8

121-215 mos (10.08-17.9 y.o.) 32,152 28,094 87.4 13,308 12,741 26,049 92.7

18 y.o & over 103,640 82,986 80.1 35,508 38,414 73,922 89.1

Pregnant 1,303 1,236 94.9 - 1,196 1,196 96.8

Lactating 2,764 2,690 97.3 - 2,609 2,609 97.0

TOTAL 172,323 146,076 84.8 64,255 69,342 133,597 91.5

To understand the results of this component, it is important to note that there were instances

during data collection wherein all the variables were not completely taken from the respondent for

reasons like the child was too irritable for measurement to be made, or the member refused to be

measured or height was not taken due to body defect (e.g., polio, hunchback). For these reasons,

difference in the number (n) of population existed; thus, in the succeeding tables, n or the number of

sampled individuals are different from the one presented in Table 2.

2.3. Survey Methods

1. Measurements

Weight was measured using mechanical Detecto® platform beam balance scales. At least two

measurements were obtained, with the average recorded to the nearest 0.1 kg. A third

measurement was only taken if the difference between the first two measurements were

greater than 0.3 kg.

For infants and restless young children, both the mother and child were weighed together and

then, the mother was weighed alone using the standard procedure. The subject’s weight was

then calculated by subtracting the mother’s weight from the weight of the mother and child.

Figure 1. Measuring the weight of a child (left) and a young child (right) using a platform beam balance

6




Standing height was obtained for subjects, two years old and over using the Microtoise – an

L-shaped device (head-bar) to which a spring-loaded coiled tape measure was attached.

Recumbent length was measured for subjects below two years old using an infantometer. This

was because the knees of infants and young children are not yet fully developed. At least two

measurements were obtained, and averages were computed, and recorded to the nearest 0.1

cm. Third measurement was only taken if the difference of the first two measurements was

greater than 0.5 cm.

Figure 2. Measuring the height using a microtoise (left) and an infantometer (right)

The waist circumference was measured as the perimeter or distance around the natural waist

(midway between the lowest rib and the tip of the hip bone) or a measure of the distance

around the narrowest portion of the trunk. The tape measure was placed at the midpoint and

the respondent was asked to breathe normally; measurement was taken at the end of normal

expiration.

7




Lower rib

margin

Iliac crest

Figure 3. Measuring waist circumference

The Hip Circumference was measured as the distance around the largest area of the hips,

usually the largest part of the buttocks or the greater trochanter. If the largest area of the

buttocks was not prominent, the hip was determined by measuring four (4) inches from the

iliac crest.

Figure 4. Measuring hip circumference

At least two measurements were obtained for both waist and hip circumferences, averaged

and recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm. Third measurement was only taken if the difference

between the first two measurements was greater than 0.5 cm.

Waist-Hip ratio was calculated by dividing the waist circumference with the hip

circumference.

The different tools/equipment used during the survey is shown in Figure 5.

Midpoint

8




Figure 5. Anthropometric Equipment/Tools

2. Instrument Calibration

Weighing scales used for weight determination were calibrated using 5 kg. standard weights.

The instruments for height /length and body circumferences such as Microtoise, infantometer

and tape measures were calibrated with a standard two-meter steel ruler. Instruments

identified with deviations were noted for correction factors. The correction factor is the

amount of deviation in a measurement that is accounted for in the calibration process. The

correction factor can either be added to or subtracted from the measured value.

3. Birthweight

When birth records were available, the birthweight of the subject child(ren) was copied from

the written record and encoded in the e-DCS in gram unit. If no record was available, the

mother was asked to recall the weight of the fetus or newborn obtained within an hour after

birth and this was recorded in grams. Birth weights obtained from records were comparable to

those based on recall.

2.4. Survey Questionnaire

A two-page questionnaire was used to record the measurement data of each household.

Disability, if any, were also noted (See Appendix 36).

Platform Beam Balance Infantometer

Microtoise Plump Bob Tape Measure

9




2.5. Ethical Review

The copy of the project proposal entitled “8th National Nutrition Survey, Philippines 2013”

was submitted to the FNRI Institutional Ethics Review Committee (FNRI-IERC) for clearance on

January 22, 2013. But since it was mandated to define the nutritional status of Filipinos, clearance of

the said project was not necessary (See 8th

NNS Overview Monograph).

Written consent to participate in the 8th National Nutrition Survey was obtained from the

respondents and subjects (through the mother or guardian for children < 10 years old and below) prior

to the interview and other measurements. The Informed Consent Form explained the background and

objectives of the survey, the data collection procedures involved risks (any undesirable effect that may

result or invasion circumstances, e.g., expected duration of the interview with respondent) and

benefits of participation, confidentiality of information, option to withdraw without penalty or

consequences, and the respondent’s written consent.

2.6. NSCB/PSA Review and Approval

Philippine Statistics Authority also granted clearance for the 2013 National Nutrition Survey

on June 19, 2013 (See 8th NNS Overview Monograph).

2.7. Data Processing and Analysis

Data were organized and processed following prepared dummy tables using STATA version

12. Different indices were used to evaluate the nutritional status of different age groups and

physiologic status.

The anthropometric indices used to assess nutritional status of children and age groupings

under the World Health Organization-Child Growth Standards (WHO-CGS) and WHO Growth

Reference 2007 are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Age groups of the WHO-Child Growth Standards for infants and young children (0-60 months)

and WHO Growth Reference 2007 for school-aged children and adolescents (61-228 months) by

index

Indicators WHO Child Growth

Standards WHO Growth Reference 2007

Weight-for-age 0-60 months (0-5.0y) 61-120 months (5 y & 1mo-10.0y)

Length/Height-for-age 0-60 months (0-5.0y) 61-228 months (5y & 1mo-19.0y)

Weight-for-length/height 0-60 months (0-5.0y) None

BMI-for age 0-60 months (0-5.0y) 61-228 months (5y & 1mo-19.0y)

The age groups of adults were based on the previous definition of 20 years old and above for

easier comparison of past NNS results and tracking trends in nutritional status of adults. However, the

new WHO definition of adults that considers those 18 years old and above, was also processed by sex

and region, and presented in Appendices 23-26.

For the assessment criteria used, the weight and height measurements of children 0 to 19.0

years old (0-228 months) based on WHO-CGS are shown in Table 4 and Table 5.

10




Table 4. Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of children, 0-10 years old (0-120 months),

based on WHO-CGS

Indicator/Nutritional Status Cut-off Points

Weight-for-age

Underweight <-2SD

Normal -2SD to +2SD

Overweight/Above normal >+2SD

Length/Height-for-age*

Underheight/Stunting <-2SD

Normal -2SD to +2SD

Above average/tall >+2SD

Weight-for-length/height**

Thin/Wasting <-2SD

Normal -2SD to +2SD

Overweight >+2SD

NEC ***

*Use only for children 10 years & 1 month to 19.0 y (121-228 months)

**Use only for children 0-5 years (0-60 months)

***NEC Not Elsewhere Classified – those whose heights are beyond the limits of the

weight-for-height tables

Table 5. Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of children 0-5 years old (0-60 months) based

on BMI-for-age (WHO-CGS)

Nutritional Status Cut-off Points

Severe thinness <-3SD

Thinness <-2SD to -3SD

Normal -2SD to +2SD

Overweight >+2SD to +3SD

Obesity >+3SD

While the assessment criteria used for children 5.08-19.0 years old (61-228 months) based on

WHO-CGS is shown in Table 6.

Table 6. Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of children, 5.08-19.0 years old (61-228

months) based on the 2007 WHO Growth Reference BMI-for-age




Normal -2SD to +1SD

Overweight >+1SD (equivalent to BMI 25 kg/m2 at 19 yrs)

Obesity >+2SD (equivalent to BMI 30 kg/m2 at 19 yrs)

The cut-off points for children under five years old to determine the magnitude and severity

of underweight, stunting, and wasting are based on WHO, 1995 (Tables 7 and 8).

11




Additional analyses of the distribution of children under-five years old based on WHO-CGS

weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height by sex, by age, and by region were also done

and presented in Appendices 1-3 for evaluating achievement of MDG one.

Table 7. Cut-off points used in determining magnitude and severity of underweight and stunted children

under-five years old (0 to <60 months), as public health problem (WHO, 1995)

Magnitude and

Severity

Prevalence Group for

Underweight

Prevalence Group

for Stunting

Low <10% <20%

Medium 10-19% 20-29%

High 20-29% 30-39%

Very High ≥30% ≥40%

Table 8. Cut-off points used in determining magnitude and severity of wasted children under-five years

old (0 to <60 months), as public health problem (WHO, 1995)

Magnitude and Severity Prevalence Group for Wasting

Acceptable <5%

Poor 5-9%

Serious 10-14%

Critical ≥15%

Body mass index, based on NCHS/WHO 1978 reference, was used for adults and lactating

mothers, including the cut-off points in determining magnitude and severity of underweight

prevalence. For pregnant women, the Philippine reference (Magbitang, et al., 1988) was used as

criteria. Cut-off points used in the said population groups are shown in Tables 9 to 11.

Table 9. Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of adults and lactating mothers 19.0 years old

and over (≥228 months) based on Body Mass Index (NCHS/WHO, 1978)

Classification Cut-off Points

Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) <18.5

Normal 18.5 to 24.99

Overweight 25.0 to 29.99

Obesity ≥30.0

Table 9a. Cut-off points used in determining magnitude and severity of underweight (BMI <18.5) adult

19.0 years old and over (≥228 months), as public health problem (WHO, 1995)

Magnitude and Severity Prevalence Group for

Underweight

Low 5-9%

Medium 10-19%

High 20-39%

Very high ≥40%

12




Table 10. Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of pregnant women based on weight-for-

height (Magbitang, 1988)

Classification Cut-off Points

Nutritionally at-risk <P95

Not Nutritionally at-risk ≥P95

Table 11. Cut-off points used in classifying nutritional status of lactating mothers, <19.08 years old based

on the 2007 WHO Growth Reference BMI-for-age




Normal -2SD to +1SD

Overweight >+1SD (equivalent to BMI 25 kg/m2)

Obesity >+2SD (equivalent to BMI 30 kg/m2)

Waist and hip circumferences of household members 20 years old and above, as shown in

Table 12, were classified based on WHO classification.

Table 12. Cut-off points of waist circumference and waist hip ratio for adults, 20.0 years and over (240

months old and over)

Classification Waist Circumference Waist to Hip Ratio

Male Low <90 <0.90

Borderline 90-101 0.90-0.99

High ≥102 ≥1.0

Female Low <80 <0.80

Borderline 80-87 0.80-0.84

High ≥88 ≥0.85

13




3. RESULTS

3.1. The Nutritional Status of Preschool-Age Children, 0-5.0 year-old (0-60 months)

The MDG Target

The prevalence of underweight among children under-five years old (0-59 months) barely

decreased from 20.2% in 2011 to 20.0% in 2013, and has been relatively unchanged for the past

decade (from 20.7% in 2003, to 20.0% in 2005, and 20.6% in 2008). The prevalence should be

reduced by 6.4 percentage points in 2015 with an average annual reduction of 2.13 percentage points

from 2013 to meet the MDG target. It therefore seems unlikely that the Philippines will achieve the

Millennium Development Goal of a 50% reduction in underweight prevalence from the baseline of

27.3% in 1989 (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Trends in the prevalence of undernutrition among children, below five years old (0-59 months):


Among children under-five years old, stunting and wasting were higher in male while

underweight was high in female. Both stunting and underweight increased with age and peaked at 24-

35 months and 36-47 months, respectively. On the contrary, wasting (13.4%) and overweight (9.9%)

had higher prevalences among 0-5 month old children, and decreased when the child gets older.

Among the regions with highest prevalences were MIMAROPA for underweight (27.6%), Bicol

(40.2%) for stunting, and both Ilocos Region and MIMAROPA (9.7%) for wasting (Appendices 1-3).

For overweight, males (5.5%) were more at-risk than females (4.7%), particularly seen high in the

youngest group, and CALABARZON (6.7%), NCR (6.5%), CAR (6.2%), and Central Luzon (6.1%)

Regions.

The mean weights and heights of children 0-5 years old increased with age, as expected, with

males having higher mean weights and heights than females (Table 13).

14




Table 13. Mean weight and height of children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by age group and by gender:

Philippines, 2013

Age

(months)

Male Female Both Genders

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

0-5 5.8 (0.07) 59.8 (0.26) 5.5 (0.07) 58.7 (0.23) 5.7 (0.05) 59.2 (0.18)

6-11 8.2 (0.07) 70.5 (0.27) 7.7 (0.07) 68.5 (0.18) 8.0 (0.05) 69.5 (0.18)

12-23 10.0 (0.05) 78.4 (0.16) 9.4 (0.06) 77.0 (0.17) 9.7 (0.04) 77.7 (0.12)

24-35 12.0 (0.08) 86.5 (0.17) 11.2 (0.07) 85.1 (0.19) 11.6 (0.05) 85.9 (0.13)

36-47 13.7 (0.08) 93.6 (0.18) 13.1 (0.07) 92.7 (0.16) 13.4 (0.05) 93.2 (0.12)

48-60 15.5 (0.08) 100.5 (0.15) 14.9 (0.08) 99.7 (0.17) 15.2 (0.06) 100.1 (0.12)

All 11.9 (0.05) 86.2 (0.17) 11.3 (0.05) 84.9 (0.18) 11.6 (0.04) 85.5 (0.12)

Children from the urban areas had higher mean weight and height than those from rural areas

(Table 14 and Table 15).


Philippines, Urban, 2013

Age

(months)


Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

0-5 5.9 (0.11) 60.0 (0.39) 5.5 (0.10) 58.6 (0.36) 5.7 (0.08) 59.3 (0.27)

6-11 8.4 (0.10) 70.7 (0.45) 7.7 (0.11) 68.6 (0.27) 8.0 (0.07) 69.7 (0.29)

12-23 10.2 (0.09) 78.9 (0.25) 9.5 (0.10) 77.1 (0.26) 9.9 (0.07) 78.0 (0.18)

24-35 12.3 (0.13) 87.3 (0.25) 11.5 (0.10) 85.6 (0.29) 11.9 (0.09) 86.5 (0.19)

36-47 14.0 (0.11) 94.6 (0.27) 13.5 (0.12) 93.7 (0.23) 13.8 (0.09) 94.1 (0.18)

48-60 16.0 (0.13) 101.4(0.25) 15.2 (0.13) 100.3(0.26) 15.6 (0.09) 100.8(0.18)

All 12.2 (0.08) 86.5 (0.26) 11.5 (0.08) 85.2 (0.27) 11.9 (0.06) 85.9 (0.19)

15





Philippines, Rural, 2013

Age

(months)


Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

0-5 5.8 (0.09) 59.6 (0.33) 5.5 (0.09) 58.8 (0.30) 5.7 (0.06) 59.2 (0.23)

6-11 8.1 (0.08) 70.2 (0.25) 7.7 (0.08) 68.5 (0.23) 7.9 (0.06) 69.3 (0.18)

12-23 9.7 (0.06) 77.9 (0.19) 9.2 (0.07) 76.9 (0.22) 9.5 (0.05) 77.4 (0.14)

24-35 11.7 (0.08) 85.7 (0.22) 11.0 (0.10) 84.6 (0.26) 11.4 (0.07) 85.2 (0.17)

36-47 13.3 (0.10) 92.7 (0.23) 12.7 (0.08) 91.8 (0.20) 13.0 (0.06) 92.2 (0.15)

48-60 15.1 (0.08) 99.7 (0.18) 14.6 (0.09) 99.1 (0.21) 14.8 (0.06) 99.4 (0.14)

All 11.7 (0.06) 85.8 (0.22) 11.1 (0.06) 84.5 (0.23) 11.4 (0.04) 85.2 (0.16)

Among children 0-5 years old, both underweight (Figure 7) and stunting (Figure 8) had

decreased from 2011 levels (by 0.3 percentage points and 3.3 percentage points, respectively).

Though more children were stunted than underweight, males initially had higher rates of underweight

and stunting than females, but the females catch up by the third year of life (Tables 16-17).

Similar to findings from the 6th and 7th NNS, children in the first to second year of life (12-

23 months old) had the sharpest increases in underweight (4.9 percentage points higher than the 6-11

month olds’) and stunting (15.3 percentage points higher than the 6-11 month olds’) prevalence

(Figures 7 and 8).

*Significant between 2011 and 2013 at p-value ≤0.05

Figure 7. Prevalence of underweight among children 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by age and gender:

Philippines, 2008, 2011, and 2013

ALL

MALE FEMALE

16





Figure 8. Prevalence of stunting among children 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by age and gender:


Wasting/thinness rates tended to be about the same for each gender group, with the highest

rates among the younger infants (13.4%) and declining among older children (Table 18 and Figure 9).

Wasting continued to increase compared to 2011 (by 0.6 percentage points) with wasting

prevalence still at a level of public health significance (Figure 9). The increase in wasting/thinness

contributes to a consistent upward trend from 5.8 percent in 2005 and 6.9 percent in 2008 (Figure 17).

ALL

MALE FEMALE

17





Figure 9. Prevalence of wasting among children 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by age and gender:


Among the regions, the top 3 with the highest undernutrition prevalences were: for

underweight – MIMAROPA (27.5%), Western Visayas (26.0%) and Bicol (24.6%); for stunting –

Bicol (39.8%), ARMM (39%) and Zamboanga Peninsula (38.7%); for wasting/ thinness –

MIMAROPA (9.8%), Ilocos Region (9.8%), and Western Visayas (8.9%) (Tables 16-18).

ALL

MALE FEMALE

18




Table 16. Percentage distribution of children, 0-5.0 year-old (0-60 months) by weight-for-age

classification, mean, and median z-scores using WHO-CGS, and by gender, age group, and

region: Philippines, 2013 (n=13,406)

Disaggregation/ Variable

Weight-for-Age (%)

Mean

z-scores

Median

z-scores

Severely

Under-

weight

Moderately

Under-

Weight

Under-

weight* Normal

Over-

weight

<-3SD <-2SD to

-3SD < -2SD

-2SD to

+2SD >+2SD

Philippines 4.6 15.4 19.9 77.7 2.3 -0.97 -1.07

Gender/Age Group

0-5 m 4.8 7.4 12.2 83.6 4.3 -0.49 -0.42

6-11 m 4.6 10.6 15.2 82.1 2.7 -0.72 -0.76

12-23 m (1.0-1.99 y) 5.5 14.6 20.1 77.6 2.3 -0.94 -1.01

24-35 m (2.0-2.99 y) 5.0 16.8 21.8 76.2 2.1 -1.04 -1.13

36-47 m (3.0-3.99 y) 4.7 17.6 22.3 75.7 2.0 -1.12 -1.21

48-60 m (4.0-5.0 y) 3.3 17.7 21.0 76.9 2.1 -1.09 -1.23

Male 4.8 14.6 19.4 78.2 2.4 -0.96 -1.06

0-5 m 6.0 7.9 13.8 82.0 4.2 -0.59 -0.51

6-11 m 5.2 10.9 16.1 81.1 2.9 -0.77 -0.82

12-23 m (1.0-1.99 y) 6.0 15.7 21.7 76.5 1.8 -1.00 -1.05

24-35 m (2.0-2.99 y) 4.9 15.5 20.4 77.1 2.5 -0.98 -1.09

36-47 m (3.0-3.99 y) 5.4 15.6 20.9 76.7 2.4 -1.07 -1.14

48-60 m (4.0-5.0 y) 2.8 15.9 18.7 79.2 2.1 -1.02 -1.17

Female 4.3 16.2 20.5 77.2 2.3 -0.99 -1.08

0-5 m 3.7 6.9 10.6 85.1 4.3 -0.40 -0.39

6-11 m 4.1 10.3 14.3 83.2 2.5 -0.68 -0.72

12-23 m (1.0-1.99 y) 4.9 13.4 18.3 78.8 2.9 -0.88 -0.93

24-35 m (2.0-2.99 y) 5.2 18.2 23.4 75.0 1.6 -1.11 -1.16

36-47 m (3.0-3.99 y) 3.9 19.7 23.6 74.8 1.6 -1.17 -1.27

48-60 m (4.0-5.0 y) 3.8 19.6 23.4 74.5 2.0 -1.16 -1.28

Region

NCR 2.2 10.7 12.9 83.8 3.3 -0.61 -0.68

CAR 4.1 12.4 16.5 81.4 2.1 -0.90 -0.94

I . Ilocos 5.3 16.1 21.4 76.1 2.5 -1.02 -1.15

II. Cagayan Valley 5.1 15.5 20.6 76.7 2.7 -0.99 -1.11

III. Central Luzon 4.8 12.9 17.7 79.0 3.3 -0.85 -0.94

IV-A. CALABARZON 2.9 15.2 18.1 79.1 2.9 -0.83 -0.92

IV-B. MIMAROPA 10.0 17.5 27.5 69.5 3.0 -1.26 -1.32

V. Bicol 5.4 19.2 24.6 74.1 1.3 -1.23 -1.28

VI. Western Visayas 7.4 18.5 26.0 71.6 2.5 -1.19 -1.26

VII. Central Visayas 4.5 18.6 23.1 76.2 0.7 -1.17 -1.26

VIII. Eastern Visayas 5.5 16.2 21.7 76.5 1.8 -1.11 -1.21

IX. Zamboanga

Peninsula

6.2 18.2 24.5 74.3 1.2 -1.21 -1.23

X. Northern Mindanao 3.2 14.4 17.7 79.8 2.6 -0.95 -1.07

XI. Davao 4.0 14.8 18.8 79.9 1.3 -1.08 -1.17

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 4.6 19.2 23.8 74.6 1.6 -1.14 -1.23

ARMM 5.8 16.1 21.9 75.9 2.2 -1.08 -1.18

Caraga 5.6 14.2 19.8 78.8 1.4 -1.09 -1.11

*Totals may not add up due to rounding

19




Table 17. Percentage distribution of children, 0-5.0 year-old (0-60 months) by height-for-age


region: Philippines, 2013 (n = 13,291)


Height-for-Age (%)

Mean

z-scores

Median

z-scores

Severely

Stunted

Moderately

Stunted/

Underheight

Stunted* Normal Tall

<-3SD <-2SD to

-3SD <-2SD

-2SD to

+2SD >+2SD

Philippines 9.7 20.6 30.3 67.8 1.8 -1.32 -1.37

Gender/Age Group

0-5 m 4.6 8.5 13.1 83.2 3.8 -0.46 -0.50

6-11 m 4.4 11.8 16.2 79.8 4.0 -0.65 -0.73

12-23 m (1.0-1.99 y) 10.8 20.7 31.5 66.2 2.3 -1.37 -1.41

24-35 m (2.0-2.99 y) 11.9 23.8 35.7 63.0 1.3 -1.55 -1.61

36-47 m (3.0-3.99 y) 12.6 22.8 35.4 63.6 1.0 -1.57 -1.57

48-60 m (4.0-5.0 y) 8.6 24.1 32.7 66.2 1.1 -1.45 -1.52

Male 10.4 21.1 31.5 66.5 2.0 -1.35 -1.40

0-5 m 5.1 11.2 16.3 79.2 4.5 -0.56 -0.60

6-11 m 4.7 12.5 17.2 77.3 5.5 -0.64 -0.80

12-23 m (1.0-1.99 y) 12.9 22.4 35.3 62.9 1.8 -1.48 -1.52

24-35 m (2.0-2.99 y) 12.3 23.8 36.1 62.5 1.4 -1.53 -1.63

36-47 m (3.0-3.99 y) 13.0 22.4 35.5 63.2 1.3 -1.58 -1.56

48-60 m (4.0-5.0 y) 8.6 23.8 32.4 66.7 0.9 -1.44 -1.49

Female 9.0 20.1 29.1 69.3 1.6 -1.29 -1.35

0-5 m 4.1 5.8 9.9 87.0 3.1 -0.37 -0.40

6-11 m 4.0 11.1 15.1 82.4 2.5 -0.66 -0.69

12-23 m (1.0-1.99 y) 8.5 18.9 27.5 69.8 2.7 -1.25 -1.31

24-35 m (2.0-2.99 y) 11.4 23.8 35.2 63.7 1.1 -1.56 -1.59

36-47 m (3.0-3.99 y) 12.1 23.3 35.4 64.1 0.6 -1.56 -1.58

48-60 m (4.0-5.0 y) 8.5 24.5 33.0 65.7 1.3 -1.46 -1.54

Region

NCR 6.2 16.2 22.4 74.6 3.0 -0.96 -1.01

CAR 9.1 23.3 32.4 66.3 1.4 -1.46 -1.48

I . Ilocos 8.9 18.5 27.4 70.7 1.9 -1.27 -1.34



IV-A. CALABARZON 7.2 18.1 25.3 72.6 2.1 -1.16 -1.20

IV-B. MIMAROPA 13.9 21.7 35.6 62.9 1.5 -1.59 -1.60

V. Bicol 14.7 25.1 39.8 59.1 1.1 -1.66 -1.74




IX. Zamboanga Peninsula 13.7 25.0 38.7 60.0 1.3 -1.59 -1.63


XI. Davao 10.8 19.1 29.8 67.5 2.6 -1.34 -1.40


ARMM 14.0 25.0 39.0 57.7 3.4 -1.49 -1.64

Caraga 10.0 24.3 34.3 63.9 1.8 -1.43 -1.47

Note: Stunted also means underheight


20




Table 18. Percentage distribution of children, 0-5.0 year-old (0-60 months), by weight-for-height


region: Philippines, 2013 (n =13,285)


Weight-for-Height (%)

Mean

z-scores

Median

z-scores

Severely

Wasted/

Thin

Moderately

Wasted/

Thin

Wasted/

Thin* Normal

Over-

weight NEC

<-3SD <-2SD to

-3SD <-2SD

-2SD to

+2SD >+2SD

Philippines 2.8 5.1 7.9 86.9 5.0 0.2 -0.31 -0.40

Gender/Age Group

0-5 m 6.5 6.9 13.4 76.4 9.9 0.4 -0.15 -0.20

6-11 m 4.8 6.6 11.3 83.6 5.0 0.0 -0.41 -0.45

12-23 m (1.0-1.99 y) 3.3 7.3 10.6 84.9 4.4 0.1 -0.35 -0.41

24-35 m (2.0-2.99 y) 2.4 4.0 6.4 88.6 4.8 0.2 -0.29 -0.38

36-47 m (3.0-3.99 y) 2.0 3.8 5.8 89.8 4.2 0.3 -0.32 -0.38

48-60 m (4.0-5.0 y) 1.2 4.3 5.5 89.5 4.8 0.2 -0.31 -0.45

Male 3.1 5.1 8.2 86.2 5.4 0.2 -0.28 -0.37

0-5 m 6.7 6.9 13.6 76.1 10.1 0.1 -0.17 -0.18

6-11 m 5.9 6.8 12.7 82.3 5.0 0.0 -0.48 -0.49

12-23 m (1.0-1.99 y) 3.7 7.5 11.1 84.5 4.3 0.1 -0.37 -0.39

24-35 m (2.0-2.99 y) 2.3 4.4 6.7 87.6 5.6 0.2 -0.22 -0.36

36-47 m (3.0-3.99 y) 2.8 3.6 6.5 88.1 5.0 0.4 -0.28 -0.35

48-60 m (4.0-5.0 y) 1.0 4.1 5.1 89.7 5.2 0.1 -0.23 -0.39

Female 2.5 5.1 7.5 87.6 4.6 0.3 -0.34 -0.43

0-5 m 6.4 6.8 13.2 76.6 9.6 0.6 -0.14 -0.23

6-11 m 3.6 6.3 9.9 85.0 5.1 0.0 -0.33 -0.43

12-23 m (1.0-1.99 y) 2.8 7.2 10.0 85.4 4.6 0.0 -0.33 -0.43

24-35 m (2.0-2.99 y) 2.6 3.5 6.1 89.7 3.9 0.3 -0.36 -0.41

36-47 m (3.0-3.99 y) 1.1 4.0 5.0 91.4 3.3 0.2 -0.35 -0.39

48-60 m (4.0-5.0 y) 1.4 4.6 6.0 89.3 4.3 0.4 -0.39 -0.51

Region

NCR 1.8 4.7 6.4 87.0 6.5 0.1 -0.07 -0.19

CAR 3.4 2.5 5.9 87.3 6.1 0.7 -0.06 -0.11

I . Ilocos 3.0 6.8 9.8 84.9 5.4 0.0 -0.41 -0.58

II. Cagayan Valley 1.8 6.1 7.9 86.1 5.7 0.3 -0.35 -0.46

III. Central Luzon 2.9 5.4 8.3 85.2 6.2 0.3 -0.30 -0.43

IV-A. CALABARZON 3.2 5.4 8.7 84.2 6.6 0.5 -0.23 -0.35

IV-B. MIMAROPA 2.9 6.9 9.8 84.6 5.5 0.2 -0.47 -0.58

V. Bicol 2.5 4.8 7.4 88.6 3.8 0.2 -0.40 -0.48

VI. Western Visayas 3.1 5.8 8.9 86.3 4.6 0.3 -0.42 -0.53

VII. Central Visayas 2.5 5.3 7.9 88.5 3.6 0.0 -0.44 -0.47

VIII. Eastern Visayas 3.3 4.5 7.8 89.0 3.2 0.0 -0.37 -0.41

IX. Zamboanga Peninsula 3.2 4.8 8.0 89.3 2.6 0.0 -0.41 -0.44

X. Northern Mindanao 2.3 4.7 7.0 88.3 4.8 0.0 -0.21 -0.27

XI. Davao 2.8 4.7 7.5 88.9 3.4 0.2 -0.44 -0.42

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 3.1 3.5 6.7 89.9 3.5 0.0 -0.39 -0.44

ARMM 3.3 5.2 8.5 86.9 3.9 0.7 -0.39 -0.38

Caraga 3.9 3.6 7.5 88.5 3.7 0.3 -0.37 -0.40

Note: Wasted/wasting also means thinness/thin


21




Table 19. Percentage distribution of children, 0-5.0 year-old (0-60 months), by BMI-for-age classification,

mean, and median z-scores using WHO-CGS, and by gender, age group, and region:



BMI-for-age (%)

Mean z-scores

Median z-scores

Severely Thin

Mode- rately Thin

Thin* Normal

Over- weight

Obese Over-

weight/Obese*

<-3SD <-2SD

to -3SD

<-2SD

-2SD to +2SD

>+2SD to

+3SD >+3SD

>+2SD

Philippines 2.8 4.3 7.1 87.5 2.7 2.6 5.4 -0.18 -0.26

Gender/Age Group

0-5 m 6.4 7.0 13.5 78.9 3.7 3.9 7.6 -0.29 -0.35 6-11 m 5.8 6.2 12.0 83.0 3.0 0.0 3.0 -0.46 -0.51 12-23 m (1.0-1.99 y) 3.0 5.3 8.3 86.3 2.7 2.7 5.4 -0.13 -0.15 24-35 m (2.0-2.99 y) 2.6 3.0 5.5 88.7 2.6 3.2 5.8 -0.08 -0.17 36-47 m (3.0-3.99 y) 1.7 3.7 5.4 89.5 2.6 2.5 5.1 -0.11 -0.21 48-60 m (4.0-5.0 y) 1.3 3.2 4.5 90.8 2.7 2.0 4.7 -0.22 -0.34

Male 3.2 4.1 7.3 86.8 3.0 2.9 6.0 -0.12 -0.19

0-5 m 7.3 7.9 15.1 77.1 3.8 4.0 7.8 -0.37 -0.41 6-11 m 7.5 6.0 13.5 81.5 3.3 0.0 3.3 -0.53 -0.51 12-23 m (1.0-1.99 y) 3.4 5.2 8.6 86.3 2.7 2.4 5.1 -0.12 -0.12 24-35 m (2.0-2.99 y) 2.4 3.1 5.4 87.8 2.8 4.0 6.8 0.01 -0.11 36-47 m (3.0-3.99 y) 2.5 3.6 6.1 87.4 3.3 3.2 6.5 0.00 -0.14 48-60 m (4.0-5.0 y) 1.0 2.7 3.7 91.1 2.8 2.4 5.2 -0.10 -0.23

Female 2.4 4.4 6.8 88.4 2.5 2.3 4.8 -0.24 -0.31

0-5 m 5.7 6.2 11.9 80.7 3.6 3.8 7.4 -0.22 -0.32 6-11 m 4.0 6.5 10.5 84.5 2.6 0.0 2.6 -0.39 -0.51 12-23 m (1.0-1.99 y) 2.7 5.4 8.1 86.2 2.6 3.1 5.7 -0.13 -0.19 24-35 m (2.0-2.99 y) 2.8 2.9 5.6 89.7 2.3 2.4 4.7 -0.18 -0.23 36-47 m (3.0-3.99 y) 0.9 3.8 4.7 91.7 1.9 1.7 3.6 -0.21 -0.27 48-60 m (4.0-5.0 y) 1.6 3.8 5.4 90.4 2.5 1.7 4.2 -0.34 -0.45

Region NCR 2.2 4.0 6.1 87.2 3.9 2.8 6.7 0.02 -0.06 CAR 3.4 2.7 6.1 87.7 2.9 3.3 6.2 0.05 0.06

I . Ilocos 3.1 5.8 8.9 84.9 3.0 3.2 3.0 -0.29 -0.43 II. Cagayan Valley 2.1 5.5 7.6 86.4 3.4 2.6 6.0 -0.24 -0.34 III. Central Luzon 2.9 5.1 8.0 85.7 2.9 3.3 6.3 -0.20 -0.34 IV-A. CALABARZON 3.2 4.8 8.0 84.7 3.5 3.8 7.3 -0.13 -0.27 IV-B. MIMAROPA 2.2 5.9 8.1 85.9 2.8 3.3 6.0 -0.33 -0.46 V. Bicol 2.4 3.3 5.7 90.5 1.7 2.1 3.8 -0.23 -0.26 VI. Western Visayas 2.7 4.6 7.3 88.0 1.4 3.3 4.7 -0.25 -0.39 VII. Central Visayas 2.7 4.3 7.0 89.4 2.5 1.2 2.5 -0.32 -0.31 VIII. Eastern Visayas 3.2 3.6 6.8 89.2 2.6 1.4 2.6 -0.23 -0.22 IX. Zamboanga

Peninsula 3.4 3.6 6.9 90.6 1.2 1.2 1.2 -0.26 -0.31

X. Northern Mindanao 2.4 2.6 5.0 90.2 2.5 2.3 2.5 -0.09 -0.13 XI. Davao 2.9 4.5 7.4 89.0 2.5 1.1 3.6 -0.29 -0.26 XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 3.2 2.6 5.7 90.2 1.8 2.2 1.8 -0.25 -0.29

ARMM 3.4 4.0 7.4 88.1 1.4 3.0 4.5 -0.09 -0.22 Caraga 3.4 3.4 6.8 88.4 2.8 1.9 4.7 -0.22 -0.21


22




As expected, the highest prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting were among those

in the rural areas (22.6%, 35.0%, and 8.1% respectively) (Figure 10), and in the poorest quintile

(29.3%, 45.0% and 9.6% respectively) (Tables 20-22).

Table 20. Percentage distribution of children, 0-5.0 year-old (0-60 months), by weight-for-age

classification, mean, and median z-scores using WHO-CGS, and by place of residence, and

wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013 (n = 13, 406)

Residence/

Wealth Quintile

Weight-for-Age (%)

Mean

z-scores

Median

z-scores

Severely

Underweight

Moderately

Underweight Underweight* Normal

Over-

weight

<-3SD <-2SD to

-3SD < -2SD -2SD to +2SD >+2SD

Philippines 4.6 15.4 19.9 77.7 2.3 -0.97 -1.07

Poorest 8.0 21.8 29.8 68.9 1.3 -1.42 -1.46

Second 4.6 18.8 23.4 75.1 1.4 -1.17 -1.24

Middle 4.2 14.8 19.0 79.6 1.4 -1.04 -1.11

Fourth 2.6 10.2 12.8 84.4 2.8 -0.70 -0.79

Wealthiest 1.8 6.7 8.6 85.4 6.1 -0.21 -0.29

Urban 3.7 13.6 17.3 79.9 2.8 -0.81 -0.89

Poorest 8.1 23.4 31.5 67.1 1.4 -1.07 -1.42

Second 4.8 18.2 22.9 75.5 1.6 -0.72 -1.17

Middle 4.7 15.7 20.4 78.5 1.1 -0.69 -1.09

Fourth 2.3 10.6 12.9 84.7 2.5 -0.29 -0.76

Wealthiest 1.6 6.8 8.4 85.4 6.2 -0.18 -0.29

Rural 5.4 17.2 22.6 75.5 1.9 -1.13 -1.23

Poorest 7.9 21.4 29.3 69.4 1.3 -1.42 -1.47

Second 4.6 19.2 23.8 74.9 1.3 -1.40 -1.27

Middle 3.5 13.7 17.3 80.9 1.8 -1.18 -1.14

Fourth 3.3 9.4 12.7 83.7 3.6 -1.16 -0.92

Wealthiest 2.7 6.4 9.1 85.1 5.8 -1.01 -0.31


23




Table 21. Percentage distribution of children, 0-5.0 year-old (0-60 months), by height-for-age


wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013 (n=13,291)

Residence/Wealth

Quintile

Height-for-Age (%)

Mean

z-scores

Median

z-scores Severely

Stunted

Moderately

Stunted/

Underheight

Under-

height* Normal Tall

<-3SD <-2SD to -3SD <-2SD -2SD to +2SD >+2SD

Philippines 9.7 20.6 30.3 67.8 1.8 -1.32 -1.37

Poorest 17.2 27.6 44.8 53.9 1.2 -1.81 -1.88

Second 10.9 25.0 35.9 62.6 1.5 -1.51 -1.60

Middle 8.0 20.5 28.5 70.3 1.2 -1.34 -1.40

Fourth 4.9 15.5 20.4 77.6 2.0 -0.99 -1.05

Wealthiest 3.7 9.6 13.3 83.1 3.7 -0.60 -0.64

Urban 8.2 17.5 25.7 72.2 2.1 -1.15 -1.19

Poorest 17.8 26.4 44.2 54.3 1.5 -1.32 -1.82

Second 11.1 22.8 33.9 64.8 1.3 -0.98 -1.55

Middle 9.3 19.7 29.0 69.4 1.7 -1.00 -1.42

Fourth 5.0 15.8 20.8 77.4 1.8 -0.64 -1.03

Wealthiest 3.9 9.2 13.1 83.3 3,7 -0.60 -0.66

Rural 11.2 23.8 35.0 63.5 1.5 -1.49 -1.56

Poorest 17.0 28.0 45.0 53.8 1.2 -1.82 -1.89

Second 10.8 26.4 37.1 61.2 1.7 -1.75 -1.62

Middle 6.4 21.4 27.9 71.4 0.8 -1.52 -1.40

Fourth 4.6 14.8 19.5 78.0 2.5 -1.50 -1.06

Wealthiest 3.0 10.9 14.0 82.5 3.6 -1.35 -0.61


Table 22. Percentage distribution of children, 0-5.0 year-old (0-60 months), by weight-for-height


wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013 (n=13,285)

Residence/Wealth

Quintile

Weight-for-Height (%)

Mean

z-scores

Median

z-scores

Severely

Wasted/

Thin

Modera-

tely

Wasted/

Thin

Wasted

/Thin* Normal

Over-

weight-

for-height NEC

<-3SD <-2SD to

-3SD <-2SD

-2SD to

+2SD >+2SD

Philippines 2.8 5.1 7.9 86.9 5.0 0.2 -0.31 -0.40

Poorest 3.5 6.0 9.5 87.5 2.8 0.2 -0.54 -0.56

Second 2.5 4.8 7.3 89.0 3.5 0.2 -0.43 -0.51

Middle 2.8 5.5 8.3 87.3 4.3 0.1 -0.39 -0.48

Fourth 2.5 5.2 7.8 85.8 6.1 0.3 -0.18 -0.26

Wealthiest 2.1 3.4 5.4 83.5 10.7 0.3 0.21 0.08

Urban 2.7 5.1 7.7 86.1 5.9 0.2 -0.21 -0.32

Poorest 3.5 5.8 9.3 87.7 2.8 0.1 -0.44 -0.61

Second 2.4 5.0 7.4 88.9 3.5 0.2 -0.25 -0.51

Middle 3.5 6.2 9.6 86.0 4.3 0.1 -0.15 -0.50

Fourth 2.6 5.3 7.9 86.0 5.9 0.3 0.08 -0.22

Wealthiest 1.7 3.5 5.2 83.7 10.8 0.4 0.24 0.08

Rural 2.9 5.2 8.1 87.6 4.1 0.2 -0.40 -0.47

Poorest 3.6 6.0 9.6 87.4 2.8 0.2 -0.54 -0.56

Second 2.5 4.7 7.2 89.1 3.5 0.2 -0.54 -0.51

Middle 2.0 4.8 6.8 88.8 4.3 0.1 -0.43 -0.46

Fourth 2.4 5.2 7.6 85.4 6.7 0.3 -0.43 -0.35

Wealthiest 3.4 2.9 6.3 83.0 10.5 0.2 -0.33 0.08


24




Table 23. Percentage distribution of children, 0-5.0 year-old (0-60 months), by BMI-for-age classification,

mean, and median z-scores using WHO-CGS, and by place of residence, and wealth quintile:


Residence/Wealth Quintile

BMI-for-Age (%)

Mean z-scores

Median z-scores

Severely Thin

Mode-rately Thin

Thin*

Normal Over- weight

Obese Over-

weight/ Obese*

<-3SD <-2SD

to -3SD

<-2SD -2SD

to +2SD

>+2SD to +3SD

>+3SD

>+2SD

Philippines 2.8 4.3 7.1 87.5 2.7 2.6 5.4 -0.18 -0.26

Poorest 3.4 4.8 8.2 88.5 1.3 1.9 3.3 -0.34 -0.37

Second 2.6 3.9 6.4 89.7 1.8 2.0 3.9 -0.28 -0.35

Middle 2.5 4.9 7.4 88.3 2.3 2.0 4.3 -0.27 -0.35

Fourth 2.9 4.3 7.2 86.2 3.8 2.8 6.6 -0.10 -0.14

Wealthiest 2.4 3.0 5.4 83.5 5.7 5.4 11.1 0.26 0.12

Urban 2.7 4.4 7.1 86.6 3.3 3.0 6.3 -0.11 -0.20

Poorest 2.7 5.5 8.2 88.8 0.9 2.2 3.1 -0.33 -0.45

Second 2.4 3.9 6.4 89.7 2.0 1.9 3.9 -0.16 -0.36

Middle 3.1 5.7 8.8 87.0 2.3 1.9 4.2 -0.08 -0.37

Fourth 2.9 4.4 7.2 86.2 3.7 2.9 6.5 0.17 -0.11

Wealthiest 2.3 2.9 5.2 83.6 6.0 5.2 11.2 0.29 0.12

Rural 2.9 4.2 7.1 88.5 2.2 2.3 4.5 -0.25 -0.31

Poorest 3.6 4.6 8.2 88.5 1.5 1.9 3.4 -0.33 -0.36

Second 2.7 3.8 6.5 89.7 1.7 2.1 3.8 -0.38 -0.35

Middle 1.9 3.8 5.7 89.9 2.3 2.1 4.3 -0.28 -0.31

Fourth 2.9 4.1 7.0 86.3 4.2 2.5 6.8 -0.27 -0.22

Wealthiest 2.9 3.3 6.2 83.2 4.7 5.9 10.5 -0.21 0.14


25




Figure 10. Prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60

months), by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013

Preschool children were heavier and taller in 2013 than in 2011 as shown in the general

decreases in undernutrition. Underweight prevalence had decreased between 2011 and 2013 in most

of the regions except for CAR, Ilocos, Central Luzon, CALABARZON, MIMAROPA, Western

Visayas, and Central Visayas (Figure 11). Conversely, stunting prevalence generally decreased in

most of the regions except Central Luzon and Bicol (Figure 12). A dramatic decrease in wasting was

observed in the regions of Cagayan Valley, ARMM, and Caraga. However, sharp increases in wasting

prevalence were also observed in Central Luzon, CALABARZON, Western Visayas, and Central

Visayas (Figure 13).

*Significan between 2011 and 2013 at p-value ≤0.05

Figure 11. Prevalence of underweight among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months),


UNDERWEIGHT STUNTING

WASTING

26





Figure 12. Prevalence of stunting among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by



Figure 13. Prevalence of wasting among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by


The overweight prevalence rate is going up at an average of 0.17 percentage points per year

for the past 24 years (Figure 17). More males were overweight at 5.4 percent than females at 4.6

percent (Table 18). Overweight rates were highest among the 0-5 month olds (9.9%) (Figure 14),

those in the highest wealth quintile (10.7%) (Figure 16) and those from regions IV-A (6.6%), CAR

(6.1%), NCR (6.5%) and Central Luzon (6.2%) (Table 18). Likewise, overweight prevalence

increased in all regions except for Ilocos and Zamboanga Peninsula (Figure 15).

27





Figure 14. Prevalence of overweight-for-height among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by age

and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011 and 2013


Figure 15. Prevalence of overweight-for-height among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60

months), by region: Philippines, 2011 and 2013

ALL

MALE FEMALE

28




Figure 16. Prevalence of overweight-for-height among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60

months), by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013

Trends in the prevalence of malnutrition among children 0-5.0 years old are shown in Figure

17. Underweight prevalence barely changed since 2011 but an annual average reduction of 0.31

percentage points for the past 24 years was noted. Magnitude and severity of stunting prevalence

remained high although it decreased to 30.3 percent in 2013 from 33.6 percent in 2011 and a 0.6

percentage point annual average reduction for the past 24 years. However, an increasing trend was

seen in both wasting and overweight-for-height. Magnitude and severity of wasting was still poor with

a prevalence rate of 7.9 percent.


Figure 17. Trends in the prevalence of malnutrition among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60

months), using WHO-CGS: Philippines, 1989-2013

29




3.2. Nutritional Status of School-Age Children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months)

The mean weights and heights of children 5-10.0 years old increased with age, as expected,

with males having higher mean weights and heights than females, until the females have their growth

spurts starting from around eight years old when their mean heights exceed those of the males of the

same age (Table 24). Notably, children from the urban areas had higher mean weights and heights

than those from rural areas (Tables 25 and 26).

Table 24. Mean weight and height of children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61-120 months), by age, and by

gender: Philippines, 2013

Age

(months)


Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

5.08-5.99 y

(61-71 m) 16.8 (0.09) 106.1 (0.18) 16.5 (0.09) 105.6 (0.17) 16.7 (0.06) 105.9 (0.13)

6.0-6.99 y

(72-83 m) 19.0 (0.14) 111.7 (0.17) 18.4 (0.10) 111.1 (0.17) 18.7 (0.09) 111.4 (0.12)

7.0-7.99 y

(84-95 m) 20.7 (0.13) 116.5 (0.18) 20.2 (0.11) 116.2 (0.19) 20.5 (0.08) 116.4 (0.13)

8.0-8.99 y

(96-107 m) 22.7 (0.15) 121.2 (0.18) 22.5 (0.16) 121.6 (0.20) 22.6 (0.11) 121.4 (0.14)

9.0-10.0 y

(108-120 m) 25.2 (0.17) 126.1 (0.18) 25.0 (0.15) 126.8 (0.20) 25.1 (0.11) 126.4 (0.14)

All 21.1 (0.08) 116.9 (0.12) 20.7 (0.07) 116.8 (0.13) 20.9 (0.06) 116.9 (0.09)

Table 25. Mean weight and height of children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61-120 months), by age, and by

gender: Philippines, Urban, 2013

Age

(months)


Mean (+SE)

weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

5.08-5.99 y

(61-71 m) 17.3 (0.14) 107.2 (0.26) 17.0 (0.15) 106.6 (0.26) 17.2 (0.11) 106.9 (0.19)

6.0-6.99 y

(72-83 m) 19.9 (0.26) 113.1 (0.28) 19.0 (0.18) 112.1 (0.26) 19.5 (0.16) 112.6 (0.19)

7.0-7.99 y

(84-95 m) 21.6 (0.22) 117.8 (0.27) 20.7 (0.19) 116.9 (0.28) 21.1 (0.14) 117.3 (0.19)

8.0-8.99 y

(96-107 m) 23.6 (0.26) 122.3 (0.29) 23.5 (0.30) 123.0 (0.34) 23.5 (0.20) 122.7 (0.22)

9.0-10.0 y

(108-120 m) 26.5 (0.29) 127.6 (0.27) 25.8 (0.26) 128.1 (0.32) 26.2 (0.20) 127.9 (0.21)

All 21.9 (0.14) 118.0 (0.19) 21.3 (0.13) 117.6 (0.20) 21.6 (0.10) 117.8 (0.14)

30




Table 26. Mean weight and height of children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61-120 months), by age and by gender:

Philippines, Rural, 2013

Age (months)


Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

5.08-5.99 y

(61-71 m) 16.3 (0.09) 105.0 (0.23) 16.0 (0.10) 104.6 (0.21) 16.2 (0.07) 104.8 (0.16)

6.0-6.99 y

(72-83 m) 18.1 (0.10) 110.4 (0.20) 17.7 (0.10) 110.2 (0.22) 17.9 (0.07) 110.3 (0.15)

7.0-7.99 y

(84-95 m) 20.0 (0.14) 115.5 (0.23) 19.6 (0.12) 115.6 (0.24) 19.8 (0.09) 115.5 (0.17)

8.0-8.99 y

(96-107 m) 21.9 (0.15) 120.2 (0.22) 21.6 (0.14) 120.4(0.22) 21.8 (0.11) 120.3 (0.16)

9.0-10.0 y

(108-120 m) 24.2 (0.18) 124.9 (0.22) 24.2 (0.17) 125.6 (0.25) 24.2 (0.12) 125.2 (0.17)

All 20.4 (0.08) 115.9 (0.14) 20.2 (0.08) 116.1 (0.15) 20.3 (0.06) 116.0 (0.11)

Among children 5-10 years old, underweight and stunting had also decreased from 2011

levels (3.0 percentage points and 3.7 percentage points, respectively) (Figures 18 and 19). However,

underweight prevalence was even higher in this age group compared to the 0-5 year-old age group. At

29.1 percent, this prevalence is still considered a problem of public health significance though it has

already improved from the 32.1 percent prevalence in 2011 (Table 27 and Figure 18).

Compared to the younger age group, the stunting rate was lower in this age group at 29.9

percent which is also an improvement from 33.6 percent in 2011 (Table 28 and Figure 19).

Disaggregated by gender, malnutrition was more prevalent in males than females; by age,

underweight and wasting rates increased sharply by age seven years old while overweight do so by

age six years old. Stunting, on the other hand, started at a high prevalence at age of five years old,

declined by age six to seven years old and again increased among children eight to ten years old. All

forms of malnutrition in this age group generally were at their highest prevalence among children nine

to ten years old, as they start to enter adolescence (Tables 27-29 and Figures 18-21).

31




Table 27. Percentage distribution of children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months), by weight-for-age

classification, mean and median z-scores using WHO-Growth Reference, and by gender, age

group, and region: Philippines, 2013 (n = 16, 387)


Weight-for-Age (%)

Mean

z-scores

Median

z-scores

Severely

Under-

weight

Moderately

Under-

weight

Under-

weight* Normal

Over-

weight

<-3SD <-2SD to

-3SD <-2SD

-2SD to

+2SD >+2SD

Philippines 6.7 22.3 29.1 68.6 2.4 -1.29 -1.44

Gender/ Age Group

5.08-5.99 y (61-71 m) 5.0 20.7 25.7 72.2 2.1 -1.25 -1.34

6.0-6.99 y (72-83 m) 5.1 20.5 25.7 71.9 2.4 -1.19 -1.34

7.0-7.99 y (84-95 m) 6.6 22.5 29.1 68.4 2.4 -1.28 -1.43

8.0-8.99 y (96-107 m) 8.0 23.4 31.4 66.2 2.4 -1.35 -1.52

9.0-10.0 y (108-120 m) 8.5 23.9 32.4 65.2 2.5 -1.37 -1.52

Male 7.7 23.4 31.1 65.9 3.0 -1.32 -1.49

5.08-5.99 y (61-71 m) 5.2 21.2 26.4 71.2 2.4 -1.27 -1.39

6.0-6.99 y (72-83 m) 5.8 21.6 27.4 69.7 3.0 -1.20 -1.39

7.0-7.99 y (84-95 m) 8.4 24.3 32.7 63.7 3.6 -1.34 -1.51

8.0-8.99 y (96-107 m) 9.7 25.3 35.0 62.4 2.7 -1.41 -1.61

9.0-10.0 y (108-120 m) 9.0 24.2 33.2 63.5 3.4 -1.36 -1.54

Female 5.7 21.1 26.8 71.5 1.7 -1.26 -1.38

5.08-5.99 y (61-71 m) 4.8 20.1 24.9 73.4 1.7 -1.23 -1.31

6.0-6.99 y (72-83 m) 4.5 19.4 23.9 74.3 1.8 -1.17 -1.29

7.0-7.99 y (84-95 m) 4.7 20.7 25.4 73.3 1.3 -1.22 -1.35

8.0-8.99 y (96-107 m) 6.1 21.4 27.6 70.3 2.1 -1.28 -1.44

9.0-10.0 y (108-120 m) 8.0 23.5 31.4 67.0 1.5 -1.37 -1.47

Region

NCR 3.4 17.1 20.5 73.2 6.3 -0.80 -1.06

CAR 4.8 14.9 19.7 78.8 1.6 -1.04 -1.08

I . Ilocos 7.0 18.8 25.8 71.6 2.6 -1.21 -1.37



IV-A. CALABARZON 5.3 19.9 25.2 72.1 2.7 -1.13 -1.28

IV-B. MIMAROPA 11.8 28.3 40.0 59.0 1.0 -1.64 -1.74

V. Bicol 10.1 28.4 38.5 60.4 1.1 -1.69 -1.73




IX. Zamboanga

Peninsula

8.0 27.1 35.1 63.7 1.2 -1.60 -1.65


XI. Davao 6.7 24.3 31.0 67.9 1.1 -1.42 -1.48


ARMM 7.6 23.4 30.9 67.8 1.3 -1.48 -1.52

CARAGA 6.8 19.6 26.4 72.8 0.8 -1.37 -1.43


32




ALL

MALE FEMALE

ALL

MALE FEMALE


Figure 18. Prevalence of underweight among children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61-120 months), by

single age year and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011 and 2013


Figure 19. Prevalence of stunting among children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61-120 months), by single

age year and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011 and 2013

33




Table 28. Percentage distribution of children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months), by height-for-age




Height-for-age (%)

Mean

z-

scores

Median

z-scores

Severely

Stunted

Moderately

Stunted/

Underheight

Stunted/

Under-

height*

Normal Tall

<-3SD <-2SD to

-3SD <-2SD

-2SD to

+2SD >+2SD

Philippines 6.9 22.9 29.9 69.6 0.6 -1.41 -1.46

Gender/Age Group

5.08-5.99 y (61-71 m) 7.6 22.5 30.0 69.5 0.4 -1.43 -1.46

6.0-6.99 y (72-83 m) 6.4 22.5 28.8 70.6 0.5 -1.35 -1.41

7.0-7.99 y (84-95 m) 6.3 22.1 28.4 70.8 0.7 -1.39 -1.42

8.0-8.99 y (96-107 m) 6.8 23.6 30.4 69.0 0.6 -1.42 -1.48

9.0-10.0 y (108-120 m) 7.5 23.8 31.3 68.1 0.6 -1.47 -1.51

Male 7.9 23.6 31.5 68.0 0.5 -1.47 -1.51

5.08-5.99 y (61-71 m) 9.1 23.6 32.7 66.8 0.5 -1.49 -1.50

6.0-6.99 y (72-83 m) 7.7 23.1 30.7 68.6 0.7 -1.40 -1.46

7.0-7.99 y (84-95 m) 7.6 23.1 30.6 68.7 0.7 -1.46 -1.51

8.0-8.99 y (96-107 m) 7.7 24.8 32.5 67.2 0.4 -1.50 -1.53

9.0-10.0 y (108-120 m) 7.5 23.6 31.1 68.4 0.5 -1.49 -1.52

Female 5.9 22.2 28.1 71.3 0.6 -1.35 -1.40

5.08-5.99 y (61-71 m) 5.9 21.2 27.2 72.5 0.4 -1.37 -1.41

6.0-6.99 y (72-83 m) 5.0 21.8 26.8 72.8 0.4 -1.30 -1.35

7.0-7.99 y (84-95 m) 5.0 21.2 26.2 73.0 0.8 -1.32 -1.35

8.0-8.99 y (96-107 m) 5.8 22.3 28.2 71.0 0.9 -1.33 -1.43

9.0-10.0 y (108-120 m) 7.5 24.0 31.5 67.8 0.7 -1.44 -1.49

Region

NCR 2.6 16.2 18.8 80.4 0.8 -1.01 -1.08

CAR 7.2 22.7 29.9 69.6 0.5 -1.45 -1.48

I . Ilocos 4.6 21.4 26.0 73.8 0.2 -1.29 -1.34



IV-A. CALABARZON 5.0 17.9 22.9 76.2 0.9 -1.22 -1.26

IV-B. MIMAROPA 9.8 28.0 37.8 61.4 0.7 -1.63 -1.62

V. Bicol 9.3 30.9 40.1 59.4 0.4 -1.71 -1.76




IX. Zamboanga

Peninsula

12.1 32.2 44.3 55.3 0.4 -1.80 -1.85


XI. Davao 8.0 26.6 34.5 64.8 0.6 -1.57 -1.60


ARMM 10.8 28.0 38.8 60.1 1.1 -1.63 -1.70

Caraga 7.8 26.6 34.4 65.2 0.4 -1.57 -1.64


34




Wasting/thinness, on the other hand, had slowly increased since its decline in prevalence in 2005

(Figure 27). Overweight prevalence increased by 1.7 percentage points to 9.1 percent from 7.4 percent

in 2011 (Table 29 and Figure 21).

Table 29. Percentage distribution, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months), by BMI-for-age classification,

mean and median z-scores of children using WHO-Growth Reference, and by gender, age



BMI-for-age (%)

Mean z-scores

Median z-scores

Severely Wasted/

Thin

Mode-rately

Wasted/ Thin

Wasted* Normal Over- weight

Obese Over-

Weight/Obese*

<-3SD <-2SD

to -3SD <-2SD

-2SD to +1SD

>+1SD to +2SD

>+2SD >+1SD

Philippines 1.8 6.8 8.6 82.3 4.9 4.2 9.1 -0.58 -0.67

Gender/Age Group

5.08-5.99 y (61-71 m) 1.3 3.7 5.0 87.1 4.6 3.3 7.9 -0.46 -0.54

6.0-6.99 y (72-83 m) 1.5 4.9 6.3 84.4 4.5 4.8 9.3 -0.46 -0.56

7.0-7.99 y (84-95 m) 1.8 7.6 9.4 81.1 5.4 4.1 9.4 -0.58 -0.67

8.0-8.99 y (96-107 m) 1.8 7.8 9.6 81.1 5.0 4.3 9.3 -0.66 -0.78

9.0-10.0 y (108-120 m) 2.5 9.3 11.7 78.9 5.0 4.4 9.4 -0.68 -0.77

Male 2.2 7.2 9.4 80.7 4.6 5.3 9.9 -0.54 -0.66

5.08-5.99 y (61-71 m) 1.2 4.1 5.3 86.6 4.4 3.7 8.1 -0.44 -0.51

6.0-6.99 y (72-83 m) 1.4 5.3 6.7 83.6 4.1 5.7 9.7 -0.40 -0.52

7.0-7.99 y (84-95 m) 2.2 8.3 10.4 78.8 4.9 5.9 10.8 -0.55 -0.68

8.0-8.99 y (96-107 m) 2.4 8.2 10.7 79.5 4.7 5.2 9.9 -0.65 -0.78

9.0-10.0 y (108-120 m) 3.2 9.6 12.8 76.3 4.9 6.1 10.9 -0.65 -0.77

Female 1.5 6.3 7.8 84.0 5.3 2.9 8.2 -0.61 -0.68

5.08-5.99 y (61-71 m) 1.4 3.3 4.7 87.7 4.9 2.8 7.7 -0.49 -0.56

6.0-6.99 y (72-83 m) 1.5 4.4 5.9 85.2 5.1 3.8 8.9 -0.52 -0.61

7.0-7.99 y (84-95 m) 1.5 6.9 8.4 83.5 5.8 2.2 8.1 -0.60 -0.65

8.0-8.99 y (96-107 m) 1.2 7.3 8.5 82.8 5.3 3.4 8.7 -0.67 -0.78

9.0-10.0 y (108-120 m) 1.7 8.9 10.6 81.7 5.2 2.6 7.7 -0.72 -0.78

Region

NCR 1.4 6.5 7.9 75.5 8.1 8.5 16.6 -0.26 -0.49

CAR 1.4 2.8 4.3 84.0 7.8 3.9 11.7 -0.17 -0.15

I . Ilocos 2.5 7.3 9.8 80.3 4.8 5.0 9.8 -0.60 -0.69

II. Cagayan Valley 2.0 5.9 7.9 82.9 5.2 4.0 9.2 -0.51 -0.60

III. Central Luzon 2.3 9.3 11.6 76.5 5.6 6.3 11.9 -0.59 -0.77

IV-A. CALABARZON 2.3 6.9 9.2 78.7 6.7 5.4 12.1 -0.55 -0.69

IV-B. MIMAROPA 2.4 10.2 12.6 82.0 3.4 2.0 5.4 -0.86 -0.94

V. Bicol 2.4 8.3 10.6 84.8 2.8 1.8 4.6 -0.85 -0.85

VI. Western Visayas 2.3 8.3 10.6 84.3 2.8 2.4 5.2 -0.81 -0.84

VII. Central Visayas 0.6 6.9 7.5 84.6 4.2 3.7 7.9 -0.55 -0.64

VIII. Eastern Visayas 1.4 6.2 7.6 87.8 3.8 0.8 4.7 -0.72 -0.75

IX. Zamboanga Peninsula

1.9 4.7 6.6 88.3 3.0 2.1 5.1 -0.62 -0.60

X. Northern Mindanao 0.7 4.4 5.1 88.2 3.6 3.1 6.7 -0.53 -0.64

XI. Davao 1.9 5.0 6.9 87.3 3.6 2.2 5.8 -0.59 -0.61

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 1.4 4.6 6.0 88.0 3.8 2.2 6.0 -0.63 -0.68

ARMM 2.1 5.1 7.3 87.9 2.8 2.1 4.9 -0.61 -0.59

Caraga 1.4 5.2 6.6 87.1 4.1 2.1 6.2 -0.53 -0.51


35





Figure 20. Prevalence of wasting among children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61-120 months), using BMI-for-

age by single age year and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, and 2013


Figure 21. Prevalence of overweight/obese among children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61-120 months), using

BMI-for-age by single age year and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, and 2013

ALL

MALE FEMALE

ALL

MALE FEMALE

36




As expected, the highest prevalences of underweight and stunting were among those in the

rural areas (33.5% and 36.2% respectively). Those residing in urban areas experience the double

burden of high prevalences of wasting and overweight at 8.7 percent and 12.7 percent respectively.

Similar to trends in the younger age group, the poorest quintiles have the highest prevalences of

underweight (42.5%) and stunting (48%). Wasting/ thinness, however, tended to be about the same

for the three lowest quintiles (9.1%, 9.5% and 9.7%). Among the wealthiest quintile, about 1 in 4

children were overweight or obese (25.5%)(Tables 30-32 and Figure 22).

Figure 22. Prevalence of underweight, stunting, wasting and overweight/obese among children, 5.08-10.0

years old (61-120 months), by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013

UNDERWEIGHT

STUNTING

WASTING

OVERWEIGHT/OBESE

37




Table 30. Percentage distribution of children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months), by weight-for-age

classification, mean and median z-scores using WHO-Growth Reference, and by place of

residence, and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013 (n = 16, 387)

Residence/

Wealth Quintile

Weight-for-Age (%) Mean

z-scores

Median

z-scores Severely

Underweight

Moderately

Underweight

Under-

weight* Normal

Over-

weight

<-3SD <-2SD to -3SD <-2SD -2SD to +2SD >+2SD

Philippines 6.7 22.3 29.1 68.6 2.4 -1.29 -1.44

Poorest 11.7 30.8 42.5 57.3 0.3 -1.81 -1.81

Second 7.6 26.6 34.2 64.9 0.8 -1.57 -1.64

Middle 5.6 22.8 28.4 70.4 1.2 -1.36 -1.46

Fourth 3.9 15.6 19.5 77.5 3.0 -0.95 -1.10

Wealthiest 1.4 8.5 9.9 81.3 8.8 -0.28 -0.48

Urban 5.3 18.9 24.2 72.1 3.7 -1.06 -1.25

Poorest 12.2 27.8 40.0 59.4 0.6 -1.78 -1.75

Second 8.0 26.7 34.7 63.7 1.7 -1.53 -1.62

Middle 5.4 25.2 30.7 68.0 1.4 -1.39 -1.49

Fourth 3.9 15.5 19.4 77.5 3.1 -0.94 -1.10

Wealthiest 1.5 8.2 9.7 81.5 8.8 -0.27 -0.48

Rural 8.1 25.4 33.5 65.4 1.1 -1.51 -1.58

Poorest 11.6 31.5 43.1 56.7 0.2 -1.82 -1.83

Second 7.3 26.6 33.9 65.7 0.3 -1.60 -1.65

Middle 5.7 20.3 26.0 73.0 1.0 -1.33 -1.42

Fourth 3.8 15.9 19.8 77.6 2.7 -0.98 -1.13

Wealthiest 1.2 9.7 11.0 80.4 8.6 -0.31 -0.49




Residence/

Wealth Quintile

Height-for-Age (%)

Mean

z-scores

Median

z-scores

Severely

Stunted

Moderately

Stunted/

Underheight

Stunted/

Underheight* Normal Tall

<-3SD <-2SD to -3SD <-2SD -2SD to

+2SD >+2SD

Philippines 6.9 22.9 29.9 69.6 0.6 -1.41 -1.46

Poorest 13.7 34.3 48.0 51.6 0.4 -1.92 -1.95

Second 7.5 27.5 35.0 64.6 0.4 -1.64 -1.66

Middle 4.6 22.0 26.6 72.9 0.5 -1.39 -1.43

Fourth 3.1 13.7 16.7 82.7 0.6 -1.07 -1.10

Wealthiest 1.1 8.3 9.5 89.4 1.1 -0.63 -0.67

Urban 5.0 17.9 22.9 76.4 0.7 -1.20 -1.24

Poorest 14.2 30.3 44.5 55.4 0.1 -1.88 -1.87

Second 7.3 25.6 32.9 66.4 0.6 -1.57 -1.57

Middle 4.9 22.2 27.2 72.4 0.4 -1.42 -1.44

Fourth 3.2 13.3 16.6 82.8 0.7 -1.07 -1.11

Wealthiest 0.9 8.4 9.3 89.7 1.0 -0.62 -0.66

Rural 8.7 27.6 36.2 63.3 0.5 -1.61 -1.65

Poorest 13.6 35.3 48.9 50.6 0.5 -1.93 -1.98

Second 7.6 28.8 36.3 63.4 0.2 -1.68 -1.72

Middle 4.3 21.7 26.0 73.4 0.6 -1.36 -1.41

Fourth 2.7 14.4 17.2 82.4 0.4 -1.07 -1.08

Wealthiest 2.0 8.0 10.0 88.4 1.6 -0.67 -0.78


38




Table 32. Percentage distribution of children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months), by BMI-for-age



Residence/

Wealth

Quintile

BMI-for-Age (%)

Mean

z-scores

Median

z-scores

Severely

Wasted/

Thin

Moderately

Wasted/

Thin

Wasted* Normal Over-

weight Obese

Over-

Weight/

Obese*

<-3SD <-2SD to

-3SD <-2SD

-2SD to

+1SD

>+1SD

to

+2SD

>+2SD >+1SD

Philippines 1.8 6.8 8.6 82.3 4.9 4.2 9.1 -0.58 -0.67

Poorest 2.1 7.0 9.1 88.2 2.0 0.8 2.8 -0.81 -0.77

Second 1.6 7.9 9.5 86.0 2.9 1.6 4.5 -0.76 -0.77

Middle 1.9 7.7 9.7 83.8 4.0 2.5 6.5 -0.71 -0.77

Fourth 1.8 5.9 7.8 79.2 6.5 6.6 13.0 -0.43 -0.59

Wealthiest 1.3 4.6 5.9 68.6 12.3 13.2 25.5 0.10 -0.13

Urban 1.8 6.9 8.7 78.6 6.5 6.2 12.7 -0.45 -0.61

Poorest 1.9 7.7 9.6 87.1 2.1 1.1 3.2 -0.80 -0.78

Second 1.9 8.4 10.3 84.3 3.3 2.2 5.5 -0.78 -0.80

Middle 1.8 8.7 10.4 82.7 3.9 3.0 6.8 -0.72 -0.79

Fourth 1.9 6.3 8.2 78.4 6.5 6.9 13.4 -0.41 -0.56

Wealthiest 1.3 5.0 6.3 68.0 12.6 13.1 25.7 0.10 -0.12

Rural 1.8 6.6 8.5 85.7 3.5 2.3 5.8 -0.69 -0.72

Poorest 2.1 6.8 8.9 88.4 2.0 0.7 2.7 -0.81 -0.77

Second 1.4 7.6 8.9 87.2 2.7 1.2 3.9 -0.75 -0.75

Middle 2.1 6.8 8.9 84.9 4.1 2.1 6.2 -0.70 -0.74

Fourth 1.6 5.2 6.8 81.1 6.3 5.8 12.1 -0.48 -0.63

Wealthiest 1.3 3.0 4.3 71.0 11.1 13.6 24.7 0.12 -0.13


Regions with better weight-for-age (WFA) and height-for-age (HFA) indices were CAR (78.8%

normal WFA), Cagayan Valley (74% normal WFA and 76.7% normal HFA), NCR (73.2% normal WFA

and 80.4% normal HFA), and Central Luzon (78.6% normal HFA) (Tables 27-28). Wasting/thinness were

highest in MIMAROPA (12.6%), Central Luzon (11.6%), Bicol and Western Visayas (10.6%) (Figures 23-

25). Overweight/obese rates, in contrast, were highest in NCR (16.6%), CALABARZON (12.1%) and

Central Luzon (11.9%) (Figure 26).

39




Figure 23.

Prevalence of

underweight

among

children, 5.08-

10.0 years old

(61-120

months), by

region:

Philippines,

2011 and 2013

Figure 24.

Prevalence of

stunting

among

children, 5.08-

10.0 years old

(61-120

months), by

region:

Philippines,

2011 and 2013

Figure 25.

Prevalence of

wasting

among

children, 5.08-

10.0 years old

(61-120

months),

using BMI-

for-age by

region:

Philippines,

2011 and 2013


40




Figure 26.

Prevalence of

overweight/obese

among children,

5.08-10.0 years

old (61-120

months), using

BMI-for-age by

region:

Philippines, 2011

and 2013


Overall, underweight and stunting showed decreasing trend overtime; however, wasting and

overweight continued to increase since 2005 (Figure 27). Double burden of malnutrition still exist

among children 5.08-10.0 years old.


Figure 27. Trends in the prevalence of malnutrition among, children, 5.08-10.0 years old

(61-120 months): Philippines, 2003-2013

41




3.3. The Nutritional Status of Children, 0-10.0 years old (0-120 months)

Table 33 shows the mean weight (kg) and height (cm) of children 0-10 years old by age and

by gender. It is expected that the mean weights and heights of children increase as the child gets older.

The mean weights and heights of males are higher than that of females for children 0-10 years old

until the females start their growth spurt when they get to be taller than males at around the ages of

eight to ten years old.

The mean weights and heights of children 0-10 years old showed a slight increasing trend

from 2005 to 2013 (Table 34). Generally, there was a slow improvement in the mean heights and

weights of children from 2005 to 2013, but children in 2013 were slightly taller and heavier than

2011.

Table 33. Mean (SE) weight and height of children, 0-10 years old (0-120 months), by age group and by


Age Group

Both Genders Male Female

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

0-60m (0-5.0y) 85.5 (0.12) 11.6 (0.04) 86.2 (0.17) 11.9 (0.05) 84.9 (0.18) 11.3 (0.05)

0-5m 59.2 (0.18) 5.7 (0.05) 59.8 (0.26) 5.8 (0.07) 58.7 (0.23) 5.5 (0.07)

6-11m 69.5 (0.18) 8.0 (0.05) 70.5 (0.27) 8.2 (0.07) 68.5 (0.18) 7.7 (0.07)

12-23m (1.0-1.99y) 77.7 (0.12) 9.7 (0.04) 78.4 (0.16) 10.0 (0.05) 77.0 (0.17) 9.4 (0.06)

24-35m (2.0-2.99y) 85.9 (0.13) 11.6 (0.05) 86.5 (0.17) 12.0 (0.08) 85.1 (0.19) 11.2 (0.07)

36-47m (3.0-3.99y) 93.2 (0.12) 13.4 (0.05) 93.6 (0.18) 13.7 (0.08) 92.7 (0.16) 13.1 (0.07)

48-60m (4.0-5.0y) 100.1 (0.12) 15.2 (0.06) 100.5 (0.15) 15.5 (0.08) 99.7 (0.17) 14.9 (0.08)

61-120m (5.08-10.0y) 116.9 (0.09) 20.9 (0.06) 116.9 (0.12) 21.1 (0.08) 116.8 (0.13) 20.7 (0.07)

61-71m (5.08-10.0y) 105.9 (0.13) 16.7 (0.06) 106.1 (0.18) 16.8 (0.09) 105.6 (0.17) 16.5 (0.09)

72-83m (6.0-6.99y) 111.4 (0.12) 18.7 (0.09) 111.7 (0.17) 19.0 (0.14) 111.1 (0.17) 18.4 (0.10)

84-95m (7.0-7.99y) 116.4 (0.13) 20.5 (0.08) 116.5 (0.18) 20.7 (0.13) 116.2 (0.19) 20.2 (0.11)

97-107m (8.0-8.99y) 121.4 (0.14) 22.6 (0.11) 121.2 (0.18) 22.7 (0.15) 121.6 (0.20) 22.5 (0.16)

108-120m (9.0-10.0y) 126.4 (0.14) 25.1 (0.11) 126.1 (0.18) 25.2 (0.17) 126.8 (0.20) 25.0 (0.15)

Table 34. Mean weight and height of children, 0-10 years old (0-120 months): Philippines, 2005-2013

Age Group Height (cm) Weight (kg)

2005 2008 2011 2013 2005 2008 2011 2013

0-60m (0-5.0y)

0-5m 59.0 59.4 58.8 59.2 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7

6-11m 69.0 69.5 69.4 69.5 7.7 7.9 7.9 8.0

12-23m (1.0-1.99y) 77.6 77.6 77.1 77.7 9.5 9.6 9.5 9.7

24-35m (2.0-2.99y) 85.3 85.5 85.7 85.9 11.5 11.5 11.6 11.6

36-47m (3.0-3.99y) 92.5 92.5 92.7 93.2 13.2 13.1 13.3 13.4

48-60m (4.0-5.0y) 99.1 99.3 99.3 100.1 14.7 14.9 14.8 15.2

61-120m (5.08-10.0y)

61-71m (5.08-5.99y) 104.9 105.3 105.5 105.9 16.3 16.5 16.5 16.7

72-83m (6.0-6.99y) 110.6 110.4 110.9 111.4 18.1 18.0 18.2 18.7

84-95m (7.0-7.99y) 115.6 115.5 115.9 116.4 20.0 19.9 20.1 20.5

97-107m (8.0-8.99y) 120.3 120.5 121.1 121.4 21.8 22.0 22.3 22.6

108-120m (9.0-10.0y) 125.7 126.2 125.8 126.4 24.6 24.7 24.8 25.1

42




Disaggregated by age group, underweight prevalence was highest among older children 9-10

years old (32.4%), and stunting peaked at age 2-3 years old (35.7% and 35.4%, respectively). On the

other hand, wasting was highest among children aged 0-5 months and decreased thereafter but by age

six years old, wasting prevalence started to increase. Overweight/obesity prevalence was highest at 0-

5 months (9.9%) and among children aged 6-10 years old.

Figure 28. Prevalence of malnutrition among children, 0-10 years old, by single age group: Philippines,

2013

43




3.4. Nutritional Status of Adolescent Children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-228 months)

The mean weights and heights of children 10-19.0 years old continued to increase with age, as

expected. Due to earlier growth spurts, females have higher mean weights and heights than males

from age ten to thirteen years old. The males started to have higher mean weights and heights than

females at fourteen years of age (Table 35).

These changes reflected in the children’s weights and heights are mainly attributable to

differences in the onset and duration of growth and development among adolescent males and females

expressed during the period of puberty.

Similar to the younger age groups, children from the urban areas had higher mean weights

and heights than those from rural areas (Table 36 and Table 37).

Table 35. Mean weight and height of children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-228 months), by age, and by


Age

(months)

Male Female Both Gender

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

10.08-10.99 y

(121-131m) 27.5 (0.18) 130.7 (0.20) 28.5 (0.19) 132.9 (0.21) 28.0 (0.14) 131.8 (0.15)

11.00-11.99 y

(132-143 m) 30.4 (0.19) 135.3 (0.20) 31.9 (0.20) 138.2 (0.21) 31.1 (0.14) 136.7 (0.15)

12.00-12.99 y

(144-155 m) 33.9 (0.21) 141.1 (0.21) 36.1 (0.19) 144.0 (0.18) 35.0 (0.15) 142.6 (0.15)

13.00-13.99 y

(156-167 m) 38.3 (0.22) 147.7 (0.22) 39.6 (0.18) 147.7 (0.15) 39.0 (0.15) 147.7 (0.14)

14.00-14.99 y

(168-179 m) 43.3 (0.25) 154.4 (0.23) 42.8 (0.19) 150.0 (0.16) 43.1 (0.16) 152.3 (0.15)

15.00-15.99 y

(180-191 m) 47.4 (0.23) 158.9 (0.20) 44.5 (0.17) 151.3 (0.14) 46.0 (0.15) 155.1 (0.14)

16.00-16.99 y

(192-203 m) 50.2 (0.24) 161.2 (0.18) 45.8 (0.21) 151.7 (0.16) 48.1 (0.17) 156.7 (0.15)

17.00-17.99 y

(204-215 m) 52.7 (0.26) 162.6 (0.19) 47.1 (0.24) 152.6 (0.18) 50.1 (0.19) 158.0 (0.17)

18.00-19.00 y

(2016-228 m) 54.2 (0.27) 163.1 (0.19) 47.8 (0.27) 152.5 (0.19) 51.3 (0.20) 158.2 (0.18)

All 41.1 (0.12) 149.6 (0.13) 39.7 (0.09) 146.2 (0.09) 40.4 (0.08) 148.0 (0.09)

44





gender: Philippines, Urban, 2013

Age (months)


Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

10.08-10.99 y

(121-131m) 29.0 (0.34) 132.3 (0.32) 30.3 (0.35) 134.7 (0.34) 29.7 (0.25) 133.5 (0.25)

11.00-11.99 y

(132-143 m) 32.0 (0.34) 137.0 (0.31) 33.2 (0.35) 139.6 (0.34) 32.6 (0.25) 138.2 (0.24)

12.00-12.99 y

(144-155 m) 35.8 (0.38) 143.1 (0.34) 37.6 (0.33) 145.5 (0.27) 36.7 (0.25) 144.3 (0.22)

13.00-13.99 y

(156-167 m) 40.3 (0.40) 150.0 (0.36) 40.7 (0.31) 149.0 (0.22) 40.5 (0.26) 149.5 (0.21)

14.00-14.99 y

(168-179 m) 45.0 (0.45) 156.2 (0.34) 43.4 (0.33) 150.6 (0.24) 44.2 (0.28) 153.4 (0.23)

15.00-15.99 y

(180-191 m) 48.9 (0.40) 160.0 (0.28) 45.0 (0.28) 152.1 (0.22) 46.9 (0.25) 156.0 (0.20)

16.00-15.99 y

(192-203 m) 51.7 (0.41) 162.7 (0.26) 46.4 (0.35) 152.1 (0.23) 49.1 (0.27) 157.6 (0.23)

17.00-17.99 y

(204-215 m) 53.8 (0.46) 163.7 (0.28) 47.8 (0.38) 153.0 (0.23) 50.8 (0.32) 158.2 (0.24)

18.00-19.00 y

(2016-228 m) 55.1 (0.45) 163.3 (0.28) 48.6 (0.42) 153.0 (0.28) 51.9 (0.32) 158.3 (0.26)

All 42.9 (0.19) 151.4 (0.19) 41.1 (0.15) 147.6 (0.13) 42.0 (0.13) 149.5 (0.13)


gender: Philippines, Rural, 2013

Age (months)


Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

Mean (+SE)

Weight (kg)

Mean (+SE)

Height (cm)

10.08-10.99 y

(121-131m) 26.6 (0.20) 129.8 (0.24) 27.3 (0.20) 131.6 (0.26) 26.9 (0.15) 130.7 (0.18)

11.00-11.99 y

(132-143 m) 29.2 (0.23) 134.2 (0.25) 31.1 (0.22) 137.3 (0.26) 30.2 (0.17) 135.8 (0.19)

12.00-12.99 y

(144-155 m) 32.6 (0.24) 139.8 (0.27) 35.1 (0.23) 143.0 (0.25) 33.8 (0.17) 141.4 (0.19)

13.00-13.99 y

(156-167 m) 36.9 (0.26) 146.2 (0.29) 38.9 (0.23) 146.8 (0.20) 37.9 (0.18) 146.5 (0.18)

14.00-14.99 y

(168-179 m) 42.2 (0.28) 153.2 (0.29) 42.4 (0.23) 149.7 (0.21) 42.3 (0.19) 151.5 (0.20)

15.00-15.99 y

(180-191 m) 46.4 (0.28) 158.1 (0.27) 44.1 (0.21) 150.7 (0.18) 45.2 (0.18) 154.4 (0.19)

16.00-15.99 y

(192-203 m) 49.1 (0.29) 160.2 (0.24) 45.4 (0.26) 151.4 (0.21) 47.4 (0.20) 156.1 (0.19)

17.00-17.99 y

(204-215 m) 51.9 (0.29) 161.9 (0.25) 46.4 (0.30) 152.2 (0.28) 49.6 (0.23) 157.8 (0.23)

18.00-19.00 y

(2016-228 m) 53.5 (0.32) 162.8 (0.25) 47.0 (0.33) 152.1 (0.27) 50.7 (0.25) 158.1 (0.24)

All 39.8 (0.15) 148.3 (0.18) 38.7 (0.12) 145.2 (0.12) 39.3 (0.10) 146.8 (0.12)

45




For adolescent children 10.08-19.0 years old, stunting was still of high public health

significance among one third of the population despite a significant decline from 35.7 percent in 2011

to 31.6 percent in 2013 (Figure 29). Wasting/thinness, at 12.4 percent, persists to be a problem of

serious public health significance. Overweight/ obesity prevalence continued to increase and is now at

8.3 percent (Table 39 and Figure 35).


classification, mean, and median z-scores using WHO-Growth Reference, and by gender, age



Height-for-age (%)

Mean

z-scores

Median

z-scores

Severely

Stunted

Moderately

Stunted/ Stunted* Normal Tall

<-3SD <-2SD to

-3SD <-2SD

-2SD to

+2SD >+2SD

Philippines 6.9 24.6 31.6 68.2 0.2 -1.52 -1.54

Gender/Age Group

10.08-12.99 y (121-155 m) 8.3 24.0 32.3 67.2 0.5 -1.44 -1.49

13.0-15.99 y (156-191 m) 6.7 23.1 29.9 70.1 0.1 -1.51 -1.49

16.0-19.0 y (192-228 m) 5.4 27.5 32.9 67.1 0.03 -1.64 -1.65

Male 8.3 25.7 34.0 65.7 0.3 -1.55 -1.59

10.08-12.99 y (121-155 m) 8.6 25.9 34.6 64.6 0.83 -1.48 -1.58

13.0-15.99 y (156-191 m) 9.4 22.7 32.1 67.9 0.01 -1.50 -1.44

16.0-19.0 y (192-228 m) 6.4 29.3 35.7 64.3 - -1.71 -1.72

Female 5.6 23.5 29.1 70.8 0.1 -1.49 -1.50

10.08-12.99 y (121-155 m) 8.0 22.0 30.0 69.8 0.2 -1.40 -1.72

13.0-15.99 y (156-191 m) 4.0 23.6 27.6 72.3 0.10 -1.52o -1.39

16.0-19.0 y (192-228 m) 4.3 25.5 29.9 70.1 0.06 -1.56 -1.52

Region

NCR 3.8 18.9 22.7 76.8 0.5 -1.74 -1.27

CAR 6.5 23.5 30.0 70.0 - -1.24 -1.47

I . Ilocos 4.2 21.8 26.0 73.8 0.2 -1.36 -1.37



IV-A. CALABARZON 5.4 21.7 27.1 72.6 0.3 -1.40 -1.43

IV-B. MIMAROPA 8.7 27.4 36.1 63.9 - -1.66 -1.66

V. Bicol 8.2 29.8 38.0 61.8 0.2 -1.69 -1.71




IX. Zamboanga Peninsula 10.3 31.3 41.5 58.4 0.09 -1.77 -1.80


XI. Davao 9.2 25.2 34.4 65.6 - -1.67 -1.68

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 10.2 31.7 41.9 58.1 - -1.80 -1.81

ARMM 12.4 30.2 42.6 57.2 0.2 -1.46 -1.79

Caraga 9.2 29.9 39.1 60.9 - -1.82 -1.75


46




Table 39. Percentage distribution of children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-228 months) by BMI-for-age




BMI-for-age (%)

Mean

z-scores

Severely

Thin

Mode-

rately

Thin

Thin* Normal Over-

weight Obese

Over-

weight/

Obese*

<-3SD

<-2SD

to

-3SD

<-2SD -2SD to

+1SD

>+1SD

to +2SD >+2SD >+1SD

Philippines 2.8 9.6 12.4 79.3 5.9 2.4 8.3 -0.72

Gender/ Age Group

10.08-12.99 y (121-155 m) 3.4 10.9 14.3 75.4 6.8 3.4 10.3 -0.75

13.0-15.99 y (156-191 m) 3.1 9.3 12.4 80.6 5.1 1.9 7.0 -0.74

16.0-19.0 y (192-228 m) 1.6 8.4 10.0 82.6 5.5 1.8 7.4 -0.65

Male 3.5 11.5 15.1 76.3 5.6 3.0 8.6 -0.82

10.08-12.99 y (121-155 m) 3.9 11.8 15.7 72.9 6.8 4.6 11.4 -0.77

13.0-15.99 y (156-191 m) 4.1 11.7 15.8 76.8 5.0 2.4 7.4 -0.88

16.0-19.0 y (192-228 m) 2.4 10.9 13.4 79.9 4.9 1.9 6.8 -0.8

Female 2.1 7.6 9.7 82.4 6.1 1.8 7.9 -0.61

10.08-12.99 y (121-155 m) 3.0 10.0 13.0 77.9 6.9 2.3 9.1 -0.73

13.0-15.99 y (156-191 m) 2.2 6.8 9.0 84.3 5.2 1.4 6.6 -0.59

16.0-19.0 y (192-228 m) 0.7 5.7 6.4 85.6 6.3 1.7 8.0 -0.48

Region

NCR 3.1 9.6 12.7 72.5 9.5 5.2 14.7 -0.65

CAR 1.7 4.3 6.0 82.4 9.8 1.9 11.6 -0.50

I . Ilocos 2.4 10.4 12.8 78.6 5.7 2.9 8.6 -0.71

II. Cagayan Valley 2.2 8.8 11.0 81.3 5.4 2.3 7.8 -0.69

III. Central Luzon 3.5 10.9 14.4 74.8 7.4 3.4 10.8 -0.70

IV-A. CALABARZON 4.4 11.0 15.4 74.9 6.9 2.7 9.6 -0.77

IV-B. MIMAROPA 3.6 12.5 16.2 79.1 4.3 0.4 4.7 -0.95

V. Bicol 2.9 11.0 13.9 81.9 3.1 1.1 4.2 -0.91

VI. Western Visayas 2.8 11.8 14.6 79.9 4.2 1.3 5.5 -0.91

VII. Central Visayas 2.3 9.6 11.9 82.1 4.5 1.5 6.0 -0.76

VIII. Eastern Visayas 2.2 7.8 10.0 85.1 3.8 1.1 4.9 -0.75

IX. Zamboanga

Peninsula

1.3 7.6 8.9 86.2 3.5 1.3 4.8 -0.71

X. Northern Mindanao 1.3 5.5 6.8 86.2 4.9 2.1 7.1 -0.60

XI. Davao 1.4 7.8 9.2 83.7 5.6 1.5 7.1 -0.64

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 2.2 7.3 9.6 84.8 4.0 1.7 5.7 -0.72

ARMM 2.4 9.4 11.8 83.0 4.0 1.3 5.3 -0.32

Caraga 2.4 6.6 9.0 84.2 5.3 1.5 6.8 -0.76

* Totals may not add up due to rounding

As shown in Figures 29-30 and 44, and Table 40, stunting trends continued to decline but

remained to be high in prevalence and a public health problem; with higher rates among males

(34.0%), the poorest quintile (47.6%), and those from rural areas (36.7%). Stunting prevalence

decreased as wealth quintile increased; this scenario was seen for both urban and rural areas.

47





Figure 29. Prevalence of stunting among children 10.08-19.0 years old (121-228 months), by age group

and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, and 2013

Figure 30. Prevalence of stunting among children 10.08-19.0 years old (121-228 months),

by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013

ALL

MALE FEMALE

48




Table 40. Percentage distribution of children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-228 months) by height-for-age



Residence/ Wealth Quintile

Height-for-Age (%)

Mean z-scores

Median z-scores

Severely Stunted

Moderately Stunted/

Stunted* Normal Tall

<-3SD <-2SD to

-3SD <-2SD

-2SD to +2SD

>+2SD

Philippines 6.9 24.6 31.6 68.2 0.2 -1.52 -1.54

Poorest 13.7 33.9 47.6 52.3 0.1 -1.96 -1.96

Second 8.0 29.2 37.2 62.7 0.1 -1.69 -1.71

Middle 5.2 23.4 28.6 71.3 0.1 -1.48 -1.51

Fourth 3.7 18.6 22.3 77.5 0.2 -1.29 -1.29

Wealthiest 1.9 13.6 15.5 83.8 0.7 -0.99 -1.04

Urban 5.1 21.1 26.2 73.5 0.3 1.36 -1.37

Poorest 13.8 30.6 44.4 55.6 - -1.91 -1.86

Second 7.2 27.9 35.1 64.8 0.1 -1.62 -1.64

Middle 5.2 23.8 29.0 71.0 - -1.47 -1.51

Fourth 3.5 18.1 21.7 78.1 0.3 -1.28 -1.23

Wealthiest 1.9 13.7 15.7 83.5 0.9 -0.98 -1.04

Rural 8.7 28.0 36.7 63.2 0.1 -1.67 -1.69

Poorest 13.7 34.7 48.4 51.5 0.1 -1.97 -1.97

Second 8.4 30.0 38.4 61.5 0.04 -1.73 -1.74

Middle 5.2 23.0 28.2 71.6 0.3 -1.50 -1.51

Fourth 4.0 19.6 23.5 76.4 0.1 -1.30 -1.32

Wealthiest 1.7 13.1 14.8 85.1 0.1 -1.00 -1.07


At the regional level, ARMM (42.6%), SOCCSKSARGEN (41.9%), and Zamboanga

Peninsula (41.5%) had the highest prevalence of stunting (Table 38 and Figure 31). Among the

provinces of ARMM, Maguindanao and Lanao del Sur were recorded to have the highest prevalence

rate of 48.8 percent and 48.3 percent, respectively (Appendix 18). Regions with better height-for-age

indices (HFA) were Central Luzon, NCR and Cagayan Valley (77.3%, 76.8% and 75.0% respectively

with normal HFA) (Table 38).


Figure 31. Prevalence of stunting among children, 10.08-19.0 years old (121-228 months), by


49




Wasting/thinness had similar patterns as stunting, with higher rates among males (15.1%),

was slightly higher in urban (13%) vs rural (12%) areas, and affecting 13.2 percent of the poorest

quintile, 16.2 percent of those from MIMAROPA, 15.4 percent of those from CALABARZON, and

14.6 percent of Western Visayan adolescents (Figures 32-34, and Tables 39 and 41).


Figure 32. Prevalence of wasting among children, 10.08-19.0 years old (121-228 months), using BMI-for-

age by age group and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013

Figure 33. Prevalence of wasting among children, 10.08-19.0 years old (121-228 months),

using BMI-for-age by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines,

2013

ALL

MALE FEMALE

50




Table 41. Percentage distribution of children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-228 months) by BMI-for-age


residence, wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013 (n=28,453)

Residence/

Wealth

Quintile

BMI-for-Age (%)

Mean

z-scores

Severely

Thin

Moderately

Thin

Thin* Normal Over-

weight Obese

Over-

weight/

Obese

<-3SD <-2SD to

-3SD <-2SD

-2SD to

+1SD

>+1SD

to +2SD

>+2SD

to

+1SD

>+1SD

Philippines 2.8 9.6 12.4 79.3 5.9 2.4 8.2 -0.72

Poorest 2.6 10.6 13.2 83.8 2.4 0.6 3.0 -0.92

Second 2.8 10.0 12.8 82.7 3.5 0.9 4.4 -0.87

Middle 3.3 10.4 13.7 79.8 4.9 1.5 6.5 -0.81

Fourth 3.0 9.6 12.6 76.4 7.3 3.6 10.9 -0.62

Wealthiest 2.4 6.6 9.0 71.0 13.2 6.8 20.0 -0.22

Urban 3.2 9.8 13.0 75.7 7.6 3.7 11.3 -0.63

Poorest 2.4 12.5 14.9 81.1 3.2 0.8 4.0 -0.94

Second 3.2 10.2 13.4 81.4 3.8 1.4 5.2 -0.87

Middle 4.2 11.5 15.7 77.2 5.2 1.9 7.0 -0.86

Fourth 3.1 10.3 13.4 75.1 7.5 4.1 11.5 -0.60

Wealthiest 2.6 6.7 9.3 69.9 13.7 7.1 20.8 -0.20

Rural 2.5 9.4 12.0 82.6 4.2 1.3 5.5 -0.80

Poorest 2.6 10.1 12.7 84.5 2.2 0.6 2.8 -0.91

Second 2.6 9.9 12.5 83.5 3.4 0.6 4.0 -0.87

Middle 2.3 9.2 11.6 82.6 4.7 1.2 5.9 -0.77

Fourth 2.8 8.3 11.1 79.1 7.0 2.8 9.8 -0.65

Wealthiest 1.8 6.0 7.8 75.1 11.4 5.7 17.1 -0.27



Figure 34. Prevalence of wasting among children, 10.08-19.0 years old (121-228 months), using


51




The rate of overweight/obese among adolescents was at 8.2 percent that is attributed mostly

by pre-adolescent males and females, ten to twelve years of age. The highest rate of overweight/obese

however, was among males, 10-12 years old (Figure 35). These rates were also higher among those

from urban areas (11.3%) and the wealthiest quintile (20.8%). Among the regions, NCR (14.7%),

CAR (11.6%), and Central Luzon (10.8%) had the highest rates of overweight/obesity (Figures 36-37

and Table 39).



BMI-for-age by age group and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013


BMI-for-age by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013

ALL

MALE FEMALE

52





Figure 37. Prevalence of overweight/obese among children, 10.08-19.0 years old (121-228 months),

using BMI-for-age by region: Philippines, 2011 and 2013

Like the younger age groups, a decreasing trend was observed in the stunting prevalence

among adolescent children and an increasing trend for wasting and overweight/obese prevalence with

annual averages of 0.71, 0.17 and 0.34 percentage points, respectively (Figure 38).


Figure 38. Trends in the prevalence of malnutrition among pre-adolescent and

adolescent, 10.08-19.0 years old (121-228 months): Philippines, 2003-2013

53




3.5. Nutritional Status of Adults, 20.0 year-old and over

Among the adult population, overnutrition was a more prominent problem than

undernutrition. Prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED), which is indicative of undernutrition

among adults, was lower than overweight and obese rates, and has been declining since 1993 (Figure

44). However, the CED prevalence remained to be medium in terms of its severity and magnitude

and considered to be a problem of public significance. On the other hand, the prevalence of

overweight and obese adults is increasing and is now thrice the rate of those adults with CED. Thus, 1

out of 10 Filipino adults are undernourished while 3 out of 10 are overweight and obese (Figures 39

and 40).

For adults, 18.0 to 19.99 years old, 15.1 percent where chronic energy deficient and it was

common among males (15.9%) than in females (14.3%); while 9.2 percent of the said population were

overweight/obese and it was seen more among females than males at 10.4 percent and 8.2 percent,

respectively (Appendix 23).

Figure 39. Prevalence of CED among adults, 20.0 years old and over, using WHO-BMI classification

by age group and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011 and 2013

ALL

MALE FEMALE

54





Figure 40. Prevalence of overweight/obese among adults, 20.0 years old and over, using WHO

BMI classification by age group and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011 and 2013

ALL

MALE FEMALE

55




Table 42. Mean BMI and percentage distribution of BMI among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by

gender, age group, and region using WHO BMI Classification: Philippines, 2013 (n=69,505)

Disaggregation/ Variable n Mean BMI

95% CI

BMI (%)

Chronic Energy

Deficient Normal

Over- weight

Obese Over-

Weight/Obese*

LL UL <18.5 18.5 to <25.0

25.0 to <30.0

>30.0 >25.0

Philippines 69,505 23.4 23.3 23.4 10.0 58.9 24.3 6.8 31.1

Gender/Age Group

20.0-29.99 y 13,203 22.3 22.2 22.4 13.1 66.5 15.5 4.8 20.3

30.0-39.99 y 12,415 23.9 23.8 23.9 6.4 59.1 26.7 7.9 34.6

40.0-49.99 y 15,998 24.2 24.1 24.2 6.4 55.1 30.0 8.5 38.5

50.0-59.99 y 14,182 23.9 23.8 24.0 8.7 54.7 28.7 7.8 36.5

60.0-69.99 y 8,452 23.0 22.9 23.1 13.6 56.4 24.3 5.7 30.0

>70.0 y 5,255 21.7 21.5 21.8 23.5 56.3 16.9 3.3 20.2

Male 33,130 23.0 23.0 23.1 9.4 63.0 22.4 5.2 27.6

20.0-29.99 y 7,304 22.4 22.3 22.5 10.8 68.1 16.7 4.4 21.1

30.0-39.99 y 5,914 23.5 23.4 23.6 6.4 62.7 25.0 5.9 30.9

40.0-49.99 y 7,419 23.7 23.6 23.8 6.2 60.2 27.0 6.5 33.5

50.0-59.99 y 6,538 23.3 23.2 23.4 9.2 61.0 24.3 5.5 29.8

60.0-69.99 y 3,800 22.5 22.3 22.6 14.2 60.6 21.4 3.8 25.2

>70.0 y 2,155 21.3 21.1 21.5 23.7 60.2 14.6 1.5 16.1

Female 36,375 23.7 23.6 23.7 10.5 55.0 26.1 8.3 34.4

20.0-29.99 y 5,899 22.2 22.0 22.3 15.7 64.8 14.2 5.3 19.5

30.0-39.99 y 6,501 24.2 24.1 24.3 6.3 55.6 28.2 9.8 38.0

40.0-49.99 y 8,579 24.6 24.5 24.7 6.5 50.6 32.6 10.2 42.8

50.0-59.99 y 7,644 24.4 24.3 24.5 8.4 49.3 32.5 9.9 42.4

60.0-69.99 y 4,652 23.4 23.3 23.6 13.0 52.9 26.7 7.3 34.0

>70.0 y 3,100 21.9 21.8 22.1 23.4 53.5 18.5 4.5 23.0

Region

NCR 6,809 24.3 24.1 24.4 7.8 52.3 29.8 10.1 39.9

CAR 2,596 23.9 23.6 24.1 5.8 59.7 27.0 7.5 34.5

I . Ilocos 4,755 22.9 22.7 23.0 12.2 60.5 22.9 4.4 27.3

II. Cagayan Valley 3,689 22.7 22.5 22.8 12.0 62.8 21.0 4.1 25.1

III. Central Luzon 6,239 23.5 23.3 23.6 10.1 57.3 25.4 7.1 32.6

IV-A. CALABARZON 6,942 23.6 23.4 23.7 9.8 57.0 25.7 7.5 33.2

IV-B. MIMAROPA 2,912 22.6 22.4 22.9 12.6 62.7 19.9 4.8 24.7

V. Bicol 4,087 22.8 22.6 22.9 11.8 63.5 19.5 5.2 24.7

VI. Western Visayas 4,885 22.4 22.2 22.5 13.9 63.2 18.8 4.0 22.9

VII. Central Visayas 4,942 23.3 23.1 23.5 10.3 59.6 23.3 6.8 30.1

VIII. Eastern Visayas 3,758 23.5 23.4 23.7 7.7 59.3 25.9 7.0 32.9

IX. Zamboanga Peninsula

2,777 22.9 22.7 23.1 9.5 64.6 19.9 6.0 25.9

X. Northern Mindanao 3,480 23.7 23.5 24.0 7.6 58.5 25.2 8.7 33.9 XI. Davao 3,321 23.6 23.4 23.8 7.4 59.7 25.4 7.4 32.8 XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 3,480 23.0 22.8 23.2 10.1 62.7 22.0 5.3 27.2

ARMM 1,873 22.5 22.2 22.8 13.0 63.8 18.9 4.3 23.2

Caraga 2,960 23.8 23.6 24.0 7.7 57.4 27.7 7.3 34.9

* Totals may not add up due to rounding

56




The double burden of both CED and overweight/obese was also observed among this age

group but overnutrition was higher among urban residents compared to their rural counterparts. As

expected, an inverse relationship was seen between wealth quintile and CED rates while a positive,

direct relationship between wealth quintile and overweight and obese rates was observed (Table 43

and Figure 41). Adults from Western Visayas (13.9%), ARMM (13.0%) and MIMAROPA (12.6%)

had the highest rates for CED; while adults from NCR (39.9%), Caraga (34.9%) and CAR (34.5%)

showed the highest rates for overweight and obesity (Figures 42 and 43).

Table 43. Mean BMI and percentage distribution of BMI among adults, 20.0 year-old and over, by place

of residence, and wealth quintile using WHO BMI Classification: Philippines, 2013 (n=68,877)

Residence/

Wealth

Quintile

n Mean

BMI

95% CI

BMI (%)

CED Normal Over-

weight Obese

Over-

weight/

Obese*

LL UL <18.5 18.5 to <25.0 25.0 to

<30.0 >30.0 >25.0

Philippines 68,877 23.4 23.3 23.4 10.0 58.9 24.3 6.8 31.1

Poorest 14,170 21.8 21.8 21.9 15.1 67.7 14.0 3.2 17.2

Second 14,512 22.6 22.6 22.7 12.2 62.7 20.3 4.7 25.0

Middle 14,208 23.2 23.2 23.3 10.4 59.8 23.5 6.2 29.7

Fourth 13,116 23.9 23.8 24.0 8.0 55.5 28.2 8.2 36.4

Wealthiest 12,871 24.8 24.7 24.9 5.2 50.6 33.3 10.9 44.2

Urban 31,015 23.9 23.8 23.9 8.8 55.1 27.6 8.5 36.1

Poorest 2,687 22.4 22.2 22.7 15.2 61.4 17.9 5.5 23.4

Second 4,573 22.9 22.7 23.0 12.6 59.3 22.0 6.1 28.1

Middle 6,112 23.4 23.2 23.5 10.5 58.5 24.0 6.9 30.9

Fourth 8,043 24.0 23.8 24.1 8.1 54.8 28.7 8.4 37.1

Wealthiest 9,600 24.8 24.7 24.9 5.4 50.3 33.1 11.2 44.3

Rural 37,862 22.8 22.7 22.9 11.3 62.9 20.8 5.0 25.8

Poorest 11,483 21.7 21.6 21.8 15.1 69.3 12.9 2.6 15.5

Second 9,939 22.5 22.4 22.6 12.1 64.7 19.4 3.9 23.3

Middle 8,096 23.1 23.0 23.2 10.3 61.1 23.0 5.6 28.6

Fourth 5,073 23.8 23.7 24.0 7.9 57.0 27.2 7.8 35.0

Wealthiest 3,271 24.7 24.6 24.9 4.4 51.6 34.0 9.9 43.9


Figure 41. Prevalence of CED and Overweight/Obese among, adults 20.0 years old and over, based on

WHO BMI classification, by place of residence and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013

CED OVERWEIGHT/OBESE

57





Figure 42. Prevalence of CED among adults, 20.0 years old and over, based on WHO BMI

classification, and by region: Philippines, 2011 and 2013


Figure 43. Prevalence of overweight/obese among, adults 20.0 years old and over, based on

WHO BMI classification, by region: Philippines, 2011 and 2013

58




Figure 44 shows the trend of malnutrition among adults; CED prevalence among adults

decreased overtime; however, overweight/obese prevalence continued to increase since 1993 at an

annual average of 0.73 percentage points.


Figure 44. Trends in the prevalence of malnutrition among, adults, 20.0 year-old

and over: Philippines, 1993-2013

59




MALE

FEMALE

3.5.1. Obesity among Adults, 20.0 year-old and over

There are two ways to classify obesity, one is through Body Mass Index (BMI) which was

discussed earlier and second is through Waist Circumference (WC) and Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR). The

latter is used to measure android obesity or accumulation of fat in the abdominal area. WC and WHR

are more associated with Metabolic Diseases like diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. As waist

circumference and waist-hip ratio increase, the risk for metabolic complications also increase (will be

discussed in the Clinical and Health Survey Component).

Obesity based on waist circumference and waist-hip ratio was also rising and was particularly

high among females, and those among 40 to 69 years old, that peaked at age 50 to 59 years old

(Figure 45 and Figure 46). The average waist circumference for males was 80.4 cm while for females,

it was 79.3 cm (Table 44) while mean waist-hip ratio for males was 0.90 cm and 0.87 cm for females

(Table 45).


Figure 45. Prevalence of high WC among adults, 20.0 years old and over, based on

WHO classification, by age group and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011,

2013

60




MALE

FEMALE


Figure 46. Prevalence of high WHR among adults, 20.0 years old and over, based on

WHO classification, by age group and gender: Philippines, 2008, 2011, 2013

Among the regions, NCR had the highest mean waist circumference particularly among males

(83.7 cm) while females in NCR had a mean WC of 81.3 cm, it was followed by Central Luzon (male:

82.1 cm; female: 81.1 cm) and CALABARZON (male: 82.1 cm; female: 80.2 cm) (Figure 47).

Mean waist-hip ratio were not so different among the regions ranging from 0.87 cm to 0.92

cm for adult male and 0.85 cm to 0.89 cm for adult female (Table 45). As shown in Figure 48, NCR,

Central Luzon and CALABARZON still had the highest mean WHR for both male and female.

Close to two-thirds of the female adult population also had high waist to hip ratio (WHR)

which is suggestive of android obesity. Those with high WHR increased from 39.5 percent in 1998, to

54.8 percent in 2003, peaked at 65.5 percent in 2008, slightly declined to 62.5 percent in 2011 and

increased again to 63.2 percent in 2013. Males with high WHR have increased from 6.9 percent in

2011 to 8.0 percent in 2013 (Figure 49). Central obesity is a major risk factor in the development of

non-communicable diseases (NCDs) which is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in

the country.

61




Figure 47. Mean waist circumference among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by gender

and region: Philippines, 2013

Figure 48. Mean waist-hip ratio among adults, 20.0 years old and over, by gender and

region: Philippines, 2013

62




Waist Circumference Waist-Hip Ratio

Figure 49. Trends in the prevalence of high WC and WHR among adults, 20.0 year-old and over by

gender: Philippines, 1998-2013

Table 44. Mean waist circumference (WC) and percentage distribution of WC among adults, 20.0 year-

old and over, by gender and age group: Philippines, 2013 (n=69, 375)

Disaggregation/

Variable n

Mean

WC

95% CI

Distribution by various levels* of WC

<90.0/80.0 90-101/

80-87 ≥102/88

LL UL % SE % SE % SE

Male 33, 080 80.4 80.2 80.6 80.1 0.28 16.1 0.25 3.8 0.13

20-29y 7,291 76.6 76.3 76.9 89.0 0.44 8.8 0.38 2.2 0.21

30-39y 5,905 80.6 80.3 80.9 81.4 0.57 15.4 0.53 3.3 0.26

40-49y 7,410 82.6 82.3 82.8 74.6 0.58 20.7 0.52 4.7 0.29

50-59y 6,535 82.9 82.6 83.2 73.8 0.62 20.6 0.57 5.5 0.32

60-69y 3,793 81.7 81.3 82.1 75.7 0.78 19.8 0.71 4.5 0.37

70 & over 2,146 79.7 79.2 80.2 80.0 0.96 16.4 0.86 3.6 0.45

Female 36, 295 79.3 79.2 79.5 54.0 0.33 22.9 0.25 23.1 0.27

20-29y 5,880 74.1 73.8 74.4 75.5 0.61 14.0 0.49 10.5 0.44

30-39y 6,484 79.8 79.5 80.1 53.2 0.68 24.5 0.59 22.4 0.57

40-49y 8,564 81.0 80.7 81.2 47.2 0.60 27.3 0.52 25.5 0.51

50-59y 7,636 82.4 82.1 82.7 40.9 0.62 27.1 0.54 32.0 0.59

60-69y 4,640 81.1 80.7 81.5 46.8 0.81 23.3 0.65 29.9 0.72

70 & over 3,091 79.3 78.8 79.8 52.8 0.99 20.8 0.81 26.4 0.89

ALL 69, 375 79.8 79.7 80.0 66.5 0.25 19.6 0.18 13.8 0.16

*WHO Classification

63




Table 45. Mean waist-hip ratio (WHR) and percentage distribution of WHR among adults, 20.0 year-old

and over, by gender and age group: Philippines, 2013 (n=69,126)

Disaggregation/

Variable n

Mean

WHR

95% CI

Distribution by various levels of WHR

<0.90/0.80 0.90-0.99/

0.80-0.84 ≥1.00/≥0.85


Male 32, 942 0.90 0.90 0.90 50.8 0.37 41.2 0.34 8.0 0.18

20-29y 7,257 0.87 0.87 0.87 70.9 0.64 26.1 0.61 3.0 0.24

30-39y 5,882 0.90 0.90 0.90 52.6 0.77 41.4 0.74 6.0 0.35

40-49y 7,376 0.91 0.91 0.92 41.6 0.67 49.1 0.66 9.3 0.40

50-59y 6,504 0.92 0.92 0.92 37.2 0.64 50.2 0.67 12.7 0.46

60-69y 3,781 0.92 0.92 0.92 37.7 0.89 48.6 0.89 13.7 0.62

70 & over 2,142 0.91 0.91 0.92 44.4 0.12 42.4 1.13 13.2 0.82

Female 36, 184 0.87 0.87 0.88 14.8 0.25 22.0 0.25 63.2 0.35

20-29y 5,870 0.85 0.84 0.85 26.1 0.67 28.4 0.61 45.5 0.76

30-39y 6,470 0.87 0.87 0.88 12.8 0.46 22.6 0.56 64.6 0.65

40-49y 8,540 0.88 0.88 0.88 10.6 0.36 21.1 0.46 68.3 0.56

50-59y 7,609 0.89 0.89 0.89 9.8 0.36 18.3 0.47 71.9 0.57

60-69y 4,621 0.89 0.89 0.89 12.2 0.50 17.9 0.59 69.9 0.73

70 & over 3,074 0.89 0.89 0.90 16.3 0.73 16.8 0.71 66.9 0.91

ALL 69,126 0.89 0.89 0.89 32.1 0.26 31.2 0.20 36.8 0.24

64




Table 46. Mean waist circumference (WC) and percentage distribution of WC among adult males, 20.0

year-old and over, by place of residence, wealth quintile, and region: Philippines, 2013

(n=32,761)

Disaggregation/ Variable n Mean

WC

95% CI Distribution by various levels of WC

<90.0 90-101 ≥102


Philippines 32,761 80.4 80.2 80.6 80.1 0.28 16.1 0.25 3.8 0.13


Poorest 7,299 74.9 74.6 75.1 94.0 0.32 5.0 0.28 1.0 0.14

Second 7,113 77.6 77.3 77.9 88.2 0.42 10.2 0.38 1.6 0.17

Middle 6,784 80.0 79.7 80.3 82.4 0.54 14.7 0.49 2.9 0.25

Fourth 5,959 82.8 82.5 83.2 73.8 0.63 21.5 0.59 4.7 0.29

Wealthiest 5,606 86.4 86.1 86.8 62.3 0.79 29.0 0.72 8.7 0.44

Urban 14,116 82.5 82.2 82.7 74.3 0.47 20.5 0.41 5.2 0.22

Poorest 1,343 76.6 75.9 77.2 89.6 1.05 8.5 0.86 1.8 0.51

Second 2,151 78.4 77.8 79.0 84.9 0.86 12.5 0.75 2.6 0.40

Middle 2,868 80.5 80.0 81.0 81.2 0.85 15.4 0.78 3.4 0.40

Fourth 3,641 83.0 82.6 83.4 73.2 0.82 22.1 0.76 4.7 0.35

Wealthiest 4,113 86.6 86.2 87.1 62.0 0.94 29.1 0.85 8.9 0.52

Rural 18,645 78.3 78.1 78.5 86.0 0.31 11.7 0.28 2.4 0.13

Poorest 5,956 74.5 74.2 74.7 95.1 0.29 4.2 0.28 0.8 0.11

Second 4,962 77.2 76.8 77.5 89.9 0.46 8.9 0.44 1.1 0.15

Middle 3,916 79.5 79.1 79.9 83.6 0.67 14.0 0.61 2.4 0.30

Fourth 2,318 82.5 82.0 83.0 75.1 0.97 20.2 0.90 4.7 0.48

Wealthiest 1,493 85.9 85.2 86.6 63.6 1.37 28.6 1.24 7.9 0.72

Region

NCR 2,973 83.7 83.2 84.3 70.7 1.00 22.4 0.83 6.9 0.57

CAR 1,238 79.7 78.8 80.7 83.3 1.46 13.7 1.22 3.0 0.54

I . Ilocos 2,319 79.9 79.4 80.4 81.8 0.89 15.5 0.82 2.6 0.34

II. Cagayan Valley 1,825 78.5 77.8 79.2 85.9 1.07 11.9 0.94 2.1 0.33

III. Central Luzon 2,975 82.1 81.7 82.6 76.6 0.86 18.6 0.71 4.8 0.45

IV-A. CALABARZON 3,208 82.1 81.6 82.5 75.4 0.85 20.1 0.83 4.5 0.36

IV-B. MIMAROPA 1,417 78.5 77.7 79.2 86.4 1.21 11.5 1.12 2.1 0.45

V. Bicol 1,970 78.8 78.2 79.4 84.7 1.09 12.2 0.95 3.0 0.41

VI. Western Visayas 2,409 77.1 76.6 77.7 87.9 0.70 10.4 0.66 1.7 0.27

VII. Central Visayas 2,274 79.7 79.1 80.3 81.6 1.06 15.5 1.00 2.9 0.43

VIII. Eastern Visayas 1,783 78.9 78.2 79.6 82.2 1.05 15.4 0.86 2.4 0.37

IX. Zamboanga Peninsula 1,380 77.5 76.8 78.3 86.6 1.10 10.5 0.93 3.0 0.49

X. Northern Mindanao 1,672 80.4 79.5 81.3 79.8 1.42 15.7 1.19 4.5 0.52

XI. Davao 1,592 80.1 79.3 80.9 81.4 1.21 14.8 1.01 3.9 0.63

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 1,726 78.8 78.2 79.4 85.5 0.94 11.9 0.84 2.5 0.37

ARMM 926 76.2 75.4 76.9 91.2 0.91 7.6 0.85 1.2 0.40

Caraga 1,393 80.0 79.3 80.7 81.9 1.25 15.3 1.05 2.8 0.49

65




Table 47. Mean waist circumference (WC) and percentage distribution of WC among adult females, 20.0


(n=35,990)


WC

95% CI

Distribution by various levels of WC

<80 cm 80 to 87

cm >88 cm


Philippines 35,990 79.3 79.2 79.5 54.0 0.33 22.9 0.25 23.1 0.27


Poorest 6,854 75.2 74.8 75.6 68.2 0.68 17.4 0.50 14.4 0.51

Second 7,373 77.4 77.1 77.7 58.9 0.67 21.5 0.52 19.6 0.54

Middle 7,400 78.9 78.6 79.3 54.9 0.67 22.1 0.51 23.0 0.61

Fourth 7,127 80.6 80.2 80.1 49.2 0.70 24.1 0.55 26.7 0.57

Wealthiest 7,236 81.8 81.5 82.1 44.3 0.69 27.2 0.57 28.5 0.58

Urban 16,823 80.6 80.4 80.8 49.6 0.47 24.0 0.36 26.4 0.41

Poorest 1,340 76.9 75.9 77.9 60.7 1.64 20.3 1.19 19.0 1.46

Second 2,409 78.7 78.1 79.3 55.2 1.23 21.6 0.90 23.2 1.08

Middle 3,231 79.3 78.8 79.8 54.0 1.04 21.2 0.77 24.8 0.99

Fourth 4,382 80.9 80.5 81.3 48.3 0.89 24.4 0.71 27.3 0.73

Wealthiest 5,461 81.9 81.6 82.3 44.3 0.80 26.5 0.65 29.2 0.67

Rural 19,167 77.9 77.6 78.1 59.1 0.47 21.7 0.33 19.2 0.34

Poorest 5,514 74.8 74.4 75.2 70.2 0.72 16.6 0.54 13.2 0.51

Second 4,964 76.7 76.3 77.1 61.1 0.78 21.5 0.63 17.5 0.58

Middle 4,169 78.6 78.2 79.0 55.7 0.87 23.1 0.69 21.2 0.71

Fourth 2,745 80.0 79.5 80.4 51.0 1.08 23.5 0.85 25.5 0.88

Wealthiest 1,775 81.6 81.0 82.1 44.1 1.34 30.2 1.14 25.7 0.12

Region

NCR 3,827 81.3 80.9 81.8 46.8 1.03 24.7 0.76 28.5 0.86

CAR 1,352 79.0 78.2 79.8 55.3 1.79 23.5 1.26 21.3 1.27

I . Ilocos 2,429 77.6 77.1 78.1 60.4 1.07 21.6 0.92 18.0 0.88



IV-A. CALABARZON 3,700 80.2 79.8 80.7 51.4 0.94 23.0 0.73 25.6 0.76

IV-B. MIMAROPA 1,489 77.7 76.9 78.5 57.6 1.64 23.5 1.16 18.8 1.06

V. Bicol 2,109 78.5 77.9 79.1 58.2 1.25 20.1 0.96 21.7 1.01






XI. Davao 1,728 79.4 78.6 80.1 53.9 1.37 24.1 0.96 22.0 1.11


ARMM 937 77.3 76.3 78.4 60.6 2.26 20.0 1.66 19.4 1.50

Caraga 1,563 80.1 79.4 80.9 50.4 1.43 23.9 1.23 25.7 1.23

66




Table 48. Mean waist-hip ratio (WHR) and percentage distribution of WHR among adult males, 20.0


(n=32,624)


WHR

95% CI

Distribution by various

levels of WHR

<0.90 0.90-0.99 ≥1.00


Philippines 32,624 0.90 0.90 0.90 50.8 0.37 41.2 0.34 8.0 0.18


Poorest 7,270 0.87 0.87 0.88 69.0 0.66 27.9 0.63 3.1 0.22

Second 7,082 0.89 0.89 0.89 58.5 0.69 36.3 0.66 5.2 0.29

Middle 6,749 0.90 0.90 0.90 50.7 0.71 41.9 0.67 7.4 0.35

Fourth 5,934 0.91 0.91 0.91 42.3 0.77 48.0 0.77 9.8 0.42

Wealthiest 5,589 0.93 0.93 0.93 34.0 0.79 51.5 0.78 14.6 0.52

Urban 14,060 0.91 0.91 0.91 43.8 0.54 45.9 0.52 10.3 0.31

Poorest 1,339 0.88 0.88 0.89 62.5 1.56 32.5 1.44 4.9 0.75

Second 2,145 0.89 0.89 0.90 55.3 1.25 38.2 1.20 6.5 0.61

Middle 2,847 0.90 0.90 0.91 48.3 1.07 43.6 0.99 8.1 0.56

Fourth 3,625 0.91 0.91 0.92 40.9 0.99 49.1 1.00 9.9 0.54

Wealthiest 4,104 0.93 0.93 0.93 33.2 0.90 51.6 0.91 15.1 0.61

Rural 18,564 0.89 0.89 0.89 57.8 0.48 36.4 0.44 5.7 0.19

Poorest 5,931 0.87 0.87 0.87 70.7 0.72 26.8 0.69 2.6 0.20

Second 4,937 0.89 0.88 0.89 60.1 0.82 35.3 0.77 4.5 0.31

Middle 3,902 0.90 0.90 0.90 53.0 0.96 40.3 0.91 6.7 0.45

Fourth 2,309 0.91 0.91 0.91 45.0 1.16 45.6 1.13 9.4 0.64

Wealthiest 1,485 0.92 0.92 0.93 36.7 1.57 50.8 1.52 12.4 0.88

Region

NCR 2,973 0.92 0.91 0.92 39.4 1.03 47.7 1.01 12.9 0.71

CAR 1,235 0.90 0.89 0.90 53.6 2.13 39.8 1.89 6.6 0.86

I . Ilocos 2,318 0.90 0.89 0.90 52.4 1.33 40.6 1.25 6.9 0.55



IV-A. CALABARZON 3,183 0.91 0.91 0.92 43.0 1.10 46.8 1.07 10.2 0.58

IV-B. MIMAROPA 1,407 0.90 0.89 0.90 53.6 1.82 40.0 1.62 6.4 0.75

V. Bicol 1,956 0.89 0.89 0.90 57.9 1.42 35.6 1.24 6.5 0.61






XI. Davao 1,587 0.90 0.89 0.90 53.6 1.70 39.4 1.61 7.0 0.68


ARMM 922 0.88 0.87 0.88 66.6 2.12 30.8 2.00 2.6 0.62

Caraga 1,382 0.89 0.89 0.90 56.1 1.68 37.4 1.52 6.5 0.71

67




Table 49. Mean waist-hip ratio and percentage distribution of WHR among adult females, 20.0 year-old

and over, by place of residence, wealth quintile, and region: Philippines, 2013 (n=35,879)


WHR

95% CI

Distribution by various

levels of WHR

<0.80 0.80-0.84 ≥0.85


Philippines 35,879 0.87 0.87 0.88 14.8 0.25 22.0 0.25 63.2 0.35


Poorest 6,842 0.86 0.86 0.87 19.0 0.53 25.6 0.58 55.4 0.70

Second 7,341 0.87 0.87 0.87 16.3 0.49 22.8 0.55 60.9 0.67

Middle 7,377 0.87 0.87 0.88 15.7 0.53 21.8 0.53 62.5 0.70

Fourth 7,109 0.88 0.88 0.88 12.5 0.48 20.7 0.55 66.8 0.69

Wealthiest 7,210 0.88 0.88 0.88 12.2 0.51 20.3 0.52 67.4 0.65

Urban 19,114 0.88 0.88 0.88 13.4 0.36 20.5 0.36 66.1 0.50

Poorest 1,339 0.87 0.87 0.88 17.4 1.23 22.8 1.36 59.8 1.58

Second 2,396 0.88 0.87 0.88 14.6 0.83 21.7 0.96 63.7 1.22

Middle 3,222 0.88 0.87 0.88 15.3 0.81 20.7 0.82 64.0 1.08

Fourth 4,368 0.88 0.90 0.88 12.1 0.62 20.2 0.70 67.7 0.88

Wealthiest 5,440 0.88 0.90 0.88 12.3 0.59 19.7 0.59 67.9 0.75

Rural 16,765 0.87 0.87 0.87 16.5 0.34 23.8 0.34 59.7 0.47

Poorest 5,503 0.86 0.86 0.86 19.5 0.60 26.3 0.64 54.2 0.79

Second 4,945 0.87 0.87 0.87 17.3 0.62 23.4 0.65 59.3 0.79

Middle 4,155 0.87 0.87 0.87 16.0 0.67 22.9 0.69 61.0 0.89

Fourth 2,741 0.88 0.87 0.88 13.3 0.73 21.7 0.87 65.1 1.05

Wealthiest 1,770 0.88 0.87 0.88 11.9 0.94 22.9 1.11 65.3 1.35

Region

NCR 3,827 0.88 0.88 0.89 12.8 0.74 18.3 0.71 68.9 0.97

CAR 1,349 0.87 0.87 0.88 14.1 1.22 22.8 1.27 63.2 1.86

I . Ilocos 2,428 0.87 0.86 0.87 16.8 0.98 25.5 1.00 57.7 1.35



IV-A. CALABARZON 3,682 0.88 0.88 0.88 13.2 0.73 21.6 0.69 65.2 0.99

IV-B. MIMAROPA 1,479 0.87 0.86 0.87 18.3 1.17 20.7 1.14 61.0 1.58

V. Bicol 2,098 0.87 0.87 0.88 15.0 0.90 22.5 0.89 62.4 1.25






XI. Davao 1,726 0.87 0.87 0.88 14.4 0.90 21.3 1.04 64.3 1.39


ARMM 935 0.87 0.87 0.88 17.8 1.52 21.4 1.24 60.8 1.76

Caraga 1,553 0.88 0.87 0.88 12.8 1.08 22.3 1.11 65.0 1.39

68




3.6. Nutritional Status of Pregnant and Lactating Women

Although there has been a steady decrease in the proportion of nutritionally at-risk pregnant

women since 2005, almost one-fourth (24.8%) were still at risk of delivering low birth weight babies

and other pregnancy complications because of not achieving the desirable weight in relation to their

age of gestation (Figure 52).

3.6.1. Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women

This state of being nutritionally at-risk was highest among pregnant women below 20 years

old (37.2%) as shown in Figure 50. This prevalence decreased as pregnancy progressed to the third

trimester and was higher among the poorest quintile (30.0%) and those residing in the rural areas

(25.2%) (Table 50). However, between place of residence and quintiles, the poorest quintile from

urban areas (33.3%) was the most at-risk pregnant women (Table 51).

Among the regions, the proportions of pregnant women who were nutritionally at-risk were

highest in Cagayan Valley (33.6%), Bicol (33.0%) and Western Visayas (32.4%) regions and lowest

in Eastern Visayas (14.1%), Central Luzon (16.5%) and Caraga (18.3%) regions (Table 50). The

decrease in the prevalence of nutritionally at-risk pregnant women between 2011 and 2013 was noted

in the regions of Ilocos, Central Luzon, MIMAROPA, Western Visayas, Eastern Visayas, Northern

Mindanao, SOCCSKSARGEN, and ARMM while an increase was observed in NCR, CAR, Bicol,

Central Visayas, Zamboanga Peninsula, and Davao (Figure 51).

Figure 50. Prevalence of

nutritionally at-risk pregnant

women by age group:

Philippines, 2008, 2011 and

2013

Figure 51. Prevalence of nutritionally at-risk pregnant women by region: Philippines, 2011 and 2013

69




Table 50. Percentage distribution of pregnant women, by age group, months of pregnancy, place of

residence, wealth quintile, and region using weight-for-height classification: Philippines, 2013

(n=1,184)


Nutritional Status (%)

n Nutritionally at-risk Not nutritionally at-risk

<P95th >P95th

Philippines 1,184 24.8 75.2

Age group

<20 years old 188 37.2 62.8

>20 years old 996 23.0 77.0

Months of Pregnancy

1st Trimester 211 26.6 73.4

2nd

Trimester 499 25.5 74.5

3rd

Trimester 474 23.1 76.9

Residence

Urban 519 24.3 75.7

Rural 665 25.2 74.8

Wealth Quintile

Lowest/ Poorest 334 30.0 70.0

Second 270 26.5 73.5

Middle 239 24.7 75.3

Fourth 170 25.9 74.1

Wealthiest/ Highest 161 14.4 85.6

Region

NCR 109 22.9 77.1

CAR 36 18.6 81.4

I . Ilocos 73 20.9 79.1

II. Cagayan Valley 55 33.6 66.4

III. Central Luzon 100 16.5 83.5

IV-A. CALABARZON 138 28.7 71.3

IV-B. MIMAROPA 46 29.5 70.5

V. Bicol 73 33.0 67.0

VI. Western Visayas 66 32.4 67.6

VII. Central Visayas 78 22.4 77.6

VIII. Eastern Visayas 59 14.1 85.9

IX. Zamboanga Peninsula 58 28.5 71.5

X. Northern Mindanao 69 25.1 74.9

XI. Davao 46 32.0 68.0

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 57 20.8 79.2

ARMM 55 25.9 74.1

Caraga 66 18.3 81.7

70




Table 51. Nutritionally at-risk pregnant women based on Magbitang, et.al’s weight-for-height

classification, by place of residence, and wealth quintile: Philippines, 2013

Place of

Residence

Poorest Second Middle Fourth Wealthiest

In Percent (%)

Urban 33.3 30.8 26.3 25.8 13.3

Rural 28.9 23.3 23.0 26.4 17.7

Figure 52 shows that after a peak in 2005, prevalence of nutritionally at-risk pregnant women

continued to decrease, with a 3.6 percent reduction in the past eight years.

Figure 52. Trends in the prevalence of nutritionally at-risk pregnant women based on weight-for-height:


3.6.2. Nutritional Status of Lactating Women

Among lactating mothers, 12.5 percent were Chronic Energy Deficient/Underweight. This

proportion increased as breastfeeding duration lengthens. Of the 21.7 percent of these women who

were overweight and obese, only 6.5 percent were below 20 years old and 22.8 percent were 20 years

old and above (Table 52).

Wealth is inversely related to chronic energy deficiency (CED) rates but positively related

with overweight and obese rates. CED was more prominent among rural lactating mothers (13.5%)

while overweight and obesity was higher among urban ones (25.6%) (Table 52). However, the

lactating mothers from poorest quintile in urban areas were most at-risk of CED and from the

wealthiest quintile in rural areas were most at-risk of obesity (Table 53).

Among the regions, the proportions of lactating mothers who were undernourished were

highest in MIMAROPA (20.0%), Ilocos and ARMM (15.9%) and Bicol (15.1%). On the other hand,

overweight and obesity rates were highest in Northern Mindanao (32.2%), NCR (31.8%) and CAR

(30.3%) (Table 52).

71




Table 52. Percentage distribution of lactating women, by age group, months of lactation, place of

residence, wealth quintile, and region using weight-for-height classification: Philippines, 2013

(n = 2, 605)

Disaggregation/

Variable n


Underweight/

CED Normal Overweight Obese

Philippines 2,605 12.5 65.8 17.5 4.2

Age Group

<20 years old* 222 12.4 81.1 5.1 1.4

>20 years old** 2,383 12.5 64.7 18.4 4.4

Months of Lactation

1st Trimester 681 7.3 69.4 19.0 4.2

2nd

Trimester 554 13.8 66.2 16.7 3.3

3rd

Trimester 815 15.9 62.5 16.8 4.8

Residence

Urban 1,043 11.3 63.2 19.7 5.9

Rural 1,562 13.5 68.0 15.6 2.8

Wealth Quintile

Poorest 845 16.4 68.1 12.7 2.8

Second 627 14.4 66.4 15.1 4.1

Middle 534 11.5 66.3 18.8 3.4

Fourth 364 10.3 62.3 21.7 5.8

Wealthiest 215 2.1 62.1 27.6 8.3

Region

NCR 198 7.7 60.5 23.1 8.7

CAR 121 6.0 63.8 26.7 3.5

I . Ilocos 156 15.9 67.5 13.0 3.6

II. Cagayan Valley 134 13.4 72.9 11.7 2.0

III. Central Luzon 175 14.0 61.1 19.8 5.1

IV-A. CALABARZON 224 14.1 65.7 16.4 3.7

IV-B. MIMAROPA 113 20.0 69.6 9.7 0.7

V. Bicol 205 15.1 62.4 18.7 3.9

VI. Western Visayas 200 16.4 71.8 9.8 2.0

VII. Central Visayas 166 9.6 70.4 15.8 4.2

VIII. Eastern Visayas 186 11.5 68.8 17.3 2.4

IX. Zamboanga

Peninsula

103 8.6 65.6 21.6 4.2

X. Northern Mindanao 138 3.8 64.0 24.7 7.5

XI. Davao 109 14.8 66.2 17.1 1.9

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 129 13.8 64.9 20.0 1.3

ARMM 127 15.9 65.5 12.5 6.1

Caraga 121 9.6 65.8 20.7 3.9

*Using BMI-for-age WHO Growth Reference

**Using BMI for adults

72




CED Overweight/Obese

Table 53. Percentage distribution of lactating women, by place of residence and wealth quintile, using

weight-for-height classification: Philippines, 2013 (n = 2, 605)

Residence/Wealth

Quintile n


Underweight/


Urban

Poorest 166 19.8 59.7 15.0 5.5

Second 208 17.3 64.3 11.9 6.4

Middle 274 10.9 66.2 18.9 4.0

Fourth 234 8.2 62.4 22.9 6.5

Wealthiest 155 2.2 61.2 29.0 7.6

Rural

Poorest 679 15.5 70.5 12.0 2.0

Second 419 12.6 67.7 17.0 2.7

Middle 230 12.4 66.4 18.6 2.6

Fourth 130 15.8 61.8 18.5 3.9

Wealthiest 60 1.5 65.1 23.1 10.3

At the national level, CED and overweight/obese increased between 2011 and 2013.

Significant improvement in the nutritional status of lactating mothers between 2011 and 2013 in terms

of CED were seen in NCR and Northern Mindanao but both regions had recorded sharp increase in

overweight/obese lactating mothers with the addition of Bicol. General increase in overweight/obese

prevalences were also observed in most of the regions except Ilocos, Central Visayas, MIMAROPA,

and Davao (Figures 54 and 55).

From 1998 to 2008, the reference used was based on NCHS/WHO 1978 but by 2011 WHO

Growth Reference was used to assess the nutritional status of lactating women. Thus, results from

1998 to 2008 are not comparable with 2011 and 2013.


Figure 53. Prevalence of CED and overweight/obese among lactating women based on BMI and

WHO Growth Reference, by age group: Philippines, 2008, 2011 and 2013

73




CED

Overweight/Obese

Figure 54. Prevalence of CED and overweight/obese among lactating women based on

BMI and WHO Growth Reference, by region: Philippines, 2011 and 2013


Figure 55. Trends in the prevalence of malnutrition among lactating women based on

BMI and WHO Growth Reference: Philippines, 1998-2013

74




3.7. Birthweight of young children, 0-3.9 years old (0-47 months)

Birth weight, an important indicator of the infant’s health status, survival, and physical and

mental growth in the future, provides specific information on the health of pregnant women and fetal

development. Infants who have a birth weight of less than 2500 grams are considered to have low

birth weight (WHO, 2001). The decline in the proportion of low birth weight among infants

contributes to child mortality reduction, which is one of the 2015 Millennium Development Goals.

Table 54 shows that males had higher mean birth weight than females at 3,054.6 grams.

Among all infants with recorded birth weights included in the survey, 38.7 percent were born in

public hospitals, with delivery assisted by doctors/nurse/midwife (89.5%), were delivered normally

(87.7%), were full term infants (97.2%), and of average size at birth (58.4%) (Table 56).

The proportion of infants born with low birth weight declined to 11.5 percent from 15.9

percent in 2011 (Figure 57). Among infants and young children with recorded birth weight, 11.9

percent were with low birth weight; based on recall, the low birth weight rate was 11.1 percent.

Disaggregated by gender, females had higher (12.3%) low birth weight rates than males (10.8%).

Higher prevalence of low birth weight were noted in ARMM (18.0%), MIMAROPA (15.6%) and

Central Visayas (13.7%) (Tables 55 and 57). Overall, there was general decline in the prevalence rates

of low birth weight infants among the regions between 2011 and 2013 except for ARMM (Figure 56).

Table 54. Mean birth weight among children, 0-3.9 years old (0-47 months), by gender and by

source of birth record: Philippines, 2013 (n=7,158)

Gender

Mean Birth Weight (<2500 g)

All With Record Recalled

n Mean n Mean n Mean

Boys 3,683 3,054.6 1,800 3,045.8 1,692 3,063.8

Girls 3,475 2,984.5 1,783 2,978.1 1,803 2,991.4

All 7,158 3,020.5 3,663 3,012.8 3,495 3,028.8

Table 55. Estimates of the proportion of low birth weight among children, 0-3.9 years old

(0-47 months), by gender and by source of birth record: Philippines, 2013

(n=7,158)

Gender

Low Birth Weight (<2500 g)

All With Record Recalled

n % n % n %

Boys 3,683 10.8 1,800 11.2 1,692 10.2

Girls 3,475 12.3 1,783 12.5 1,803 12.0

All 7,158 11.5 3,663 11.9 3,495 11.1

75




Table 56. Place of delivery, who assisted the delivery, type of delivery, type of gestation and size at birth

of children, 0-3.9 years old (0-47 months): Philippines, 2013 (n=7,158)

Variable/ Information All With Record Recalled

n % n % n %

Place of delivery

At Home 1,524 20.5 666 17.9 858 23.2

Public Hospital 2,855 38.7 1,529 40.3 1,326 37.1

Private hospital/Clinic/Lying-in 1,435 22.6 784 24.1 651 21.1

PublicHealth Center/Clinic 1,334 18.0 676 17.5 658 18.5

Others 10 0.1 8 0.2 2 0.1

Who assisted the delivery

Doctor/Nurse/Midwife 6,337 89.5 3,327 91.3 3,010 87.5

Traditional Birth Attendant (Hilot) 787 10.1 322 8.4 465 11.9

Others 34 0.4 14 0.3 20 0.5

Type of delivery

Normal 6,316 87.7 3,175 86.4 3,141 89.2

Caesarian 842 12.3 488 13.6 354 10.8

Type of Gestation

Full term 6,957 97.2 3,553 97.1 3,404 97.3

Premature 201 2.8 110 2.9 91 2.7

Size of Child

Very small 292 4.1 137 3.7 155 4.6

Smaller than average 1,248 17.2 626 17.0 622 17.4

Average 4,196 58.4 2,187 59.7 2,009 57.0

Larger than average 1,348 19.2 678 18.7 670 19.8

Very large 74 1.1 35 0.9 39 1.2

76




Table 57. Estimates of the proportion of low birth weight among children, 0-3.9 years old (0-47 months)

by region: Philippines, 2013 (n=7,158)

Region/ Province

% Low

Birth

Weight

Standard

Error

95 % Confidence Interval CV %

LL UL

Philippines 11.5 0.41 10.7 12.3 3.6

NCR 9.8 1.20 7.4 12.1 12.2

CAR 7.9 1.38 5.2 10.6 17.5

I . Ilocos 11.0 1.58 7.9 14.1 14.4

II. Cagayan Valley 12.6 2.19 8.3 17.0 17.4

III. Central Luzon 9.7 1.17 7.4 12.0 12.1

IV-A. CALABARZON 11.9 1.26 9.4 14.3 10.6

IV-B. MIMAROPA 15.6 2.36 11.0 20.3 15.1

V. Bicol 12.5 1.41 9.8 15.3 11.3

VI. Western Visayas 15.5 1.69 12.2 18.9 10.9

VII. Central Visayas 13.7 1.55 10.7 16.8 11.3

VIII. Eastern Visayas 12.4 1.69 9.1 15.7 13.6

IX. Zamboanga Peninsula 12.9 1.90 9.2 16.7 14.7

X. Northern Mindanao 6.2 1.29 3.7 8.7 20.8

XI. Davao 12.3 1.70 9.0 15.6 13.8

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 10.2 1.74 6.8 13.6 17.1

ARMM 18.0 3.43 11.3 24.7 19.1

Caraga 10.5 1.89 6.8 14.2 18.0


Figure 56. Prevalence of low birth weight among young children, 0-3.9 years old (0-47 months), by


77




Prevalence of children born with low birthweight decreased to 11.5% (2013) after it peaked in

2011 (15.9%). This decline will have an impact in reducing child mortality rate in the country (Figure

57).


Figure 57. Trends in the prevalence of low birth weight among young children, 0-3.9

years old (0-47 months): Philippines, 2008-2013

78




4. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

The result of the 8th National Nutrition Survey on Anthropometry presented in this monograph leads

to the following conclusions:

Undernutrition remained a public health problem among children and adolescents and more

likely to affect younger males than females. Regions with high to very high magnitude of

undernourished children 0-19 years old includes Bicol, MIMAROPA, Western and Eastern

Visayas, SOCCSKSARGEN, and ARMM.

There was a slow improvement in underweight prevalence among children 0-5.0 years old; it

barely changed over the past decade from 20.7 percent in 2003 to 19.9 percent in 2013.

Reduction on stunting prevalence was apparent in all age groups although it remained high in

magnitude and severity among children 0-5.0 years old at 30.3 percent.

Wasting continued to be prevalent among children and adolescents and greatly affects

younger children particularly during the first 12 months of life.

Double burden of malnutrition was not only seen among adults but also among children and

adolescents. As underweight and stunting prevalence remained high in magnitude and

severity among children, prevalence of overweight/obese was slowly increasing.

Obesity by BMI and by WC and WHR were both high in prevalence among adults, and

women were more likely to have android obesity putting them at higher risk for metabolic

diseases.

There was a continuous improvement in the nutritional status of pregnant women as the

prevalence decreased to 24.8 percent. However, the decline in CED prevalence among

lactating women was not sustained as it slightly increased to 12.5 percent.

The anthropometric results of the 8th National Nutrition Survey showed that the Philippines were

doing poor in reducing undernutrition in children and in preventing further increase in overweight and

obesity. However, we were doing a better job in decreasing the proportion of nutritionally-at-risk

pregnant women.

With regards to the UN MDG 2015 Target, it would seem that the Philippines would not be able to

meet the goal on reducing by half the 1990 proportion of underweight preschool-age children by

2015. We are aiming for a 13.6 percent underweight prevalence but looking at the trend, we only have

0.31 percentage point reduction rate annually. If this trend continues, an underweight prevalence of

only 19.28 percent in 2015 could be predicted, falling short for our 2015 target.

These results call for heightening our plans and actions in addressing these public health problems,

targeting the population and regions or areas that are more vulnerable thus, needs more attention.

Existing interventions to curb malnutrition must be amplified in order to effect bigger change.

79




5. REFERENCES

Books/Journals:

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2014). 2013 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey:

Preliminary Report.

Center for Disease Control (CDC). (2007). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

(NHANES) Anthropometry Procedures Manual, USA.

Dasco, M.L.P., Cerdena, C.M., Pine, C.R., Quiogue, J.B.T., Gironella, G.M.P. and Capanzana, M.V.

(2013). Nutritional status of Filipino preschool and school-age children based on the 2008

National Nutrition Survey. Philippine Journal of Nutrition. January-June, 60(1): 1-14.

Food and Nutrition Research Institute-Department of Science and Technology. (2007). Facts and

Figures Updating 2005. Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila.


Figures 2008. Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila.


Figures Updating 2011. Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila.

Food and Nutrition Research Institute-Department of Science and Technology. (2013). 8th National

Nutrition Survey Field Operations Manual: Anthropometric Survey.

Gibson R.S. (2005). Principles of Nutritional Assessment. Second Edition. Oxford University Press.

New York, USA. 155-260 pp.

Magbitang J.A., Tangco J.B.M., dela Cruz E.O., Flores E.G., and Guanlao F.E.. (1988). Weight for

height as measure of nutritional status in Filipino pregnant women. Asia Pacific Journal of

Public Health 2(2):96-104

World Health Organization. (1995). Physical Status: The use and interpretation of anthropometry.

WHO Technical Report Series 854. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

Websites:

Averkamp, S. (2015). www.fitnessforweightloss.com Accessed on September 24, 2015.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Defining Childhood Obesity.

www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html. Accessed on September 23, 2015.

World Health Organization. (2015). Fact sheet No311. Obesity and Overweight.

www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/. Accessed on September 23, 2015.

80




6. APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Percentage distribution of children, 0-4.99 years old (0-59 months), using WHO-CGS weight-

for-age, by gender, age, and region: Philippines, 2013

Disaggregation/ Variable Underweight Normal Overweight

Philippines 20.0 77.7 2.3

Gender

Male 19.4 78.2 2.4

Female 20.6 77.2 2.3

Age Group

0-5 m 12.2 83.6 4.3

6-11 m 15.2 82.1 2.7

12-23 m (1.0-1.99 y) 20.1 77.6 2.3

24-35 m (2.0-2.99 y) 21.8 76.2 2.1

36-47 m (3.0-3.99 y) 22.3 75.7 2.0

48-59 m (4.0-4.99 y) 21.2 76.8 2.0

Region

NCR 13.0 83.7 3.2

CAR 16.6 81.2 2.2

I. Ilocos 21.2 76.2 2.6

II. Cagayan Valley 20.5 76.7 2.8

III. Central Luzon 17.8 79.0 3.2

IV-A. CALABARZON 18.1 79.0 2.9

IV-B. MIMAROPA 27.6 69.4 3.1

V. Bicol 24.8 73.9 1.3

VI. Western Visayas 26.0 71.5 2.5

VII. Central Visayas 23.1 76.2 0.7

VIII. Eastern Visayas 21.5 76.8 1.7

IX. Zamboanga Peninsula 24.4 74.3 1.3

X. Northern Mindanao 17.6 80.0 2.4

XI. Davao 18.6 80.1 1.3

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 24.0 74.4 1.6

ARMM 22.5 75.2 2.3

Caraga 20.0 78.8 1.3

81




Appendix 2. Percentage distribution of children, 0-4.99 years old (0-59 months), using WHO-CGS height-

for-age, by gender, age, and region: Philippines, 2013

Disaggregation/ Variable Stunting Normal Tall


Gender

Male 31.4 66.6 2.0

Female 29.1 69.2 1.6

Age Group

0-5 m 13.1 83.2 3.8

6-11 m 16.2 79.8 4.0

12-23 m (1.0-1.99 y) 31.5 66.2 2.3

24-35 m (2.0-2.99 y) 35.7 63.0 1.3

36-47 m (3.0-3.99 y) 35.4 63.6 1.0

48-59 m (4.0-4.99 y) 32.7 66.2 1.1

Region

NCR 22.5 74.5 3.0

CAR 32.5 66.1 1.4

I. Ilocos 27.2 70.9 1.9




IV-B. MIMAROPA 35.8 62.7 1.5

V. Bicol 40.2 58.7 1.1






XI. Davao 29.5 67.8 2.7


ARMM 38.8 57.7 3.4

Caraga 34.4 63.9 1.7

82




Appendix 3. Percentage distribution of children, 0-4.99 years old (0-59 months), using WHO-CGS weight-

for-height, by gender, age, and region: Philippines, 2013

Disaggregation/ Variable Wasting Normal Overweight for height


Gender

Male 8.3 86.1 5.5

Female 7.6 87.5 4.7

Age Group

0-5 m 13.4 76.4 9.9

6-11 m 11.3 83.6 5.0

12-23 m (1.0-1.99 y) 10.6 84.9 4.4

24-35 m (2.0-2.99 y) 6.4 88.6 4.8

36-47 m (3.0-3.99 y) 5.8 89.8 4.2

48-59 m (4.0-4.99 y) 5.6 89.3 4.9

Region

NCR 6.4 86.9 6.5

CAR 6.0 87.1 6.2

I. Ilocos 9.7 84.9 5.5




IV-B. MIMAROPA 9.7 84.6 5.4

V. Bicol 7.5 88.4 3.9






XI. Davao 7.5 88.8 3.5


ARMM 8.8 86.5 4.1

Caraga 7.6 88.6 3.6

83




Appendix 4. Estimates of the proportion of underweight among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months),

using WHO-CGS weight-for-age, standard error, confidence interval, and coefficient of

variation by region and province: Philippines, 2013 (n=13,406)

Region/ Province %

Underweight

Standard

Error


LL UL

Philippines 19.9 0.40 19.2 20.7 2.0

NCR 12.9 1.02 10.9 14.9 7.9

District I 13.6 2.43 8.8 18.4 17.9

District II 11.2 1.79 7.7 14.7 15.9

District III 9.7 1.87 6.0 13.3 19.4

District IV 16.9 1.99 13.0 20.8 11.8

CAR 16.5 1.62 13.3 19.7 9.8

Abra 19.5 3.56 12.5 26.5 18.3

Apayao 17.6 4.19 9.4 25.9 23.7

Benguet 13.2 1.95 9.4 17.0 14.8

Ifugao 9.7 5.00 -0.1 19.5 51.5

Kalinga 17.6 4.57 8.7 26.6 25.9

Mountain Province 34.8 9.54 16.1 53.5 27.4

I. Ilocos Region 21.4 1.60 18.3 24.5 7.5

Ilocos Norte 24.2 5.82 12.8 35.6 24.1

Ilocos Sur 13.9 4.47 5.2 22.7 32.1

La Union 19.8 4.64 10.7 28.9 23.5

Pangasinan 22.7 1.83 19.1 26.3 8.1


Cagayan 22.7 2.34 18.1 27.2 10.3

Isabela 19.6 3.32 13.1 26.1 16.9

Nueva Vizcaya 19.6 4.03 11.7 27.5 20.5

Quirino 17.3 6.04 5.5 29.2 34.9


Aurora 33.3 22.66 -11.1 77.8 68.0

Bataan 10.8 5.20 0.6 21.0 48.3

Bulacan 16.3 2.63 11.1 21.4 16.1

Nueva Ecija 21.1 2.97 15.3 26.9 14.1

Pampanga 15.6 2.34 11.0 20.2 15.0

Tarlac 14.6 3.13 8.5 20.8 21.5

Zambales 30.2 5.99 18.5 42.0 19.8

IV-A. CALABARZON 18.1 1.08 16.0 20.2 6.0

Batangas 16.0 2.15 11.8 20.3 13.4

Cavite 15.9 2.40 11.2 20.6 15.0

Laguna 15.2 1.82 11.6 18.8 12.0

Quezon 25.4 2.54 20.4 30.4 10.0

Rizal 18.6 2.77 13.1 24.0 14.9

IV-B. MIMAROPA 27.5 2.57 22.4 32.5 9.4

Marinduque 14.1 6.22 1.9 26.3 44.1

Occidental Mindoro 39.1 7.79 23.8 54.4 19.9

Oriental Mindoro 26.0 4.10 18.0 34.1 15.8

Palawan 28.0 2.71 22.7 33.3 9.7

Romblon 11.2 4.68 2.0 20.4 41.7

V. Bicol Region 24.6 1.65 21.4 27.9 6.7

Albay 24.7 2.92 18.9 30.4 11.8

Camarines Norte 21.3 6.98 7.6 35.0 32.8

Camarines Sur 26.2 3.07 20.2 32.2 11.7

Catanduanes 18.7 6.87 5.2 32.2 36.7

Masbate 25.0 3.91 17.4 32.7 15.6

Sorsogon 24.4 3.72 17.1 31.7 15.2

84




Continued… Appendix 4

Region/ Province %

Underweight

Standard

Error


LL UL


Aklan 15.1 3.05 9.1 21.1 20.2

Antique 29.2 5.10 19.2 39.2 17.4

Capiz 28.3 5.23 18.1 38.6 18.5

Guimaras 11.5 4.66 2.4 20.7 40.4

Iloilo 27.4 3.26 21.0 33.8 11.9

Negros Occidental 26.4 2.97 20.6 32.2 11.2


Bohol 22.7 4.06 14.8 30.7 17.9

Cebu 23.8 2.02 19.9 27.8 8.5

Negros Oriental 20.3 2.89 14.7 26.0 14.2

Siquijor 31.7 15.90 0.5 62.9 50.2


Biliran 29.1 4.72 19.9 38.4 16.2

Eastern Samar 15.1 4.05 7.2 23.1 26.7

Leyte 22.3 2.23 17.9 26.7 10.0

Northern Samar 24.8 3.91 17.1 32.4 15.8

Southern Leyte 18.3 3.76 10.9 25.7 20.6

Western Samar 20.7 2.95 14.9 26.4 14.3


Zamboanga del Norte 26.3 3.44 19.6 33.1 13.1

Zamboanga del Sur 21.6 2.84 16.1 27.2 13.1

Zamboanga Sibugay 31.1 5.00 21.3 40.9 16.1


Bukidnon 16.1 3.02 10.2 22.0 18.8

Camiguin 6.8 6.74 -6.5 20.0 99.6

Lanao del Norte 17.1 2.33 12.6 21.7 13.6

Misamis Occidental 24.2 5.07 14.2 34.1 21.0

Misamis Oriental 17.4 2.20 13.1 21.7 12.6

XI. Davao Region 18.8 1.84 15.2 22.4 9.8

Compostela Valley 13.8 3.09 7.7 19.8 22.4

Davao del Norte 17.3 4.19 9.1 25.5 24.2

Davao del Sur 22.4 2.82 16.9 28.0 12.6

Davao Oriental 11.5 3.37 4.9 18.1 29.3


North Cotabato 22.1 3.42 15.4 28.8 15.5

Sarangani 25.1 4.97 15.4 34.9 19.8

South Cotabato 21.8 3.01 15.9 27.7 13.8

Sultan Kudarat 29.9 4.30 21.5 38.3 14.4

ARMM 21.9 1.68 18.6 25.2 7.7

Basilan 11.9 4.63 2.8 20.9 39.1

Lanao del Sur 24.2 3.16 18.0 30.4 13.1

Maguindanao 21.9 2.69 16.6 27.1 12.3

Sulu 20.3 3.54 13.3 27.2 17.4

Tawi-Tawi 26.0 4.86 16.5 35.5 18.7

Caraga 19.8 1.59 16.7 22.9 8.0

Agusan del Norte 22.1 3.81 14.7 29.6 17.2

Agusan del Sur 13.8 3.17 7.6 20.1 22.9

Surigao del Norte 20.9 4.51 12.1 29.8 21.5

Surigao del Sur 22.4 1.88 18.7 26.1 8.4

Note: Prevalence’s between provinces are significantly different if the Confidence Interval (CI’s) do not overlap from each other.

CV’s that are <20 are acceptable estimates for the province.

District I – Manila District III – Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela

District II – Quezon City, Mandaluyong, Marikina, Pasig, San Juan District IV-Makati, Pateros, Taguig, Las Piñas, Muntinlupa, Parañaque, Pasay

85




Appendix 5. Differences of estimates of underweight children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by age,

gender, and region, among three survey periods: Philippines, 2008, 2011 and 2013


Underweight

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs. 2008 2013 vs. 2011

% % % Diff. p-

value Diff.

p-value

Sex/Age Group

All 20.7 20.2 19.9 -0.8 0.080 -0.3 0.515

0-5 m 12.0 12.4 12.2 0.2 0.873 -0.2 0.876

6-11 m 15.5 15.2 15.2 -0.3 0.821 0.0 1.000

1y 19.3 19.5 20.1 0.8 0.448 0.6 0.576

2y 22.8 21.8 21.8 -1.0 0.369 0.0 1.000

3y 24.1 21.7 22.3 -1.8 0.087 0.6 0.563

4-5y 23.0 23.2 21.0 -2.0 0.036 -2.2 0.026

Male 20.9 20.1 19.4 -1.5 0.018 -0.7 0.271

0-5 m 13.3 14.0 13.8 0.5 0.785 -0.2 0.916

6-11 m 18.5 17.2 16.1 -2.4 0.220 -1.1 0.568

1y 20.4 21.4 21.7 1.3 0.386 0.3 0.845

2y 22.9 20.8 20.4 -2.5 0.100 -0.4 0.788

3y 22.7 20.9 20.9 -1.8 0.212 0.0 1.000

4-5y 22.2 21.4 18.7 -3.5 0.007 -2.7 0.041

Female 20.6 20.3 20.5 -0.1 0.880 0.2 0.765

0-5 m 10.8 10.8 10.6 -0.2 0.906 -0.2 0.908

6-11 m 12.4 12.9 14.3 1.9 0.283 1.4 0.442

1y 18.0 17.5 18.3 0.3 0.838 0.8 0.592

2y 22.7 23.0 23.4 0.7 0.669 0.4 0.808

3y 25.6 22.6 23.6 -2.0 0.193 1.0 0.509

4-5y 23.8 25.2 23.4 -0.4 0.777 -1.8 0.220

Region

NCR 17.4 14.7 12.9 -4.5 0.001 -1.8 0.163

CAR 15.5 11.9 16.5 1.0 0.642 4.6 0.022

I. Ilocos 20.3 19.8 21.4 1.1 0.558 1.6 0.423

II. Cagayan Valley 20.5 23.2 20.6 0.1 0.963 -2.6 0.249

III. Central Luzon 14.5 15.8 17.7 3.2 0.027 1.9 0.214

IV-A. CALABARZON 16.5 14.8 18.1 1.6 0.245 3.3 0.017

IV-B. MIMAROPA 26.6 24.9 27.5 0.9 0.711 2.6 0.301

V. Bicol 26.4 25.3 24.6 -1.8 0.344 -0.7 0.713

VI. Western Visayas 25.0 23.9 26.0 1.0 0.619 2.1 0.304

VII. Central Visayas 19.4 21.6 23.1 3.7 0.041 1.5 0.427

VIII. Eastern Visayas 26.4 25.6 21.7 -4.7 0.017 -3.9 0.047

IX. Zamboanga Peninsula 25.4 25.2 24.5 -0.9 0.705 -0.7 0.769

X. Northern Mindanao 21.6 21.9 17.7 -3.9 0.053 -4.2 0.037

XI. Davao 21.9 20.2 18.8 -3.1 0.139 -1.4 0.542

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 24.7 25.1 23.8 -0.9 0.678 -1.3 0.550

ARMM 24.3 26.2 21.9 -2.4 0.261 -4.3 0.045

Caraga 22.6 23.0 19.8 -2.8 0.195 -3.2 0.133 Note: Significant at p-value ≤0.05

86




Appendix 6. Estimates of the proportion of underheight among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months),

using WHO-CGS height-for-age, standard error, confidence interval, and coefficient of


Region/ Province % Stunting Standard

Error


LL UL

Philippines 30.3 0.46 29.4 31.3 1.5

NCR 22.4 1.29 19.9 24.9 5.8

District I 23.5 2.51 18.6 28.4 10.7

District II 22.0 2.43 17.2 26.7 11.1

District III 21.8 2.50 16.9 26.7 11.5

District IV 22.8 2.43 18.0 27.6 10.7

CAR 32.4 2.42 27.6 37.1 7.5

Abra 34.7 6.08 22.7 46.6 17.5

Apayao 36.5 11.39 14.1 58.8 31.2

Benguet 27.6 3.34 21.0 34.1 12.1

Ifugao 26.0 6.67 12.9 39.1 25.7

Kalinga 34.3 6.80 20.9 47.6 19.8


I. Ilocos Region 27.4 1.82 23.8 31.0 6.7

Ilocos Norte 23.2 3.60 16.2 30.3 15.5

Ilocos Sur 28.4 6.42 15.9 41.0 22.6

La Union 26.1 5.23 15.8 36.3 20.1

Pangasinan 28.4 2.27 24.0 32.9 8.0


Cagayan 27.0 2.91 21.3 32.7 10.8

Isabela 24.7 3.27 18.3 31.1 13.2

Nueva Vizcaya 27.9 4.37 19.3 36.4 15.7

Quirino 42.3 6.56 29.4 55.1 15.5


Aurora 26.7 7.22 12.5 40.8 27.1

Bataan 15.0 4.76 5.7 24.3 31.8

Bulacan 22.9 2.70 17.6 28.2 11.8

Nueva Ecija 22.8 3.20 16.5 29.0 14.1

Pampanga 20.8 2.86 15.2 26.4 13.8

Tarlac 25.2 4.16 17.0 33.3 16.5

Zambales 35.3 4.42 26.6 44.0 12.5

IV-A. CALABARZON 25.3 1.23 22.9 27.7 4.9

Batangas 24.5 3.10 18.4 30.5 12.7

Cavite 22.7 2.48 17.9 27.6 10.9

Laguna 22.5 3.02 16.6 28.4 13.4

Quezon 36.1 2.45 31.3 41.0 6.8

Rizal 21.6 2.85 16.0 27.2 13.2

IV-B. MIMAROPA 35.6 2.99 29.8 41.5 8.4

Marinduque 32.9 9.01 15.3 50.6 27.4



Palawan 32.1 3.49 25.2 38.9 10.9

Romblon 25.9 7.57 11.1 40.8 29.2

V. Bicol Region 39.8 1.92 36.0 43.6 4.8

Albay 40.7 3.11 34.6 46.8 7.6

Camarines Norte 35.1 8.13 19.1 51.0 23.2

Camarines Sur 39.3 3.99 31.5 47.1 10.1

Catanduanes 21.0 5.63 10.0 32.1 26.8

Masbate 44.0 3.80 36.6 51.5 8.6

Sorsogon 43.4 3.83 35.9 50.9 8.8

87






Error


LL UL


Aklan 23.9 3.56 16.9 30.8 14.9

Antique 38.7 5.23 28.4 49.0 13.5

Capiz 35.5 6.12 23.5 47.5 17.2

Guimaras 26.9 8.47 10.3 43.5 31.4

Iloilo 38.3 3.42 31.6 45.0 8.9



Bohol 31.5 3.45 24.8 38.3 10.9

Cebu 35.3 2.85 29.8 40.9 8.1

Negros Oriental 35.2 3.73 27.9 42.5 10.6

Siquijor 38.0 12.92 12.7 63.4 34.0


Biliran 36.3 7.70 21.2 51.4 21.2

Eastern Samar 34.6 5.49 23.8 45.3 15.9

Leyte 37.7 3.05 31.7 43.6 8.1

Northern Samar 45.8 4.58 36.9 54.8 10.0

Southern Leyte 26.1 7.84 10.7 41.4 30.1

Western Samar 34.3 4.36 25.7 42.8 12.7






Bukidnon 38.3 3.53 31.3 45.2 9.2

Camiguin 39.0 8.18 23.0 55.1 21.0

Lanao del Norte 33.0 3.27 26.6 39.4 9.9



XI. Davao Region 29.8 2.00 25.9 33.8 6.7


Davao del Norte 31.9 6.64 18.8 44.9 20.9

Davao del Sur 28.9 2.62 23.8 34.1 9.1

Davao Oriental 27.5 3.92 19.8 35.2 14.2


North Cotabato 37.4 5.85 26.0 48.9 15.6

Sarangani 31.1 4.58 22.2 40.1 14.7

South Cotabato 35.3 3.17 29.1 41.5 9.0

Sultan Kudarat 39.5 6.49 26.8 52.2 16.4

ARMM 39.0 1.96 35.1 42.8 5.0

Basilan 35.1 6.51 22.3 47.8 18.6

Lanao del Sur 41.1 4.05 33.1 49.0 9.9

Maguindanao 34.2 2.51 29.3 39.1 7.3

Sulu 41.8 6.04 29.9 53.6 14.5

Tawi-Tawi 43.7 6.71 30.5 56.9 15.4

Caraga 34.3 1.90 30.5 38.0 5.5

Agusan del Norte 32.1 4.62 23.0 41.2 14.4

Agusan del Sur 33.3 3.81 25.9 40.8 11.4


Surigao del Sur 36.5 2.90 30.8 42.2 8.0





88




Appendix 7. Differences of estimates of stunted children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by age, gender,

and region, among three survey periods: Philippines, 2008, 2011 and 2013


Stunting

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs. 2008 2013 vs. 2011

% % % Diff. p-value Diff. p-value

Sex/Age Group

All 32.4 33.6 30.3 -2.1 0.000 -3.3 0.000

0-5 m 11.6 14.1 13.1 1.5 0.233 -1.0 0.457

6-11 m 14.3 16.2 16.2 1.9 0.148 0.0 1.000

1y 27.7 33.6 31.5 3.8 0.002 -2.1 0.099

2y 40.1 39.3 35.7 -4.4 0.001 -3.6 0.006

3y 41.2 41.5 35.4 -5.8 0.000 -6.1 0.000

4-5y 38.2 37.4 32.7 -5.5 0.000 -4.7 0.000

Male 33.6 35.0 31.5 -2.1 0.005 -3.5 0.000

0-5 m 12.7 16.0 16.3 3.6 0.055 0.3 0.882

6-11 m 18.2 19.8 17.2 -1.0 0.611 -2.6 0.197

1y 30.4 37.2 35.3 4.9 0.005 -1.9 0.292

2y 40.9 39.7 36.1 -4.8 0.008 -3.6 0.046

3y 40.8 42.7 35.5 -5.3 0.002 -7.2 0.000

4-5y 38.8 36.4 32.4 -6.4 0.000 -4.0 0.011

Female 31.1 32.3 29.1 -2.0 0.008 -3.2 0.000

0-5 m 10.4 12.1 9.9 -0.5 0.763 -2.2 0.211

6-11 m 10.0 12.0 15.1 5.1 0.003 3.1 0.087

1y 24.8 29.5 27.5 2.7 0.108 -2.0 0.260

2y 39.3 38.9 35.2 -4.1 0.031 -3.7 0.052

3y 41.6 40.1 35.4 -6.2 0.000 -4.7 0.007

4-5y 37.7 38.4 33.0 -4.7 0.003 -5.4 0.001

Region

NCR 24.8 26.8 22.4 -2.4 0.141 -4.4 0.006

CAR 36.3 34.3 32.4 -3.9 0.165 -1.9 0.513

I. Ilocos 27.5 29.0 27.4 -0.1 0.962 -1.6 0.474

II. Cagayan Valley 31.0 32.1 26.9 -4.1 0.089 -5.2 0.038


IV-A. CALABARZON 24.8 27.4 25.3 0.5 0.753 -2.1 0.183

IV-B. MIMAROPA 37.2 37.2 35.6 -1.6 0.545 -1.6 0.564

V. Bicol 38.2 36.8 39.8 1.6 0.453 3.0 0.163

VI. Western Visayas 39.2 41.0 36.9 -2.3 0.307 -4.1 0.070

VII. Central Visayas 35.1 38.6 34.6 -0.5 0.814 -4.0 0.069




XI. Davao 37.0 35.2 29.8 -7.2 0.004 -5.4 0.033


ARMM 39.6 43.5 39.0 -0.6 0.809 -4.5 0.069

Caraga 37.3 37.3 34.3 -3.0 0.237 -3.0 0.244

Note: Significant at p-value ≤0.05

89




Appendix 8. Estimates of the proportion of thinness among children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), using

WHO-CGS weight-for-height, standard error, confidence interval, and coefficient of


Region/ Province % Wasting Standard

Error


LL UL

Philippines 7.9 0.25 7.4 8.4 3.2

NCR 6.4 0.70 5.1 7.8 10.9

District I 3.2 1.20 0.8 5.5 37.5

District II 6.9 1.36 4.2 9.5 19.8

District III 4.8 1.22 2.4 7.1 25.5

District IV 8.7 1.34 6.1 11.4 15.3

CAR 5.9 1.05 3.8 7.9 17.8

Abra 10.4 2.26 5.9 14.8 21.8

Apayao 6.1 4.25 -2.2 14.4 69.8

Benguet 7.3 2.05 3.2 11.3 28.3

Ifugao 1.8 1.90 -1.9 5.5 104.6

Kalinga 1.0 0.99 -0.9 2.9 99.1

Mountain Province 5.6 4.05 -2.3 13.6 72.0

I. Ilocos Region 9.8 1.06 7.7 11.9 10.9

Ilocos Norte 15.3 5.27 5.0 25.7 34.4

Ilocos Sur 9.7 2.62 4.5 14.8 27.1

La Union 9.6 2.52 4.6 14.5 26.4

Pangasinan 8.7 1.10 6.6 10.9 12.6


Cagayan 10.2 1.47 7.3 13.1 14.5

Isabela 6.0 1.44 3.2 8.8 23.9

Nueva Vizcaya 9.3 4.01 1.5 17.2 43.0

Quirino 6.0 3.07 0.0 12.0 51.0


Aurora 26.7 17.91 -8.5 61.8 67.2

Bataan 3.1 2.20 -1.2 7.4 70.5

Bulacan 7.6 1.76 4.1 11.0 23.2

Nueva Ecija 10.1 1.61 6.9 13.2 16.0

Pampanga 7.9 1.78 4.4 11.4 22.6

Tarlac 6.8 2.26 2.4 11.2 33.3

Zambales 11.7 2.82 6.2 17.3 24.1

IV-A. CALABARZON 8.7 0.80 7.1 10.2 9.2

Batangas 8.1 2.25 3.7 12.5 27.8

Cavite 6.2 1.23 3.8 8.6 19.8

Laguna 12.6 2.10 8.5 16.7 16.7

Quezon 7.5 1.32 4.9 10.1 17.6

Rizal 9.7 2.07 5.6 13.7 21.4

IV-B. MIMAROPA 9.8 1.46 6.9 12.6 15.0

Marinduque 2.3 2.40 -2.4 7.1 102.2



Palawan 10.4 2.62 5.3 15.6 25.1

Romblon 5.5 2.76 0.1 10.9 50.4

V. Bicol Region 7.4 0.87 5.7 9.1 11.8

Albay 6.7 1.84 3.1 10.3 27.5

Camarines Norte 7.0 3.38 0.4 13.6 48.3

Camarines Sur 8.4 1.33 5.8 11.0 15.7

Catanduanes 4.7 4.21 -3.6 12.9 90.3

Masbate 9.5 2.78 4.0 14.9 29.3

Sorsogon 4.3 1.61 1.2 7.5 37.1

90






Error


LL UL


Aklan 6.4 2.91 0.7 12.1 45.4

Antique 9.2 4.49 0.4 18.0 48.9

Capiz 9.0 3.37 2.4 15.6 37.4

Guimaras 3.8 3.68 -3.4 11.1 95.7

Iloilo 9.8 2.06 5.8 13.8 21.0



Bohol 4.0 1.68 0.7 7.3 42.0

Cebu 9.6 1.37 6.9 12.3 14.2

Negros Oriental 5.9 1.58 2.8 9.0 26.7

Siquijor 12.7 5.03 2.8 22.5 39.7


Biliran 14.8 4.74 5.5 24.1 32.1

Eastern Samar 3.3 1.80 -0.2 6.9 53.9

Leyte 8.7 1.92 4.9 12.5 22.1

Northern Samar 5.7 1.95 1.9 9.5 34.0

Southern Leyte 6.3 3.03 0.4 12.2 48.1

Western Samar 8.4 2.21 4.1 12.8 26.2






Bukidnon 4.6 1.32 2.0 7.2 28.6

Camiguin 6.8 6.74 -6.5 20.0 99.6

Lanao del Norte 9.0 2.32 4.4 13.5 25.9



XI. Davao Region 7.5 1.22 5.1 9.9 16.4

Compostela Valley 3.4 2.43 -1.4 8.1 72.2

Davao del Norte 7.0 2.72 1.6 12.3 39.0

Davao del Sur 8.7 1.72 5.3 12.1 19.7

Davao Oriental 7.0 3.44 0.3 13.7 49.1


North Cotabato 6.5 2.04 2.5 10.5 31.5

Sarangani 10.1 4.93 0.5 19.8 48.6

South Cotabato 5.2 1.30 2.7 7.8 24.9

Sultan Kudarat 7.6 3.04 1.7 13.6 39.8

ARMM 8.5 1.53 5.5 11.5 18.0

Basilan 5.3 3.98 -2.5 13.1 75.5

Lanao del Sur 6.5 1.62 3.3 9.7 24.8

Maguindanao 11.1 3.27 4.7 17.5 29.5

Sulu 8.2 5.50 -2.6 19.0 67.3

Tawi-Tawi 10.0 3.47 3.2 16.8 34.9

Caraga 7.5 1.09 5.4 9.7 14.5

Agusan del Norte 12.8 3.04 6.8 18.8 23.8

Agusan del Sur 4.8 1.76 1.4 8.3 36.6


Surigao del Sur 5.4 1.85 1.8 9.0 34.1





91




Appendix 9. Differences of estimates of wasted/thin children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by age,



Wasting

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs. 2008 2013 vs. 2011


Sex/Age Group

All 6.9 7.3 7.9 1.0 0.001 0.6 0.050

0-5 m 11.9 11.1 13.4 1.5 0.238 2.3 0.072

6-11 m 11.6 11.9 11.3 -0.3 0.798 -0.6 0.614

1y 9.4 9.1 10.6 1.2 0.132 1.5 0.062

2y 5.5 6.6 6.4 0.9 0.155 -0.2 0.764

3y 4.4 4.5 5.8 1.4 0.010 1.3 0.019

4-5y 4.3 5.5 5.5 1.2 0.015 0.0 1.000

Male 7.4 7.5 8.2 0.8 0.059 0.7 0.104

0-5 m 13.5 12.6 13.6 0.1 0.957 1.0 0.588

6-11 m 12.0 13.2 12.7 0.7 0.679 -0.5 0.773

1y 10.8 9.2 11.1 0.3 0.795 1.9 0.091

2y 5.6 6.5 6.7 1.1 0.213 0.2 0.828

3y 4.9 4.5 6.5 1.6 0.047 2.0 0.012

4-5y 4.1 5.0 5.1 1.0 0.134 0.1 0.890

Female 6.4 7.1 7.5 1.1 0.008 0.4 0.356

0-5 m 10.3 9.4 13.2 2.9 0.098 3.8 0.031

6-11 m 11.1 10.4 9.9 -1.2 0.457 -0.5 0.757

1y 7.9 9.1 10.0 2.1 0.053 0.9 0.434

2y 5.3 6.7 6.1 0.8 0.375 -0.6 0.535

3y 3.8 4.4 5.0 1.2 0.099 0.6 0.432

4-5y 4.7 6.0 6.0 1.3 0.080 0.0 1.000

Region

NCR 6.3 6.6 6.4 0.1 0.915 -0.2 0.745

CAR 5.8 4.7 5.9 0.1 0.942 1.2 0.354

I. Ilocos 6.6 9.9 9.8 3.2 0.011 -0.1 0.946



IV-A. CALABARZON 6.5 6.5 8.7 2.2 0.022 2.2 0.026

IV-B. MIMAROPA 7.0 10.5 9.8 2.8 0.061 -0.7 0.688

V. Bicol 8.0 8.4 7.4 -0.6 0.608 -1.0 0.404



VIII. Eastern Visayas 6.7 7.8 7.8 1.1 0.356 0.0 1.000

IX. Zamboanga Peninsula 8.0 7.1 8.0 0.0 1.000 1.1 0.489

X. Northern Mindanao 6.5 7.3 7.0 0.5 0.693 -0.3 0.818

XI. Davao 5.7 7.2 7.5 1.8 0.158 0.3 0.831


ARMM 10.3 10.0 8.5 -1.8 0.230 -1.5 0.306

Caraga 7.8 8.6 7.5 -0.3 0.831 -1.1 0.452


92




Appendix 10. Differences of estimates of overweight-for-height children, 0-5.0 years old (0-60 months), by

age, gender, and region, among three survey periods: Philippines, 2008, 2011 and 2013


Overweight-for-height

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs. 2008 2013 vs. 2011


Sex/Age Group

All 3.3 4.3 5.0 1.7 0.000 0.7 0.004

0-5 m 5.2 8.1 9.9 4.7 0.000 1.8 0.106

6-11 m 2.7 4.1 5.0 2.3 0.001 0.9 0.240

1y 3.4 4.6 4.4 1.0 0.050 -0.2 0.722

2y 3.7 4.1 4.8 1.1 0.040 0.7 0.205

3y 2.5 4.2 4.2 1.7 0.000 0.0 1.000

4-5y 3.0 3.0 4.8 1.8 0.000 1.8 0.000

Male 3.6 4.7 5.4 1.8 0.000 0.7 0.045

0-5 m 5.3 8.4 10.1 4.8 0.001 1.7 0.282

6-11 m 2.2 3.9 5.0 2.8 0.002 1.1 0.295

1y 4.3 4.7 4.3 0.0 1.000 -0.4 0.608

2y 4.3 4.4 5.6 1.3 0.102 1.2 0.134

3y 2.6 5.2 5.0 2.4 0.000 -0.2 0.796

4-5y 3.4 3.4 5.2 1.8 0.005 1.8 0.007

Female 2.8 3.9 4.6 1.8 0.000 0.7 0.037

0-5 m 5.0 7.8 9.6 4.6 0.001 1.8 0.252

6-11 m 3.4 4.3 5.1 1.7 0.102 0.8 0.476

1y 2.4 4.5 4.6 2.2 0.001 0.1 0.903

2y 3.1 3.8 3.9 0.8 0.261 0.1 0.895

3y 2.4 3.1 3.3 0.9 0.127 0.2 0.753

4-5y 2.4 2.5 4.3 1.9 0.001 1.8 0.003

Region

NCR 4.1 6.2 6.5 2.4 0.005 0.3 0.741

CAR 4.9 5.3 6.1 1.2 0.369 0.8 0.552

I. Ilocos 3.5 6.3 5.4 1.9 0.044 -0.9 0.440

II. Cagayan Valley 3.4 3.2 5.7 2.3 0.035 2.5 0.026


IV-A. CALABARZON 3.9 5.9 6.6 2.7 0.001 0.7 0.439

IV-B. MIMAROPA 2.5 3.4 5.5 3.0 0.004 2.1 0.073

V. Bicol 1.6 3.4 3.8 2.2 0.001 0.4 0.627



VIII. Eastern Visayas 1.8 3.4 3.2 1.4 0.048 -0.2 0.809

IX. Zamboanga Peninsula 2.0 4.4 2.6 0.6 0.462 -1.8 0.082

X. Northern Mindanao 2.2 2.4 4.8 2.6 0.004 2.4 0.009

XI. Davao 2.0 3.1 3.4 1.4 0.088 0.3 0.754

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 2.2 2.4 3.5 1.3 0.117 1.1 0.194

ARMM 5.9 3.9 3.9 -2.0 0.075 0.0 1.000

Caraga 2.0 1.9 3.7 1.7 0.049 1.8 0.039


93




Appendix 11. Estimates of the proportion of underweight among children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61–120

months), using WHO-CGS weight-for-age, standard error, confidence interval, and

coefficient of variation by region and province: Philippines, 2013 (n=16,387)

Region/ Province %

Underweight

Standard

Error


LL UL

Philippines 29.1 0.45 28.2 29.9 1.5

NCR 20.5 1.34 17.9 23.1 6.5

District I 21.4 3.87 13.9 29.0 18.1

District II 16.3 1.84 12.7 19.9 11.3

District III 22.7 2.47 17.9 27.6 10.9

District IV 23.7 3.02 17.8 29.7 12.7

CAR 19.7 2.24 15.3 24.1 11.4

Abra 33.8 6.25 21.6 46.1 18.5

Apayao 34.3 11.82 11.1 57.5 34.5

Benguet 8.2 1.89 4.5 11.9 23.1

Ifugao 15.0 7.67 0.0 30.1 51.1

Kalinga 30.7 5.58 19.7 41.6 18.2


I. Ilocos Region 25.8 1.43 23.0 28.6 5.6

Ilocos Norte 20.2 3.79 12.7 27.6 18.8

Ilocos Sur 15.9 4.14 7.7 24.0 26.1

La Union 25.6 3.51 18.8 32.5 13.7

Pangasinan 29.6 1.93 25.8 33.4 6.5


Cagayan 21.5 2.85 15.9 27.1 13.3

Isabela 27.5 3.84 19.9 35.0 14.0

Nueva Vizcaya 22.0 4.86 12.5 31.6 22.1

Quirino 10.7 6.12 -1.3 22.7 57.4


Aurora 36.6 6.74 23.4 49.8 18.4

Bataan 21.2 7.39 6.7 35.7 34.8

Bulacan 24.7 2.46 19.8 29.5 10.0

Nueva Ecija 30.4 2.63 25.2 35.5 8.6

Pampanga 22.9 2.55 17.9 27.9 11.1

Tarlac 28.8 4.03 20.9 36.7 14.0

Zambales 31.8 4.48 23.0 40.6 14.1

IV-A. CALABARZON 25.2 1.43 22.4 28.0 5.7

Batangas 22.4 3.79 15.0 29.8 16.9

Cavite 20.1 2.64 14.9 25.3 13.1

Laguna 21.6 2.58 16.5 26.6 11.9

Quezon 35.9 2.97 30.0 41.7 8.3

Rizal 25.5 4.11 17.4 33.5 16.1

IV-B. MIMAROPA 40.0 2.71 34.7 45.3 6.8

Marinduque 31.4 7.35 17.0 45.8 23.4



Palawan 42.5 4.37 33.9 51.1 10.3

Romblon 42.6 8.06 26.8 58.4 18.9

V. Bicol Region 38.5 1.50 35.6 41.5 3.9

Albay 32.2 2.84 26.6 37.7 8.8

Camarines Norte 46.0 4.80 36.5 55.4 10.4

Camarines Sur 37.6 3.01 31.7 43.5 8.0

Catanduanes 33.3 5.45 22.7 44.0 16.3

Masbate 48.0 3.67 40.8 55.2 7.6

Sorsogon 35.5 3.26 29.1 41.9 9.2

94





Region/ Province %

Underweight

Standard

Error


LL UL


Aklan 37.3 7.41 22.8 51.9 19.9

Antique 39.9 6.81 26.5 53.2 17.1

Capiz 37.0 5.94 25.3 48.6 16.1

Guimaras 20.0 5.66 8.9 31.1 28.4

Iloilo 31.4 3.31 24.9 37.9 10.6



Bohol 34.4 4.04 26.5 42.3 11.7

Cebu 31.1 2.50 26.2 36.0 8.0

Negros Oriental 29.5 3.20 23.2 35.8 10.9

Siquijor 15.8 4.31 7.4 24.3 27.3


Biliran 47.6 6.56 34.7 60.4 13.8

Eastern Samar 33.2 4.78 23.8 42.5 14.4

Leyte 35.7 3.60 28.7 42.8 10.1

Northern Samar 45.4 5.59 34.4 56.4 12.3

Southern Leyte 35.3 7.05 21.5 49.1 20.0

Western Samar 39.5 4.09 31.5 47.5 10.4






Bukidnon 35.9 3.30 29.5 42.4 9.2

Camiguin 15.3 9.28 -2.9 33.5 60.8

Lanao del Norte 24.8 2.29 20.3 29.3 9.3



XI. Davao Region 31.0 2.06 26.9 35.0 6.6


Davao del Norte 29.5 4.02 21.6 37.4 13.7

Davao del Sur 30.0 2.93 24.3 35.7 9.8

Davao Oriental 41.0 6.50 28.2 53.7 15.9


North Cotabato 28.5 3.25 22.1 34.9 11.4

Sarangani 40.4 5.79 29.1 51.8 14.3

South Cotabato 29.2 3.04 23.2 35.1 10.4

Sultan Kudarat 39.5 4.68 30.3 48.7 11.9

ARMM 30.9 2.08 26.9 35.0 6.7

Basilan 29.7 6.49 16.9 42.4 21.9

Lanao del Sur 25.1 3.77 17.7 32.5 15.0

Maguindanao 30.6 3.04 24.7 36.6 9.9

Sulu 31.1 4.98 21.3 40.9 16.0

Tawi-Tawi 43.8 5.34 33.3 54.2 12.2

Caraga 26.4 1.86 22.7 30.0 7.0

Agusan del Norte 22.1 3.28 15.7 28.5 14.8

Agusan del Sur 27.1 3.29 20.7 33.6 12.1


Surigao del Sur 30.9 3.84 23.3 38.4 12.4





95




Appendix 12. Differences of estimates of underweight children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months), by



Underweight

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs. 2008 2013 vs. 2011


Sex/Age Group

All 32.4 32.0 29.1 -3.3 0.000 -2.9 0.000

5y 27.6 27.8 25.7 -1.9 0.085 -2.1 0.059

6y 31.1 29.5 25.7 -5.4 0.000 -3.8 0.000

7y 33.4 33.8 29.1 -4.3 0.000 -4.7 0.000

8y 35.1 31.9 31.4 -3.7 0.001 -0.5 0.640

9-10y 34.5 36.3 32.4 -2.1 0.043 -3.9 0.000

Male 34.1 34.1 31.1 -3.0 0.000 -3.0 0.000

5y 27.1 26.7 26.4 -0.7 0.648 -0.3 0.848

6y 33.9 32.0 27.4 -6.5 0.000 -4.6 0.002

7y 36.7 37.8 32.7 -4.0 0.011 -5.1 0.001

8y 37.9 35.2 35.0 -2.9 0.058 -0.2 0.896

9-10y 35.0 37.2 33.2 -1.8 0.216 -4.0 0.006

Female 30.5 29.9 26.8 -3.7 0.000 -3.1 0.000

5y 28.2 28.8 24.9 -3.3 0.037 -3.9 0.014

6y 27.9 26.9 23.9 -4.0 0.009 -3.0 0.046

7y 29.9 29.3 25.4 -4.5 0.003 -3.9 0.011

8y 32.0 28.4 27.6 -4.4 0.004 -0.8 0.591

9-10y 34.0 35.4 31.4 -2.6 0.080 -4.0 0.008

Region

NCR 25.4 25.8 20.5 -4.9 0.001 -5.3 0.000

CAR 19.9 17.9 19.7 -0.2 0.927 1.8 0.388

I. Ilocos 31.5 29.8 25.8 -5.7 0.004 -4.0 0.046



IV-A. CALABARZON 30.0 27.1 25.2 -4.8 0.002 -1.9 0.214

IV-B. MIMAROPA 40.9 40.4 40.0 -0.9 0.706 -0.4 0.869

V. Bicol 41.7 39.6 38.5 -3.2 0.093 -1.1 0.566




IX. Zamboanga Peninsula 38.8 34.6 35.1 -3.7 0.113 0.5 0.828


XI. Davao 33.7 32.4 31.0 -2.7 0.219 -1.4 0.534


ARMM 33.3 37.0 30.9 -2.4 0.271 -6.1 0.003

Caraga 32.5 34.6 26.4 -6.1 0.007 -8.2 0.000


96




Appendix 13. Estimates of the proportion of underheight among children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61–120

months), using WHO-CGS height-for-age, standard error, confidence interval, and

coefficient of variation by region and province: Philippines, 2013 (n=16,354)


Error


LL UL

Philippines 29.9 0.46 29.0 30.7 1.5

NCR 18.8 1.27 16.3 21.3 6.8

District I 19.6 3.56 12.7 26.6 18.1

District II 17.0 2.25 12.6 21.4 13.3

District III 21.2 2.40 16.5 25.9 11.3

District IV 18.8 2.35 14.2 23.4 12.5

CAR 29.9 2.70 24.6 35.2 9.0

Abra 36.6 7.18 22.5 50.6 19.6

Apayao 39.0 8.62 22.1 55.9 22.1

Benguet 18.4 3.42 11.7 25.2 18.6

Ifugao 26.1 7.46 11.4 40.7 28.6

Kalinga 44.4 6.11 32.4 56.4 13.8


I. Ilocos Region 26.0 1.60 22.9 29.2 6.1

Ilocos Norte 21.0 5.14 10.9 31.1 24.5

Ilocos Sur 26.0 5.11 16.0 36.0 19.7

La Union 24.5 3.95 16.7 32.2 16.2

Pangasinan 27.5 1.91 23.7 31.2 6.9


Cagayan 22.1 3.38 15.4 28.7 15.3

Isabela 22.1 3.12 16.0 28.2 14.1

Nueva Vizcaya 26.3 3.97 18.6 34.1 15.1

Quirino 27.0 9.40 8.5 45.4 34.8


Aurora 29.2 5.03 19.3 39.1 17.2

Bataan 12.7 4.78 3.3 22.0 37.7

Bulacan 19.5 2.03 15.5 23.4 10.4

Nueva Ecija 21.5 3.09 15.5 27.6 14.4

Pampanga 17.2 2.12 13.1 21.4 12.3

Tarlac 22.3 4.05 14.3 30.2 18.2

Zambales 31.8 4.41 23.2 40.5 13.9

IV-A. CALABARZON 22.9 1.31 20.3 25.4 5.7

Batangas 17.9 3.23 11.5 24.2 18.0

Cavite 18.8 2.47 13.9 23.6 13.2

Laguna 20.8 2.30 16.3 25.3 11.1

Quezon 33.9 2.81 28.4 39.4 8.3

Rizal 21.9 3.69 14.6 29.1 16.9

IV-B. MIMAROPA 37.8 2.40 33.1 42.5 6.4

Marinduque 40.4 6.78 27.0 53.7 16.8



Palawan 36.0 4.19 27.8 44.2 11.6

Romblon 37.1 4.90 27.5 46.8 13.2

V. Bicol Region 40.1 1.70 36.8 43.5 4.2

Albay 41.4 3.74 34.0 48.7 9.0

Camarines Norte 42.1 7.03 28.3 55.9 16.7

Camarines Sur 36.6 3.11 30.6 42.7 8.5

Catanduanes 33.4 5.44 22.7 44.1 16.3

Masbate 50.0 4.03 42.1 57.9 8.1

Sorsogon 35.4 3.90 27.8 43.1 11.0

97






Error


LL UL


Aklan 30.6 6.82 17.2 44.0 22.3

Antique 30.8 5.85 19.3 42.2 19.0

Capiz 37.6 5.01 27.8 47.5 13.3

Guimaras 20.0 5.66 8.9 31.1 28.4

Iloilo 31.8 3.39 25.1 38.4 10.7



Bohol 35.9 3.28 29.5 42.4 9.1

Cebu 33.8 2.89 28.1 39.4 8.5

Negros Oriental 32.2 3.36 25.6 38.8 10.4

Siquijor 5.3 4.53 -3.6 14.2 85.5


Biliran 50.0 8.40 33.5 66.4 16.8

Eastern Samar 32.1 4.46 23.4 40.9 13.9

Leyte 41.8 3.79 34.3 49.2 9.1

Northern Samar 44.9 5.98 33.2 56.7 13.3

Southern Leyte 32.0 7.39 17.5 46.5 23.1

Western Samar 45.6 3.73 38.2 52.9 8.2






Bukidnon 41.3 4.24 33.0 49.6 10.3

Camiguin 19.1 7.69 4.0 34.2 40.2

Lanao del Norte 27.9 3.38 21.3 34.6 12.1



XI. Davao Region 34.5 2.12 30.4 38.7 6.1


Davao del Norte 31.4 5.37 20.8 41.9 17.1

Davao del Sur 31.2 2.80 25.8 36.7 8.9

Davao Oriental 47.9 5.19 37.7 58.1 10.8


North Cotabato 34.9 4.08 26.9 42.9 11.7

Sarangani 39.7 5.56 28.8 50.6 14.0

South Cotabato 38.4 3.03 32.5 44.4 7.9

Sultan Kudarat 46.1 5.26 35.7 56.4 11.4

ARMM 38.8 2.19 34.5 43.1 5.7

Basilan 41.1 10.23 21.0 61.1 24.9

Lanao del Sur 41.5 4.11 33.4 49.5 9.9

Maguindanao 36.3 3.00 30.4 42.2 8.3

Sulu 36.9 4.92 27.3 46.6 13.3

Tawi-Tawi 35.4 5.44 24.8 46.1 15.4

Caraga 34.4 1.79 30.9 37.9 5.2

Agusan del Norte 32.7 3.58 25.7 39.8 10.9

Agusan del Sur 38.7 3.48 31.9 45.5 9.0


Surigao del Sur 36.9 3.44 30.1 43.6 9.3

Note: Prevalences between provinces are significantly different if the Confidence Intervals (CIs) do not overlap from each other.

CVs that are <20 are acceptable estimates for the province.



98




Appendix 14. Differences of estimates of stunted children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months), by age,



Stunting

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs. 2008 2013 vs. 2011


Sex/Age Group

All 33.9 33.6 29.9 -4.0 0.000 -3.7 0.000

5y 34.0 33.5 30.0 -4.0 0.001 -3.5 0.003

6y 33.5 32.7 28.8 -4.7 0.000 -3.9 0.000

7y 33.8 33.4 28.4 -5.4 0.000 -5.0 0.000

8y 34.1 31.9 30.4 -3.7 0.001 -1.5 0.159

9-10y 34.1 36.5 31.3 -2.8 0.007 -5.2 0.000

Male 35.8 35.8 31.5 -4.3 0.000 -4.3 0.000

5y 35.6 35.2 32.7 -2.9 0.079 -2.5 0.137

6y 36.7 35.1 30.7 -6.0 0.000 -4.4 0.005

7y 36.9 36.2 30.6 -6.3 0.000 -5.6 0.000

8y 36.0 34.9 32.5 -3.5 0.020 -2.4 0.112

9-10y 33.9 37.0 31.1 -2.8 0.052 -5.9 0.000

Female 31.9 31.4 28.1 -3.8 0.000 -3.3 0.000

5y 32.3 31.9 27.2 -5.1 0.002 -4.7 0.004

6y 29.9 30.2 26.8 -3.1 0.049 -3.4 0.029

7y 30.5 30.1 26.2 -4.3 0.005 -3.9 0.011

8y 32.1 28.6 28.2 -3.9 0.010 -0.4 0.789

9-10y 34.3 36.0 31.5 -2.8 0.060 -4.5 0.003

Region

NCR 23.5 25.6 18.8 -4.7 0.001 -6.8 0.000

CAR 28.9 32.3 29.9 1.0 0.689 -2.4 0.334

I. Ilocos 29.3 28.1 26.0 -3.3 0.092 -2.1 0.292


III. Central Luzon 23.6 22.2 20.4 -3.2 0.040 -1.8 0.257

IV-A. CALABARZON 27.0 26.2 22.9 -4.1 0.006 -3.3 0.028

IV-B. MIMAROPA 41.0 40.3 37.8 -3.2 0.179 -2.5 0.301

V. Bicol 40.0 36.6 40.1 0.1 0.958 3.5 0.067






XI. Davao 40.7 40.3 34.5 -6.2 0.006 -5.8 0.013


ARMM 38.4 41.8 38.8 0.4 0.860 -3.0 0.162

Caraga 39.8 37.8 34.4 -5.4 0.025 -3.4 0.142


99




Appendix 15. Estimates of the proportion of thinness among children, 5.08-10.0 years old (61–120

months), using WHO-Growth Reference BMI-for-age, standard error, confidence interval,



Error


LL UL

Philippines 8.6 0.25 8.1 9.1 2.9

NCR 7.9 0.82 6.3 9.5 10.4

District I 5.4 1.78 1.9 8.9 32.8

District II 6.2 1.02 4.2 8.2 16.4

District III 8.9 1.67 5.7 12.2 18.7

District IV 10.6 2.08 6.5 14.7 19.6

CAR 4.3 0.81 2.7 5.9 18.8

Abra 7.1 2.46 2.2 11.9 34.9

Apayao 4.9 3.09 -1.1 11.0 62.6

Benguet 4.3 1.27 1.8 6.8 29.4

Ifugao 0.0 - - - -

Kalinga 3.4 1.12 1.2 5.6 33.4

Mountain Province 4.6 3.53 -2.3 11.6 76.2

I. Ilocos Region 9.8 1.06 7.8 11.9 10.8

Ilocos Norte 8.3 3.06 2.3 14.4 36.7

Ilocos Sur 4.6 1.61 1.4 7.7 35.0

La Union 10.9 2.99 5.1 16.8 27.4

Pangasinan 11.3 1.48 8.4 14.2 13.1


Cagayan 7.2 1.57 4.1 10.2 22.0

Isabela 8.2 1.39 5.5 10.9 17.0

Nueva Vizcaya 8.9 2.45 4.1 13.7 27.4

Quirino 7.8 5.08 -2.2 17.8 65.1


Aurora 6.9 3.00 1.0 12.8 43.4

Bataan 13.8 4.20 5.6 22.1 30.4

Bulacan 10.7 1.53 7.7 13.7 14.4

Nueva Ecija 12.8 2.09 8.7 16.9 16.4

Pampanga 9.1 1.45 6.2 11.9 16.0

Tarlac 13.7 2.46 8.8 18.5 18.1

Zambales 17.1 3.64 10.0 24.2 21.2

IV-A. CALABARZON 9.2 0.78 7.7 10.7 8.4

Batangas 11.2 2.16 6.9 15.4 19.3

Cavite 5.3 1.48 2.4 8.2 28.2

Laguna 10.5 1.86 6.9 14.2 17.6

Quezon 12.9 1.86 9.2 16.5 14.4

Rizal 7.0 1.34 4.4 9.7 19.1

IV-B. MIMAROPA 12.6 1.54 9.5 15.6 12.3

Marinduque 3.0 2.24 -1.4 7.4 75.0



Palawan 15.9 3.37 9.3 22.5 21.1

Romblon 9.3 3.55 2.3 16.2 38.3

V. Bicol Region 10.6 0.85 9.0 12.3 8.0

Albay 9.0 1.97 5.1 12.9 21.9

Camarines Norte 13.8 1.92 10.0 17.5 13.9

Camarines Sur 11.1 1.62 8.0 14.3 14.5

Catanduanes 4.2 3.95 -3.5 11.9 94.1

Masbate 8.8 1.63 5.6 12.0 18.5

Sorsogon 13.4 2.13 9.2 17.5 16.0

100





Region/ Province %

Wasting

Standard

Error


LL UL


Aklan 6.7 3.13 0.5 12.8 46.9

Antique 14.6 1.44 11.8 17.4 9.9

Capiz 12.8 3.29 6.3 19.2 25.8

Guimaras 12.0 3.64 4.8 19.1 30.4

Iloilo 8.8 1.62 5.6 11.9 18.4



Bohol 6.8 2.00 2.8 10.7 29.6

Cebu 8.0 1.20 5.6 10.3 15.0

Negros Oriental 7.3 1.46 4.4 10.2 19.9

Siquijor 0.0 - - - -


Biliran 15.5 7.31 1.2 29.9 47.1

Eastern Samar 3.8 1.70 0.5 7.1 44.6

Leyte 7.2 1.35 4.6 9.9 18.7

Northern Samar 10.2 2.80 4.7 15.7 27.4

Southern Leyte 7.8 3.63 0.7 14.9 46.4

Western Samar 5.6 1.94 1.7 9.4 35.0






Bukidnon 6.0 1.21 3.6 8.4 20.1

Camiguin 0 - - - -

Lanao del Norte 3.9 1.31 1.3 6.5 33.7



XI. Davao Region 6.9 1.25 4.4 9.3 18.3

Compostela Valley 4.1 2.17 -0.2 8.3 53.3

Davao del Norte 6.3 2.39 1.6 11.0 37.9

Davao del Sur 8.4 1.98 4.6 12.3 23.5

Davao Oriental 4.6 2.67 -0.7 9.8 58.5


North Cotabato 5.1 1.77 1.6 8.6 34.7

Sarangani 10.0 4.24 1.6 18.3 42.6

South Cotabato 6.0 1.28 3.5 8.5 21.3

Sultan Kudarat 4.7 1.39 2.0 7.5 29.5

ARMM 7.3 1.18 5.0 9.6 16.2

Basilan 9.9 6.14 -2.2 21.9 62.2

Lanao del Sur 3.7 1.14 1.4 5.9 31.1

Maguindanao 8.5 1.99 4.5 12.4 23.6

Sulu 8.7 2.62 3.5 13.8 30.3

Tawi-Tawi 11.4 4.80 2.0 20.9 42.0

Caraga 6.6 0.90 4.9 8.4 13.6

Agusan del Norte 4.9 1.67 1.6 8.2 34.2

Agusan del Sur 4.3 1.78 0.9 7.8 41.0


Surigao del Sur 9.4 1.80 5.9 12.9 19.2





101




Appendix 16. Differences of estimates of thin/wasted children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months), by age,



Wasting

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs. 2008 2013 vs. 2011


Sex/Age Group

All 8.1 8.5 8.6 0.5 0.084 0.1 0.733

5y 5.0 5.6 5.0 0.0 1.000 -0.6 0.288

6y 7.4 7.7 6.3 -1.1 0.072 -1.4 0.022

7y 7.8 8.5 9.4 1.6 0.015 0.9 0.182

8y 9.0 9.4 9.6 0.6 0.364 0.2 0.767

9-10y 11.1 10.8 11.7 0.6 0.391 0.9 0.197

Male 8.6 8.8 9.4 0.8 0.054 0.6 0.152

5y 5.6 5.6 5.3 -0.3 0.704 -0.3 0.710

6y 7.8 7.8 6.7 -1.1 0.205 -1.1 0.200

7y 8.3 9.3 10.4 2.1 0.027 1.1 0.260

8y 9.3 9.6 10.7 1.4 0.139 1.1 0.253

9-10y 12.0 11.2 12.8 0.8 0.428 1.6 0.107

Female 7.6 8.1 7.8 0.2 0.618 -0.3 0.464

5y 4.5 5.7 4.7 0.2 0.790 -1.0 0.210

6y 7.0 7.5 5.9 -1.1 0.200 -1.6 0.065

7y 7.2 7.5 8.4 1.2 0.182 0.9 0.329

8y 8.6 9.2 8.5 -0.1 0.913 -0.7 0.458

9-10y 10.4 10.3 10.6 0.2 0.836 0.3 0.759

Region

NCR 8.1 8.2 7.9 -0.2 0.837 -0.3 0.751

CAR 4.5 3.0 4.3 -0.2 0.859 1.3 0.191

I. Ilocos 10.1 10.3 9.8 -0.3 0.819 -0.5 0.711



IV-A. CALABARZON 9.8 8.6 9.2 -0.6 0.554 0.6 0.545

IV-B. MIMAROPA 11.0 11.1 12.6 1.6 0.305 1.5 0.347

V. Bicol 10.3 11.6 10.6 0.3 0.801 -1.0 0.419

VI. Western Visayas 11.3 9.8 10.6 -0.7 0.584 0.8 0.536





XI. Davao 6.3 6.1 6.9 0.6 0.605 0.8 0.502

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 5.6 6.4 6.0 0.4 0.709 -0.4 0.715

ARMM 8.7 9.3 7.3 -1.4 0.271 -2.0 0.102

Caraga 5.6 7.2 6.6 1.0 0.000 -0.6 0.624


102




Appendix 17. Differences of estimates of overweight/obese children, 5.08-10.0 year-old (61-120 months),

by age, gender, and region, among three survey periods: Philippines, 2008, 2011 and 2013



Overweight/Obese

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs. 2008 2013 vs. 2011


Sex/Age Group

All 6.6 7.4 9.1 2.5 0.000 1.7 0.000

5y 7.3 7.7 7.9 0.6 0.363 0.2 0.767

6y 5.9 7.0 9.3 3.4 0.000 2.3 0.000

7y 6.2 7.3 9.4 3.2 0.000 2.1 0.001

8y 6.6 7.1 9.3 2.7 0.000 2.2 0.000

9-10y 7.2 8.4 9.4 2.2 0.000 1.0 0.112

Male 7.6 8.2 9.9 2.3 0.000 1.7 0.000

5y 8.9 8.7 8.1 -0.8 0.410 -0.6 0.542

6y 6.3 7.2 9.7 3.4 0.000 2.5 0.006

7y 7.1 7.9 10.8 3.7 0.000 2.9 0.002

8y 7.8 8.0 9.9 2.1 0.019 1.9 0.036

9-10y 7.6 9.4 10.9 3.3 0.000 1.5 0.104

Female 5.7 6.7 8.2 2.5 0.000 1.5 0.000

5y 5.5 6.7 7.7 2.2 0.013 1.0 0.277

6y 5.6 6.6 8.9 3.3 0.000 2.3 0.012

7y 5.3 6.4 8.1 2.8 0.001 1.7 0.054

8y 5.2 6.3 8.7 3.5 0.000 2.4 0.006

9-10y 6.7 7.3 7.7 1.0 0.220 0.4 0.634

Region

NCR 12.6 12.6 16.6 4.0 0.002 4.0 0.001

CAR 10.1 10.8 11.7 1.6 0.349 0.9 0.594

I. Ilocos 6.5 9.6 9.8 3.3 0.005 0.2 0.880



IV-A. CALABARZON 8.7 12.1 12.1 3.4 0.001 0.0 1.000

IV-B. MIMAROPA 3.2 4.0 5.4 2.2 0.022 1.4 0.177

V. Bicol 2.7 4.0 4.6 1.9 0.008 0.6 0.451






XI. Davao 5.1 6.4 5.8 0.7 0.509 -0.6 0.605

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 6.3 4.3 6.0 -0.3 0.786 1.7 0.087

ARMM 5.4 4.4 4.9 -0.5 0.629 0.5 0.584

Caraga 5.6 3.2 6.2 0.6 0.609 3.0 0.003

103




Appendix 18. Estimates of the proportion of underheight among children, 10.08-19.0 years old (121-228

months), using WHO-CGS height-for-age, standard error, confidence interval, and

coefficient of variation by region and province: Philippines, 2013 (n = 28,462)


Error


LL UL

Philippines 31.6 0.36 30.9 32.3 1.1

NCR 22.7 0.99 20.8 24.6 4.4

District I 27.0 2.39 22.3 31.7 8.9

District II 22.8 1.83 19.2 26.3 8.0

District III 19.5 1.83 15.9 23.1 9.4

District IV 22.9 1.85 19.3 26.6 8.0

CAR 30.0 2.00 26.0 33.9 6.7

Abra 35.3 6.89 21.8 48.8 19.5

Apayao 32.8 4.15 24.7 40.9 12.6

Benguet 19.2 2.21 14.9 23.5 11.5

Ifugao 28.2 4.65 19.1 37.4 16.5

Kalinga 37.7 4.96 28.0 47.4 13.2


I. Ilocos Region 26.0 1.24 23.6 28.4 4.8

Ilocos Norte 22.4 4.12 14.4 30.5 18.3

Ilocos Sur 28.3 2.37 23.6 32.9 8.4

La Union 22.3 3.24 16.0 28.7 14.5

Pangasinan 27.0 1.59 23.9 30.1 5.9


Cagayan 26.0 2.53 21.1 31.0 9.7

Isabela 22.2 2.35 17.6 26.8 10.6

Nueva Vizcaya 33.8 5.39 23.2 44.4 15.9

Quirino 18.8 5.09 8.8 28.8 27.1


Aurora 26.9 4.82 17.4 36.3 18.0

Bataan 21.2 3.30 14.8 27.7 15.5

Bulacan 20.8 1.93 17.0 24.6 9.3

Nueva Ecija 20.8 2.24 16.4 25.2 10.8

Pampanga 20.2 2.19 15.9 24.5 10.8

Tarlac 23.5 2.58 18.5 28.6 11.0

Zambales 36.1 3.62 29.0 43.2 10.0

IV-A. CALABARZON 27.1 1.03 25.1 29.1 3.8

Batangas 25.6 2.13 21.4 29.8 8.3

Cavite 23.8 2.21 19.5 28.2 9.3

Laguna 23.0 1.97 19.1 26.8 8.6

Quezon 33.4 2.50 28.5 38.3 7.5

Rizal 31.1 2.76 25.7 36.5 8.9

IV-B. MIMAROPA 36.1 1.48 33.2 39.0 4.1

Marinduque 31.6 4.16 23.4 39.7 13.2



Palawan 37.1 2.53 32.1 42.1 6.8

Romblon 37.7 4.53 28.8 46.6 12.0

V. Bicol Region 38.0 1.44 35.1 40.8 3.8

Albay 39.8 3.49 33.0 46.7 8.8

Camarines Norte 35.7 4.59 26.7 44.7 12.9

Camarines Sur 34.2 2.58 29.1 39.2 7.6

Catanduanes 27.6 3.57 20.6 34.6 12.9

Masbate 46.9 3.06 40.9 52.9 6.5

Sorsogon 37.8 3.72 30.6 45.1 9.8

104






Error


LL UL


Aklan 29.6 4.70 20.4 38.8 15.9

Antique 35.0 5.51 24.2 45.8 15.8

Capiz 33.9 3.56 26.9 40.9 10.5

Guimaras 33.9 8.30 17.6 50.2 24.5

Iloilo 31.7 2.79 26.2 37.2 8.8



Bohol 37.6 3.44 30.9 44.4 9.1

Cebu 38.8 1.72 35.5 42.2 4.4

Negros Oriental 37.6 3.50 30.8 44.5 9.3

Siquijor 9.5 8.02 -6.2 25.2 84.2


Biliran 40.6 6.45 27.9 53.3 15.9

Eastern Samar 32.6 6.02 20.8 44.4 18.5

Leyte 39.4 2.57 34.4 44.5 6.5

Northern Samar 46.8 3.95 39.1 54.6 8.4

Southern Leyte 39.4 4.60 30.3 48.4 11.7

Western Samar 42.7 3.04 36.7 48.7 7.1






Bukidnon 44.0 2.83 38.4 49.5 6.4

Camiguin 35.0 4.75 25.7 44.4 13.5

Lanao del Norte 35.4 2.37 30.7 40.0 6.7



XI. Davao Region 34.4 1.77 30.9 37.9 5.1


Davao del Norte 34.5 4.34 26.0 43.0 12.6

Davao del Sur 32.2 2.15 28.0 36.4 6.7

Davao Oriental 40.6 4.65 31.5 49.7 11.5


North Cotabato 39.3 2.36 34.6 43.9 6.0

Sarangani 41.0 5.32 30.6 51.5 13.0

South Cotabato 43.3 2.99 37.5 49.2 6.9

Sultan Kudarat 45.2 4.78 35.8 54.6 10.6

ARMM 42.6 2.06 38.5 46.6 4.8

Basilan 36.8 5.46 26.1 47.5 14.8

Lanao del Sur 48.3 3.47 41.5 55.1 7.2

Maguindanao 48.8 3.88 41.2 56.4 7.9

Sulu 31.0 5.32 20.5 41.4 17.2

Tawi-Tawi 31.8 4.57 22.8 40.7 14.4

Caraga 39.1 1.84 35.5 42.7 4.7

Agusan del Norte 34.7 3.67 27.5 41.9 10.6

Agusan del Sur 43.9 3.37 37.3 50.5 7.7


Surigao del Sur 41.1 3.16 34.9 47.3 7.7





105




Appendix 19. Differences of estimates of stunted children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-228 months), by age,



Stunting

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs. 2008 2013 vs. 2011


Sex/Age Group

All 35.6 35.7 31.6 -4.0 0.000 -4.1 0.000

10-12y 36.6 37.0 32.3 -4.3 0.000 -4.7 0.000

13-15y 33.7 33.2 29.9 -3.8 0.000 -3.3 0.000

16-19y 36.9 37.2 32.9 -4.0 0.000 -4.3 0.000

Male 38.1 37.8 34.0 -4.1 0.000 -3.8 0.000

10-12y 38.9 38.5 34.6 -4.3 0.000 -3.9 0.000

13-15y 36.4 36.0 32.1 -4.3 0.000 -3.9 0.000

16-19y 39.2 39.2 35.7 -3.5 0.001 -3.5 0.001

Female 33.0 33.4 29.1 -3.9 0.000 -4.3 0.000

10-12y 34.1 35.2 30.0 -4.1 0.000 -5.2 0.000

13-15y 30.9 30.4 27.6 -3.3 0.000 -2.8 0.001

16-19y 34.1 34.9 29.9 -4.2 0.000 -5.0 0.000

Region

NCR 27.3 28.1 22.7 -4.6 0.000 -5.4 0.000

CAR 34.2 35.6 30.0 -4.2 0.038 -5.6 0.006

I. Ilocos 28.1 25.0 26.0 -2.1 0.151 1.0 0.481



IV-A. CALABARZON 28.8 28.4 27.1 -1.7 0.160 -1.3 0.272

IV-B. MIMAROPA 36.2 38.6 36.1 -0.1 0.953 -2.5 0.158

V. Bicol 38.6 39.3 38.0 -0.6 0.657 -1.3 0.368






XI. Davao 40.7 41.8 34.4 -6.3 0.001 -7.4 0.000


ARMM 48.2 45.8 42.6 -5.6 0.009 -3.2 0.108

Caraga 42.8 43.2 39.1 -3.7 0.058 -4.1 0.030


106




Appendix 20. Estimates of the proportion of thinness among children, 10.08-19.0 years old (121-228

months), using WHO-Growth Reference BMI-for-age, standard error, confidence interval,

and coefficient of variation by region and province: Philippines, 2013 (n =28,453)


Error

95 % Confidence

Interval CV %

LL UL

Philippines 12.4 0.25 11.9 12.9 2.0

NCR 12.7 1.02 10.7 14.7 8.0

District I 10.1 1.52 7.1 13.1 15.0

District II 12.3 1.50 9.4 15.2 12.2

District III 11.3 1.38 8.6 14.0 12.2

District IV 15.6 2.65 10.4 20.8 17.0

CAR 6.0 0.76 4.5 7.5 12.7

Abra 9.4 1.67 6.1 12.7 17.7

Apayao 6.3 3.60 -0.7 13.4 56.9

Benguet 5.6 1.19 3.2 7.9 21.3

Ifugao 2.8 1.66 -0.5 6.0 60.1

Kalinga 5.6 1.82 2.0 9.2 32.5


I. Ilocos Region 12.8 0.85 11.1 14.4 6.6

Ilocos Norte 8.9 1.95 5.1 12.8 21.8

Ilocos Sur 7.3 1.80 3.8 10.9 24.7

La Union 12.8 2.16 8.5 17.0 16.9

Pangasinan 14.4 1.16 12.1 16.7 8.0


Cagayan 11.0 1.39 8.2 13.7 12.7

Isabela 13.4 1.55 10.3 16.4 11.6

Nueva Vizcaya 4.7 0.92 2.9 6.5 19.6

Quirino 5.9 3.30 -0.6 12.3 56.3


Aurora 14.6 6.74 1.4 27.8 46.0

Bataan 7.2 2.11 3.0 11.3 29.4

Bulacan 15.3 1.26 12.8 17.8 8.2

Nueva Ecija 13.4 1.64 10.2 16.7 12.2

Pampanga 14.3 1.91 10.5 18.0 13.4

Tarlac 12.1 1.72 8.8 15.5 14.2

Zambales 23.7 3.25 17.4 30.1 13.7

IV-A. CALABARZON 15.4 0.82 13.8 17.1 5.3

Batangas 13.4 1.73 10.0 16.8 12.9

Cavite 14.7 1.34 12.1 17.3 9.1

Laguna 15.1 1.77 11.6 18.6 11.8

Quezon 15.7 1.98 11.8 19.6 12.6

Rizal 18.7 2.41 13.9 23.4 12.9

IV-B. MIMAROPA 16.2 1.18 13.9 18.5 7.3

Marinduque 14.4 2.54 9.4 19.4 17.7



Palawan 19.8 2.75 14.4 25.2 13.9

Romblon 16.6 3.37 10.0 23.2 20.3

V. Bicol Region 13.9 0.93 12.1 15.7 6.7

Albay 12.3 2.16 8.1 16.6 17.5

Camarines Norte 16.2 3.87 8.6 23.7 23.9

Camarines Sur 11.9 1.32 9.3 14.5 11.1

Catanduanes 10.8 1.91 7.1 14.6 17.6

Masbate 12.2 1.75 8.7 15.6 14.4

Sorsogon 20.3 2.82 14.8 25.9 13.9

107






Error

95 % Confidence

Interval CV %

LL UL


Aklan 14.0 2.11 9.8 18.1 15.1

Antique 13.7 3.15 7.6 19.9 22.9

Capiz 9.1 1.99 5.2 13.0 22.0

Guimaras 14.1 1.67 10.8 17.4 11.9

Iloilo 15.9 1.86 12.2 19.5 11.8



Bohol 11.1 1.70 7.8 14.4 15.3

Cebu 12.5 0.90 10.8 14.3 7.2

Negros Oriental 10.8 1.59 7.7 14.0 14.7

Siquijor 9.6 4.61 0.6 18.7 47.8


Biliran 12.1 3.72 4.8 19.4 30.7

Eastern Samar 4.7 1.53 1.8 7.7 32.2

Leyte 11.3 1.20 8.9 13.6 10.7

Northern Samar 11.8 2.15 7.6 16.0 18.2

Southern Leyte 6.4 1.97 2.6 10.3 30.6

Western Samar 9.7 2.11 5.6 13.9 21.6






Bukidnon 5.5 1.36 2.8 8.2 24.6

Camiguin 10.0 4.25 1.7 18.3 42.5

Lanao del Norte 6.3 1.71 2.9 9.6 27.2



XI. Davao Region 9.2 0.90 7.4 10.9 9.8


Davao del Norte 10.5 2.60 5.4 15.6 24.9

Davao del Sur 9.9 1.01 8.0 11.9 10.2

Davao Oriental 5.1 1.85 1.5 8.7 36.3


North Cotabato 7.5 1.11 5.3 9.7 14.8

Sarangani 11.9 2.26 7.5 16.3 19.0

South Cotabato 8.5 1.14 6.3 10.7 13.4

Sultan Kudarat 14.8 4.01 7.0 22.7 27.0

ARMM 11.8 1.13 9.6 14.0 9.6

Basilan 17.4 3.63 10.2 24.5 20.9

Lanao del Sur 5.6 1.58 2.5 8.8 28.0

Maguindanao 11.1 1.86 7.5 14.8 16.7

Sulu 14.2 3.95 6.4 21.9 27.9

Tawi-Tawi 19.2 2.58 14.2 24.3 13.4

Caraga 9.0 1.12 6.8 11.2 12.4

Agusan del Norte 6.8 1.95 3.0 10.6 28.6

Agusan del Sur 7.2 1.82 3.6 10.8 25.3


Surigao del Sur 9.3 1.81 5.8 12.9 19.4





108




Appendix 21. Differences of estimates of wasted/thin children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-228 months), by



Wasting

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs. 2008 2013 vs. 2011


Sex/Age Group

All 12.3 12.7 12.4 0.1 0.709 -0.3 0.261

10-12y 14.8 14.3 14.3 -0.5 0.291 0.0 1.000

13-15y 12.4 13.2 12.4 0.0 1.000 -0.8 0.075

16-19y 9.0 9.7 10.0 1.0 0.029 0.3 0.516

Male 14.7 14.8 15.1 0.4 0.455 0.3 0.615

10-12y 15.7 15.0 15.7 0.0 1.000 0.7 0.292

13-15y 16.4 16.5 15.8 -0.6 0.390 -0.7 0.312

16-19y 11.8 12.5 13.4 1.6 0.033 0.9 0.258

Female 9.7 10.3 9.7 0.0 1.000 -0.6 0.086

10-12y 14.1 13.5 13.0 -1.1 0.094 -0.5 0.439

13-15y 8.3 9.7 9.0 0.7 0.194 -0.7 0.211

16-19y 5.6 6.5 6.4 0.8 0.144 -0.1 0.859

Region

NCR 14.6 14.2 12.7 -1.9 0.045 -1.5 0.104

CAR 6.1 5.0 6.0 -0.1 0.924 1.0 0.311

I. Ilocos 12.2 13.8 12.8 0.6 0.582 -1.0 0.366


III. Central Luzon 13.4 14.9 14.4 1.0 0.310 -0.5 0.618

IV-A. CALABARZON 13.6 14.4 15.4 1.8 0.043 1.0 0.242

IV-B. MIMAROPA 14.5 14.4 16.2 1.7 0.236 1.8 0.195

V. Bicol 15.8 14.9 13.9 -1.9 0.076 -1.0 0.337






XI. Davao 10.5 8.9 9.2 -1.3 0.253 0.3 0.785

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 9.2 10.2 9.6 0.4 0.772 -0.6 0.504

ARMM 10.7 12.9 11.8 1.1 0.417 -1.1 0.406

CARAGA 9.7 10.2 9.0 -0.7 0.541 -1.2 0.291


109




Appendix 22. Differences of estimates of overweight/obese children, 10.08-19.0 year-old (121-228 months),

by age, gender, and region, among three survey periods: Philippines, 2008, 2011 and 2013


Overweight/Obese

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs 2008 2013 vs 2011


Sex/Age Group

All 6.2 6.7 8.3 2.1 0.000 1.6 0.000

10-12y 7.3 8.2 10.3 3.0 0.000 2.1 0.000

13-15y 5.4 5.8 7.0 1.6 0.000 1.2 0.000

16-19y 5.5 5.7 7.4 1.9 0.000 1.7 0.000

Male 6.3 6.8 8.6 2.3 0.000 1.8 0.000

10-12y 8.4 9.1 11.4 3.0 0.000 2.3 0.000

13-15y 5.4 5.8 7.4 2.0 0.000 1.6 0.001

16-19y 4.8 4.9 6.8 2.0 0.000 1.9 0.000

Female 5.9 6.6 7.9 2.0 0.000 1.3 0.000

10-12y 6.2 7.2 9.1 2.9 0.000 1.9 0.000

13-15y 5.3 5.8 6.6 1.3 0.004 0.8 0.000

16-19y 6.3 6.7 8.0 1.7 0.004 1.3 0.596

Region

NCR 10.2 11.2 14.7 4.5 0.000 3.5 0.000

CAR 8.2 11.4 11.6 3.4 0.009 0.2 0.885

I. Ilocos 7.4 9.0 8.6 1.2 0.179 -0.4 0.665



IV-A. CALABARZON 8.7 8.9 9.6 0.9 0.241 0.7 0.360

IV-B. MIMAROPA 3.3 3.9 4.7 1.4 0.056 0.8 0.279

V. Bicol 2.6 3.0 4.2 1.6 0.003 1.2 0.029






XI. Davao 5.9 5.4 7.1 1.2 0.200 1.7 0.066


ARMM 5.7 4.0 5.3 -0.4 0.683 1.3 0.117

Caraga 5.7 4.3 6.8 1.1 0.246 2.5 0.004


110




Appendix 23. Percentage distribution of BMI among adults, 18.0 years old and over, using WHO BMI

classification by age, and gender: Philippines, 2013 (n=73,931)

Age Group/ Gender

n

WHO BMI CLASSIFICATION


<18.5 18.5 to 24.9 25.0 to 29.9 ≥30.0

% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.

All 73,931 10.3 0.14 59.8 0.23 23.3 0.20 6.6 0.11

18.0-19.99 4,426 15.1 0.58 75.6 0.68 7.0 0.41 2.2 0.24

20.0-29.99 13,203 13.1 0.33 66.5 0.45 15.5 0.36 4.8 0.22

30.0-39.99 12,415 6.4 0.25 59.1 0.51 26.7 0.44 7.9 0.27

40.0-49.99 15,998 6.4 0.21 55.1 0.42 30.0 0.39 8.5 0.25

50.0-59.99 14,182 8.7 0.25 54.7 0.50 28.7 0.45 7.8 0.25

60.0-69.99 8,452 13.6 0.40 56.4 0.58 24.3 0.53 5.7 0.27

> 70.0 5,255 23.5 0.64 56.3 0.76 16.9 0.60 3.3 0.27

Male 35,508 9.8 0.18 63.8 0.30 21.4 0.26 5.0 0.14

18.0-19.99 2,378 15.9 0.82 75.9 0.94 6.1 0.53 2.1 0.32

20.0-29.99 7,304 10.8 0.41 68.1 0.64 16.7 0.56 4.4 0.28

30.0-39.99 5,914 6.4 0.36 62.7 0.72 25.0 0.64 5.9 0.34

40.0-49.99 7,419 6.2 0.30 60.2 0.62 27.0 0.57 6.5 0.33

50.0-59.99 6,538 9.2 0.36 61.0 0.65 24.3 0.58 5.5 0.31

60.0-69.99 3,800 14.2 0.60 60.6 0.87 21.4 0.75 3.8 0.34

> 70.0 2,155 23.7 0.95 60.2 1.11 14.6 0.86 1.5 0.29

Female 38,423 10.7 0.19 56.1 0.30 25.2 0.26 8.0 0.16

18.0-19.99 2,048 14.3 0.81 75.3 1.03 8.0 0.63 2.4 0.37

20.0-29.99 5,899 15.7 0.50 64.8 0.65 14.2 0.48 5.3 0.33

30.0-39.99 6,501 6.3 0.33 55.6 0.66 28.2 0.61 9.8 0.40

40.0-49.99 8,579 6.5 0.28 50.6 0.58 32.6 0.54 10.2 0.35

50.0-59.99 7,644 8.4 0.33 49.3 0.68 32.5 0.62 9.9 0.37

60.0-69.99 4,652 13.0 0.52 52.9 0.75 26.7 0.71 7.3 0.41

> 70.0 3,100 23.4 0.82 53.5 0.97 18.5 0.77 4.5 0.42

Appendix 24. Percentage distribution of BMI among adults, 18.0 years old and over, using WHO BMI

classification by region: Philippines, 2013 (n=73,931)

REGION

WHO BMI CLASSIFICATION


<18.5 18.5 to <25.0 25.0 to <30.0 >30.0

% SE % SE % SE % SE

Philippines 10.3 0.14 59.8 0.23 23.3 0.20 6.6 0.11

NCR 8.4 0.42 53.3 0.74 28.6 0.69 9.7 0.43

CAR 5.9 0.51 60.6 1.40 26.3 1.23 7.3 0.50

I . Ilocos 12.5 0.53 61.2 0.74 21.9 0.71 4.3 0.30

II. Cagayan Valley 12.1 0.59 63.6 0.85 20.2 0.82 4.1 0.38

III. Central Luzon 10.5 0.45 58.3 0.66 24.4 0.54 6.8 0.35

IV-A. CALABARZON 10.4 0.39 57.7 0.69 24.6 0.60 7.2 0.33

IV-B. MIMAROPA 13.1 0.71 63.2 0.95 19.1 0.73 4.6 0.47

V. Bicol 12.0 0.64 64.3 0.77 18.7 0.70 4.9 0.37

VI. Western Visayas 14.1 0.62 64.2 0.67 17.9 0.60 3.8 0.30

VII. Central Visayas 10.3 0.49 60.8 0.81 22.4 0.73 6.5 0.38

VIII. Eastern Visayas 8.0 0.59 60.6 0.96 24.7 0.88 6.7 0.47

IX. Zamboanga Peninsula 9.6 0.60 65.5 0.98 19.1 0.93 5.7 0.43

X. Northern Mindanao 7.7 0.57 59.8 1.07 24.2 0.98 8.3 0.52

XI. Davao 7.6 0.57 61.0 1.03 24.4 0.86 7.1 0.51

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 10.3 0.53 63.6 0.92 21.0 0.74 5.1 0.46

ARMM 13.2 1.08 64.8 1.30 18.0 1.13 4.0 0.49

Caraga 7.6 0.52 59.1 0.98 26.4 0.88 6.9 0.47

111




Appendix 25. Differences of estimates of the proportion of CED among adults, 18.0 years old and over, by



CED

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs 2008 2013 vs 2011


Sex/Age Group

All 11.6 10.0 10.0 -1.6 0.000 0.0 1.000

18-19.99y 13.7 14.9 15.1 1.4 0.057 0.2 0.788

20-29y 13.7 13.7 13.1 -0.6 0.138 -0.6 0.151

30-39y 7.2 6.9 6.4 -0.8 0.008 -0.5 0.104

40-49y 7.2 6.2 6.4 -0.8 0.004 0.2 0.457

50-59y 11.5 9.3 8.7 -2.8 0.000 -0.6 0.079

60-69y 17.7 14.4 13.6 -4.1 0.000 -0.8 0.137

≥70y 27.0 23.4 23.5 -3.5 0.000 0.1 0.905

Male 10.1 9.2 9.4 -0.7 0.002 0.2 0.372

18-19.99y 14.2 15.3 15.9 1.7 0.092 0.6 0.557

20-29y 11.0 11.6 10.8 -0.2 0.687 -0.8 0.123

30-39y 5.8 6.4 6.4 0.6 0.142 0.0 1.000

40-49y 6.6 5.8 6.2 -0.4 0.313 0.4 0.299

50-59y 10.7 9.2 9.2 -1.5 0.006 0.0 1.000

60-69y 17.7 15.8 14.2 -3.5 0.000 -1.6 0.053

≥70y 26.5 23.3 23.7 -2.8 0.046 0.4 0.762

Female 12.9 10.7 10.5 -2.4 0.000 -0.2 0.379

18-19.99y 13.1 14.4 14.3 1.3 0.266 -0.1 0.926

20-29y 17.0 16.5 15.7 -1.3 0.033 -0.8 0.184

30-39y 8.7 7.4 6.3 -2.4 0.000 -1.1 0.011

40-49y 7.8 6.5 6.5 -1.3 0.001 0.0 1.000

50-59y 12.1 9.3 8.4 -3.7 0.000 -0.9 0.051

60-69y 17.7 13.3 13.0 -4.7 0.000 -0.3 0.670

≥70y 27.4 23.5 23.4 -4.0 0.001 -0.1 0.927

Region

NCR 9.6 8.4 7.8 -1.8 0.000 -0.6 0.189

CAR 8.0 4.9 5.8 -2.2 0.002 0.9 0.146

I. Ilocos 14.4 12.3 12.2 -2.2 0.002 -0.1 0.885

II. Cagayan Valley 13.0 10.5 12.0 -1.0 0.185 1.5 0.041

III. Central Luzon 11.1 10.1 10.1 -1.0 0.071 0.0 1.000

IV-A. CALABARZON 11.5 10.7 9.8 -1.7 0.001 -0.9 0.077

IV-B. MIMAROPA 14.1 11.5 12.6 -1.5 0.089 1.1 0.197

V. Bicol 14.6 11.8 11.8 -2.8 0.000 0.0 1.000






XI. Davao 10.3 8.1 7.4 -2.9 0.000 -0.7 0.284

XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 10.6 9.6 10.1 -0.5 0.491 0.5 0.488

ARMM 13.6 12.9 13.0 -0.6 0.572 0.1 0.922

Caraga 9.1 7.6 7.7 -1.4 0.053 0.1 0.884


112




Appendix 26. Differences of estimates of the proportion of overweight and obese among adults, 18.0 years

old and over, by age, gender, and region, among three survey periods: Philippines, 2008,

2011 and 2013


Overweight/Obese

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs 2008 2013 vs 2011


Sex/Age Group

All 26.6 28.4 31.2 4.6 0.000 2.8 0.000

18-19.99y 6.0 6.8 9.3 3.3 0.000 2.5 0.000

20-29y 16.0 16.9 20.3 4.3 0.000 3.4 0.000

30-39y 30.5 31.5 34.6 4.1 0.000 3.1 0.000

40-49y 33.1 36.8 38.5 5.4 0.000 1.7 0.002

50-59y 31.1 34.7 36.5 5.4 0.000 1.8 0.002

60-69y 24.7 27.9 30.0 5.3 0.000 2.1 0.003

≥70y 16.8 20.2 20.2 3.4 0.000 0.0 1.000

Male 23.0 24.6 27.6 4.6 0.000 3.0 0.000

18-19.99y 5.6 6.0 8.2 2.6 0.000 2.2 0.002

20-29y 15.2 16.6 21.1 5.9 0.000 4.5 0.000

30-39y 28.5 29.1 30.9 2.4 0.002 1.8 0.027

40-49y 28.1 31.4 33.5 5.4 0.000 2.1 0.006

50-59y 25.6 28.4 29.8 4.2 0.000 1.4 0.079

60-69y 19.2 22.1 25.2 1.0 0.000 3.1 0.002

≥70y 11.6 14.2 16.1 4.5 0.000 1.9 0.089

Female 30.1 32.0 34.4 4.3 0.000 2.3 0.000

18-19.99y 6.5 7.7 10.4 3.9 0.000 2.7 0.002

20-29y 16.8 17.4 19.5 2.7 0.000 2.1 0.003

30-39y 32.4 33.8 38.0 5.6 0.000 4.2 0.000

40-49y 37.5 41.4 42.8 5.3 0.000 1.4 0.061

50-59y 35.6 39.9 42.4 6.8 0.000 2.5 0.003

60-69y 29.2 32.4 34.0 4.8 0.000 1.6 0.103

≥70y 20.3 24.2 23.0 2.7 0.016 -1.2 0.273

Region

NCR 32.2 36.2 39.9 7.7 0.000 3.7 0.000

CAR 29.9 30.4 34.5 4.6 0.000 4.1 0.002

I . Ilocos 23.0 26.1 27.3 4.3 0.000 1.2 0.200



IV-A. CALABARZON 29.3 30.2 33.2 3.9 0.000 3.0 0.000

IV-B. MIMAROPA 20.5 21.9 24.7 4.2 0.000 2.8 0.011

V. Bicol 20.5 22.5 24.7 4.2 0.000 2.2 0.018






XI. Davao 28.8 29.5 32.8 4.0 0.000 3.3 0.004


ARMM 17.1 18.8 23.2 6.1 0.000 4.4 0.000

Caraga 29.6 27.6 34.9 5.3 0.000 7.3 0.000


113




Appendix 27. Estimates of the proportion of chronic energy deficiency (CED) among adults, 20 years old

and over, using Body Mass Index, standard error, confidence interval, and coefficient of

variation by region and province: Philippines, 2013 (n-69,505)

Region/ Province % CED Standard

Error

95 % Confidence

Interval CV %

LL UL

Philippines 10.0 0.1 9.7 10.3 1.4

NCR 7.8 0.4 7.0 8.7 8.7

District I 7.6 0.8 6.0 9.2 10.6

District II 7.4 0.7 6.0 8.9 10.0

District III 9.0 1.0 7.1 11.0 11.0

District IV 7.6 0.8 6.0 9.2 10.9

CAR 5.8 0.5 4.8 6.9 8.8

Abra 12.2 1.8 8.7 15.7 14.7

Apayao 12.9 0.9 11.1 14.6 7.0

Benguet 2.6 0.7 1.3 3.9 25.3

Ifugao 4.2 1.8 0.7 7.7 42.3

Kalinga 5.6 1.0 3.7 7.6 17.6


I. Ilocos Region 12.2 0.5 11.2 13.2 4.1

Ilocos Norte 10.1 0.9 8.4 11.9 8.8

Ilocos Sur 9.7 1.5 6.7 12.6 15.6

La Union 14.8 1.6 11.7 18.0 10.8

Pangasinan 12.6 0.6 11.3 13.8 5.1


Cagayan 13.6 1.1 11.4 15.7 8.2

Isabela 12.5 0.9 10.8 14.2 6.8

Nueva Vizcaya 7.9 1.2 5.5 10.3 15.5

Quirino 6.6 1.5 3.6 9.6 23.1


Aurora 10.7 4.9 1.1 20.4 45.9

Bataan 10.1 2.1 5.9 14.3 21.1

Bulacan 9.0 0.6 7.9 10.2 6.7

Nueva Ecija 12.9 1.2 10.5 15.4 9.6

Pampanga 7.8 0.9 6.0 9.6 11.8

Tarlac 11.4 1.2 8.9 13.8 11.0

Zambales 12.4 2.0 8.5 16.4 16.3

IV-A. CALABARZON 9.8 0.4 9.1 10.6 3.8

Batangas 10.2 0.8 8.5 11.8 8.2

Cavite 9.1 0.8 7.6 10.6 8.4

Laguna 8.5 0.7 7.2 9.8 7.8

Quezon 13.0 1.2 10.6 15.3 9.2

Rizal 9.3 0.8 7.8 10.9 8.5

IV-B. MIMAROPA 12.6 0.7 11.2 14.1 5.9

Marinduque 12.1 1.8 8.6 15.5 14.5



Palawan 12.4 1.5 9.5 15.3 12.0

Romblon 11.2 2.0 7.2 15.2 18.2

V. Bicol Region 11.8 0.6 10.5 13.1 5.4

Albay 11.9 1.3 9.3 14.4 10.9

Camarines Norte 13.1 1.6 10.0 16.2 11.9

Camarines Sur 11.7 1.2 9.4 14.1 10.0

Catanduanes 12.4 3.7 5.2 19.6 29.5

Masbate 9.2 1.3 6.7 11.8 14.2

Sorsogon 13.0 1.8 9.6 16.4 13.5

114





Region/ Province % CED Standard

Error

95 % Confidence

Interval CV %

LL UL


Aklan 13.0 2.0 9.1 16.8 15.2

Antique 19.7 2.0 15.8 23.6 10.1

Capiz 13.6 1.7 10.3 16.8 12.2

Guimaras 17.9 6.0 6.2 29.5 33.4

Iloilo 11.8 1.0 9.8 13.7 8.4



Bohol 9.6 0.9 7.9 11.4 9.3

Cebu 10.4 0.7 9.1 11.7 6.3

Negros Oriental 10.2 1.3 7.7 12.8 12.9

Siquijor 12.7 2.2 8.3 17.0 17.5


Biliran 8.8 1.8 5.1 12.4 21.1

Eastern Samar 5.8 1.1 3.7 7.9 18.7

Leyte 8.2 1.0 6.2 10.3 12.6

Northern Samar 6.3 1.9 2.5 10.1 30.8

Southern Leyte 8.0 1.6 4.8 11.3 20.5

Western Samar 8.1 1.2 5.8 10.4 14.7






Bukidnon 7.3 1.1 5.1 9.5 15.3

Camiguin 7.9 3.8 0.4 15.4 48.1

Lanao del Norte 7.5 1.6 4.5 10.6 20.6



XI. Davao Region 7.4 0.6 6.3 8.6 7.6


Davao del Norte 6.4 0.9 4.7 8.2 13.9

Davao del Sur 7.4 0.7 6.0 8.9 9.9

Davao Oriental 7.3 1.7 4.1 10.6 22.6


North Cotabato 12.3 1.0 10.4 14.2 7.8

Sarangani 8.3 1.3 5.7 10.8 15.7

South Cotabato 8.1 0.7 6.7 9.4 8.8

Sultan Kudarat 12.1 1.8 8.6 15.6 14.6

ARMM 13.0 1.1 10.9 15.2 8.5

Basilan 13.1 3.2 6.8 19.3 24.3

Lanao del Sur 8.9 1.4 6.0 11.7 16.3

Maguindanao 12.9 1.4 10.0 15.7 11.2

Sulu 18.1 4.0 10.2 25.9 22.2

Tawi-Tawi 16.9 2.7 11.6 22.2 15.9

Caraga 7.7 0.5 6.7 8.8 7.0

Agusan del Norte 7.3 1.1 5.2 9.4 14.8

Agusan del Sur 7.9 1.2 5.6 10.3 14.9


Surigao del Sur 7.1 0.9 5.3 8.9 12.9





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Appendix 28. Differences of estimates of the proportion of High Waist Circumference among adults, 20.0

years old and over, by age, gender, and region, among three survey periods: Philippines,

2008, 2011 and 2013


High WC

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs 2008 2013 vs 2011


Sex/Age Group

Males 3.1 3.2 3.8 0.7 0.011 0.6 0.000

20-29 1.2 1.4 2.2 1.0 0.016 0.8 0.000

30-39 2.3 3.4 3.3 1.0 0.065 -0.1 0.755

40-49 3.7 4.5 4.7 1.0 0.122 0.2 0.556

50-59 6.0 4.8 5.5 -0.5 0.550 0.7 0.071

60-69 4.1 4.4 4.5 0.4 0.680 0.1 0.834

>70 3.6 3.4 3.6 0.0 1.000 0.2 0.723

Females 19.0 19.9 23.1 4.1 0.000 3.2 0.000

20-29 7.4 8.2 10.5 3.1 0.002 2.3 0.000

30-39 15.9 18.0 22.4 6.5 0.000 4.4 0.000

40-49 21.7 25.0 25.5 3.8 0.004 0.5 0.448

50-59 25.6 29.1 32.0 6.4 0.000 2.9 0.000

60-69 25.8 28.4 29.9 4.1 0.035 1.5 0.112

>70 26.0 27.0 26.4 0.4 0.861 -0.6 0.590 Note: Significant at p-value ≤0.05

Appendix 29. Differences of estimates of the proportion of High Waist Hip Ratio among adults, 20.0 years

old and over, by age, gender, and region, among three survey periods: Philippines, 2008,

2011 and 2013


High WHR

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs 2008 2013 vs 2011


Sex/Age Group

Males 11.1 6.9 8.0 -3.1 0.000 1.1 0.000

20-29y 4.3 2.2 3.0 -1.3 0.000 0.8 0.000

30-39y 11.3 5.9 6.0 -5.3 0.012 0.1 0.002

40-49y 14.2 9.6 9.3 -4.9 0.000 -0.3 0.528

50-59y 17.4 12.4 12.7 -4.7 0.000 0.3 0.606

60-69y 12.3 13.4 13.7 1.4 0.383 0.3 0.705

≥70y 10.1 11.6 13.2 3.1 0.140 1.6 0.115

Females 65.5 62.5 63.2 -2.3 0.001 0.7 0.046

20-29y 61.8 48.2 45.5 -16.3 0.000 -2.7 0.002

30-39y 71.1 63.1 64.6 -6.5 0.000 1.5 0.059

40-49y 68.9 69.7 68.3 -0.6 0.668 -1.4 0.044

50-59y 63.2 70.3 71.9 8.7 0.000 1.6 0.030

60-69y 60.1 68.2 69.9 9.8 0.000 1.7 0.077

≥70y 62.8 67.4 66.9 4.1 0.093 -0.5 0.673 Note: Significant at p-value ≤0.05

116




Appendix 30. Estimates of the proportion of nutritionally at-risk among pregnant women, using weight-

for-height, standard error, confidence interval, and coefficient of variation by region:


Region/ Province

%

Nutritionally

at-risk

Standard

Error

95 % Confidence

Interval CV %

LL UL

Philippines 24.8 1.3 22.2 27.4 5.4

NCR 22.9 3.4 16.3 29.5 14.7

CAR 18.6 6.9 5.0 32.2 37.2

I. Ilocos 20.9 4.9 11.2 30.6 23.7



IV-A. CALABARZON 28.7 3.7 21.5 35.9 12.8

IV-B. MIMAROPA 29.5 8.2 13.5 45.5 27.7

V. Bicol 33.0 6.3 20.7 45.3 19.0






XI. Davao 32.0 7.1 18.0 46.0 22.3


ARMM 25.9 7.9 10.3 41.4 30.7

Caraga 18.3 3.9 10.7 25.9 21.2

Appendix 31. Differences of estimates of the proportion of nutritionally at-risk among pregnant women,

using weight-for-height, by age, and region: Philippines, 2008 – 2013


Nutritionally at-risk

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs. 2008 2013 vs. 2011


Age Group

All 26.3 25.0 24.8 -1.5 0.3628 -0.2 0.9034

< 20 years old 35.1 35.7 37.2 2.1 0.6643 1.5 0.7531

> 20 years old 25.1 23.3 23.0 -2.1 0.2294 -0.3 0.8632

Region

NCR 28.9 18.7 22.9 -6.0 0.2775 4.2 0.4020

CAR 16.9 15.8 18.6 1.7 0.8362 2.8 0.7147

I. Ilocos 31.2 28.8 20.9 -10.3 0.1388 -7.9 0.2599



IV-A Calabarzon 21.8 28.8 28.7 6.9 0.1668 -0.1 0.9849

IV-B MIMAROPA 40.0 43.6 29.5 -10.5 0.2256 -14.1 0.1279

V. Bicol 30.0 30.7 33.0 3.0 0.6692 2.3 0.7427

VI. Western Visayas 31.0 33.2 32.4 1.4 0.8493 -0.8 0.9140




X. Northern Mindanao 22.8 27.2 25.1 2.3 0.7357 -2.1 0.7656

XI. Davao 16.8 20.3 32.0 15.2 0.0443 11.7 0.1387


ARMM 34.3 26.9 25.9 -8.4 0.3039 -1.0 0.8908

Caraga 22.5 18.0 18.3 -4.2 0.5323 0.3 0.9636 Note: Significant at p-value ≤0.05

117




Appendix 32. Estimates of the proportion of underweight among lactating mothers, using Body Mass

Index, standard error, confidence interval, and coefficient of variation by region:

Philippines, 2013 (n=2, 605)

Region/ Province %

Underweight

Standard

Error

95 % Confidence

Interval CV %

LL UL

Philippines 12.5 0.7 11.1 13.8 5.6

NCR 7.7 2.3 3.2 12.1 29.5

CAR 6.0 2.0 2.1 9.8 33.2

I. Ilocos 15.9 2.7 10.6 21.3 17.0



IV-A. CALABARZON 14.1 2.3 9.6 18.7 16.4

IV-B. MIMAROPA 20.0 4.6 11.0 29.0 22.9

V. Bicol 15.1 2.6 10.0 20.1 17.1






XI. Davao 14.8 3.3 8.3 21.2 22.3


ARMM 15.9 3.1 9.7 22.0 19.9

CARAGA 9.6 2.9 3.9 15.3 30.4

Appendix 33. Differences of estimates of the proportion of underweight among lactating mothers, using

Body Mass Index, by age, and region: Philippines, 2008 – 2013


Underweight

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs. 2008 2013 vs. 2011


Age Group

All 13.0 11.9 12.5 -0.5 0.5644 0.6 0.4829

< 20 years old 12.9 11.8 12.4 -0.5 0.8697 0.6 0.8360

> 20 years old 13.1 11.9 12.5 -0.6 0.5081 0.6 0.5024

Region

NCR 11.9 11.9 7.7 -4.2 0.1520 -4.2 0.1341

CAR 6.9 4.5 6.0 -0.9 0.7627 1.5 0.5679

I. Ilocos 15.5 12.9 15.9 0.4 0.9153 3.0 0.4339



IV-A Calabarzon 12.9 15.4 14.1 1.2 0.7035 -1.3 0.6936

IV-B MIMAROPA 14.2 13.5 20.0 5.8 0.1923 6.5 0.1479

V. Bicol 15.7 16.6 15.1 -0.6 0.8603 -1.5 0.6705



VIII. Eastern Visayas 12.3 6.6 11.5 -0.8 0.8059 4.9 0.0844



XI. Davao 9.0 6.2 14.8 5.8 0.1429 8.6 0.0798


ARMM 14.7 14.4 15.9 1.2 0.7643 1.5 0.7025

CARAGA 11.5 8.9 9.6 -1.9 0.6157 0.7 0.8445 Note: Significant at p-value ≤0.05

118




Appendix 34. Differences of estimates of the proportion of overweight/obese among lactating mothers,

using Body Mass Index, by age, and region: Philippines, 2008 – 2013


Overweight/Obese

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs 2008 2013 vs 2011


Age Group

All 16.1 17.7 21.7 5.6 0.0000 4.0 0.0001

< 20 years old 6.7 6.7 6.5 -0.2 0.9300 -0.2 0.9279

> 20 years old 16.8 18.8 22.8 6.0 0.0000 4.0 0.0003

Region

NCR 27.9 20.6 31.8 3.9 0.3849 11.2 0.0054

CAR 16.5 28.7 30.3 13.8 0.0062 1.6 0.7680

I. Ilocos 12.2 20.0 16.5 4.3 0.2304 -3.5 0.4093



IV-A Calabarzon 17.3 16.8 20.1 2.8 0.4362 3.3 0.3597

IV-B MIMAROPA 11.8 11.5 10.4 -1.4 0.7121 -1.1 0.7739

V. Bicol 10.7 11.4 22.5 11.8 0.0007 11.1 0.0020






XI. Davao 20.2 19.7 19.1 -1.1 0.8246 -0.6 0.9072


ARMM 18.7 14.9 18.6 -0.1 0.9817 3.7 0.3622

Caraga 20.9 23.8 24.6 3.7 0.4709 0.8 0.8796 Note: Significant at p-value ≤0.05

Appendix 35. Differences of estimates of the proportion of low birth weight among young children, 0-3.9

years old (0-47 months), by gender, and region: Philippines, 2008 – 2013


Low Birth Weight (<2500 g*)

2008 2011 2013 2013 vs 2008 2013 vs 2011

% % % Diff. p-

value Diff.

p-value

Sex/Age Group

All 14.2 15.9 11.5 -2.7 0.0000 -4.4 0.0000

Boys 13.5 15.3 10.8 -2.7 0.0001 -4.5 0.0000

Girls 14.9 16.5 12.3 -2.6 0.0005 -4.2 0.0000

Region/ Province

NCR 13.8 15.4 9.8 -4.0 0.0085 -5.6 0.0003

CAR 13.0 15.7 7.9 -5.1 0.0306 -7.8 0.0018

I. Ilocos 12.8 12.6 11.0 -1.8 0.3481 -1.6 0.4364



IV-A. CALABARZON 13.0 15.0 11.9 -1.1 0.4739 -3.1 0.0571

IV-B. MIMAROPA 16.2 15.8 15.6 -0.6 0.8357 -0.2 0.9471

V. Bicol 14.8 18.6 12.5 -2.3 0.2586 -6.1 0.0062

VI. Western Visayas 14.7 19.3 15.5 0.8 0.7138 -3.8 0.1017

VII. Central Visayas 13.3 18.1 13.7 0.4 0.8344 -4.4 0.0384




XI. Davao 18.1 16.8 12.3 -5.8 0.0226 -4.5 0.0801


ARMM 19.7 17.6 18.0 -1.7 0.6752 0.4 0.9267

Caraga 14.2 14.4 10.5 -3.7 0.1144 -3.9 0.1021 Note: Significant at p-value ≤0.05

119




Appendix 36. Questionnaires

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