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9.1 Manipulating DNA•Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 19
•Topic: 9.4 Genetic Engineering
•Essential Question:
1.Why is the offspring of asexual reproduction a clone?
2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
9.4 Cloning
1. Why is the offspring of asexual reproduction a clone?
KEY CONCEPT DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Click and Clone Questions
1. What two types of cells do you need in order to create a clone?
2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?
3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?
4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic donor?
Please copy down the questions on p.18. Leave room for the answers.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
KEY CONCEPT DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.
CC= Copy Cat or Carbon Copy
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Entire organisms can be cloned.
• A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism.
CC- The first cloned cat
Born Dec 22, 2001 after 86 unsuccessful tries
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Cloning occurs in nature:
– bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself)– some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration)– Identical twins
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Planaria- “Regeneration”• Planaria can be cut into pieces, and each piece can regenerate into a complete
organism.
• Cells at the location of the wound site regenerate the missing parts
• It's this feature that gave them the famous designation of being "immortal under the edge of a knife."
• Very small pieces of the planarian, estimated to be as little as 1/279th of the organism it is cut from, can regenerate back into a complete organism over the course of a few weeks.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear transfer.– TRANSFERRING of a NUCLEUS
9.4 Genetic Engineering
1. Nucleus is removed from the egg cell of a donor female
Eggcell
9.4 Genetic Engineering
2. nucleus of a somatic (body) cell from the animal to be cloned is implanted in the donor egg
Skin cell
9.4 Genetic Engineering
3. Electricity or special chemicals are used to stimulate the egg to begin division leading to the development of an embryo
* NO SPERM in cloning
9.4 Genetic Engineering
4. The embryo (blastocyst) is then implanted into a surrogate mother
9.4 Genetic Engineering
5. (Human) Clone will then take 10 months (40 weeks) to gestate
9.4 Genetic Engineering
6. Clone will be born
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Draw this picture on the bottom of p. 18
Donor
Donor DNA for clone
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Clone Mimi the Mouse
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Answer your “Click and Clone” Questions
1. What two types of cells do you need in order to create a clone?
2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?
3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?
4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic donor?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Click and Clone Questions
1. What two types of cells do you need in order to create a clone?
• Somatic cell and egg cell
2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?• 3: Somatic cell donor (who we are cloning), egg donor,
and surrogate mother (who carries the baby)
3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?• The somatic cell donor and the clone
4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic donor?
• No. The behavior may be very different from the original.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Review
9.4 Genetic Engineering
In 1996 Dolly became the first mammal to be cloned using an adult somatic (body) cell. She was born on the 277th try.
Dolly and her lamb Bonny
MEET DOLLY
•She was derived from a mammary gland
•She was named after Dolly Parton
Did you know?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Issues with Dolly
•She developed and grew normally, but she had health problems
•Did not live as long as typical sheep
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Known animals to have been cloned as of 2012:
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Benefits– Maybe use organs from cloned mammals
for transplant into humans saving millions of lives
– save endangered species by increasing population #s
• Concerns– low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are
successful)– clones “imperfect” and less healthy than
original animal– decreased biodiversity because the clones
would be genetically identical to other organisms in the community
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Pet owners expecting to clone an exact copy of their furry friend will be disappointed…
May not look, act, or behave like the original. Likely to have health issues, and a shorter life span.
*CC does not have the health issues normally associated with other clones.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
I Cloned My Dead Dog (6m30s)
9.4 Genetic Engineering•Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 21
•Topic: 9.4 Genetic Engineering
•Essential Question: Why do so many people oppose both reproductive and therapeutic cloning?
2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
9.4 Types of Cloning
Why do so many people oppose both reproductive and therapeutic cloning?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Ethics Involved in Cloning
Ethics: the branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles•What are some ethical principles that we must consider when cloning?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning• Reproductive cloning: involves creating an animal that is
genetically identical to a donor animal through somatic cell nuclear transfer. – (In reproductive cloning, the newly created embryo is placed back into
the uterine environment where it can implant and develop)
– Dolly the sheep is perhaps the most well known example.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning• Therapeutic cloning: an embryo is created in a similar way,
but the resulting "cloned" cells remain in a dish in the lab; they are not implanted into a female's uterus– Sole purpose: To create stem cells with the same DNA as
the donor cell– Used to understand disease/developing new treatments– ***Embryo will be destroyed
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Cloning in movies and books
The Island (2005)
•People on the island are told what to eat, wear, and how to act.•They are clones. Held prisoner to be used for spare parts or as surrogates
The Boys from Brazil
•After WWII, Nazis create 94 Hitler clones in hopes that one will grow up to be like the original Hitler and create a fourth Reich
9.4 Genetic Engineering
The Eyes of Nye: Cloning (25 mins)
• Please answer the questions as the video plays
• You will be writing an essay about EITHER
– Genetically engineering humans Pros/Cons
OR– The ethics behind cloning humans
Pros/Cons
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Table Talk- Eyes of Nye: Cloning
• Benefits of cloning:– Full organisms or only genes?– Real life examples?– Possibilities for medical treatments?
• PROBLEMS with cloning:– Success rate?– Health of clones?– Religious or personal beliefs?– Ethical questions?
********Be ready to share out with the class********
9.4 Genetic Engineering
National Human Genome Research Institute Article
• Please read/highlight the NHGRI article on cloning
• This information will help you prepare to write your Cloning/Genetic Engineering Essay that you will be assigned on Friday
HOMEWORK:
9.4 Genetic Engineering
1. What types of cloning occur naturally in nature?
2. What are a few of the concerns with cloning?
3. Please write a paragraph explaining the pros and cons of human cloning in your opinion.
The Clone Age Questions (50 mins)
9.4 Genetic Engineering
The Clone AgeWhen watching the video, please consider the advantages and disadvantages of cloning humans.
•Religion•Medical advances•Ethics•Health of human clones
9.4 Genetic Engineering
The Clone Age Answers
1. What types of cloning occur naturally in nature?
2. What are a few of the concerns with cloning?
– bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself)– some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration)– Identical twins
• low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are successful)• clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original
animal• decreased biodiversity
9.1 Manipulating DNA•Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 23
•Topic: 9.4 Genetic Engineering
•Essential Question:
1.Explain how recombinant DNA is used to make transgenic organisms.
2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
9.4 Genetic Engineering
1. Explain how recombinant DNA is used to make transgenic organisms.
GET OUT YOUR “EYES OF NYE”
QUESTIONS
9.1 Manipulating DNA
Divide pg. 22 in half
9.1 Manipulating DNA
Genetic Engineering 4m
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZmZ161njr8
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Open your biology book to page 225, and on the top section of pg. 22 write a paragraph explaining how genetic engineering is responsible for making this mouse glow.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• The mouse’s green glow comes from the green fluorescent protein GFP. Scientists put a gene from a glowing jellyfish into a virus that was allowed to infect a mouse egg. The jellyfish gene became part of the mouse’s genes. As a result the mouse cells produce the same protein.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Table Talk
• What do you think genetic engineering involves?– Examples?
• What sorts of things can we genetically engineer?– Plants– Animals– Bacteria
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering involves changing an organism’s DNA to give it new traits by inserting cloned genes from one organism into a different organism.
– Possible because the genetic code is shared by all organisms (all living things share the same 4 nucleotides A,T,C,G)
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering uses Recombinant DNA (think re-combination) which is DNA that contains genes from more than one organism. • Bacterial plasmids are often used to make recombinant
DNA. • Plasmids are closed loops of DNA found in bacteria
Foreign DNA
Original DNADraw/label/
color code on pg. 23
Recombinant DNA
Plasmid from
bacterial cell
9.4 Genetic Engineering
1. Restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA
2. foreign gene inserted into plasmid
3. Plasmid put back into bacteria
4. Bacteria will multiply–*Result: New proteins will be expressed in the bacteria!
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Designing Genes 2m44s
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits!
• A transgenic organism has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
TransgenicBacteria
TransgenicPlants
TransgenicAnimals
• What are they produced for?• Real life Examples of each
TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce many useful chemicals
– Cancer drugs– Pesticides– Insulin
*Ex: Insulin is made by introducing human recombinant DNA into a plasmid allowing it to multiply
• It is then collected and used to treat people with diabetes
9.4 Genetic Engineering
*Bacteria used to produce artificial sweeteners
• Aspartame- Widely used artificial sweetener– Diet soda– Sugar-free gum and candy– Sugar-free desserts– Sugar-free condiments
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Transgenic plants
– transgenic bacteria infect a plant– many crops are now genetically modified(GM)
– Ex: resistance to frost/diseases/insects
***In order for plants to “pass down” the genetic trait to their offspring they must be sure that the gene is present in the seed of the plant!***
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Farmers use pesticides to get rid of “pests”• Farmers use herbicides to get rid of weeds
– If we spray a “herbicide” on a crop full of weeds what might happen?
– Scientists have developed genetically engineered plants that are resistant to the herbicides
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Manipulating Plant Genes 2m25s
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Genetically Modified Food (Docu) UK 13m15s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bx3vu7fd2n8
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene functions.
– *The hope is to treat/cure diseases in humans– Hard to produce!
– Must get a fertilized egg-insert the foreign DNA back into female
– Only a small % of these will mature normally– Only some will be transgenic
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• The animals that are transgenic will have the foreign gene as part of their DNA
• *Gene will be in ALL of their cells, including the sperm/egg, and therefore they can pass it on to their offspring
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Manipulating Animal Genes 1m43s
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Jurassic Park Clip (3m10s)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMsJe3TymqY
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Jurassic Park Questions
• Why does John need a drop of blood from John?
• What is inaccurate about the cloning of John?
• How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the dinosaur DNA to make transgenic dinosaurs?
• What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to develop in? (Very quiet, in the background)
• Do we need a surrogate?
• Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed?
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Why does John need a drop of blood from John?
• To extract DNA from
• What is inaccurate about the cloning of John?
• A real clone would not be the same age, it would be a baby
• How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the dinosaur DNA to make transgenic dinosaurs?
• They fill in the “gaps” in the dinosaur DNA with frog DNA
• What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to develop in? (Very quiet, in the background)
• They use unfertilized ostrich eggs (This is why there is no need for a surrogate.
• Do we need a surrogate?
• No. Just the egg donor (ostrich) and DNA from the animal
• Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed?
• They were all female.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Scientists have concerns about some uses of genetic engineering.
– Possible long-term health effects of eating GM foods
– Possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and biodiversity (will they kill other organisms)
– Ex: GM plants- side effect- kill certain insects
– Other unknown side effects????? cause allergies/cancer?
Concerns with Genetic Engineering
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Bottom of P. 22 :
Draw a double bubble map comparing and contrasting cloning and genetic engineering. Give examples.
9.4 Genetic Engineering
CloningGenetic
Engineering
Changes DNA to give it new traits
Genetically identical copy of a gene or
organism
Mouse that has jellyfish
DNA
Biotechnology
May involve manipulating
DNAWeather/drought
resistant fruits and veggies
Dolly the Sheep, CC
the cat
Uses nuclear transfer
9.4 Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering/Cloning Essay
• To Clone or Not to Clone?• Designer Genes- Designer Babies?
Feel free to change the specifics of your essay. The prompts call for specifically CLONING HUMANS or the GENETIC ENGINEERING of HUMANS, but you can feel free to write an essay on a few other topics as well:
• Reproductive vs. Therapeutic Cloning (pros/cons of each-opinion)• Genetic engineering of our food sources: crops/animals (pros/cons-
opinion)
9.4 Genetic Engineering
GATTACAIn the “Not-too-distant future” humans genetically engineer babies to posses the best qualities of both parents
9.4 Genetic Engineering
GATTACA Trailer
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpzVFdDeWyo
9.4 Genetic Engineering
The movie focuses on the potential consequences of genetically engineering our offspring
9.4 Genetic Engineering
• Created humans are considered valid
• Have “professional” jobs
• While natural born humans are considered in-valid
• Work “labor” jobs