9.1 Plant Organs

• Flowering plants are ________________________

• All share common structural features

• Root system = roots

• Shoot system = _____________________

9.1 Plant Organs

• _________________ is defined as a structure that contains different tissues and performs one or more specific functions

• _______________________________are the vegetative organs common to plants

• Flowers, seeds, and fruits are structures involved in ____________________

9.1 Plant Organs

• Roots– On average, a tree’s roots will extend two to

four times the diameter of the aboveground portion of the tree

• ___________________ plant in soil

• ___________________ water and minerals

• Root __________________

– Projections from epidermal root hair cells

– Greatly increase absorptive capacity of root

9.1 Plant Organs

• Other Functions of Roots– Modified for food _____________________

• Yams and sweet potatoes

– Store ____________________– Produce _______________________

9.1 Plant Organs

• Stems– Main _______________ of a plant – Terminates in tissue that allows the stem to

elongate and produce leaves

– __________________ occur where leaves are attached to the stem

• Internode is region between nodes

9.1 Plant Organs

• Stems– Have vascular tissue that transports water

and minerals• _________________ - nonliving cells that form a

continuous pipeline for water and mineral transport• _________________- living cells that join end to

end for organic nutrient transport

– In some plants, stems carry on photosynthesis, or store water and nutrients

9.1 Plant Organs

• Leaves– Major part of the plant that carries on

________________________– Usually broad and flat

• _______________ - Wide portion of foliage leaf• _______________- Stalk attaches blade to stem• Leaf Axil - Axillary bud originates

– __________________ plants lose their leaves every year

– Evergreens retain their leaves for two to seven years (gymnosperms)

9.2 Plant Tissue

• All the tissue types in a plant arise from ___________________ tissue

• _____________________ tissue allows plants to grow their entire lives

• Retains cells that ever have the ability to divide and produce more tissues

9.2 Plant Tissue

• ________________meristem– Meristematic tissue present in a

_______________ tip and a _________________ tip

– Causes an increase in length called primary growth

9.2 Plant Tissue

• __________________ tissue– Forms the outer protective covering of a plant

• __________________ tissue– Fills the interior of a plant

• __________________ tissue– Transports water and nutrients in a plant and

provides support

9.2 Plant Tissue

• _________________ Tissue– Contains single layer of closely packed

epidermal cells– Epidermal cells exposed to air have a waxy

_______________________• Minimizes water loss• Protection from disease

– Root epidermis has root hairs• Absorb water• Anchor the plant

9.2 Plant Tissue

• Epidermal Tissue– Guard cells surround ______________

• Gas exchange

9.2 Plant Tissue

• _______________ Tissue

– Forms the bulk of a plant

– Fills the space between the epidermal and the vascular tissue

– Most of the _______________ and ________________________ takes place in ground tissue

– Also responsible for producing hormones, toxins, pigments, and other specialized chemicals

9.2 Plant Tissue

• Vascular Tissue– ___________________ transports water and

minerals from the roots to the leaves

– ___________________ transports sucrose and other organic compounds (including hormones) from the leaves to the roots

– Xylem and phloem are complex tissues because they are composed of two or more types of cells

9.2 Plant Tissue

• Vascular system extends from roots through stems and leaves

• In the roots, the vascular tissue is located in the vascular _______________

• In the stem, it forms vascular ___________________, and in the leaves, it is found in leaf veins

9.3 Monocot Versus Eudicot Plants

• Flowering plants are divided into two groups dependent upon the number of cotyledons are present in the ___________________ plant– __________________ = seed leaves

• Monocots (one cotyledon)• Eudicots (two cotyledons)

9.4 Organization of Roots

• Root Cap Protects Root Apical Meristem

• Three Regions

– Zone of ____________________• Primary meristem area

• Continuously dividing cells

– Zone of ____________________• Cells lengthen as they become specialized

– Zone of _____________________• Fully differentiated cells

• Presence of root hairs

9.4 Organization of Roots

• Anatomy of a Eudicot Root– ___________________– __________________ - type of ground tissue– ___________________ - forms a boundary

between the cortex and the inner vascular cylinder

– Vascular Tissue

9.4 Organization of Roots

• Monocot Roots

– Have the same growth zones as eudicot

roots.– Contains _______________, a type of ground

tissue, which is centrally located– Pith is surrounded by a

_____________________composed of alternating xylem and phloem bundles

9.4 Organization of Roots

• Root Diversity

– ____________________) - Fleshy, long single root, that grows straight down

• Stores food

– __________________ root system - Slender roots and lateral branches

• Anchors plant to the soil

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

b. Fibrous root system© The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc./Evelyn Jo Johnson, photographer

a. Taproot© Dr. Robert Calentine/Visuals

Unlimited

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

9.5 Organization of Stems

• Woody twigs provide a good example for

studying stem organization

– ____________________ Buds• Contains the shoot tip protected by bud scales, which

are modified leaves

– Leaf Scars and Bundle Scars where leaves

have dropped

– ___________________ Buds

• Can give rise to branches or flowers

9.5 Organization of Stems

• ___________________ Stems– Mature nonwoody stems– Exhibit only primary growth– ______________________ - vascular

bundles arranged in distinct ring– ______________________- scattered

vascular bundles

9.5 Organization of Stems

• Woody stems– Both primary and secondary tissues

• _________________ tissues are those new tissues formed each year from primary meristems right behind the shoot apical meristem

• __________________ tissues develop during the first and subsequent years of growth from lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium

– All plants have primary growth– Only conifers and woody eudicots have

secondary growth (increases girth)

9.5 Organization of Stems

• Wood

– ________________________ that builds up

year after year – increase girth of tree

– In trees that have growing season, vascular

cambium are _____________during winter

• Annual ring is made up of spring wood and

summer wood

• Annual rings can provide a growth record

9.6 Organization of Leaves

• Organs of __________________ in vascular flowering plants

• Usually consists of a flattened blade and a ____________________ connecting the blade to the stem

• Leaf veins have a net pattern in ________________leaves and a parallel pattern in ________________ leaves

9.6 Organization of Leaves

• Top layer of epidermis– Often bears ____________ – protective hairs– Has an outer waxy cuticle– Opening of _______________ regulated by

guard cells• Gas exchange and water loss

• Body of leaf– __________________tissue– Eudicots have palisade and spongy mesophyll

9.6 Organization of Leaves

• Leaf diversity– _________________ of a leaf can be simple

or compound• Compound leaf divided into leaflets

– Pinnately or palmately compound

– Leaves can be ___________________ alternately, opposite or whorled

9.7 Uptake and Transport of Nutrients

• Opening and Closing of Stomata– Each stoma in leaf epidermis is bordered by

two ___________________

– Increased _________________ pressure in guard cells opens stoma

– Caused by active transport of K+ into guard cells